限定词

限定词（Determiners）

（一）概述：限定词是对名词词组中心词起特指或泛指、定量或不定量等限定作用的一类词。限定词包括冠词、不定代词、指示代词、名词或代词所有格、数词与某些形容词性的物主代词。

（二）限定词包括哪些：

①冠词：a, an, the

②形容词性物主代词：my, your, her, his, our, their, one’s, its

③指示代词：this, that, these, those

④不定代词：all, both, one, any, some, no, another, either, neither, and est.

⑤形容词：every, each, such, next, last, other, and est.

⑥副词：twice, three, times, double, and est.

⑦数词：one, two, three, first, second, one-third, and est.

⑧名词的S所有格：Mary’s, China’s, teacher’s, and est.

⑨量词短语：a lot of, a bit of, a number of, a great deal of, plenty of, and est.

例如：The building has an emergency exit on every floor.

冠词的用法：

（1）定冠词（the）的用法：

a. 用于单数名词前，代表某一类人或物。例如：

--This is easier for the teacher than for the student.

--The whale is in danger of becoming extinct.

--The compass was invented in ancient China.

b. 用于指世上独一无二的东西，如

The sun, the moon, the earth, the sky, the universe, the outer space, the world, the globe, the atmosphere等。

c. 用于乐器名前。例如：

--At the Children's Palace, some children learn to play the piano,

--others learn to play the violin.

d. 用于某些形容词前，使形容词名词化，代表某一类人或东西。例如：

--The wounded lay on the carts.

--The young are impatient; they want changes.

--There was nothing out of the ordinary.

e. 用于特指的带有前置或后置修饰语的名词词组前面。例如：

--We visited the National Gallery this morning.

--Is this the train to London?

--Here is the boy I told you about.

f. 当cinema, theatre, radio等名词用于表示"看电影、看戏、听收音机广播"时，一般要用the。例如：

--They went to the cinema last night.

--Does she often go to the theatre?

--The old man often listens to the radio.

g. 用于专有名词前。例如：

1）用于表示某家人:

--The Wilsons often dine with us.

2）用于表示整个民族:

--The Swiss are said to be the world's best watch makers.

3）用于国名、地区名和地理名称:

--the United States/ the Middle East/ the Thames/ the Himalayas/

--the Suez Canal/ the Philippines/ the Sahara

4）用于某些组织机构名称：

--the State Council/ the United Nations/ the U.N.Security Council

5）用于某些建筑物名称：

--the Great Wall/ the Museum of Chinese History/ the Summer

--Palace/ the Hilton Hotel/ the Eastern Hospital

6）用于文学艺术作品或报纸：

--I've read many times The Tru Story of Ah Q.

--The concert was climaxed by The Yellow River Cantata.

--The People's Daily has a large circulation.

（2）不定冠词（a/an）的主要用法：

a. a/ an表示"任何一个（类）"，只能用于单数可数名词前。例如：

--I met an old lady on my way home.

--A stitch in time saves nine.

--May I have an orange, please?

b. 不可数名词用作可数名词时，可用a/ an。例如：

--Mao-tai is a famous Chinese liquor.

--cf. He likes liquor.

--I was inspired with a new courage.

--cf. You have given me courage.

c. 表示职业、社会地位、宗教、民族和年龄的名词用作补语或同位语时，前面一般需要a/ an。例如：

--The girl has now become an engineer.

--Is the visitor a Christian or Muslem?

--She is a Japanese by birth.

--We are nearly of an age.

d. 用于表示价格、速度、比率等名词前。例如：

--They cost 15 pence a pound.

--The train is running 60 miles an hour.

--Take the medicine 3 times a day.

e. 用于一些固定词组中, 如a couple, a dozen, a hundred, a lot of, a great many of, a great deal of, a large amount/ quantity of, a good/ large number of等。

--We walked a couple of hours. （可数）

--She seems to have a good deal of trouble. （不可数）

--This restaurant buys a vast quantity of meat every day. （不可数）

（3）用作不定量限定词：some, any, no作为不定量限定词，常和复数名词或不可数名词搭配，或者代替这些名词。

A、基本用法

a. some, any, no表示不肯定的数；no相当于not a/ not any。例如：

--We went some miles out of our way.

--There is some evidence that the system works.

--Are there any jobs that men can do but women can't?

--He hasn't got any money with him.

--There are no letters for me.

--There is no fire without some smoke.

b. any通常用于否定句、疑问句，或条件句；some则通常用于肯定句。例如：

--There aren't any letters for me.

--Are there any letters for me?

--There are some letters for me.

--I'm going to fetch some water.

--Have you got any ink in your pen?

--If you have any trouble, please let me know.

c. any可与not以外其它有否定意义的词连用，表达否定概念。例如：

--The accused denied stealing any watches.

--I can answer your questions without any hesitation.

--We have hardly any coffee left.

d. some也可用在疑问句中，表示说话人期待肯定答复；some有时也用于否定句。例如：

--Are there some letters for me? （期待肯定答复）

--I didn't attend some lectures.(这里的some不表示无法肯定的数量，而是表示数量已知，但说话人不愿说出来）

B、特殊用法：some, any和no与某些词连用时可表达特殊意义。

a. 与more连用：

--I want some more. （我想再要一些。）

--Have you any more of those? （还有多的吗？）

--There's no more bread.（没有多的面包了。）

b. some与单数可数名词连用时，相当于a (n)或a certain，即"某一个"的含义。any与单数可数名词连用，表示every，即"每一个"的含义。例如：

--I remember having read about it in some magazine.

--Come any day you like.

C．some, any和no组成的复合词：

someone, somebody, something;

anyone, anybody, anything;

no one, nobody, nothing

这些复合代词只能用作单数，其使用原则与some, any, no相同。

--Someone is asking to see you. （主语）

--He saw no one there. （宾语）

--That's nothing. （主语补语）

（4）Another

a. 只用于单数可数名词前。例如：

--Have another cup of coffee, please.

也可与one搭配，或单独使用。例如：

--This shirt is tight, so he put on another one.

--Show me another, please.

b. 在表示时间、金钱、距离等的短语前，another可用于有数词修饰的复数名词前。例如：

--The students will stay in the factory for another 10 days.

--I need another 5 dollars.

--They drove another 30 miles

c. 常与another连用的短语：

1) one after another/ the other （相继地）

--He plunged into the swift current and saved the children one after another/ the other.

2) one--- another （一个---另一个）

--The boards are piled one above another.

--They went from one shop to another.

3) one another （相互）

--They sat side by side and chattered to one another.

one another 常可与each other通用。例如：

--They confide in（信任）one another/ each other.

4) one way/time, etc. ---or another (以某种方式/ 在某个时候等)

--All these persons were unhappy one way or another.

--I must have met him at one time or another.

（5）others

a. other既可用于不可数名词，也可用于复数可数名词；others只能单独使用。例如：

--This bread seems stale. Is there any other?

--Have you any other book(s) on this subject?

--Some are ploughing, others seeding.

b. the other与单数可数名词或不可数名词搭配，指两个中的另一个；与复数可数名词搭配，相当于the others，指已提到过的其余部分。例如：

--It is hard to tell the twins one from the other.

--We got home by 6 o'clock, but not the others.

c. other与数词连用时的语序

--Give me two other books.

--Give me the two other books/ the other two books

d. some, any, no, every与other连用时，其后若用可数名词，一般用单数。例如：

--I'm busy now; ask me about it some other time.

--That movie was more interesting than any other I've seen recently.

--No other person has had a greater influence on her life.

--He wrote on every other line.

e. 常与other连用的短语：

1) each other （互相）

--The couple were devoted to each other.

2) every other--- (每隔---)

--The doctor visits her every other day.

--They go to the US every other year.

3) just the other way (around) （恰好相反）

--You would think that John would have been the courageous one and Janet the timid one,

but it was just the other way (around).

4) none other than （不是别人，正是）

--The stranger was none other than my old friend.

5) one after the other/ another （一个接一个地）

--Difficulties arose one after the other/ another.

6) other than （除---以外；只能是；与---不同）

--There's nobody here other than me.

--I could not feel other than surprised.

--His tastes are quite other than mine.

7) the other day/ night, etc. （前不久有一天/有个晚上等）

--I just happened to see him the other day.

（6）each和every

a. 意义与用法

each 和every都可以表示两个以上的人或物，但each强调具体每个人，而every虽指每人，但实际上强调全体。each既可用作代词，又可用作限定词；every则只能用作限定词。例如：--Each of them fulfilled his duty.

--Every one of them fulfilled his duty.

b. 位置

each 的位置比较灵活。例如：

--They each put forward a proposal.

--Give them two each.

--They were each assigned some work to do.

c. every one与everyone

everyone 和every one用于三个或三个以上的人和物，侧重在全体。everyone指人，every one 可指人或物。例如：

--Everyone over 18 has a vote.

--Every one admired the mathematician.

--They have kept every one of our letters.

d. every 与否定词连用

not和every一起使用，通常表示部分否定。例如：

--Not every man can do this kind of work.(=Only some men/ Not all men can do this kind of work.)

（7）either和neither

either指两者之中任何一个，neither指两者都不，后面跟动词单数形式。例如：

--Either (of these) would do. （主语）

--Neither of them knows the way. （主语）

--I haven't read either of these (books). （宾语）

--I have read neither of these (books). （宾语）

--You may take either road. （定语）

--Neither seat is occupied. （定语）

（三）限定词之间的搭配关系

一个名词前如果有两个或两个以上的限定词，那么这些限定词的先后顺序也是有讲究的。例如：

All the four teachers

英语限定词可分为前位限定词、中位限定词和后位限定词。

前位限定词包括：all、both、half；double、twice、three times等；one-third、two-thirds 等；what、such a(n)等。

中位限定词包括：a(n)、the、this、that、these、those；my、your等；Mary’s、my friend’s等；some、any、no、every、each、either、neither、enough；what、which、whose等。

后位限定词包括：one、two、three等；first、second、third等；next、last、other、another等；many、much、(a) few、(a) little、fewer、fewest、less、least、more、most；several、plenty of、a lot of、lots of、a number of、a great deal of、a large/small amount of、such等。

同一个名词词组中，通常不可以并用两个前位限定词或两个中位限定词，而后位限定词可以叠用。例如：

Both the twin brothers （前位+中位）

All his three daughters （前+中+后）例如：Half my first new salary is spent.

Those last few months （中+后+后）

冠词的位置：一般来说，冠词应该放在名词词组的最前面，但是，名词词组里如果有all，both，exactly，just，many，quite，rather，such，what等词，这类词可以放在冠词之前；与as，how、however，so，too连用时，形容词放在冠词之前。例如：

She is as clever a girl as you are ever likely to meet.

Thank you for telling us such a funny story.