中级写作精讲(ppt文档)

a) when pure evidential support is not sufficient to win over the audience to your side
b) the author makes a direct appeal to the audience for support trying to bring the audience around to accept his /her claim by saying that they share the same value, needs, etc.
B) In real argumentation –
a) these types of support are often combined to work for the effect;
b) it is of vital importance to make sure the support provided for the claim is sufficient, up-todate and relevant
2. It was blue in color Revised: It was blue.
3. It was small in size. Revised: It was small.
4. Mary is a quiet and careful woman. Revised: Mary is quiet and careful.
B) Not intend to assert whether something has existed, exists, or will exist, but used to make judgments
C) To express one’s attitude towards something by approving or disapproving according to some standard or value system
using unnecessary words. If the idea is fully expressed, the fewer words, the better.
b) The opposite of conciseness -
redundancy (using more words than necessary) wordiness (using too many words) only obscure, instead of clarifying, the idea. avoid redundancy and tighten wordy sentences to achieve conciseness.
3) A claim of policy A) As the name suggests, it advocates adoption of policies
or courses of action because problems have arisen calling for solution B) It usually contains two subclaims:
The 3 common types of support are:
2. Types of support
Reasons (p. 51) Evidence (pp. 51-52) Emotional appeal (pp. 51,125)
A) Emotional appeal is effective
Contemporary College English
Intermediate Writing, Book Two
Unit Three: Pop Icons and Heroes
Main tasks
To learn
1) how to support you claim in an argumentative essay 2) the use of language (conciseness)
B) Effective claims of value are based on
a) some value system, tastes or preferences shared by a certain public
b) supported by sufficient evidence/proof to show to the audience/reader that it is well-founded and trustworthy
a) direct factual evidence (statistics, hard proof, etc.)
b) indirect factual evidence (authority, inferences based on known facts)
C) A claim of fact should not be confused with the fact itself.
The claim in an argumentative essay
1) It is the point of view the author tries to prove about the issue, that is, the author’s view on the issue (the thesis statement)
2) Avoid unnecessary repetition of words
Example: 1. The first woman to chair the committee was
Li Ming. Ms. Li Ming was also the youngest person ever to hold the office.
Claim of policy
subclaim
problem to be addressed
subclaim
action to tackle the problem
II. Argumentation (the support)
1. The support defined
The evidence the author provides to show that his/her claim is well-founded.
5) It requires supportive evidence to show to the audience/readers that it is well-founded and trustworthy.
Types of claims [see p. 26-]
Claims in argumentation are usually classified into three types, each with a different question to address:
b) the author actually gives the fact a strong subjective coloring.
2) A claim of value - It is different from a claim of fact
A) Not a statement about the truthfulness of facts
3) It is not objective/ impartial, but subjectively asserted by the author, based on his/her specific knowledge structure, value system, etc.
4) A claim in argumentation is meant to be presented for “public acceptance” - any claim that clashes with the basic interests and principles of the targeted public is most likely to be rejected (based on the public good)
a) a claim of fact is a mental interpretation of a certain reality; a report or a description about a fact, usually based on the author’s belief, outlook, way of perception, knowledge structure, etc.

a claim of fact

a claim of value

a claim of policy
1). A claim of fact
A) It refers to the type of claim an author makes about a certain fact; in other words, it is a statement about the status or conditions of a fact.
2. How to achieof ideas
1. Thanksgiving fosters a sense of belonging and togetherness.
Revised: Thanksgiving fosters a sense of belonging.
B) As a claim of fact concerns the factual status of an issue, to justify it requires one to demonstrate how true it is in reality