2019年嘉定区一模试卷+参考答案+评分标准
2018学年第一学期高三物理教学质量检测试卷考生注意:1.试卷满分100分,考试时间60分钟.2.本考试分设试卷和答题纸.试卷包括三部分,第一部分为选择题,第二部分为填空题,第三部分为综合题.3.作答必须涂或写在答题纸上,在试卷上作答一律不得分.第一部分的作答必须涂在答题纸上相应的区域,第二、三部分的作答必须写在答题纸上与试卷题号对应的位置.一、选择题(第1-8小题,每小题3分;第9-12小题,每小题4分,共40分.每小题只有一个正确答案)1.伽利略根据小球在较小倾角斜面运动的实验事实,通过合理外推得到“自由落体是匀加速直线运动”的结论。
这一过程体现的物理思想方法是(A)控制变量法(B)理想实验法(C)理想模型法(D)等效替代法2.在国际单位制中,压强的单位为帕(Pa),用基本单位表示1Pa等于3.秋天的早晨,我们常常能看到空气中的水蒸汽在草叶上凝聚成的露珠。
在凝露的这一物理过程中,水分子间的(A)引力、斥力都减小(B)引力、斥力都增大(C)斥力减小,引力增大(D)斥力增大,引力减小4.在“用DIS 研究在温度不变时,一定质量的气体压强与体积的关系”实验中,下列操作错误的是(A )推拉活塞时,动作要慢(B )推拉活塞时,手不能握住注射器含有气体的部分(C )压强传感器与注射器之间的软管脱落后,应迅速重新装上继续实验 (D )活塞与针筒之间要保持气密性5.某物体受一个力作用做匀速圆周运动,则这个力一定是 (A)大小不变、方向始终指向圆心 (B)大小不变,方向始终为切线方向 (C)大小变化、方向始终指向圆心 (D)大小变化,方向始终为切线方向6.如图,实线是一个电场中的电场线,虚线是一带电粒子仅在电场力作用下从a 处运动到b 处的轨迹,则(A)a 处的电场强度较弱 (B)a 、b 两处的电场强度一样大 (C)该带电粒子在b 处时受电场力较小 (D)该带电粒子在a 、b 两处受电场力一样大baE7.一个弹簧振子沿x 轴做简谐运动,取平衡位置O 为x 轴坐标原点。
从某时刻开始计时,经过四分之一周期,振子具有沿x 轴正方向的最大加速度。
则能正确反映该振子位移x 与时间t 关系的图像是图中的8.如图,在点电荷Q 产生的电场中,将两个带正电的检验电荷q 1、q 2分别置于A 、B 两点,虚线为等势线。
取无穷远处为零电势点,若将q 1、q 2移动到无穷远的过程中外力克服电场力做的功相等,则(A )q 1在A 点的电势能大于q 2在B 点的电势能 (B )q 1在A 点的电势能小于q 2在B 点的电势能 (C )q 1的电荷量小于q 2的电荷量 (D )q 1的电荷量大于q 2的电荷量9.在光滑水平面、粗糙水平面和粗糙斜面上推同一物体,分别如图(A )(B )(C )所示。
如果所用的推力相等,在物体发生相等位移的过程中,推力对物体所做的功是(A) 在光滑水平面较大 (B) 在粗糙水平面上较大 (C) 在粗糙斜面上较大 (D) 三次做功都是相等的(A) (B)(C)(D)FFF(A )(B ) (C )10.从某一高度相隔1s 先后释放两个相同的小球,不计空气的阻力,它们在空中任一时刻(A)间距保持不变,速度之差保持不变 (B)间距越来越大,速度之差越来越大 (C)间距越来越大,速度之差保持不变 (D)间距越来越小,速度之差越来越小11.如图所示,一列简谐横波向右传播,P 、Q 两质点平衡位置相距0.15 m 。
当P 运动到上方最大位移处时,Q 刚好运动到下方最大位移处,则这列波的波长可能是(A )0.60 m (B )0.20 m (C )0.15 m (D )0.10 m12.如图所示,表面粗糙的固定斜面顶端安有滑轮,两物块P 、Q 用轻绳连接并跨过滑轮(不计滑轮的质量和摩擦),P 悬于空中,Q 放在斜面上,均处于静止状态。
当用水平向左的恒力推Q 时,P 、Q 仍静止不动,则(A )Q 受到的摩擦力一定变小 (B )Q 受到的摩擦力一定变大 (C )轻绳上拉力一定不变 (D )轻绳上拉力一定变小二、填空题(每题4分,共20分)13.一摩托车由静止开始在平直的公路上行驶,其运动过程的v-t 图像如图所示。
则摩托车在0~20s 这段时间的加速度大小a= ;摩托车在0~75s 这段时间的平均速度大小= 。
v v /(m s -1)t/s 03020 10 20 45 75QPv14.某同学分别在甲乙两地进行实验:研究“保持重物质量不变的情况下,用竖直向上的拉力匀加速提升重物时,重物加速度a 的大小与拉力F 的大小之间的关系”。
得到甲乙两地的a -F 图像如图所示,由图可以判知甲地的重力加速度 乙地的重力加速度。
甲地的重物质量 乙地的重物质量(填“大于”“等于”“小于”)。
15.用长度h = 15cm 的一段汞柱把空气封闭在一端开口的足够长的粗细均匀玻璃管里,当玻璃管水平放置时,空气柱的长度L 1 = 30cm ,当玻璃管竖直放置开口向上时,空气柱的长度L 2= 25cm 。
这时的大气压p 0 为 cm 汞柱;如果将玻璃管倒过来竖直放置,开口向下,则空气柱的长度 L 3 为 cm 。
16.我国的C919大型客机在试飞过程中,假设飞机在水平跑道上的滑跑是初速度为零的匀加速直线运动,当位移x =1.6×103 m 时才能达到起飞所要求的速度v =80 m/s ,已知飞机质量m =7.0×104 kg ,滑跑时受到的阻力为自身重力的0.1倍,(取),则飞机滑跑过程中加速度a 为 m/s 2;起飞时牵引力的功率P 为 W 。
17.“研究共点力的合成”的实验情况如图(a )所示,其中A 为固定橡皮筋的图钉,O 为橡皮筋与细绳的结点,OB 和OC 为细绳,图(b )是在白纸上根据实验结果画出的图示。
则图(b )中的F 与F ′两力中,方向一定沿AO 方向的是___________。
本实验中应用了等效替代方法,其等效性是指210m/s g = F F’ F 1F 2(a ) (b )A OBCO___________。
三、综合题(第18题10分,第19题14分,第20题16分,共40分) 注意:第19、20题在列式计算、逻辑推理以及回答问题过程中,要求给出必要的图示、文字说明、公式、演算等.18.(10分)在做“用油膜法估测分子直径的大小”的实验中 (1)实验简要步骤如下:A .将画有油膜轮廓的玻璃板放在坐标纸上,数出轮廓内的方格数,再根据方格的边长求出油膜的面积S 。
B .将一滴酒精油酸溶液滴在水面,待油酸薄膜的形状稳定后,将玻璃板放在浅盘上,用彩笔将薄膜的形状描画在玻璃板上。
C .用浅盘装入约2cm 深的水,然后用痱子粉均匀地撒在水面上。
D .取一定体积的油酸和确定体积的酒精混合均匀配制成一定浓度的酒精油酸溶液。
E .根据酒精油酸溶液的浓度,算出一滴溶液中纯油酸的体积V 。
F .用注射器将事先配制好的酒精油酸溶液一滴一滴地滴入量筒,记下量筒内增加一定体积时的滴数。
G .由得到油酸分子的直径d 。
上述实验步骤的合理顺序是 。
(填写字母编号) (2)在本实验中“将油膜分子看成紧密排列的球形,在水面形成单分子油膜”,体现的物理思想方法是 。
(3)若所用酒精油酸的浓度约为每104mL 溶液中有纯油酸6mL 。
用注射器测得1mL 上述溶液为75滴,把1滴该溶液滴入盛水的浅盘里,待水面稳定后,描出的油酸的轮廓形状和尺寸如图所示,坐标中正方形方格的边长为1cm ,由此SV可估测油酸分子的直径是 m 。
(保留一位有效数字)19.(14分)如图所示电路,电源电动势为E =3V ,内阻为r =1Ω,定值电阻R 0=10Ω,滑动变阻器R 可在0~20Ω范围内变化。
当滑片P 处于中点位置时,求:(1)当电键S 断开时,定值电阻R 0两端的电压U 0为多少? (2)当电键S 闭合时,定值电阻R 0两端的电压为多少?(3)当电键S 闭合时,若要使定值电阻R 0两端的电压恢复为U 0,滑片P 应该向左还是向右移动?请简述理由。
20.(16分)某电动机工作时输出功率P 与拉动物体的速度v 之间的关系如图(a )所'0UR OP示。
现用该电动机在水平地面内拉动一物体(可视为质点),运动过程中轻绳始终处在拉直状态,且不可伸长,如图(b)所示。
已知物体质量m=1kg,与地面的动摩擦因数μ1=0.35,离出发点左侧s距离处另有一段动摩擦因数为μ2、长为d的粗糙材料铺设的地面。
(g取10m/s2)(1)若s足够长,电动机功率为2W时,物体在地面能达到的最大速度是多少?(2)在μ1=0.35的水平地面运动,当物体速度为0.1m/s时,加速度为多少?(3)若s=0.16m,物体与粗糙材料之间动摩擦因数μ2=0.45。
启动电动机后,分析物体在达到粗糙材料之前的运动情况。
若最终能以少?P/W0 0.5 v/ms-1 2.0图(a)d s 图(b)2018学年第一学期高三物理质量检测试卷评分参考一、选择题(第1-8小题,每小题3分,第9-12小题,每小题4分,共40分)题号 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 答案 BCBCACADDCDC二、填空题(每题4分,共20分)13.1.5m/s 2;20m/s 14.等于;小于 15.75;37.516.2 m/s 2;1.68×107 W17.F ′;用一个力或两个力拉橡皮条时结点都与O 点重合(橡皮条的伸长量相同或两次实验结点重合)三、综合题(第18题10分,第19题14分,第20题16分,共40分)18.(3+3+4=10分)(1)DFECBAG (或CDFEBAG ) (2)建模法(理想模型法) (3)19.(14分)(5分)(1)S 断开时,R 0与R 的一半电阻串联,则有10-106×(3分)(2分)(5分)(2)S 闭合时,R 0与R 的一半电阻并联之后再与R 的另一半电阻串联,则有(2分)(4分)(3)滑片应该向右端移动。
(2分)因为要使定值电阻R 0两端的电压恢复为U 0,并联部分电压增大,根据分压规律,并联部分电阻要增大,即R 左端电阻要增大,故滑片要向右端移动。
(2分) 20.(16分)(6分)(1)电动机拉动物体后,水平方向受拉力F 和摩擦力f 1f 1=μ1N ,N =mg ,f 1=3.5N (2分)物体速度最大时,加速度为零,F 1=f 1 (1分) 根据P =Fv ,v m =P /F 1= P /f 1,v m =4/7 m/s (3分)(4分)(2)当v =0.1m/s 时,由图像及P =Fv 可知,拉力F 2= P /v = 4N (2分) 由牛顿第二定律F =ma F 2 - f 1=ma 1 a 1=0.5m/s 2 (2分)(6分)(3)由(2)知,物体在速度达到0.5m/s 前,拉力F 恒定,物体做初速为零的匀加速直线运动。
上海市嘉定区2019年初三物理一模卷(含答案)
2018学年嘉定区九年级第一次质量调研考试理化试卷物理部分(满分150分,考试时间100分钟)物理部分考生注意:1.本试卷物理部分含五大题。
2 •答题时,考生务必按答题要求在答题纸规定的位置上作答,卷上答题一律无效。
、选择题(共16 分)置上,更改答案时,用橡皮擦去,重新填涂。
1.能从不同乐器中分辨出小提琴的声音,主要是依据声音的2 •下列各物理量中,可用来鉴别物质的是3•四冲程汽油机在工作时,将机械能转化为内能的是4•下列装置在工作过程中,利用大气压作用的是5.生活中有许多工具都是杠杆,图 1中在使用时属于费力杠杆的是&如图4所示,体积相同的甲、乙实心均匀圆柱体放在水平地面上,且对地面的压强p 甲=p 乙。
现将甲、乙分别从上部沿水平方向切去相同体积,则甲、乙对水平地面的压力变 化量A F 甲和圧乙,对水平地面的压强变化量A p 甲和A p 乙关系正确的是A . AF 甲〉A F 乙,A P 甲〉 A p 乙 B . A F 甲=4卩乙,A p 甲=巾乙在草稿纸、本试F 列各题均只有一个正确选项,请将正确选项的代号用2B 铅笔填涂在答题纸的相应位A •响度B •音调C .音色D .速度 A .密度B .质量C .力D •体积 A .吸气冲程B .压缩冲程D •排气冲程A .液位计B .液体密度计C .吸盘式挂钩D •船闸6.如图图1尺是滑轮的两种用法,下列说法中正确的使用时可以省力平使用时不能省瓶器 C .乙是定滑轮, 使用时不能省力D .乙是动滑轮, 使用时可以省力F 2R2,图 -I I 访示的电路中,1电源电 变的有①电流表闭合电键 S ,当滑动变阻 V 的示数;③电压表电压表V 1的示数与电流表 A 的示数的比值。
以上四项判断正确的有"B . 2个7.在图 移动时,数值 .压保持不变。
器滑片 P 向右 A 的示数;②电压表V 2的示数;④筷是动滑轮,C . A F 甲 VA F 乙,A p 甲〉 A p 乙D . A F 甲〉A F 乙,Ap 甲=巾乙 、填空题(共26分)请将结果填入答题纸的相应位置。
2019年高三年级第一次练习数学试卷文参考答案
嘉定区2019年高三年级第一次质量调研 数学试卷(文)参考答案与评分标准一.填空题(本大题满分56分)本大题共有14题,考生必须在答题纸相应编号的空格内直接填写结果,每个空格填对得4分,否则一律得零分. 1.答案:1.因i a a ai i )1(1)1)(1(-++=-+是实数,所以=a 1. 2.答案:]2,0[.由022≥-x x ,得022≤-x x ,所以]2,0[∈x . 3.答案:1.112+=a a ,314+=a a ,由已知得4122a a a =,即)3()1(1121+=+a a a ,解得11=a . 4.答案:257-.由532sin =⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛+θπ,得53cos =θ,所以2571cos 22cos 2-=-=θθ.5.答案:2-.解法一:函数x x f -=)(的反函数为21)(x x f =-(0≤x ),由4)(1=-x f 得42=x ,因为0<x ,故2-=x .解法二:由4)(1=-x f ,得2)4(-==f x .6.答案:5arctan .因为BC ∥AD ,所以BC D 1∠就是异面直线1BD 与AD 所成的角,连结C D 1,在直角三角形BC D 1中,0190=∠BCD ,1=BC ,51=C D ,所以5tan 11==∠BCCD BC D . 7.答案:3π(或060). 设a 与b 的夹角为θ,由2)(=+⋅b a a ,得22=⋅+b a a ,即2c o s 21=+θ,21cos =θ.8.答案:2.9)21(x -展开式的第3项为288)2(2293=-=x C T ,解得23=x ,所以232132132lim 323232lim 111lim 22=-⎥⎥⎦⎤⎢⎢⎣⎡⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛-=⎥⎥⎦⎤⎢⎢⎣⎡⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛++⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛+=⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛+++∞→∞→∞→nn nn n n x x x .9.答案:1.三阶行列式xa x 1214532+中元素3的余子式为xa x x f 21)(+=,由0)(<x f 得022<-+ax x ,由题意得a b -=+-1,所以1=+b a . 10.答案:16.1=a ,满足3≤a ,于是4211==+b ;2=a ,满足3≤a ,8212==+b ;3=a ,满足3≤a ,则16213==+b ;4=a ,不满足3≤a ,则输出b ,16=b .11.答案:21.21210105)(3101337===C C C A P . 12.答案:32π.由题意,61cos 2>θ且21sin 2>θ,⎩⎨⎧==+2cos 34ab b a θ,⎪⎪⎩⎪⎪⎨⎧=⋅-=+2111sin 211a b a b θ,所以θθsin 2cos 32-=,3tan -=θ,因⎪⎭⎫⎝⎛∈ππθ,2,32πθ=.13.答案:1±.因为)(x f 是奇函数,所以0)()(=-+x f x f ,即0212212=⋅+-+⋅+---xxx x k k k k , 0212212=+-⋅+⋅+-x x x x k k k k ,0)2)(21()12)(1(22=+⋅++-xx x k k k ,所以12=k ,1±=k . 14.答案:100.])1[()1()1()1()1()1()(22221n n n n n f n f a n n n n -+-=+⋅-+⋅-=++=-,)12()1(+-=n n ,所以201)199(9)7(5)3(100321+-+++-++-=++++ a a a a 100502=⨯=.二.选择题(本大题满分20分)本大题共有4题,每题有且只有一个正确答案,考生必须在答题纸的相应编号上,将代表答案的小方格涂黑,选对得5分,否则一律得零分. 15.C .16.A .17.D .18.B .15.因为A 、B 是三角形内角,所以A 、),0(π∈B ,在),0(π上,x y cos =是减函数. 16.①错.不在同一直线上的三点才能确定一个平面;②错.四边相等的四边形也可以是空间四边形;③错.如果三棱锥的底面是等边三角形,一条侧棱垂直于底面且长度等于底面边长,则三个侧面都是等腰三角形;④错.若这两点是球的直径的两个端点,过这两点可作无数个大圆.17.作出函数xy 2=与2x y =,可发现两函数图像在第二象限有一个交点,在第一象限有两个交点(第一象限的两个交点是)4,2(和)16,4(). 18.若取1x 、2x 为区间]4,2[的两个`端点,则22)()(21=x f x f .若22>C ,取21=x ,2)(1=x f ,对任意]4,2[2∈x ,4)(2≤x f ,于是22)(2)()(221≤=x f x f x f ;若22<C ,取41=x ,4)(1=x f ,对任意]4,2[2∈x ,2)(2≥x f ,于是22)(4)()(221≥=x f x f x f .所以22=C .三.解答题(本大题满分74分)本大题共有5题,解答下列各题必须在答题纸相应编号的规定区域内写出必要的步骤. 19.(本题满分12分)解:设半圆的半径为r ,在△ABC 中,090=∠ACB ,030=∠ABC ,3=BC , 连结OM ,则AB OM ⊥,……(2分) 设r OM =,则r OB 2=,…………(4分) 因为OB OC BC +=,所以r BC 3=,即33=r .………………(6分)130tan 0=⋅=BC AC .阴影部分绕直线BC 旋转一周所得旋转体为底面半径1=AC ,高3=BC 的圆锥中间挖掉一个半径33=r 的球.………………(8分) 所以,圆锥V V =球V -πππ27353334313132=⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛⋅⋅-⋅⋅⋅=.…………(12分) 20.(本题满分14分)本题共有2个小题,第1小题满分6分,第2小题满分8分.解:(1)由a ∥b的充要条件知,存在非零实数λ,使得a b ⋅=λ, 即⎩⎨⎧=⋅=λλx x cos sin 1,所以1cos sin =x x ,212sin =x ,…………(3分)6)1(2ππ⋅-+=k k x ,Z k ∈.所以x 的集合是⎭⎬⎫⎩⎨⎧∈⋅-+=Z k k x x k ,12)1(2ππ.………………(6分)(也可写成⎭⎬⎫⎩⎨⎧∈+=⎭⎬⎫⎩⎨⎧∈+=Z k k x x Z k k x x ,125,12ππππ ) (2)2)cos (sin 2cos sin )1(cos )1(sin ||)(22222++++=+++=+=x x x x x x b a x f3)cos (sin 2++=x x 34sin 22+⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛+=πx ,…………(9分)因为⎥⎦⎤⎢⎣⎡-∈2,2ππx ,所以⎥⎦⎤⎢⎣⎡-∈+43,44πππx ,……(10分)所以⎥⎦⎤⎢⎣⎡-∈⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛+1,224sin πx ,……………(12分) 所以函数)(x f 的值域为]223,1[+.………………(14分)21.(本题满分14分)本题共有2个小题,第1小题满分6分,第2小题满分8分. 解:(1)由已知,当0=x 时,8)(=x C ,即85=k,所以40=k ,……(1分) 所以5340)(+=x x C ,…………(2分)又加装隔热层的费用为x x C 6)(1=.所以5380066534020)()(20)(1++=++⨯=+⋅=x x x x x C x C x f ,…………(5分) )(x f 定义域为]10,0[.…………(6分)(2)10380062103538003563538006538006)(-⨯≥-⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛++⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛+=⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛++=++=x x x x x x x f70=,…………(10分)当且仅当⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛+=⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛+353800356x x ,18800352=⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛+x ,32035=+x ,即5=x 时取等号.…………(13分) 所以当隔热层加装厚度为5厘米时,总费用)(x f 最小.最小总费用为70万元.…(14分)22.(本题满分16分)本题共有3个小题,第1小题满分3分,第2小题满分7分,第3小题满分6分.解:(1)1=m 时,1)(2+=x x f ,因为01=a ,所以1)0()(12===f a f a ,2)(23==a f a ,5)(34==a f a .…………(3分,每求对一项得1分)(2)m x x f +=2)(,则m a =2,m m a +=23,m m m m m m m a +++=++=2342242)(,…………(5分) 如果2a ,3a ,4a 成等差数列,则)()2(22342m m m m m m m m m +-+++=-+,02234=-+m m m ,……(6分) 若0=m ,则0432===a a a ,不合题意,故0≠m .所以,0122=-+m m ,所以21282±-=±-=m .…………(8分) 当21+-=m 时,公差==-+=-=2223m m m m a a d 223-,…………(9分) 当21--=m 时,公差2232+==m d .………………(10分) (3)11=b ,n n n b m m b b 22)(21=-+=+,…………(12分)所以}{n b 是首项为1,公比为2的等比数列,12-=n n b ,…………(13分)201012>-=n n S ,20112>n ,10>n .…………(15分)所以,使2010>n S 成立的最小正整数n 的值为11.…………(16分)23.(本题满分18分)本题共有3个小题,第1小题满分5分,第2小题满分6分,第3小题满分7分.23.解:(1)设),(y x P 为图像2C 上任意一点,P 关于点A 对称的点为),(y x P ''',则12='+x x ,22='+y y ,于是x x -='2,y y -='4,…………(2分) 因为),(y x P '''在1C 上,所以x a x y '+'=',即x a x y -+-=-224,22-++=x ax y .所以22)(-++=x ax x g .…………(5分) (2)由a x g =)(得a x ax =-++22,整理得0)43(2=-+-a ax x ① ………(7分)若2=x 是方程①的解,则0=a ,此时方程①有两个实数解2=x 和2-=x ,原方程有且仅有一个实数解2-=x ;…………(8分)若2=x 不是方程①的解,则由△016122=+-=a a ,解得526±=a .……(9分) 所以,当0=a 时,方程的解为2-=x ; …………(10分) 当=a 526+时,方程的解为53+=x ; …………(11分)当=a 526-时,方程的解为53-=x . …………(12分) (3)设1x 、),2[2∞+∈x ,且21x x <,因为函数)(x f 在区间),2[∞+上是增函数,所以0)()(12>-x f x f .……(14分)0)()()()(212112212112112212>-⋅-=-+-=--+=-x x a x x x x x x x x a x x x ax x a x x f x f , 因为012>-x x ,021>x x ,所以021>-a x x ,即21x x a <,…………(16分) 而421>x x ,所以4≤a . …………(17分) 因此a 的取值范围是]4,(-∞.…………(18分)。
2019上海嘉定区高考物理一模试题(附答案)_2019011425214644_251
2019学年嘉定区高三第一次模拟考试物理试卷本试卷分第I卷和第II卷两部分。
满分150分。
考试时间120分钟。
请在答题纸上答题。
第Ⅰ卷(共56分)一.单项选择题(共16分,每小题2分。
每小题只有一个正确选项。
答案写在答题纸上相应的位置。
)1、在“油膜法”估测分子大小的实验中,认为油酸分子在水面上形成的单分子层,这体现的物理思想方法是:(A)等效替代法(B)控制变量法(C)理想模型法(D)累积法2、关于温度下列说法中正确的是(A)0K即0℃(B)分子运动越剧烈,分子的温度越高(C)温度是分子热运动剧烈程度的反映(D)温度越高的物体的内能一定越多3、关于静电场的电场线,下列表述正确的是(A)负电荷沿电场线方向移动时,电势能增大(B)沿着电场线方向,电场强度越来越大(C)负电荷沿电场线方向移动时,电势能减小(D)沿着电场线方向,电场强度越来越小4、如图所示,两端开口的U形管中装有水银,在右管中用水银封闭着一段空气,使气体缓慢升高温度,则:(A)图中两侧水银面高度差h增大(B)图中两侧水银面高度差h减小(C)气体压强增大(D)气体压强不变5、如图所示,为由基本门电路组成的四个电路,其中能使小灯泡发光的是6、如题图所示,某人静躺在椅子上,椅子的靠背与水平面之间有固定倾斜角θ。
若此人所受重力为G,则椅子各部分对他的作用力的合力大小为(A)G (B)G sin θθ(C)G cos θ(D)G tan θ7、物体在A、B两地沿直线做往返运动。
设A到B的平均速率为v1,由B 到A 的平均速率为v 2,物体往返一次,平均速度的大小与平均速率分别是(A )0,21212v v v v (B )0,221v v (C )均为21212v v v v (D )均为0 8、相隔很远、均匀带电+q 、﹣q 的大平板在靠近平板处的匀强电场电场线如图a 所示,电场强度大小均为E 。
将两板靠近,根据一直线上电场的叠加,得到电场线如图b 所示,则此时两板的相互作用力大小为(A )0 (B )qE(C )2qE(D )与两板间距有关二.单项选择题(共24分,每小题3分。
2019年上海市嘉定区中考数学一模试卷-含详细解析
2019年上海市嘉定区中考数学一模试卷副标题题号 一 二 三 四 总分 得分一、选择题(本大题共6小题,共24.0分) 1. 下列函数中,是二次函数的是( )A. y =2x +1B. y =(x −1)2−x 2C. y =1−x 2D.y =1x 22. 已知抛物线y =x 2+3向左平移2个单位,那么平移后的抛物线表达式是( )A. y =(x +2)2+3B. y =(x −2)2+3C. y =x 2+1D. y =x 2+5 3. 已知在Rt △ABC 中,∠C =90°,BC =5,那么AB 的长为( )A. 5sinAB. 5cosAC. 5sinAD. 5cosA4. 如图,在△ABC 中,点D 是在边BC 上,且BD =2CD ,AB ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ =a ⃗ ,BC ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ =b ⃗ ,那么AD ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ 等于( )A. AD =a ⃗ +b ⃗B. AD ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ =23a ⃗ +23b ⃗ C. AD ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ =a ⃗ −23b ⃗ D. AD ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ =a ⃗ +23b ⃗ 5. 如果点D 、E 分别在△ABC 中的边AB 和AC 上,那么不能判定DE ∥BC 的比例式是( )A. AD :DB =AE :ECB. DE :BC =AD :ABC. BD :AB =CE :ACD. AB :AC =AD :AE6. 已知点C 在线段AB 上(点C 与点A 、B 不重合),过点A 、B 的圆记作为圆O 1,过点B 、C 的圆记作为圆O 2,过点C 、A 的圆记作为圆O 3,则下列说法中正确的是( )A. 圆O 1可以经过点CB. 点C 可以在圆O 1的内部C. 点A 可以在圆O 2的内部D. 点B 可以在圆O 3的内部 二、填空题(本大题共12小题,共48.0分)7. 如果抛物线y =(k -2)x 2+k 的开口向上,那么k 的取值范围是______. 8. 抛物线y =x 2+2x 与y 轴的交点坐标是______.9. 二次函数y =x 2+4x +a 图象上的最低点的横坐标为______. 10. 如果3a =4b (a 、b 都不等于零),那么a+b b=______.11. 已知P 是线段AB 的黄金分割点,AB =6cm ,AP >BP ,那么AP =______cm .12. 如果向量a ⃗ 、b ⃗ 、x ⃗ 满足关系式2a ⃗ -(x ⃗ -3b ⃗ )=4b ⃗ ,那么x ⃗ =______(用向量a ⃗ 、b ⃗ 表示).13. 如果△ABC ∽△DEF ,且△ABC 的三边长分别为4、5、6,△DEF 的最短边长为12,那么△DEF 的周长等于______.14. 在等腰△ABC 中,AB =AC =4,BC =6,那么cos B 的值=______.15. 小杰在楼下点A 处看到楼上点B 处的小明的仰角是42度,那么点B 处的小明看点A 处的小杰的俯角等于______度.16. 如图,在圆O 中,AB 是弦,点C 是劣弧AB 的中点,连接OC ,AB 平分OC ,连接OA 、OB ,那么∠AOB=______度.17.已知两圆内切,半径分别为2厘米和5厘米,那么这两圆的圆心距等于______厘米.18.在△ABC中,∠ACB=90°,点D、E分别在边BC、AC上,AC=3AE,∠CDE=45°(如图),△DCE沿直线DE翻折,翻折后的点C落在△ABC内部的点F,直线AF与边BC相交于点G,如果BG=AE,那么tan B=______.三、计算题(本大题共2小题,共20.0分)19.计算:2|1-sin60°|+tan45°.cot30∘−2cos45∘20.已知抛物线y=x2+bx-3经过点A(1,0),顶点为点M.(1)求抛物线的表达式及顶点M的坐标;(2)求∠OAM的正弦值.四、解答题(本大题共5小题,共56.0分)21.某小区开展了“行车安全,方便居民”的活动,对地下车库作了改进.如图,这小区原地下车库的入口处有斜坡AC长为13米,它的坡度为i=1:2.4,AB⊥BC,为了居民行车安全,现将斜坡的坡角改为13°,即∠ADC=13°(此时点B、C、D在同一直线上).(1)求这个车库的高度AB;(2)求斜坡改进后的起点D与原起点C的距离(结果精确到0.1米).(参考数据:sin13°≈0.225,cos13°≈0.974,tan13°≈0.231,cot13°≈4.331)22.如图,在圆O中,弦AB=8,点C在圆O上(C与A,B不重合),连接CA、CB,过点O分别作OD⊥AC,OE⊥BC,垂足分别是点D、E.(1)求线段DE的长;(2)点O到AB的距离为3,求圆O的半径.23.如图6,已知点D在△ABC的外部,AD∥BC,点E在边AB上,AB•AD=BC•AE.(1)求证:∠BAC=∠AED;(2)在边AC取一点F,如果∠AFE=∠D,求证:ADBC =AF AC.24.在平面直角坐标系xOy(如图)中,抛物线y=ax2+bx+2经过点A(4,0)、B(2,2),与y轴的交点为C.(1)试求这个抛物线的表达式;(2)如果这个抛物线的顶点为M,求△AMC的面积;(3)如果这个抛物线的对称轴与直线BC交于点D,点E在线段AB上,且∠DOE=45°,求点E的坐标.25.在矩形ABCD中,AB=6,AD=8,点E是边AD上一点,EM⊥BC交AB于点M,点N在射线MB上,且AE是AM和AN的比例中项.(1)如图1,求证:∠ANE=∠DCE;(2)如图2,当点N在线段MB之间,联结AC,且AC与NE互相垂直,求MN 的长;(3)连接AC,如果△AEC与以点E、M、N为顶点所组成的三角形相似,求DE 的长.答案和解析1.【答案】C【解析】解:A、y=2x+1,是一次函数,故此选项错误;B、y=(x-1)2-x2,是一次函数,故此选项错误;C、y=1-x2,是二次函数,符合题意;D、y=,是反比例函数,不合题意.故选:C.直接利用一次函数以及二次函数的定义分别分析得出答案.此题主要考查了一次函数以及二次函数的定义,正确把握相关定义是解题关键.2.【答案】A【解析】解:由“左加右减”的原则可知,将抛物线y=x2+3向左平移2个单位所得直线的解析式为:y=(x+2)2+3;故选:A.根据“上加下减,左加右减”的原则进行解答即可.本题考查的是二次函数的图象与几何变换,熟知函数图象平移的法则是解答此题的关键.3.【答案】C【解析】解:∵Rt△ABC中,∠C=90°,BC=5,∴sinA==,∴AB=,故选:C.依据Rt△ABC中,∠C=90°,BC=5,可得sinA=,即可得到AB的长的表达式.本题考查了锐角三角函数的定义的应用,我们把锐角A的对边a与斜边c的比叫做∠A的正弦,记作sinA.4.【答案】D【解析】解:∵BD=2CD,∴BD=BC.∵=,∴=.又=,∴=+=+.故选:D.由BD=2CD,求得的值,然后结合平面向量的三角形法则求得的值.此题考查了平面向量的知识,解此题的关键是注意平面向量的三角形法则与数形结合思想的应用.5.【答案】B【解析】解:当AD:DB=AE:EC时,DE∥BC;当BD:AB=CE:AC时,DE∥BC;当AB:AC=AD:AE时,则AD:AB=AE:AC,所以DE∥BC.故选:B.根据平行线分线段成比例定理的逆定理对各选项进行判断.本题考查了平行线分线段成比例:三条平行线截两条直线,所得的对应线段成比例.6.【答案】B【解析】解:∵点C在线段AB上(点C与点A、B不重合),过点A、B的圆记作为圆O1,∴点C可以在圆O1的内部,故A错误,B正确;∵过点B、C的圆记作为圆O2,∴点A可以在圆O2的外部,故C错误;∵过点C、A的圆记作为圆O3,∴点B可以在圆O3的外部,故D错误.故选:B.根据已知条件对个选项进行判断即可.本题考查了圆的认识,根据已知条件正确的作出判断是解题的关键.7.【答案】k>2【解析】解:由题意可知:k-2>0,∴k>2,故答案为:k>2.根据二次函数的图象与性质即可求出答案.本题考查二次函数,解题的关键是熟练运用二次函数的图象与性质,本题属于中等题型.8.【答案】(0,0)【解析】解:当x=0时,y=x2+2x=0,所以抛物线y=x2+2x与y轴的交点坐标为(0,0).故答案为(0,0).计算自变量为0所对应的函数值可得到抛物线与y轴的交点坐标.本题考查了二次函数图象上点的坐标特征:二次函数图象上点的坐标满足其解析式.9.【答案】-2【解析】解:∵二次函数y=x2+4x+a=(x+2)2-4+a,∴二次函数图象上的最低点的横坐标为:-2.故答案为:-2.直接利用二次函数最值求法得出函数顶点式,进而得出答案.此题主要考查了二次函数的最值,正确得出二次函数顶点式是解题关键.10.【答案】73【解析】解:∵3a=4b(a、b都不等于零),∴设a=4x,则b=3x,那么==.故答案为:.直接利用已知把a,b用同一未知数表示,进而计算得出答案.此题主要考查了比例的性质,正确表示出a,b的值是解题关键.11.【答案】3(√5-1)【解析】解:∵P是线段AB的黄金分割点,AP>BP,∴AP=AB,而AB=6cm,∴AP=6×=3(-1)cm.故答案为3(-1).根据黄金分割的概念得到AP=AB,把AB=6cm代入计算即可.本题考查了黄金分割的概念:如果一个点把一条线段分成两条线段,并且较长线段是较短线段和整个线段的比例中项,那么就说这个点把这条线段黄金分割,这个点叫这条线段的黄金分割点;较长线段是整个线段的倍.12.【答案】2a⃗-b⃗【解析】解:2-(-3)=42-+3-4=02--=0=2-故答案是:2-.根据平面向量的加减法计算法则和方程解题.考查平面向量,此题是利用方程思想求得向量的值的,难度不大.13.【答案】45【解析】解:设△DEF的周长别为x,△ABC的三边长分别为4、5、6,∴△ABC的周长=4+5+6=15,∵△ABC∽△DEF,∴=,解得,x=45,故答案为:45.根据题意求出△ABC的周长,根据相似三角形的性质列式计算即可.本题考查的是相似三角形的性质,掌握相似三角形的周长比等于相似比是解题的关键.14.【答案】34【解析】解:如图,作AD⊥BC于D点,∵AB=AC=4,BC=6,∴BD=BC=3,在Rt△ABD中,cosB==.故答案为.作AD⊥BC于D点,根据等腰三角形的性质得到BD=BC=3,然后根据余弦的定义求解.本题考查了锐角三角函数的定义:在直角三角形中,一锐角的余弦值等于这个角的邻边与斜边的比.也考查了等腰三角形的性质.15.【答案】42【解析】解:由题意可得,∠BAO=42°,∵BC∥AD,∴∠BAO=∠ABC,∴∠ABC=42°,即点B处的小明看点A处的小杰的俯角等于42度,故答案为:42.根据题意画出图形,然后根据平行线的性质可以求得点B处的小明看点A处的小杰的俯角的度数,本题得以解决.本题考查解直角三角形的应用-仰角俯角问题,解答本题的关键是明确题意,利用数形结合的思想解答.16.【答案】120【解析】解:连接AC.∵=,∴OC⊥AB,∠AOC=∠BOC,∵AB平分OC,∴AB是线段OC的垂直平分线,∴AO=AC,∵OA=OC,∴OA=OC=AC,∴∠AOC=60°,∴∠AOB=120°.故答案为120.连接AC.证明△AOC是等边三角形即可解决问题.本题考查垂径定理,圆心角、弧、弦之间的关系,等边三角形的判定和性质等知识,解题的关键是灵活运用所学知识解决问题,属于中考常考题型.17.【答案】3【解析】解:∵两圆的半径分别为2和5,两圆内切,∴d=R-r=5-2=3cm,故答案为:3.由两圆的半径分别为2和5,根据两圆位置关系与圆心距d,两圆半径R,r的数量关系间的联系和两圆位置关系求得圆心距即可.此题考查了圆与圆的位置关系.解题的关键是掌握两圆位置关系与圆心距d,两圆半径R,r的数量关系间的联系.18.【答案】37【解析】解:如图,∵∠ACB=90°,∠CDE=45°,∴∠DEC=45°∵AC=3AE∴设AE=k=BG,AC=3k,(k≠0)∴EC=2k,∵折叠∴EF=EC=2k,∠FED=∠DEC=45°∴∠FEC=90°,且∠ACB=90°∴EF∥BC∴△AEF∽△ACG∴∴GC=3EF=6k,∴BC=BG+GC=7k,∴tanB==故答案为:设AE=k=BG,AC=3k,(k≠0),可得EC=2k,由折叠的性质可得EF=EC=2k,∠FED=∠DEC=45°,根据相似三角形的性质可得,即GC=3EF=6k,则可求tanB的值.本题考查了翻折变换,相似三角形的判定和性质,锐角三角函数,熟练运用折叠的性质是本题的关键.19.【答案】解:2|1-sin60°|+tan45°cot30∘−2cos45∘=2(1-√32)+√3−2×√22 =2-√3+√3−√2 =2-√3+√3+√2=2+√2.【解析】先代入特殊角三角函数值,再根据实数的运算,可得答案.本题考查了特殊角三角函数值、实数的混合运算;熟记特殊角三角函数值是解题关键.20.【答案】解:(1)由题意,得1+b -3=0,解这个方程,得,b =2,所以,这个抛物线的表达式是y =x 2+2x -3,所以y =(x +1)2-4,则顶点M 的坐标为(-1,-4);(2)由(1)得:这个抛物线的对称轴是直线x =-1,设直线x =1与x 轴的交点为点B ,则点B 的坐标为(-1,0),且∠MBA =90°,在Rt △ABM 中,MB =4,AB =2,由勾股定理得:AM 2=MB 2+AB 2=16+4=20,即AM =2√5,所以sin ∠OAM =MB AM =2√55. 【解析】(1)把A 坐标代入抛物线解析式求出b 的值,确定出抛物线表达式,并求出顶点坐标即可;(2)根据(1)确定出抛物线对称轴,求出抛物线与x 轴的交点B 坐标,根据题意得到三角形AMB 为直角三角形,由MB 与AB 的长,利用勾股定理求出AM 的长,再利用锐角三角函数定义求出所求即可.此题考查了待定系数法求二次函数解析式,二次函数的性质,二次函数图象上点的坐标特征,以及解直角三角形,熟练掌握待定系数法是解本题的关键.21.【答案】解:(1)由题意,得:∠ABC=90°,i=1:2.4,在Rt△ABC中,i=ABBC =512,设AB=5x,则BC=12x,∴AB2+BC2=AC2,∴AC=13x,∵AC=13,∴x=1,∴AB=5,答:这个车库的高度AB为5米;(2)由(1)得:BC=12,在Rt△ABD中,cot∠ADC=DBAB,∵∠ADC=13°,AB=5,∴DB=5cot13°≈21.655(m),∴DC=DB-BC=21.655-12=9.655≈9.7(米),答:斜坡改进后的起点D与原起点C的距离为9.7米.【解析】(1)根据坡度的概念,设AB=5x,则BC=12x,根据勾股定理列出方程,解方程即可;(2)根据余切的定义列出算式,求出DC.本题考查的是解直角三角形的应用-坡度坡角问题,掌握坡度的概念、熟记锐角三角函数的定义是解题的关键.22.【答案】解:(1)∵OD经过圆心O,OD⊥AC,∴AD=DC,同理:CE=EB,∴DE是△ABC的中位线,∴DE=12AB,∵AB=8,∴DE=4.(2)过点O作OH⊥AB,垂足为点H,OH=3,连接OA,∵OH经过圆心O,∴AH=BH=12AB,∵AB=8,∴AH=4,在Rt△AHO中,AH2+OH2=AO2,∴AO=5,即圆O的半径为5.【解析】(1)由OD⊥AC知AD=DC,同理得出CE=EB,从而知DE=AB,据此可得答案;(2)作OH⊥AB于点H,连接OA,根据题意得出OH=3,AH=4,利用勾股定理可得答案.本题主要考查垂径定理,解题的关键是掌握垂径定理:垂直于弦的直径平分这条弦,并且平分弦所对的两条弧.也考查了中位线定理与勾股定理.23.【答案】证明(1)∵AD∥BC,∴∠B=∠DAE,∵AB-AD=BC-AE,∴AB AE =BC AD,∴△CBA∽△DAE,∴∠BAC=∠AED.(2)由(1)得△DAE∽△CBA∴∠D=∠C,ADBC =DE AC,∵∠AFE=∠D,∴∠AFE=∠C,∴EF∥BC,∵AD∥BC,∴EF∥AD,∵∠BAC=∠AED,∴DE∥AC,∴四边形ADEF是平行四边形,∴DE=AF,∴AD BC =AF AC.【解析】(1)欲证明∠BAC=∠AED,只要证明△CBA∽△DAE即可;(2)由△DAE∽△CBA,可得=,再证明四边形ADEF是平行四边形,推出DE=AF,即可解决问题;本题考查相似三角形的判定和性质,平行四边形的判定和性质等知识,解题的关键是熟练掌握基本知识,属于中考常考题型.24.【答案】解:(1)将A (4,0),B (2,2)代入y =ax 2+bx +2,得:{4a +2b +2=216a+4b+2=0, 解得:{a =−14b =12, ∴抛物线的表达式为y =-14x 2+12x +2.(2)∵y =-14x 2+12x +2=-14(x -1)2+94,∴顶点M 的坐标为(1,94).当x =0时,y =-14x 2+12x +2=2,∴点C 的坐标为(0,2).过点M 作MH ⊥y 轴,垂足为点H ,如图1所示.∴S △AMC =S 梯形AOHM -S △AOC -S △CHM ,=12(HM +AO )•OH -12AO •OC -12CH •MH ,=12×(1+4)×94-12×4×2-12×(94-2)×1, =32. (3)连接OB ,过点B 作BG ⊥x 轴,垂足为点G ,如图2所示.∵点B 的坐标为(2,2),点A 的坐标为(4,0),∴BG =2,GA =2,∴△BGA 是等腰直角三角形,∴∠BAO =45°.同理,可得:∠BOA =45°.∵点C 的坐标为(2,0),∴BC =2,OC =2,∴△OCB 是等腰直角三角形,∴∠DBO =45°,BO =2√2,∴∠BAO =∠DBO .∵∠DOE =45°,∴∠DOB +∠BOE =45°.∵∠BOE +∠EOA =45°,∴∠EOA =∠DOB ,∴△AOE ∽△BOD ,∴AE BD =AO BO .∵抛物线y =-14x 2+12x +2的对称轴是直线x =1,∴点D 的坐标为(1,2),∴BD=1,∴AE1=2√2,∴AE=√2,过点E作EF⊥x轴,垂足为点F,则△AEF为等腰直角三角形,∴EF=AF=1,∴点E的坐标为(3,1).【解析】(1)根据点A,B的坐标,利用待定系数法即可求出抛物线的表达式;(2)利用配方法可求出点M的坐标,利用二次函数图象上点的坐标特征可求出点C的坐标,过点M作MH⊥y轴,垂足为点H,利用分割图形求面积法可得出△AMC的面积;(3)连接OB,过点B作BG⊥x轴,垂足为点G,则△BGA,△OCB是等腰直角三角形,进而可得出∠BAO=∠DBO,由∠DOB+∠BOE=45°,∠BOE+∠EOA=45°可得出∠EOA=∠DOB,进而可证出△AOE∽△BOD,利用相似三角形的性质结合抛物线的对称轴为直线x=1可求出AE的长,过点E作EF⊥x轴,垂足为点F,则△AEF为等腰直角三角形,根据等腰直角三角形的性质可得出AF、EF的长,进而可得出点E的坐标.本题考查了待定系数法求二次函数解析式、二次函数图象上点的坐标特征、二次函数的性质、三角形(梯形)的面积、相似三角形的判定与性质以及等腰直角三角形,解题的关键是:(1)根据点的坐标,利用待定系数法求出二次函数表达式;(2)利用分割图形求面积法结合三角形、梯形的面积公式,求出△AMC的面积;(3)通过构造相似三角形,利用相似三角形的性质求出AE的长度.25.【答案】解:(1)∵AE是AM和AN的比例中项∴AM AE =AE AN,∵∠A=∠A,∴△AME∽△AEN,∴∠AEM =∠ANE ,∵∠D =90°,∴∠DCE +∠DEC =90°,∵EM ⊥BC ,∴∠AEM +∠DEC =90°,∴∠AEM =∠DCE ,∴∠ANE =∠DCE ;(2)∵AC 与NE 互相垂直,∴∠EAC +∠AEN =90°,∵∠BAC =90°,∴∠ANE +∠AEN =90°,∴∠ANE =∠EAC ,由(1)得∠ANE =∠DCE ,∴∠DCE =∠EAC ,∴tan ∠DCE =tan ∠DAC ,∴DE DC =DC AD ,∵DC =AB =6,AD =8,∴DE =92,∴AE =8-92=72,由(1)得∠AEM =∠DCE ,∴tan ∠AEM =tan ∠DCE ,∴AM AE =DE DC ,∴AM =218,∵AM AE =AE AN ,∴AN =143,∴MN =4924;(3)∵∠NME =∠MAE +∠AEM ,∠AEC =∠D +∠DCE ,又∠MAE =∠D =90°,由(1)得∠AEM =∠DCE ,∴∠AEC =∠NME ,当△AEC 与以点E 、M 、N 为顶点所组成的三角形相似时①∠ENM=∠EAC,如图2,∴∠ANE=∠EAC,由(2)得:DE=92;②∠ENM=∠ECA,如图3,过点E作EH⊥AC,垂足为点H,由(1)得∠ANE=∠DCE,∴∠ECA=∠DCE,∴HE=DE,又tan∠HAE=HEAH =DCAD=68,设DE=3x,则HE=3x,AH=4x,AE=5x,又AE+DE=AD,∴5x+3x=8,解得x=1,∴DE=3x=3,综上所述,DE的长分别为92或3.【解析】(1)由比例中项知=,据此可证△AME∽△AEN得∠AEM=∠ANE,再证∠AEM=∠DCE可得答案;(2)先证∠ANE=∠EAC,结合∠ANE=∠DCE得∠DCE=∠EAC,从而知=,据此求得AE=8-=,由(1)得∠AEM=∠DCE,据此知=,求得AM=,由=求得MN=;(3)分∠ENM=∠EAC和∠ENM=∠ECA两种情况分别求解可得.本题是相似三角形的综合问题,解题的关键是掌握相似三角形的判定与性质、三角函数的应用等知识点.。
2019年上海市嘉定区中考数学一模试卷-解析版
2019年上海市嘉定区中考数学一模试卷一、选择题(本大题共6小题,共24.0分) 1. 下列函数中,是二次函数的是( )A. y =2x +1B. y =(x −1)2−x 2C. y =1−x 2D. y =1x 22. 已知抛物线y =x 2+3向左平移2个单位,那么平移后的抛物线表达式是( )A. y =(x +2)2+3B. y =(x −2)2+3C. y =x 2+1D. y =x 2+5 3. 已知在Rt △ABC 中,∠C =90°,BC =5,那么AB 的长为( )A. 5sin AB. 5cos AC. 5sinAD. 5cosA4. 如图,在△ABC 中,点D 是在边BC 上,且BD =2CD ,AB ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ =a ⃗ ,BC ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ =b ⃗ ,那么AD ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ 等于( )A. AD =a ⃗ +b ⃗B. AD ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ =23a ⃗ +23b ⃗ C. AD ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ =a ⃗ −23b ⃗ D. AD ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ =a ⃗ +23b ⃗ 5. 如果点D 、E 分别在△ABC 中的边AB 和AC 上,那么不能判定DE//BC 的比例式是( )A. AD :DB =AE :ECB. DE :BC =AD :ABC. BD :AB =CE :ACD. AB :AC =AD :AE6. 已知点C 在线段AB 上(点C 与点A 、B 不重合),过点A 、B 的圆记作为圆O 1,过点B 、C 的圆记作为圆O 2,过点C 、A 的圆记作为圆O 3,则下列说法中正确的是( ) A. 圆O 1可以经过点C B. 点C 可以在圆O 1的内部 C. 点A 可以在圆O 2的内部 D. 点B 可以在圆O 3的内部 二、填空题(本大题共12小题,共48.0分)7. 如果抛物线y =(k −2)x 2+k 的开口向上,那么k 的取值范围是______. 8. 抛物线y =x 2+2x 与y 轴的交点坐标是______.9. 二次函数y =x 2+4x +a 图象上的最低点的横坐标为______. 10. 如果3a =4b(a 、b 都不等于零),那么a+b b=______.11. 已知P 是线段AB 的黄金分割点,AB =6cm ,AP >BP ,那么AP =______cm .12. 如果向量a ⃗ 、b ⃗ 、x ⃗ 满足关系式2a ⃗ −(x ⃗ −3b ⃗ )=4b ⃗ ,那么x ⃗ =______(用向量a ⃗ 、b ⃗ 表示).13. 如果△ABC∽△DEF ,且△ABC 的三边长分别为4、5、6,△DEF 的最短边长为12,那么△DEF 的周长等于______.14. 在等腰△ABC 中,AB =AC =4,BC =6,那么cos B 的值=______.15. 小杰在楼下点A 处看到楼上点B 处的小明的仰角是42度,那么点B 处的小明看点A 处的小杰的俯角等于______度.16. 如图,在圆O 中,AB 是弦,点C 是劣弧AB 的中点,连接OC ,AB 平分OC ,连接OA 、OB , 那么∠AOB =______度.17.已知两圆内切,半径分别为2厘米和5厘米,那么这两圆的圆心距等于______厘米.18.在△ABC中,∠ACB=90°,点D、E分别在边BC、AC上,AC=3AE,∠CDE=45°(如图),△DCE沿直线DE翻折,翻折后的点C落在△ABC内部的点F,直线AF与边BC相交于点G,如果BG=AE,那么tanB=______.三、计算题(本大题共1小题,共10.0分)19.计算:.四、解答题(本大题共6小题,共66.0分)20.已知抛物线y=x2+bx−3经过点A(1,0),顶点为点M.(1)求抛物线的表达式及顶点M的坐标;(2)求∠OAM的正弦值.21.某小区开展了“行车安全,方便居民”的活动,对地下车库作了改进.如图,这小区原地下车库的入口处有斜坡AC长为13米,它的坡度为i=1:2.4,AB⊥BC,为了居民行车安全,现将斜坡的坡角改为13°,即∠ADC=13°(此时点B、C、D在同一直线上).(1)求这个车库的高度AB;(2)求斜坡改进后的起点D与原起点C的距离(结果精确到0.1米).(参考数据:sin13°≈0.225,cos13°≈0.974,tan13°≈0.231)22.如图,在圆O中,弦AB=8,点C在圆O上(C与A,B不重合),连接CA、CB,过点O分别作OD⊥AC,OE⊥BC,垂足分别是点D、E.(1)求线段DE的长;(2)点O到AB的距离为3,求圆O的半径.23.如图,已知点D在△ABC的外部,AD//BC,点E在边AB上,AB⋅AD=BC⋅AE.(1)求证:∠BAC=∠AED;(2)在边AC取一点F,如果∠AFE=∠D,求证:ADBC =AFAC.24.在平面直角坐标系xOy(如图)中,抛物线y=ax2+bx+2经过点A(4,0)、B(2,2),与y轴的交点为C.(1)试求这个抛物线的表达式;(2)如果这个抛物线的顶点为M,求△AMC的面积;(3)如果这个抛物线的对称轴与直线BC交于点D,点E在线段AB上,且∠DOE=45°,求点E的坐标.25.在矩形ABCD中,AB=6,AD=8,点E是边AD上一点,EM⊥EC交AB于点M,点N在射线MB上,且AE是AM和AN的比例中项.(1)如图1,求证:∠ANE=∠DCE;(2)如图2,当点N在线段MB之间,联结AC,且AC与NE互相垂直,求MN的长;(3)连接AC,如果△AEC与以点E、M、N为顶点所组成的三角形相似,求DE的长.答案和解析1.【答案】C【解析】【分析】此题主要考查了一次函数以及二次函数的定义,正确把握相关定义是解题关键.直接利用二次函数的定义分析得出答案.【解答】解:A、y=2x+1,是一次函数,故此选项错误;B、y=(x−1)2−x2=−2x+1,是一次函数,故此选项错误;C、y=1−x2,是二次函数,符合题意;D、y=1x2,不是二次函数,不合题意.故选C.2.【答案】A【解析】【分析】本题考查的是二次函数的图象与几何变换,熟知函数图象平移的规律是解答此题的关键,属于基础题.根据“上加下减,左加右减”的原则进行解答即可.【解答】解:由“左加右减”的原则可知,将抛物线y=x2+3向左平移2个单位所得抛物线的解析式为:y=(x+2)2+3,故选:A.3.【答案】C【解析】【分析】依据Rt△ABC中,∠C=90°,BC=5,可得sinA=BCAB,即可得到AB的长的表达式.本题考查了锐角三角函数的定义的应用,我们把锐角A的对边a与斜边c的比叫做∠A的正弦,记作sin A.【解答】解:∵Rt△ABC中,∠C=90°,BC=5,∴sinA=BCAB =5AB,∴AB=5sinA,故选:C.4.【答案】D【解析】【分析】此题考查了平面向量的知识,解此题的关键是注意平面向量的三角形法则与数形结合思想的应用.由BD=2CD,求得BD⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ 的值,然后结合平面向量的三角形法则求得AD⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ 的值.解:∵BD =2CD , ∴BD =23BC .∵BC ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ =b ⃗ , ∴BD ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ =23b ⃗ .又AB ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ =a ⃗ ,∴AD ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ =AB ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ +BD ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ =a ⃗ +23b ⃗ .故选:D . 5.【答案】B【解析】 【分析】根据平行线分线段成比例定理的逆定理对各选项进行判断.本题考查了平行线分线段成比例:三条平行线截两条直线,所得的对应线段成比例. 【解答】解:当AD :DB =AE :EC 时,DE//BC ; 当BD :AB =CE :AC 时,DE//BC ;当AB :AC =AD :AE 时,则AD :AB =AE :AC ,所以DE//BC . 故选:B . 6.【答案】B【解析】 【分析】根据已知条件对个选项进行判断即可.本题考查了圆的认识,根据已知条件正确的作出判断是解题的关键. 【解答】解:∵点C 在线段AB 上(点C 与点A 、B 不重合),过点A 、B 的圆记作为圆O 1, ∴点C 可以在圆O 1的内部,故A 错误,B 正确; ∵过点B 、C 的圆记作为圆O 2,∴点A 可以在圆O 2的外部,故C 错误; ∵过点C 、A 的圆记作为圆O 3,∴点B 可以在圆O 3的外部,故D 错误. 故选:B .7.【答案】k >2【解析】 【分析】本题考查二次函数,解题的关键是熟练运用二次函数的图象与性质,本题属于中等题型.根据二次函数的图象与性质即可求出答案. 【解答】解:由题意可知:k −2>0, ∴k >2,故答案为:k >2. 8.【答案】(0,0)【分析】计算自变量为0所对应的函数值可得到抛物线与y轴的交点坐标.本题考查了二次函数图象上点的坐标特征:二次函数图象上点的坐标满足其解析式.【解答】解:当x=0时,y=x2+2x=0,所以抛物线y=x2+2x与y轴的交点坐标为(0,0).故答案为(0,0).9.【答案】−2【解析】【分析】此题主要考查了二次函数的最值,正确得出二次函数顶点式是解题关键.直接利用二次函数最值求法得出函数顶点式,进而得出答案.【解答】解:∵二次函数y=x2+4x+a=(x+2)2−4+a,∴二次函数图象上的最低点的横坐标为:−2.故答案为:−2.10.【答案】73【解析】【分析】此题主要考查了比例的性质,正确表示出a,b的值是解题关键.直接利用已知把a,b 用同一未知数表示,进而计算得出答案.【解答】解:∵3a=4b(a、b都不等于零),∴设a=4x,则b=3x,那么a+bb =3x+4x3x=73.故答案为:73.11.【答案】3(√5−1)【解析】【分析】本题考查了黄金分割的概念:如果一个点把一条线段分成两条线段,并且较长线段是较短线段和整个线段的比例中项,那么就说这个点把这条线段黄金分割,这个点叫这条线段的黄金分割点;较长线段是整个线段的√5−12倍.根据黄金分割的概念得到AP=√5−12AB,把AB=6cm代入计算即可.【解答】解:∵P是线段AB的黄金分割点,AP>BP,∴AP=√5−12AB,而AB=6cm,∴AP=6×√5−12=3(√5−1)cm.故答案为3(√5−1).12.【答案】2a⃗−b⃗【解析】【分析】考查平面向量,此题是利用方程思想求得向量x⃗ 的值的,难度不大.根据平面向量的加减法计算法则和方程解题.【解答】解:2a⃗−(x⃗ −3b⃗ )=4b⃗2a⃗−x⃗ +3b⃗ −4b⃗ =02a⃗−x⃗ −b⃗ =0x⃗ =2a⃗−b⃗ .故答案是:2a⃗−b⃗ .13.【答案】45【解析】解:设△DEF的周长别为x,△ABC的三边长分别为4、5、6,∴△ABC的周长=4+5+6=15,∵△ABC∽△DEF,∴412=15x,解得,x=45,故答案为:45.根据题意求出△ABC的周长,根据相似三角形的性质列式计算即可.本题考查的是相似三角形的性质,掌握相似三角形的周长比等于相似比是解题的关键.14.【答案】34【解析】【分析】本题考查了锐角三角函数的定义:在直角三角形中,一锐角的余弦值等于这个角的邻边与斜边的比.也考查了等腰三角形的性质.作AD⊥BC于D点,根据等腰三角形的性质得到BD=12BC=3,然后根据余弦的定义求解.【解答】解:如图,作AD⊥BC于D点,∵AB=AC=4,BC=6,∴BD=12BC=3,在Rt△ABD中,cosB=BDAB =34.故答案为34.15.【答案】42【解析】【分析】根据题意画出图形,然后根据平行线的性质可以求得点B处的小明看点A处的小杰的俯角的度数,本题得以解决.本题考查平行线的性质,解直角三角形的应用−仰角俯角问题,解答本题的关键是明确题意,利用数形结合的思想解答.【解答】解:由题意可得,∠BAO=42°,∵BC//AD,∴∠BAO=∠ABC,∴∠ABC=42°,即点B处的小明看点A处的小杰的俯角等于42度,故答案为:42.16.【答案】120【解析】【分析】连接AC.证明△AOC是等边三角形即可解决问题.本题考查垂径定理,圆心角、弧、弦之间的关系,等边三角形的判定和性质等知识,解题的关键是灵活运用所学知识解决问题,属于中考常考题型.【解答】解:连接AC.∵AC⏜=BC⏜,∴OC⊥AB,∠AOC=∠BOC,∵AB平分OC,∴AB是线段OC的垂直平分线,∴AO=AC,∵OA=OC,∴OA=OC=AC,∴∠AOC=60°,∴∠AOB=120°.故答案为120.17.【答案】3【解析】【分析】由两圆的半径分别为2和5,根据两圆位置关系与圆心距d,两圆半径R,r的数量关系间的联系和两圆位置关系求得圆心距即可.此题考查了圆与圆的位置关系.解题的关键是掌握两圆位置关系与圆心距d,两圆半径R,r的数量关系间的联系.【解答】解:∵两圆的半径分别为2和5,两圆内切,∴d=R−r=5−2=3cm,故答案为:3.18.【答案】37【解析】【分析】本题考查了翻折变换,相似三角形的判定和性质,锐角三角函数,熟练运用折叠的性质是本题的关键.设AE=k=BG,AC=3k,(k≠0),可得EC=2k,由折叠的性质可得EF=EC=2k,∠FED=∠DEC=45°,根据相似三角形的性质可得AEAC =EFGC=13,即GC=3EF=6k,则可求tan B的值.【解答】解:如图,∵∠ACB=90°,∠CDE=45°,∴∠DEC=45°∵AC=3AE ∴设AE=k=BG,AC=3k,(k≠0)∴EC=2k,∵折叠∴EF=EC=2k,∠FED=∠DEC=45°∴∠FEC=90°,且∠ACB=90°∴EF//BC ∴△AEF∽△ACG∴AEAC=EFGC=13∴GC=3EF=6k,∴BC=BG+GC=7k,∴tanB=AC BC=37故答案为:37 19.【答案】解:=2(1−√32)+1√3−2×√22=2−√3+1√3−√2=2−√3+√3+√2=2+√2.【解析】先代入特殊角三角函数值,再根据实数的运算,可得答案.本题考查了特殊角三角函数值、实数的混合运算;熟记特殊角三角函数值是解题关键.20.【答案】解:(1)由题意,得1+b−3=0,解这个方程,得,b=2,所以,这个抛物线的表达式是y=x2+2x−3,所以y=(x+1)2−4,则顶点M的坐标为(−1,−4);(2)由(1)得:这个抛物线的对称轴是直线x=−1,设直线x=1与x轴的交点为点B,则点B的坐标为(−1,0),且∠MBA=90°,在Rt△ABM中,MB=4,AB=2,由勾股定理得:AM2=MB2+AB2=16+4=20,即AM=2√5,所以sin∠OAM=MBAM =2√55.【解析】(1)把A坐标代入抛物线解析式求出b的值,确定出抛物线表达式,并求出顶点坐标即可;(2)根据(1)确定出抛物线对称轴,求出抛物线与x轴的交点B坐标,根据题意得到三角形AMB为直角三角形,由MB与AB的长,利用勾股定理求出AM的长,再利用锐角三角函数定义求出所求即可.此题考查了待定系数法求二次函数解析式,二次函数的性质,二次函数图象上点的坐标特征,以及解直角三角形,熟练掌握待定系数法是解本题的关键.21.【答案】解:(1)由题意,得:∠ABC=90°,i=1:2.4,在Rt△ABC中,i=ABBC =512,设AB=5x,则BC=12x,∴AB2+BC2=AC2,∴AC=13x,∵AC=13,∴x=1,∴AB=5,答:这个车库的高度AB为5米;(2)由(1)得:BC=12,在Rt△ABD中,tan∠ADC=ABDB,∵∠ADC=13°,AB=5,∴DB=5tan13°≈21.645(m),∴DC=DB−BC=21.645−12=9.645≈9.6(米),答:斜坡改进后的起点D与原起点C的距离为9.6米.【解析】本题考查的是解直角三角形的应用−坡度坡角问题,掌握坡度的概念、熟记锐角三角函数的定义是解题的关键.(1)根据坡度的概念,设AB=5x,则BC=12x,根据勾股定理列出方程,解方程即可;(2)根据正切的定义列出算式,求出DC.22.【答案】解:(1)∵OD经过圆心O,OD⊥AC,∴AD=DC,同理:CE=EB,∴DE是△ABC的中位线,∴DE=12AB,∵AB=8,∴DE=4.(2)过点O作OH⊥AB,垂足为点H,OH=3,连接OA,∵OH经过圆心O,∴AH=BH=12AB,∵AB=8,∴AH=4,在Rt△AHO中,AH2+OH2=AO2,∴AO=5,即圆O的半径为5.【解析】(1)由OD⊥AC知AD=DC,同理得出CE=EB,从而知DE=12AB,据此可得答案;(2)作OH⊥AB于点H,连接OA,根据题意得出OH=3,AH=4,利用勾股定理可得答案.本题主要考查垂径定理,解题的关键是掌握垂径定理:垂直于弦的直径平分这条弦,并且平分弦所对的两条弧.也考查了中位线定理与勾股定理.23.【答案】证明(1)∵AD//BC,∴∠B=∠DAE,∵AB−AD=BC−AE,∴ABAE =BCAD,∴△CBA∽△DAE,∴∠BAC=∠AED.(2)由(1)得△DAE∽△CBA∴∠D=∠C,ADBC =DEAC,∵∠AFE=∠D,∴∠AFE=∠C,∴EF//BC,∵AD//BC ,∴EF//AD ,∵∠BAC =∠AED ,∴DE//AC ,∴四边形ADEF 是平行四边形,∴DE =AF , ∴AD BC =AF AC . 【解析】(1)欲证明∠BAC =∠AED ,只要证明△CBA∽△DAE 即可;(2)由△DAE∽△CBA ,可得AD BC =DE AC ,再证明四边形ADEF 是平行四边形,推出DE =AF ,即可解决问题;本题考查相似三角形的判定和性质,平行四边形的判定和性质等知识,解题的关键是熟练掌握基本知识,属于中考常考题型.24.【答案】解:(1)将A(4,0),B(2,2)代入y =ax 2+bx +2,得:{16a +4b +2=04a +2b +2=2, 解得:{a =−14b =12, ∴抛物线的表达式为y =−14x 2+12x +2.(2)∵y =−14x 2+12x +2=−14(x −1)2+94,∴顶点M 的坐标为(1,94).当x =0时,y =−14x 2+12x +2=2,∴点C 的坐标为(0,2).过点M 作MH ⊥y 轴,垂足为点H ,如图1所示.∴S △AMC =S 梯形AOHM −S △AOC −S △CHM ,=12(HM +AO)⋅OH −12AO ⋅OC −12CH ⋅MH ,=12×(1+4)×94−12×4×2−12×(94−2)×1,=32.(3)连接OB,过点B作BG⊥x轴,垂足为点G,如图2所示.∵点B的坐标为(2,2),点A的坐标为(4,0),∴BG=2,GA=2,∴△BGA是等腰直角三角形,∴∠BAO=45°.同理,可得:∠BOA=45°.∵点C的坐标为(2,0),∴BC=2,OC=2,∴△OCB是等腰直角三角形,∴∠DBO=45°,BO=2√2,∴∠BAO=∠DBO.∵∠DOE=45°,∴∠DOB+∠BOE=45°.∵∠BOE+∠EOA=45°,∴∠EOA=∠DOB,∴△AOE∽△BOD,∴AEBD =AOBO.∵抛物线y=−14x2+12x+2的对称轴是直线x=1,∴点D的坐标为(1,2),∴BD=1,∴AE1=2√2,∴AE=√2,过点E作EF⊥x轴,垂足为点F,则△AEF为等腰直角三角形,∴EF=AF=1,∴点E的坐标为(3,1).【解析】本题考查了待定系数法求二次函数解析式、二次函数图象上点的坐标特征、二次函数的性质、三角形(梯形)的面积、相似三角形的判定与性质以及等腰直角三角形,解题的关键是:(1)根据点的坐标,利用待定系数法求出二次函数表达式;(2)利用分割图形求面积法结合三角形、梯形的面积公式,求出△AMC的面积;(3)通过构造相似三角形,利用相似三角形的性质求出AE的长度.(1)根据点A,B的坐标,利用待定系数法即可求出抛物线的表达式;(2)利用配方法可求出点M的坐标,利用二次函数图象上点的坐标特征可求出点C的坐标,过点M作MH⊥y轴,垂足为点H,利用分割图形求面积法可得出△AMC的面积;(3)连接OB,过点B作BG⊥x轴,垂足为点G,则△BGA,△OCB是等腰直角三角形,进而可得出∠BAO=∠DBO,由∠DOB+∠BOE=45°,∠BOE+∠EOA=45°可得出∠EOA=∠DOB,进而可证出△AOE∽△BOD,利用相似三角形的性质结合抛物线的对称轴为直线x=1可求出AE的长,过点E作EF⊥x轴,垂足为点F,则△AEF为等腰直角三角形,根据等腰直角三角形的性质可得出AF、EF的长,进而可得出点E的坐标.25.【答案】解:(1)∵AE是AM和AN的比例中项∴AMAE =AEAN,∵∠A=∠A,∴△AME∽△AEN,∴∠AEM=∠ANE,∵∠D=90°,∴∠DCE+∠DEC=90°,∵EM⊥BC,∴∠AEM+∠DEC=90°,∴∠AEM=∠DCE,∴∠ANE=∠DCE;(2)∵AC与NE互相垂直,∴∠EAC+∠AEN=90°,∵∠BAD=90°,∴∠ANE+∠AEN=90°,∴∠ANE=∠EAC,由(1)得∠ANE=∠DCE,∴∠DCE=∠EAC,∴tan∠DCE=tan∠DAC,∴DEDC =DCAD,∵DC=AB=6,AD=8,∴DE=92,∴AE=8−92=72,由(1)得∠AEM=∠DCE,∴tan∠AEM=tan∠DCE,∴AMAE =DEDC,∴AM=218,∵AMAE =AEAN,∴AN=143,∴MN=4924;(3)∵∠NME=∠MAE+∠AEM,∠AEC=∠D+∠DCE,又∠MAE=∠D=90°,由(1)得∠AEM=∠DCE,∴∠AEC=∠NME,当△AEC与以点E、M、N为顶点所组成的三角形相似时①∠ENM=∠EAC,如图2,∴∠ANE=∠EAC,由(2)得:DE=92;②∠ENM=∠ECA,如图3,过点E作EH⊥AC,垂足为点H,由(1)得∠ANE=∠DCE,∴∠ECA=∠DCE,∴HE=DE,又tan∠HAE=HEAH =DCAD=68,设DE=3x,则HE=3x,AH=4x,AE=5x,又AE+DE=AD,∴5x+3x=8,解得x=1,∴DE=3x=3,综上所述,DE的长分别为92或3.【解析】(1)由比例中项知AMAE =AEAN,据此可证△AME∽△AEN得∠AEM=∠ANE,再证∠AEM=∠DCE可得答案;(2)先证∠ANE=∠EAC,结合∠ANE=∠DCE得∠DCE=∠EAC,从而知DEDC =DCAD,据此求得AE=8−92=72,由(1)得∠AEM=∠DCE,据此知AMAE=DEDC,求得AM=218,由AMAE=AEAN求得MN=4924;(3)分∠ENM=∠EAC和∠ENM=∠ECA两种情况分别求解可得.本题是相似三角形的综合问题,解题的关键是掌握相似三角形的判定与性质、三角函数的应用等知识点.。
2019年上海市各区县初三语文一模试卷:嘉定卷(含答案)
九年级第一次质量调研语文试卷(满分150分,考试时间100分钟)一.文言文(40分)(一)默写(15分)1.挥手自兹去,。
(李白《送友人》)2.,回车叱牛牵向北。
(白居易《卖炭翁》)3.昨夜江边春水生,。
(朱熹《观书有感》)4.,五十弦翻塞外声。
(辛弃疾《破阵子·为陈同甫赋壮词以寄》)5.……,满目萧然,。
(范仲淹《岳阳楼记》)(二)阅读下面的词,完成6——7题(4分)蝶恋花伫倚危楼风细细,望极春愁,黯黯生天际。
草色烟光残照里,无言谁会凭阑意。
拟把疏狂图一醉,对酒当歌,强乐还无味。
衣带渐宽终不悔,为伊消得人憔悴。
6.“强乐”的意思是(2分)7.下列对这首词的理解,不正确的一项是(2分)A.“黯黯生天际”是因“春天的愁绪”而引起。
B.“危楼、草色、烟光、残照”衬托了“春愁”。
C.诗人感到无奈,只能借酒浇愁却更添“春愁”。
D.诗人所谓的“春愁”不外乎是“相思”二字。
(三)阅读下列语段,完成8——9题(9分)【甲】坐潭上,四面竹树环合,寂寥无人,凄神寒骨,悄怆幽邃,以其境过清,不可久居,乃记之而去。
【乙】已而夕阳在山,人影散乱,太守归而宾客从也。
树林阴翳,鸣声上下,游人去而禽鸟乐也。
然而禽鸟知山林之乐,而不知人之乐;人知从太守游而乐,而不知太守之乐其乐也。
醉能同其乐,醒能述以文者,太守也。
太守谓谁?庐陵欧阳修也。
8.【甲】文作者是(人名);【乙】文作者是(朝代)。
(2分)9.(1)【乙】文中作者描写“夕阳”和“树林”的景色的句子是、;(2分)(2)【甲】【乙】两文作者均遭贬谪,但内心感受不同,其原因在于:(5分)(四)阅读下文,完成10—13题(12分)石季服药会稽之东,有石氏者。
其季女①病痞②。
迎良医治之,久而不除,谢医使.去。
其父思之,以为:“是,良医也。
奈何疗之而不病除?”他日,窃.窥之,见其药不饮而覆于床下也。
乃复迎医,进而前药,三饮之而疾已。
【注释】①季女:小女儿②痞:腹中的肿块10.解释下列句中的加点词。
2019年上海市嘉定区中考英语一模试卷(解析版)
13.(1 分)My mother is a creative cook,so she often cooks
for me every
weekend.( )
A.anything different
B.nothing different
C.something different
D.everything different
A.taken part in
B.joined
C.attended
D.come into
16. (1 分)An official ________ by some reporters on food problems in Shanghai yesterday. ( )
A.is interviewing
A.more boring
B.the most boring
C.more interesting
D.the most interesting
15.(1 分)Jessie likes taking photographs and she has ________ the hobby group at school.( )
B.Lucy surfed the Net to gather information.
C.He always behaves well at school.
D.Mr. Smith bought a magazine on his way home.
3.(1 分)We have to take action immediately to prevent the situation ________ getting
A.keep
B.to keep
2019年上海市嘉定区高考英语一模试卷
实用文档
D. He is fashionable but envious. (4)A. Everyone has his own way to make a purchase. B. One can't make a good purchase without reading product reviews. C. Few people can resist the temptation of ads of newly released product. D. Comparing options when purchasing helps save money in the long run. II. Grammar and vocabularySection A ( 10 分 ) Directions : After reading the passage below , fill in the blanks to make the passage coherent and grammatically correct. For the blanks with a given word, fill in each blank with the proper form of the given word; for the other blanks, use one word that best fits each blank. 14.(10 分)People are being lured(引诱) onto Facebook with the promise of a fun, free service, (1) realizing that they're paying for it by giving up plenty of personal information . Facebook then attempts to make money by selling their data to advertisers that want to send(2) ( target) messages.
2019年上海嘉定区初三一模语文试卷(含答案)【精校Word版】
2019年上海嘉定区区初三一模语文试卷及答案(满分:150分,完成时间:100分钟)考试注意:本卷共有25题。
请将所有答案坐在答题纸的指定位置上,做在试卷上一律不计分。
一、文言文(40分)(一)默写。
(15分)1.水何澹澹,。
(曹操《观沧海》)2.,但余钟磬音。
(常建《题破山寺后禅院》)3.马作的卢飞快,。
(辛弃疾《破阵子・为陈同甫赋壮词以寄》)4.,雪尽马蹄轻。
(王维《观猎》)5.野芳发而幽香,。
(欧阳修《醉翁亭记》)(二)阅读下面宋词,完成第6-7题。
(4分)如梦令昨夜雨疏风骤,浓睡不消残酒。
试问卷帘人,却道海棠依旧。
知否,知否?应是绿肥红瘦。
6.这首词的作者李清照,号_______ 居士。
(2 分)7.下列对作品理解正确的一项是( ) (2 分)A.“如梦令”意思是青春如梦般易逝。
B.“雨疏风骤”的天气让人难以入睡。
C.“卷帘人”说海棠还是去年的海棠。
D.“绿肥红瘦”四字精绝而为人称道。
(三)阅读下文,完成8-10题。
(9分)孟子曰:“无或乎王之不智也。
虽有天下易生之物也,一日暴之,十日寒之,未有能生者也。
吾见亦罕矣,吾退而寒之者至矣,吾如有萌焉何哉?今夫弈之为数,小数也;不专心致志,则不得也。
弈秋,通国之善弈者也。
使弈秋诲二人,其一人专心致志,惟弈秋之为听。
一人虽听之,一心以为有鸿鹄将至,思援弓缴而射之,虽与之俱学,弗若之矣。
为是其智弗若与?曰:非然也。
”8.下列对上述内容理解正确的一项是()(2分)A.弈秋很听话,他是春秋著名的围棋高手。
B.我见不到王,很难使王的善良之心萌发。
C.弈秋教学生,一个认真学一个心不在焉。
D.王不够聪明,学习围棋态度又一曝十寒。
9.用现代汉语翻译下面的句子。
(3分)虽与之俱学,弗若之矣。
10.文末作者说“非然也”,这里的“然”是指;本段论述的学习态度:不该“”,应该“”。
(4分)(四)阅读下文,完成11-13题。
(12分)陆平湖先生先为嘉定令,邑有大盗为民患,更数令不治,至是将入寇①,捕者以闻。
2019年上海市嘉定区高考英语一模试卷
2019年上海市嘉定区高考英语一模试卷I. Listening ComprehensionSection A (10分)Directions:In Section A,you will hear ten short conversations between two speakers. At the end of each conversation,a question will be asked about what was said. The conversations and the questions will be spoken only once. After you hear a conversation and the question about it,read the four possible answers on your paper,and decide which one is the best answer to the question you have heard. 1.(1分)A.Classmates.B.Boss and secretary.C.Colleagues.D.Teacher and student.2.(1分)A.To have a barbecue with her family.B.To go for a ride around town.C.To go to the supermarket in John's car.D.To go shopping with the man.3.(1分)A.The woman should find a spare key.B.They should come downstairs.C.The woman should be more careful next time.D.They should think of a solution.4.(1分)A.To the man's studio.B.To the man's company.C.To the railway station.D.To the subway station.5.(1分)A.Impatient.B.Worried.C.AnnoyedD.Regretful.6.(1分)A.He isn't sure.B.He'll go by bus.C.He'll go by train.D.He'll go by plane.7.(1分)A.The concert is very impressiveB.She regrets paying for the concert.C.Applause encourages the singer.D.Almost everyone loves pop music.8.(1分)A.The plane's departure time remains unknown.B.The plane will leave at 9:14.C.The man has gone to a wrong check﹣in counter.D.The man has just missed his flight.9.(1分)A.She wants to take more optional courses.B.She thinks the course is wonderful.C.She couldn't understand the professor's lecture.D.She doesn't think the course is useful.10.(1分)A.He eats too much when playing chess.B.Chess is his favorite game.C.He doesn't enjoy chess as much as he used to.D.He won't join the chess club.Section B (15分)Directions:In Section B,you will hear two short passages and a longer conversation,and you will be asked several questions on each of the passages and the conversation. The passages and the conversation will be read twice,but the questions will be spoken only once. When you hear a question,read the four possible answers on your paper and decide which one is the best answer to the question you have heard.11.(4.5分)(1)A.To run some classes.B.To organize meetingsC.To collect information.D.To grow their own food(2)A.To plant these seeds in his garden.B.To get new fruits and vegetables.C.To exchange them with his friends.D.To encourage others to sell their seeds.(3)A.The gardening meeting is intended to share gardening skills.B.People are increasingly concerned with environment and health.C.Those present at the gardening meeting exchange seeds with one another.D.People got together in Washington D.C to discuss the environmental issues.12.(4.5分)(1)A.It is a busy,crowded and booming place.B.It is suffering from increasing crime.C.It is a peaceful,friendly and convenient town.D.It is clean and pretty,but a little bit poor.(2)A.It might lower their wages.B.It will change their way of life.C.It might cost them their jobs.D.It will cause a fierce competition.(3)A.She is going to compete in the Olympics.B.She is an experienced debater.C.She leads the fight against the Wal﹣Mart storeD.She works in the local coffee shop.13.(6分)(1)A.Keep comparing options with your family.B.Read product reviews every day.C.Telephone the local store for a discount.D.Make enough investigations.(2)A.To take her time to avoid hasty purchaseB.To spend another year looking for a favorite carC.To go to the local car companies to make detailed investigationD.To make a careful comparison and choose an ideal car as soon as possible.(3)A.He is careful but hesitant.B.He is changeable and hasty.C.He is decisive and confident.D.He is fashionable but envious.(4)A.Everyone has his own way to make a purchase.B.One can't make a good purchase without reading product reviews.C.Few people can resist the temptation of ads of newly released product.D.Comparing options when purchasing helps save money in the long run.II. Grammar and vocabularySection A (10分)Directions:After reading the passage below,fill in the blanks to make the passage coherent and grammatically correct. For the blanks with a given word,fill in each blank with the proper form of the given word;for the other blanks,use one word that best fits each blank.14.(10分)People are being lured(引诱)onto Facebook with the promise of a fun,free service,(1)realizing that they're paying for it by giving up plenty of personal information.Facebook then attempts to make money by selling their data to advertisers that want to send(2)(target)messages.Most Facebook users don't realize this is happening.Even if they know what the company is up to,they still have no idea (3)they're paying for Facebook,because people don't really know what their personal details are worth.The biggest problem,however,is that the company keeps changing the rules.Early on,you could keep everything private.That was the great thing about Facebook ﹣﹣you could create your own little private network.Last year,the company changed its privacy rules (4)many things ﹣﹣your city,your photo,your friends' names ﹣﹣were set,by default(默认),to be shared with everyone on the Internet.According to Facebook's vice president Elliot Schrage,the company is simply making changes to improve its service,and if people don't share information,they have a "(5)(satisfying)experience."Some critics think this is more about Facebook looking to make more money.Its original business model,(6)involved selling ads and putting them at the side of the page,totally failed.Who wants to look at ads when they are connecting with their friends online?So far the privacy issue (7)(land)Facebook in hot water in Washington.In April,Senator Charles Schumer called on Facebook to change its privacy policy.He also urged the Commission to set regulations for social﹣networking sites.I suspect that whatever Facebook has done (8)(invade)our privacy is onlythe beginning,which is why I'm considering (9)(cancel)my account.Facebook is a handy site,but I'm upset by the idea that (30)informationis in the hands of people I don't trust.That is too high a price to pay.Section BDirections:Fill in each blank with a proper word chosen from the box. Each word can be used only once. Note that there is one word more than you need.15.(10分)A.combining;B.analyzed;C.concern;D.tremendously;E.effective;F.applied;G.actually;H.common;I.limited;J.assessing;K.testGetting help with parenting makes a difference ﹣﹣at any ageNew Oxford University study finds that parenting interventions(育儿干预)for helping children with behavior problems are just as effective in school age,as in younger children.There is a dominant view among scientists and policy﹣makers.They believes,for the greatest effect,interventions need to be (1)early in life,when children's brain function and behavior are thought to be more flexible.However,according to the new research,it's time to stop focusing on when we intervene with parenting,and just continue helping children in need of all ages.Just published in Child Development,the study is one of the first to (2)this age assumption.Parenting interventions are a common and effective tool for reducing child behavior problems,but studies of age effects have produced different results until now.A team led by Professor Frances Fardner (3)data from over 15,000familiesfrom all over the world,and found no evidence that earlier is better.Older children benefited just as much as younger ones from parenting interventions for reducing behavior problems.There was no evidence that earlier interventions are more powerful.This was based on (4)data from more than 150 different experiments.What's more,their economic analysis found that interventions with older children were (5)more likely to be cost﹣effective.Professor Gardner commented:"When there is(6)about behavioral difficulties in younger children,our findings should never be used as a reason to delay intervention,otherwise,children and families will suffer for longer." She continued,"As for (7)parenting interventions for reducing behavior problems in childhood,we should stick to the principle,‘it's never too early,never too late',rather than ‘earlier is better'."The study draws the conclusion that it makes sense to invest in parenting interventions for children at all ages with behavioral difficulties,because they are no more likely to be (8)in younger than older children,at least in the pre﹣adolescents.Of course,there's more work to be done.The experiments conducted were (9)to pre﹣adolescents,to shorter﹣term effects,and parent﹣reported assessment of child outcomes.Future studies are needed that focus on adolescents,longer﹣term outcomes,and using multiple sources for (10)child behavior problems.III. Reading ComprehensionSection A (15分)Directions:For each blank in the following passage there are four words or phrases marked A,B,C and D. Fill in each blank with the word or phrase that best fits the context.16.(15分)Marmoset monkeys exist on a branch of the evolutionary three that is distinct from the one that led to humans.But they constantly astonish researchers with (1)behavior that seems pretty highly evolved.Their social organization and (2)practices could have been the model for the phrase "It takes a village." A dominant male and female breed,and their babies are carefully looked after by extended family members who then aren't free to breed themselves.A new study further (3)the marmoset's reputation for admirable communityvalues.Researchers report that these caregivers share their food more generously with little ones(4)than when they're surrounded by the watchful eyes of other community members.In complex societies where individuals band together for (5)protection,researchers have come up with a few widely accepted explanations for selfless behavior.But specific acts,like sharing a delicious cricket(蟋蟀)with a begging baby marmoset,seem to need more(6)explanation.One possibility is that an individual practices (7)as a means of enhancing his status among peers.By (8)that he is so well gifted with material goods that he can give some away,this do﹣gooder enhances his power within the group.That,in turn,may (9)prospective mates.The other explanation for charitable behavior (10)that kindnesses extended to others are simply the fees of group membership,which offers some future promise of a chance to mate.Failure to share would result in exclusion from the group and a loss of (11)partners.Scientists call this the "pay to stay"model.Importantly,for both of these models to work,acts of kindness must have a(n)(12).That suggests you would see more sharing in group settings;away from judging eyes,a caregiver might be more likely to keep food for himself or herself.And yet,in 2,581 tests conducted with 31adult and 14baby marmosets,the (13)appeared to be true.Anthropologists(人类学家)from the University of Zurich carefully documented how often ,in groups and in conditions that found caregiver and baby separated from the crowd,an adult would share his or her cricket.When alone with a baby begging for a taste,adult marmosets shared their cricket 85% of the time.When in a group,caregivers offered up their cricket 67% of the time."Our results show that helping in common marmosets is not driven by reputation management or(14)avoidance," the study author reported."Rather,it is driven by a deep﹣down motivation to help that is more(15)expressed when individuals are alone with young."(1)A.animal B.careful C.social D.individual (2)A.evolving B.communicating C.organizing D.parenting (3)A.shines B.damages C.affects D.protects(4)A.at play B.in private C.on schedule D.by accident (5)A.adequate B.effective C.continual D.mutual(6)A.creative B.complex C.specific D.official(7)A.generosity B.wisdom C.independence D.governance (8)A.promising B.demonstrating C.pretending D.explaining (9)A.count on B.go after C.appeal to D.benefit from (10)A.assumes B.confirms C.enhances D.concludes (11)A.regular B.dominant C.potential D.previous (12)A.atmosphere B.audience C.feedback D.judge(13)A.statistics B.expectations C.argument D.opposite (14)A.responsibility B.punishment C.arrangement D.difficulty(15)A.strongly B.casually C.delicately D.fearlessly Section B (22分)Directions:Read the following three passages. Each passage is followed by several questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A,B,C and D. Choose the one that fits best according to the information given in the passage you have just read.17.(8分)One day a little boy,annoyed by his father's decision for him to become a grocer,decides that he will never grow up.Grocery is a dull job and staying a child is his protest against it.This strange little boy﹣man,never separated from a tin drum he is always banging,is our hero of the table.It covers three crucial decades of 20th century history.Little Oscar Matzerath will experience love,war and imprisonment in a story that paints an unforgettable picture of Central Europe between 1923 and 1954.This is an overview of the story of The Tin Drum,the most famous work by the German Nobel﹣winning author Günter Grass,who passed away on April 13 at the age of 87.The Tin Drum also established Grass as one of the leading authors of Germany.It also set a high bar of comparison for all of his following works.Just as his best﹣known fiction is both the story of an individual and of an age,so it is that Grass' life cannot be understood without referring to the history of Germany.He was called "Germany's conscience",because he reminded Germans of a past during the Second World War (1933﹣1945)that many would have rather forgotten.This sometimes made him unpopular.Many Germans did not agree in 1989 when he said that East Germany and West Germany should remain separate,as a united country would be too strong and threaten the world's peace.And Grass was called a hypocrite when he revealed in his memoirPeeling the Onion (2006)that he had been a teenage member of the Waffen﹣SS,the Nazi (纳粹)Party's fighting force.The man who had blamed the actions of others had a less﹣than﹣perfect record himself.Grass was a man of the pen and the page and also a man with a gift for speaking to the public.His writing was noisy and annoying,but one had to listen to it,a little like the sound of the drum banged by his most famous literary creation.(1)In The Tin Drum,the hero.A.decides he will never grow up to escape from the warB.doesn't want to become a grocer as his father expectsC.refuses to be separated from the tin drum he is playingD.has an unforgettable experience involving love and hatred(2)What does the underlined word "hypocrite" mean?A.Someone who has justice on his side and pursues perfection.B.Someone who enjoys blaming others for their own mistakes.C.Someone who is unwilling to believe there is good in people.D.Someone who pretends to be more virtuous than one really is.(3)It can be inferred from the article that.A.Oscar Matzerath's stories were modeled on Grass's own childhood lifeB.critics applauded Grass's argument for continued separation of GermanyC.Grass's life and works can be best understood from a historical perspectiveD.no other writer in Germany could be Grass's equal in perfect personal record(4)What is the author's purpose in writing the article?A.To analyze what has made The Tin Drum so popular in Germany.B.To introduce the readers to Günter Grass and his most famous work.C.To present the history of Germany through the pen and page of Grass.D.To give some background information about Grass's early life as a writer.18.(6分)Bees in a colony work with each other to gather food,and they try to find the most nectar (花蜜)in the least amount of time possible.A small number of bees work as searchers,but when a good flower patch (花丛)is found,how do they tell other bees where to find it?Bees communicate flower location using special dances inside the hive,where bees live.One bee dances while the other bees watch.The dancing bee smells like the flower patch,and also gives the watching bees a taste of the nectar she has gathered.Smell and tastehelps other bees find the correct flower patch.Bees use two different kinds of dances to communicate information:the waggle (摇摆)dance and the circle dance.Waggle danceThe waggle dance tells the watching bees two things about a flower patch's location:the distance and the direction away from the hive.A.DistanceThe dancing bee waggles back and forth as she moves forward in a straight line,then circles around to repeat the dance.The length of the middle line,called the waggle run,shows roughly how far it is to the flower patch.B.DirectionBees know which way is up and which way is down inside their hive,and they use this to show direction.How?Bees dance with the waggle run at a specific angle away from straight up.Outside the hive,bees look at the position of the sun,and fly at the same angle away from the sun.Circle danceThe circle dance tells the watching bees only one thing about the flower patch's location:that it is somewhere close to the hive.In this dance,the bee walks in a circle,turns around,then walks the same circle in the opposite direction.Sometimes,the bee includes a little waggle as she's turning around.The duration of this waggle is thought to indicate the quality of the flower patch.(1)Why does the searcher give the watching bees a taste of the nectar?A.To inform them of the distance of the flower.B.To celebrate her success of finding the nectar.C.To motivate them to collect the nectar.D.To ensure the bees find the right patch.(2)Which of the following statements is TRUE about the dances?A.The searcher's waggle means little during the circle dance.B.The waggle dance indicates the direction of the flower patch.C.The waggle dance shows precisely how far the flower patch is.D.The quality of the flower patch is not shown in the circle dance.(3)If the searcher dances inside the hive in this way(see the right picture),which of the following is the WRONG flying direction for the other bees?A.B.C.D.19.(8分)Earth's geologic ages﹣﹣﹣time periods defined by evidence in rock layers﹣﹣﹣﹣typically last more than three million years.We're barely 11,500 years into the current age ,the Holocene.But a new paper argues that we've already entered a new one﹣the Anthropocene,or "new man",age.The name isn't brand﹣new.Nobel Prize winner Paul Crutzen,a co﹣author of the paper,coined it in 2002 to reflect the changes since the industrial revolution.The paper,however ,is part of new push to formalize the Anthropocene age.Recent human impacts have been so great that they'll result in an obvious boundary (界限)in Earth's rock layer,the author's say."We are so skilled at using energy and exploiting the environment that we are now a defining force in the geological process on the surface of the Earth," said co﹣author Jan Zala,a geologist with the University of Leicester in the UK.Even so,it could take years or even decades for the International Union of Geological Science to formalize the new age.If the concept of the Anthropocene age is to be formalized ,scientists will first have to identify and define a boundary line ,or marker,that's set in stone."The key thing is thinking about how﹣thousands of years in the future﹣﹣﹣geologist might come back and actually recognize in the deposit in the UK." It's not as straightforward as you might think.The market has to be very precise,and it has to be recognized in many different parts of the world," said Haywood,who wasn't involved in the new study.One candidate for the market is the distinctive radioactive signature left by atom bomb tests,which began in 1945."The fallout (沉降)is basically across the world," Haywood said.In a similar way,scientists used traces of the element iridium (铱)left by shooting star strikes to help define the boundary between the Cretaceous and Tertiary periods﹣﹣﹣the time of the great dinosaur extinctions.The push for a formal declaration of the Anthropocene age is about more than just scientific curiosity.The move the scientists write in the last issue of the journal Environmental Science & Technology,"might be used as encouragement to slow carbon emissions and biodiversity(生物多样性)loss" or " as evidence on protection measures" Just as Haywood said,by underlining how much we're changing the environment,the formalization would be "a very powerful statement".(1)Which of the following is TRUE about the new paper?A.It denies the existence of the Holocene age.B.It documents the recent human impacts on earth.C.It pushes for the formalization of the Anthropocene age.D.It serves as a warning against the current mineral exploitation.(2)Haywood's words in paragraph 4indicate that.A.the key to formalizing the new age is to find a deposit record set in stoneB.the marker has to appear in various places globally to be considered validC.finding a marker is a straightforward way to define the beginning of an ageD.future geologists may find it hard to recognize the markers we choose today(3)What can you infer from the passage?A.The element iridium may work as a marker for the Anthropocene age.B.The Nobel Prize winner Crutzen invented the name Holocene in 2002.C.The formalization of the new age may send a message for eco﹣protection.D Human activities have resulted from the change of boundaries in rock layers.(4)What is the best title for the passage?A.Humans Are Destroying the Earth,Geologists WarnB.Too Early to Set Things in Stone,Authorities SayC.More Evidence Is Needed,Universities RequireD.A New Earth Age May Begin,Scientists ArgueSection C (8分)Directions:Read the following passage. Fill in each blank with a proper sentence given in the box. Each sentence can be used only once. Note that there are two more sentences than you need.20.(8分)A.She is perfectly made for doing what she does,it seems.B.Adventurers are clearly different from the rest of us.C What she did was really beyond our imagination.D.It seems that many adventurers spend their lives trying to live up to the image of a parent.E.And most of us would prefer it to remain that way.F.Many adventurers have amazed the world with their extraordinary skills.Why do some people feel obliged to do the craziest things,while most of us are happy to sit on the sofa and watch their exploits on TV?Robin Styles ponders(考虑)this question.Generally,we love to watch someone's bravery and drama﹣﹣a single person against the wilds of nature,testing their endurance beyond belief.And our pleasure is greater because we live a comfortable and increasingly risk﹣free life,where the greatest test of endurance is getting to work through the rush hour.(1)However,there are countless ways to test the limits of your endurance,if you should wish to do so,by attempting something unpleasant,uncomfortable or just plain dangerous.American Lynne Cox swims in sub﹣zero temperatures through the planet's most dangerous oceans wearing only a swimsuit﹣﹣for fun! According to Lynne,there is always something driving her on.At age 9,when she was swimming in an outdoor pool one day,a violent storm blew up,but she refused to get out of the pool.Something make her carryon.Then she realized that,as the water got colder and rougher,she was actually getting faster and warmer,and she was really enjoying it.At age 14,she broke her first endurance record.Years later,experts discovered that Lynne has a totally even layer of body fat,likea seal.(2).The famous British explorer,Sir Ranulph Fiennes,has led many major expeditions (远征)in the extreme cold,including walking right round the Arctic Circle.He has also led expeditions in the extreme heat,and discovered the Lost City of Ubar in the Omani desert.(3)Sir Fiennes has said,"If I am getting sick,I find a very powerful way of conquering it is to know that my father would have definitely done it."(4)There is probably no such thing as a "normal" adventurer.Unsurprisingly,risk﹣takers tend to be single﹣minded and unusually determined people who hate the stability and routine that most people prefer.They tend to take risks for the "fun" of it.The excitement becomes addictive,and they want more and more of it.Ordinary life seems boring in comparison.IV. Summary Writing21.(10分)Directions:Read the following passage.Summarize the main idea and the mainpoint (s)of the passage in no more than 60 words.Use your own words as far as possible.Take care of your spine (脊柱)The spine stands at the center of your health,providing your body with structure and support.It also contains your spinal cord,a massive collection of nerves conveying electric signals from the rest of your body to your brain.Since your spine is so central to your health,it's important to look after it.Maintaining good posture (姿势)is one of the most important things you can do to keep your spine healthy.Proper posture means standing or sitting while keeping your spine straight,except for its natural curves.Posture comes into play even when you're asleep.Sleeping on your side puts less stress on your spine than most other positions.Staying still for too long﹣even if your posture is good﹣can be hard on your back.Especially if you work at a desk most of the day,it's important to get up and stretch periodically.Exercise is also an important factor in the health of your spine.Stretch can help the muscles around your spine relax and allow bones to shift into better arrangement.Strength exercises like pushups can also help by strengthening the muscles around your spine.However,don't overdo the exercise,as repeated motions can stain the muscles around your spine.Finally,your diet affects the health of your spine because many vitamins are necessary for bones and nerves.In particular,B vitamins and omega﹣3 fatty acids help keep nerves healthy,so you may want to consider taking a supplement.Another important factor is vitamin D,which is essential for strong bones.Vitamin D can come from some foods,but it's also absorbed from sunlight,so it may help to do some of those back exercises outside.Many of the actions necessary to keep your spine healthy are identical to those used to preserve your health in other ways.So protect our back,and the rest of body will benefit.V. Translation(15分)Directions:Translate the following sentences into English,using the words given in the brackets.22.(3分)任何人都不可能轻而易举获得成功.(ease)23.(4分)遇到紧急情况一定要冷静,否则可能会造成严重后果.(or)24.(4分)我们只有学会尊重人际间的差异,才能避免误会,与他人建立和谐的关系.(Only)25.(4分)令教练欣慰的是,整个辩论队齐心协力,克服了遇到的各种困难,最终所有的努力都得到了回报.(reward v.)VI. Guided Writing(25分)26.(25分)Directions:Write an English composition in 120﹣150 words according to the instructions given below in Chinese.假设你是明启中学的高三学生王蕾.学校正在招募话剧团(drama club)和机器人社团(robot blub)新成员.你在日记中表达获知该消息时的感受,做出选择,并阐述理由.2019年上海市嘉定区高考英语一模试卷参考答案与试题解析I. Listening ComprehensionSection A (10分)Directions:In Section A,you will hear ten short conversations between two speakers. At the end of each conversation,a question will be asked about what was said. The conversations and the questions will be spoken only once. After you hear a conversation and the question about it,read the four possible answers on your paper,and decide which one is the best answer to the question you have heard. 1.(1分)A.Classmates.B.Boss and secretary.C.Colleagues.D.Teacher and student.【考点】15:短对话理解.【分析】略【解答】略【点评】略2.(1分)A.To have a barbecue with her family.B.To go for a ride around town.C.To go to the supermarket in John's car.D.To go shopping with the man.【考点】15:短对话理解.【分析】略【解答】略【点评】略3.(1分)A.The woman should find a spare key.B.They should come downstairs.C.The woman should be more careful next time.D.They should think of a solution.【考点】15:短对话理解.。
