口译教程3

Module 3 Memory in interpretingI Theory and skills人的记忆有长时记忆（long-term memory）和短时记忆（short-term memory）之分。

长时记忆里储存的是平时积累的生活常识、专业知识、各种经历等等，其容量是无限的，信息在此储存的时间相对较长，有的甚至终身不忘。

而短时记忆只是暂时储存刚刚接收到的信息，随后有的信息可能进入长时记忆得以保存，有的则很快被忘记。

口译中译员将刚刚接收到的信息暂时储存在短时记忆中，同时激活长时记忆中的相关部分，使其参与译员的在线记忆运作。

口译中的这种处于活跃状态的记忆被称为工作记忆（working memory），它是短时记忆和长时记忆的一种结合，以短时记忆为主，加上长时记忆中被激活的部分。

口译记忆的困难一般可以归结为三个方面的原因，一是短时记忆的局限性，二是长时记忆中储存的信息处于不活跃状态，三是心理压力大。

有关记忆的研究表明，短时记忆具有很大的局限性，不仅容量有限，一般仅为7个左右的信息单位（chunk），而且信息在此保留的时间非常短暂，不超过1分钟。

可以想象，如果接收到的信息较多，且没有经过深度的理解和梳理，信息便很容易被遗忘。

译员在口译时并不是机械地记忆接收到的语音信息，而是需要从长时记忆中提取相关的语言和专题知识对信息进行理解后才能将其意义储存在短时记忆中。

如果所听到的词汇和信息是译员平时反复使用且非常熟悉的，那么这些内容在长时记忆中处于一种活跃状态，口译中这部分内容就很容易被激活，提取速度快，理解也会更容易更透彻，记忆储存效果也会相应更好。

反之，如果碰上平时很少接触或使用的词汇和题材，即这些内容在长时记忆中处于不活跃状态，译员的理解就会更费时费力，记忆效果也会大打折扣。

可见，长时记忆是口译理解的基础，而口译理解则是口译记忆的前提。

口译记忆之所以困难，还有一个重要的原因就是译员面临着巨大的心理压力。

我们平时也许有这样的体会：在放松状态下原本可轻松记住的内容，一旦站在台上面对观众时，脑子便一片空白，什么也想不起来了。

了解口译记忆的这些特点，能够帮助我们找到提高口译记忆效率的途径。

II Skills practiceTeaching suggestions: Tell the students to recall the said passage as soon as it is read. While recalling, students are advised to use their subject knowledge or their own experience to ensure the effectiveness of their retelling.Instruction: Retell the following passage, paying attention to the logic3.1 飞机上的电磁干扰今天许多航空公司面临的最大危险也许并不是持枪的恐怖分子，而是公务舱中携带笔记本电脑的乘客。

在过去的15年里，驾驶员已经报告了一百多万起可能由电磁干扰造成的事故。

电磁干扰到底来自哪里，人们还不是十分清楚，但是越来越多的专家怀疑乘客携带的电子设备，比如笔记本电脑、收音机、录音机和手机等很可能就是罪魁祸首。

要测算机舱内的电子磁场对飞机的电脑系统会产生怎样的影响并不是一件容易的事。

专家认为可随身携带的电子设备会发射出一些辐射，这些辐射很有可能会影响飞机用来导航和与地面联系的波段。

由于很难在实验室里模拟出相同的环境来做测试，因此专家们还不能肯定这种辐射的影响是有害的还是无害的。

恐怖分子也开始利用飞机可能容易受电磁干扰这一特点，采用无线电设备来破坏飞机的导航系统。

还有一个令人担忧的问题是，有些乘客喜欢戴耳机听收音机，并把音量开得很大，这样在紧急情况下，机组人员要求关闭收音机的指令他就无法听到了。

3.2 Hotels in ChinaHotels in China are classified into first class, second class and third class based on their star-rating.Five-star and most four-star hotels are in the first class. Guest rooms in first class hotels all have fully-fitted bathrooms, refrigerators, telephones and satellite TV. They have fully adjustable climate control through central air-conditioning facilities. Other ancillary facilities provided by these hotels include such things as business centres, conference facilities, beauty parlours, saunas, foreign exchange, bowling centres, disco-ballrooms, swimming pools, gymnasiums, restaurants, cafés, shopping centres and bars which are open 24 hours a day.The second class generally includes three-star hotels and some two-star ones. Guest room facilities and services are not up to the standard of those in first class hotels. T our groups normally prefer to stay in second class hotels.Third class hotels are much like motels in Western countries in terms of facilities and services. Hardware facilities in such hotels are of course inferior to those provided by second class hotels, but they offer prices 50% or more below those of second class hotels. As a result, they are popular with many tourists.III. Interpreting exerciseSteve Forbes on ForbesWords and phrasespile up millions 堆积几百万财富balance sheet 资产负债表value-added service 增值服务make sense of 解读（信息）extra dimension 额外的视角judgment 判断probe 探究look beneath the surface of things 透过事物的表象（看本质）Language tips1. He was one of 10 children.他是10个孩子中的一个，or 他的父母生了10个孩子，他有9个兄弟姐妹。

2. He was full of dreams and ambitions. 满怀憧憬和理想。

It’s advisable not to interpret“ambition” into野心which has a negative connotation in Chinese。

3. the doers who were doing things, people who make things happen in business.那些实干家，那些改变商业社会的人。

”People who make things happen in business” are people who have changed the business world, people who have made great contributions.4. People make the difference more than the balance sheet. （对公司来说）最重要的是人，而不是资产负债表。

”make the difference”使与别的公司不同，最重要的。

5. In a world where there’s enough information to drown in, people look for a publicationthat can make sense of it and show them what’s important and what they don’t have to know about. 当前的世界信息泛滥，足以将人淹没，人们迫切需要一本刊物来解读这些信息，并对信息进行筛选。

6. So the very flood of information makes Forbes more important than ever before. 正是信息的泛滥使得福布斯日益重要。

My grandfather came to the U.S. in the early 1900s. He came from Scotland with very little money. He was one of 10 children, but he had had a great school education. Like many who came to the U.S., he was full of dreams and ambitions. He started the Forbes magazine to write about the doers who were doing things, people who make things happen in business. //My grandfather used to say, the purpose of business is not to pile up millions or billions, but to produce happiness. In our articles today when we discuss companies or business, we use a lot of numbers. But the focus is always people. People make the difference more than the balance sheet. My grandfather believed that, and we believe that today. //In a world where there’s enough information to drown in, people look for a publication that can make sense of it and to show them what’s important and what they don’t have to know about. That’s the value of Forbes. We offer an extra dimension and judgment. We always try to look beneath the surface of things and find out how companies are really doing. So the very flood of information makes Forbes more important than ever before. //IV Self-study materialInstruction: Retell to each other what you have heard, then compare whose retelling is better in terms of the logic词汇与短语Fortune 500 list财富500强排名revenue收入subsidiaries分公司Global 500全球500强bottom end 垫底，排名最后的(公司)publicly held companies上市公司overlap重叠，交叉the Beatles 甲壳虫乐队For 45 years, Fortune magazine has been ranking the largest companies in the United States. The result is their annual “Fortune 500” list. Sometimes people will refer to the top 100 companies on the list as the "Fortune 100." // Essentially, the magazine lists the U.S.-based corporations with the largest revenue in the past year. Fortune calculates revenue using publicly available data, therefore private companies, i.e., those whose stock is not traded on a public market, are excluded. U.S. subsidiaries of foreign companies are also excluded. //“Fortune 500” companies are among the biggest, most profitable, and most powerful companies in America. In terms of profits even the bottom end of the Fortune 500 list isn't too shabby. On last year’s list, the company at the bottom still had a respectable sum of over $3 billion. //While the “Fortune 500” is limited to American companies, the magazine also publishes the “Global 500”, which ranks publicly held companies from around the world. Of course, because the U.S. dominates so much of the global economy, many Fortune 500 companies rank high in the “Global 500” too. //Fortune magazine also publishes other lists, such as the “100 Best Companies to Work for” "and the “100 Fastest-Growing Companies”. It's an interesting exercise to compare all the lists and see where companies overlap. For example, the No. 1 company to work for may not rank on the “Fortune 500” at all. With the top companies on both the U.S. and worldwide 500 lists, you won't find them on either of the most admired companies list. Maybe the Beatles were right – money can't buy you love. //。