句法对比与翻译
汉英修辞对比与翻译(1)
除旅游点的介绍和广告外，新闻报道、法律文献、 科技文章等也都要求简洁明了，忌节外生枝，因 此四字词组也广泛应用于这几类文体中。 外交人员要立场坚定、目光远大、头脑敏捷、业 外交人员要立场坚定、目光远大、头脑敏捷、业 务熟练、才华出众、风格高尚。 务熟练、才华出众、风格高尚。 A Chinese diplomat should be firm in stand, broad in vision, swift in wit, qualified in profession, outstanding in talent, and noble in character.
1 汉英音韵修辞格(phonological 汉英音韵修辞格(phonological rhetorical devices)
在语音四要素音量、音势、音高、音色中， 在语音四要素音量、音势、音高、音色中， 音色是各种语言都重视的。 音色是各种语言都重视的。英语是音势敏感 的语言，而汉语是音高敏感的语言， 的语言，而汉语是音高敏感的语言，因此英 语强调重音，汉语成为典型的声调语， 语强调重音，汉语成为典型的声调语，声调 对字、 句各级单位的组成都有影响。 对字、词、句各级单位的组成都有影响。英 语是重音计时的（stress-timed）， ），每一语 语是重音计时的（stress-timed），每一语 句虽是重音和轻音交替出现， 句虽是重音和轻音交替出现，但仍以重读音 节为主。汉语是以音节计时的（syllable节为主。汉语是以音节计时的（syllabletimed），音节数是韵律的基础。 timed），音节数是韵律的基础。 ），音节数是韵律的基础
汉英语拟声词对比
（1）语音形式对比 汉英相似： 汉英相似： 狼嚎 鸽子咕咕 咯咯 关门声：砰 铃声：丁零 howl Coo Giggle, gurgle Bang Tingling
英汉句法结构对比
n n
Especially 关联词
Even if you go there, there won’t be any result. 原译：即使你去了也不会有什么结果。 改译1：你去了也不会有什么结果。 改译2：你去也白去。 n The wind was so strong that he found it difficult to keep on his feet. 原译：风如此之大，以致他发现站住脚很困难。 改译：风太大了，他感到很难站稳。
替代与重复
n
这是英语和汉语的一个重要差异： 英语重替代（即多用代词，包括 人称代词、指示代词、不定代词 和关系代词，还有表示替代的词 so, do）；汉语重重复，重复现 象比比皆是。
Examples review
n
我们的民族是一个伟大的民族。
Ours is a great nation/ our nation is great one.
2. 他的不合作态度使这个项目进展十分缓慢。 原译：The project makes less progress because of his incooperation. 错误之处：时态；形容词比较级；名词 改译1：The project is making very slow progress due to his lack of cooperation. 改译2：The project is proceeding rather slowly because of his uncooperativeness. 其他译法： 1. His uncooperative attitude accounted for the slow progress of the project. 2. His uncooperative attitude resulted in the project’s slow progress.
英汉句子比较与翻译
01
傅雷：东方人与西方人的思维方式有基本分歧，我人重综合，重归纳，重暗示，重含蓄；西方人则重分析，细微曲折，挖掘唯恐不尽，描写唯恐不周。
汉语学家王力：西洋语法是硬的，没有弹性；中国语法是软的，富有弹性。……所以中国语法以达意为主。 英国人写文章往往化零为整，而中国人写文章却往往化整为零。
1
2
3
5
这个问题必须予以处理。
6
This matter must be dealt with.
7
无被动助词
1
看似主动，但在主谓关系上却有被动含义，这种语言现象在汉语中大量存在。
2
例句：
3
那里讲什么语言？
4
What language is spoken there?
5
这个任务必须按时完成。
6
This task must be fulfilled in time.
There is nothing wrong with this computer.
这台电脑没有什么毛病。
2 –ible, -able 结尾的形容词作定语，与every, the only或形容词最高级连用来修饰一个名词时，也常需后置。 The doctors have tried every way possible. 大夫们已经试过各种可能的办法了。 They had the greatest difficulty imaginable getting there in time. 为了能及时赶到那儿，他们克服了极大的困难。 It is the only wild berry edible here in this area. 它是这个地区惟一能食用的野莓。
I worked very hard on this book.
英汉互译技巧
谈判桌 贸易伙伴 中东危机 欧盟
2、词汇对比
（三）一词多义 sloppy weather a sloppy racetrack sloppy English a sloppy young man sloppy trousers sloppy sentiment a sloppy pudding 湿漉漉的跑道 烂糟糟的布丁 不地道的英语 潮湿的天气 脆弱的感情 肥大的裤子 穿着邋塌的年轻人 轻轻地亲吻某人的额头 有点花白的头发 触动某人的心弦 轻轻拍某人的肩膀 碰杯 达到某人的事业顶峰
What is language?
What is language? 英汉翻译中的所 有理论、方法和技巧都 建立在英汉两种语言的 对比之上，因此对于翻 译实践来说，研究英汉 两种语言的异同，尤其 是差异，有助于探索语 言与翻译的特点，揣摩 译文多样性，提高译文 质量。 翻译实践表明， 英汉两种语言的差异主 要体现在 、 以及 三个方面。
3、句法对比
结构歧意 • 汉语:“你准时到达，咱们按时出发。”
• （表假设）如果你准时到达，那么咱们按时出发。
• （表条件）只要你准时到达，咱们就按时出发。/ 除非你准时到达，咱们才能按时出发。/ 既然你准 时到达，咱们就按时出发。 • （表因果）由于你准时到达，所以咱们按时出发。
3、句法对比
不同文化概念结构 不同语义结构形式 不同文化交际模式 不同概义结构的相 互转换。
1、思维对比
思维方式：人类在认识过程中形成的带有普遍性和稳定
性思维结构模式和思维程式。
中西思维方式对比：
中国人重整体，重感性，重直觉，重实践。 中国人曲线/螺旋思维，习惯迂回。 中国人重视形象思维，习惯比喻。 中国人侧重综合思维，讲究天人合一。 英美人重个体，重理性，重逻辑，重认知。 西方人直线思维，喜欢开门见山。 西方人重视抽象思维，喜欢下定义。 西方人喜欢分析思维，万事一分为二。
主语突出与主题显著——汉语句子与英语sentence的对比及英汉翻译
- 230-校园英语 / 翻译探究主语突出与主题显著——汉语句子与英语sentence的对比及英汉翻译中北大学/高媛【摘要】英语是主语凸显的语言，sentence的基本结构形式是“主语——谓语”，汉语是主题凸显的语言，句子的基本结构形式是“话题——说明”。
本文对英汉句子进行了对比分析并总结了英汉互译时的注意事项和翻译策略。
【关键词】句子 sentence 话题——说明 主语——谓语一、主语凸显与主题凸显作为表义结构中一个较大的停顿单位，人们往往把汉语句子与英语sentence等同，其实从本质上是有很大差异的。
柯林斯词典对于sentence的定义是很明确的，“A sentence is a group of words which , when they are written down, begin with a capital letter and end with a full stop, question mark, or exclamation mark. Most sentences contain a subject and a verb.”可见，英语是形合的语言，英语句子好像一棵大树，结构紧凑严密，注重形式的严谨性；以动词为中心，以“主语——谓语”结构为框架，其核心规则就是主谓之间的一致关系。
相比之下，对汉语句子的定语则众说纷纭。
马建忠曾尝试用对英语sentence的定义来解释汉语句子，但有汉语中很多情况都没法解释。
Hockett于1958年提出“话题——说明”学说。
而赵元任最早提出汉语是“话题——说明”结构。
Charles N. Li和Sandra A. Thompson在其著作Subject and Topic一书中将语言分为四种基本类型：注重主语的语言；注重话题的语言；主语和话题都注重的语言；主语和话题都不注重的语言。
注重主语的语言是指句子结构主要是以主语——谓语这一结构为框架；而注重话题的语言，句子的基本结构形式是“话题——说明”。
汉英句式对比
汉英句式结构对比文学院对外汉语0711 何晓楠07102089摘要：语言研究通常是从共性和差异性两个方面着手。
英语和汉语都是属于分析语，他们有共通之处。
但同时，它们也有差异。
汉语从词法上分属于孤立语；而英语则是曲折语。
这说明汉语虚词与词序很重要，而英语则是靠词形的变化来表示词与词之间的关系。
这使得汉语和英语在句式结构上夜表现出了明显的差异。
突出表现在汉语的竹式结构和英语的树式结构的差异。
正确的掌握这些差异对第二语言的学习有着非常重要的意义。
关键词：树式结构；竹式结构；汉英语对比Abstract:The research of the Language usually starts from two aspects,commonness and otherness.English and Chinese belong to Analytic Language,and theyhave something in common.Meanwhile,they also have something indifferent.From the morphology,Chinese belongs to analytic language,butEnglish is fusional language.So we can find that function word and wordorder are very important in Chinese ,however,the relationship between wordand word in English depends on the change of morphology.It also shows anobvious difference in sentence structures between Chinese andEnglish,especially on the tree-structure of Chinese and the bamboo-structureof English.So it is important to understand these differences when you arelearning the second language.Keywords:tree-structure ；bamboo-structure；contrast Chinese with English英汉两种语言在句子结构上既有共同点，也有不同点。
英汉语言对比与翻译练习
英汉语言对比与翻译练习英汉语言对比与翻译练习注意事项：１．英汉语言句法／句式差别；２．体会英汉互译句式转换规律；Sentences:1.In praising the logic of the English language we must not lose sight of the fact that in mostcases where, so to speak, the logic of facts or of the exterior world is at war with the logic of grammar.2.邢夫人携了黛玉坐上，众老婆们放下车帘，方命小厮们抬起，拉至宽处，加上训骡，出了西脚门往东，过荣府正门，如一黑油漆大门内，至仪门前，方下了车。
3.When about three hundred men had been landed from these vessels and were marchingrapidly to camp, the Morini, who had been left by Caesar in a state of peace when he set out for Britain, were fired by the hope of booty, and surrounded the troops, at first with no very large number of folk, bidding them lay down their arms if they did not wish to be killed.4.I had spent a long day on a hired mule before the mail carrier who had been my guide pointedto a cabin on the far side of a stream, mutely refused the money I offered, and rode on.5.Mr. Kennedy apparently was hit by the first of what witness believed were three shots.6.And he knew how ashamed he would have been if she know had known his mother and thekind of place in which he was born, and the kind of people among whom he was born..7.The original members of the United Nations shall be the states which, having participated inthe United Nations conference on International Organization at San Francisco, or having previously signed the Declaration by United Nations of 1 January 1942, sign the present charter and ratify it in accordance with Article 110.8.After watching the fish for some time, they asked me for pairs of several different kinds,pointing them out as they walked down the row of tanks. I netted their choices into a traveling container and slipped it into an insulated bag fo r transport, handing it to the boy. “carry it carefully,” I cautioned.9.Sickness had robbed her of her confidence that she could carry the load.10.Loneliness held the great masses of immigrants together, and poverty kept them down.11.Starvation was a remote threat.12.There is a crying need for a new remedy.13.There was a mumbled conversation in the background. Then a man’s voice came on thephone.14.The whole devastating experience sharpened my appreciation of the world around me.15.She was always a crier any way.16.The car wound through the village and up a narrow valley, following a thaw-swollen stream.17.The boy, who was crying as if his heart would break, said, when I spoke to him, that he wasvery hungry because he had had no food for two days.18.A long course of poverty and humility, of daily privations and hard words, of kind office andno returns, had been her lot ever since womanhood almost, or since her luckless marriage with George Osborne.(Vanity Fair chapter 57)19.The isolation of the rural world because of distance and the lack of transport facilities iscompounded by the paucity of the information media.20.Petra had become the leader of the girls as soon as she snapped out of her original depressionat coming to Prague.21.Under these conditions there is a large store of energy available to maintain the pressure of theoil zone while production is taking place. This energy actually comes from the expansion of the aquifer water caused by the reduction in pressure resulting from the removal of oil from the reservoir.22.Two hundred pounds of muscle and sinew created by hard work and clean living had meltedto a hundred and sixty-odd; his senior clothing flagged about him.23.Because of the definite feeling in the country that the recession has bottomed out, only 31% ofthose surveyed now believe that the U.S. runs a risk of a major depression, down from 43% in February.24.The community of fowls to which Tess had been appointed as supervisor, purveyor, nurse,surgeon, and friend, made its headquarters in an old thatched cottage standing in an enclosure that had once been agarden, but was now a trampled and sanded square.( T ess of the D’urberville P60)25.By this time there had arisen a shout of laughter at the extraord inary appearance of Car’s back;which irritated the dark queen into getting rid of the disfigurement by the first sudden means available and independently of the help of the scoffers. She rushed excitedly into the field they were about to cross, and flinging herself flat on her back upon the grass began to wipe her gown as well as she could by spinning horizontally on the herbage and dragging herself over it upon her elbows. (Tess P70)26.The young girls formed, indeed, the majority of the band, and their heads of luxuriant hairreflected the sunshine every tone of gold, and black, and brown. Some had beautiful eyes, others a beautiful nose, others a beautiful mouth and figure: few, if any, had all. A difficulty of arranging their lips in this crude exposure to public scrutiny, an inability to balance their heads, and to dissociate self-consciousness from their features, was apparent in them, and showed that they were genuine country girls, unaccustomed to many eyes. (Tess of the D’urbervilles, Chapter II)27.林小姐这天从学校回来就撅起小嘴唇.她掼下书包,并不照例到镜台前梳头发搽粉,却倒在床上看着帐子出神.28.八一嫂正气得抱着孩子发抖，忽然见赵七爷满脸油汗，瞪着眼，准对伊冲过来，便十分害怕，不敢说完话，回身走了。
通过汉英句法差异对比看主语翻译技巧——以《匆匆》中英文本为例
通过汉英句法差异对比看主语翻译技巧——以《匆匆》中英文本为例发表时间：2013-10-11T09:28:50.670Z 来源：作者：王方[导读] 很多情况下，如果按照汉语的句式生搬硬套，译文的可读性就会大大降低。
王方陕西师范大学外国语学院710062摘要：本文从汉英句法的具体特征出发，主要以著名散文家朱自清的名篇《匆匆》中文文本和朱纯生的英译本为例，从主语、谓语、句与句之间的关系三个角度，考察汉英句法的不同之处，并着重分析了汉英翻译时句子主语的处理细节。
同时提出，我们在翻译时要充分考虑到汉英句法的差别，处理主语时要认真考虑、灵活对待。
关键词：汉英句法对比《匆匆》汉英翻译不同的思维方式导致汉语和英语两种语言在句子的概念、类型划分和组合机制等方面都具有很大差别。
两种语言的句法都有着各自的特征，即使是传达相同的信息，表达大多时候也不尽相同。
我们在翻译时要了解这些区别，全盘考虑。
著名散文家朱自清的名篇《匆匆》行文优美，具有典型的汉语句式特点，而朱纯生的译文用地道的英语表现出了原文的韵味。
本文主要以这两个文本为例，分析了汉英句法的不同特征，并讨论了汉语句子在翻译成英语时如何处理主语。
一、汉英句法对比“汉语为语义型语言，着力考究‘字’与语义及其相关关系，注重内容的意会性；而英语为语法型语言，重点研究主谓序列及其相关词类，句子结构受形式逻辑制约，注重形式的严谨。
”具体可以从以下三个方面进行分析：1.汉英句子主语的区别。
汉语句子“主语可由诸多不同类别的词语充当，主语隐含不显或无主语句的情况时常可见”；而英语句子“主语突出、易于识别，且只能由名词或名词性的词语担任”。
例1.去的尽管去了，来的尽管来着，来去的中间，又怎样的匆匆呢？Those that have gone have gone for good, those to come keep coming; yet in between, how swift is the shift, in such a rush?此例中，汉语句子就没有明显的名词或名词性的主语，“去的”、“来的”两个形容词做了主语，后面的问句干脆就没了主语。
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3.由先到后、由因到果、由假设到推论、由 事实到结论 Unilever wouldn’t specify exactly how much it has earmarked for building recognition of Laocai among consumers. 联合利华不愿明确表示他们为树立老蔡这一 品牌在消费者心目中的形象到底投入多少。 为了让消费者熟悉老蔡这个品牌，联合利华 专门投入了一笔费用，但不愿透露具体的数 字。
Exercises:
unfavorable balance of trade bank portfolio housing mortgages barter trade bills and forms fiscal year cargo insurance carrying vessel clean payment credit clearance sale
accounting systems comparative advantage economic incentives financial statements bills of exchange captioned goods floating policy international specialization straight B/L under separate cover
It’s raining at 5:30 p.m. on a dark, wintry day in northern California, where Karen, tired after her five-hour drive, is planning to check into her hotel before a business dinner meeting scheduled for 7:30. 加州北部，冬日的雨天，已是傍晚5：30. 卡 伦已驱车5小时，感到疲惫不堪，她打算在定 于7：30开始的商务晚宴前赶到宾馆办完入住 手续。
unfavorable balance of trade 贸易逆差 bank portfolio 银行资产 housing mortgages 住房按揭 barter trade 易货贸易 bills and forms 单据与表格 fiscal year 财政年度 cargo insurance 货物保险 carrying vessel 装货船只 clean payment credit 光票付款信用证 clearance sale 清仓削价销售
Now he spotted the gap in the post-war, babyboom market for cheap, family-oriented restaurants with simple menus, standardized food and efficient service. 他发现战后婴儿潮这代人市场上需要便宜、家庭 化的连锁餐馆，提供简单食谱、达标的食品和高 效的服务。
Possibly complicating agriculture negotiations is the European Commission’s plan to conduct a mid-term review of its Common Agriculture Policy (CPA) this coming summer, which could include proposals for fundamental reforms. 欧洲委员会计划在今年夏天对其“共同农业 政策”进行中期审查，（审查结束时）可能 会提出一些根本性改革的建议。这极有可能 使得目前正在进行的农业问题谈判更加复杂 化。
英汉句法对比与翻译
汉语：analytic language 英语：synthetic-analytic language ---------p.79
一、英语造句特征：按空间搭架营造句子 The site is aimed to help small and mediumsized manufacturers technically challenged and mistrustful of online transactions find buyers through a user-friendly, commissionfree site.
1．本合同正文一式两份，分别以中文和英文 书写，两种文本具有同等效力。若对其解释 产生异议，则以中文本为准。 2．本合同的任何修改和补充，只有在双方授 权的代表在书面文件上签字后才能生效，并 成为本合同不可分割的组成部分。 3．本合同将在双方授权代表签字后正式生效。
China’s economy, the world’s fourth largest, expanded at the fastest pace in 11 years in 2006. The central bank raised interest rates in April and August and last month ordered banks to set aside more money as reserves for the fifth time in eight months to rein in the money supply. The trade surplus surged nine-fold in February from a year earlier to $23.76 billion, the second highest on record. Money supply grew 17.8 percent, the most in six months. Inflation accelerated to 2.7 percent from 2.2 percent in January.
2. 译成流水分句 Ordered! Oh, everything is ordered when a person has to find some way out when he has been stupid. (M. Twain: The Man That Corrupted Hadleyburg) 命中注定！啊，一个人干出了傻事情，要替 自己找理由，那就什么都是命中注定！
1.This Contract is made out in two originals respectively written in Chinese and English languages, both texts being equally valid. In case of any divergence of interpretation, the Chinese text shall prevail. Any amendment and/or supplement to this contract shall be valid only after the authorized representatives of both parties have signed written documents (s), forming integral part(s) of this Contract. 3.This Contract shall come into force after the signatures by the authorized representatives of both parties.
accounting systems 会计制度 comparative advantage 比较优势 economic incentives 经济动机/经济工具/经济刺激 /经济诱因 financial statements 财务报表，财务决算，财政决算 bills of exchange 汇票 captioned goods 标题/上述货物 floating policy 统保单/总保险单 international specialization 国际分工 straight B/L 记名提单 under separate cover 另函
位于世界第四的中国经济，在2006年，以 11年来最快的速度扩张。中央银行在四月 和八月两次提高利率，又在上月即八个月以 来的第五次，要求银行留出更多的资金作为 储备金，以此来控制货币供应。在二月份， 贸易顺差高达237亿6百万美金，是去年同 期的9倍，创有史以来的第二高记录。货币 供应量曾长了17.8%，为六个月以来的最高。 通货膨胀的增长率从一月份的2.2% 增加到 2.7%。
二、汉语造句特征：按时间和逻辑顺序铺呈 句子
动词出现频率较高 按照由先到后、由因到果、由假设到推论、由事 实到结论这译成连动结构 There were components in that shipment which had varied defects that often resulted in performance failure. 在那批货中，有些部件发现有不同情况的缺陷， 造成了（设备的）运转失灵。