高考英语语法分类解题技巧

高考英语语法分类解题技巧

应城市第二高级中学陈名

高三的备考复习不同于高一、高二的常规教学，它有着特殊的、属于高三特有的学习方式。无论是课堂时间安排、复习内容和速度、训练方式和方法、上课的节奏与常规教学都有一定的区别。因此，作为毕业班的老师，最重要的是要理清思路，明确目标和任务，心里有整体布局，眼里有具体安排，就是说，要能够把握高考的动向，了解自己学生的实际能力和水平，并据此对整个备考复习工作进行科学的规划，不同的阶段侧重不同的复习目标；能够制定出一套完整、详细的计划，瞄准高考，狠抓基础，强化能力，调整心理，把整个备考复习工作细化并落到实处，这样才能顺利地完成高三毕业班的备考复习任务。

高考中英语有听力、多项选择、完形填空、阅读理解、完成句子、作文这几大板块。以前有过很多有经验的教授和老师谈过多项选择的做法。下面，就自己的摸索出的一些复习模式和经验来谈谈做题策略和技巧------通过语法分类来解题。

李阳老师道应城二中来传授经验时曾经说过“只要能做好多项选择，什么完成句子、完形填空都可以做到游刃有余。”这句话不是没有道理的。因为每一个多项选择里面，都包含着一些语法和特殊的句子结构。如果我们能掌握英语语法知识，加上在多项选择里面扩充的生词量，可想而知，就算是学生最害怕的阅读理解，也只是拦路虎而已。

英语常考语法包括：情态动词、非谓语动词、定语从句、名词性从句、状语从句、It的用法、倒装、虚拟、强调句、特殊句型、With的复合结构和交际用语。下面就一一解释说明：情态动词

一般考察情态动词的有两种，一种是单纯考察情态动词的用法。比如：

-- Will you stay for lunch?

-- Sorry, _____. My brother is coming to see me.

A. I mustn't

B. I can't

C. I needn't

D. I won't

解题技巧:：`Sorry'是针对表邀请的句式`Will you...'的否定回答; I can't为省略语。补齐的句子为: I can't stay for lunch. `My brother is coming to see me.'是`I can't stay for lunch'的原因。这里很多学生容易选择A I mustn't .因为这里没有理解，mustn't 的含义是禁止。

又如：.-Are you coming to Jeff's party?

-I'm not sure. I ______ go to concert instead.

A. must

B. would

C. should

D. might

解题技巧：选项A must‘和C should’都应是`I‘m quite sure’的补充。选项D might含不确定因素, 与I’m not sure 的意思相吻合。

第二种考察的方式就比第一种要复杂了，一般考察的就是情态动词+完成时的用法

比如：I saw him just now, he______ Italy .

A.must'nt have been to B could have been to

C could't have been to

D might have been to

解题技巧：这里很明显是刚刚看到了他，他不可能到意大利去了。学生可以看出此题的含义，但是在选择时候，容易错选A。确忘记了could't have done 才是表示不可能怎么样。

非谓语动词

非谓语动词包括四大类：-ING（动名词和现在分词）、to do(不定式）、-ed（过去分词）

而且要做好非谓语动词的选择题，还必须掌握一个口诀。“主宾表定状补，不定式六功能；分词不能作主宾，动名词不能作状补”考察非谓语动词的形式多样化，所以非谓语动词又是高中的重难点。

比如：European football is played in 80 countries,_____ it the most popular sport in the world.

A. making

B. makes

C. made

D. to make

解题技巧: 选项A"making" 相当于"which makes";

which引出非限定性的定语从句,修饰"European

football is played in 80 countries"全句。这里还可以看出是making作结果状语--由于很多国家都踢足球，所以如此受欢迎。

又如：不定式完成时态的命题

Robert is said ______ abroad, but I don't know what country he studied in.

A. to have studied

B. to study

C. to be studying

D. to have been studying

解题技巧: 此题的关键处在`what country he studied in'。

不定式的完成时可以表示过去时, 此处用to have

studied与句中studied相配合。

类例: He is said to have been rich twenty years ago.

再如：Last summer I took a course on_________. .

A. how to make dresses

B. how dresses be made

C. how to be made dresses

D. how dresses to be made

解题技巧: [疑问词+ 不定式= 名词短语]

类例：(1) She didn't know where to go.

(2) I’ve learned how to do it.

定语从句

定语从句包含两大类----限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句。要做好相关题目，必须先弄清关系代词who、whom、whose、which、that.关系副词when、where、why、how. 解题关键理解定语从句是一个“复述”的句子。无论是关系代词，关系副词，它们都是复述前面先行词的内容。解题难点：（1）关系副词=介词+which （2）定于从句和名词性从句弄混淆(3)Which引导的非限制性定语从句（4）分析句子结构，看句子中是否差成分。

比如：Carol said the work would be done by October, ______personally I doubt very much.

A. it

B. that

C. when

D. which

解题技巧: which引导出非限定性的定语从句。which =the work would be done by October. 该定语从句相当于: Personally I doubt very much that the work will be done by October. 对于定语从句的考查,

又如：I was brought up in the city____there were so many rivers.

A. where

B. that

C. when

D. which

解题技巧：这里很多同学会选择that或者是which .没有考虑到这里where = in which 即是there were so many

rivers in the city

再如：Nursing is a career_____love and patience are needed

Nursing is a career_____needs our love and patience.

以上的两个题目看起来很相像，但是答案确完全不相同。第一题应该填where；第二题应该填that。所以做题的时候还要分析，句子结构是否完整，差的这个成分在句子里应当充当什么成分。往往粗心或者看起来一个比较相像的题目在没有分析句子结构的情况下就选择了答案而失分。

4、名词性从句

名词性从句包括主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句。要做好名词性从句，必须把名词性从句当中的连接代词和连接副词与定语从句中的关系代词和关系副词区分开来。解题关键：（1）所有的名词性从句都是陈述句的语序（2）引导主语从句、表语从句、同位语从句的that不能省略。（3）that在名词性从句中只起引导作用而不充当句子成分。（4）分析句子成分，虽然what和which都能作主语，但是要注意，句子里面是否有选择性来选择which和what。

比如：_____ I really need____ money.

_____ I really need____ books.

A what ;is

B which; is

C that;are

D whether;are A what ;are B which; is C that;are D what ; is

这两个题看起来也非常的相似，从后面的名词money ,books我们可以推出后面的答案分别是is ; are 。可是这里前面到底是选择that ，what ,还是which呢？根据我们

上面所给出的原则，我们可以清楚的发现答案选择什么。

又如：It is generally considered unwise to give a child_____he or she wants.

A. however

B. whatever

C. whichever

D. whenever

解题技巧: （1）whatever =anything that (that引出形容词从句)

（2）whatever为复合关系代名词, 本身兼有先行

词的功能。

（3）复合关系代名词whatever引出的从句可在

句中担任主语、表语和宾语。

（4）这里大家可以看出whatever作宾语

5 、状语从句

状语从句要分清楚状语从句的种类。有让步、原因、结果、方式、伴随、时间、地点等等。一般状语从句是具有“副词”的作用。修饰句中的动词、形容词或副词本身。解题关键还是要看句子的结构。

比如：1. You should make it a rule to leave things ______you can find them again.

A. when

B. where

C. then

D. there

解题技巧: We leave something in a place or state(状态):

(1) I have left my key at home.

(2) He left his watch in the hotel.

(3) He left it where he had found it.

(4) Leave the cat alone.

从以上分析，我们可以看出这里缺少一个地点状语，所以

选择where.

又如：2. After the war, a new school building was put up _____ there had once been a theatre.

A. that

B. where

C. which

D. when

解题技巧: 选项B`where'引出一个表地点的副词从句。这里和下面的一个句型很相似When you read the book, you'd better make a mark at where you have any questions. 但是下面的句型更加的复杂。用到了at +where 因为这里的先行词是make a mark 。这里一定要和定于从句的先行词为名词区分开来。要不然，这种类型的题目会很容易做错。

It的用法（包括强调句和特殊句型在内）

It的用法在高考中也是重中之重，因为it可以作代词，可以作形式主语，形式宾语。考察的方法也是经常和一些作形式主语、宾语的句型连用。还经常和it is the first time + have done / It won't be long before / It was not until .....that..。考点实在是非常之多而又非常容易错

比如：IT做形式宾语I hate _____when people talk with their mouths full.

A. it

B. that

C. these

D. them

解题技巧: 这是it的较难的用法。it在题中指代的内容

十分模糊, 可以认为指某种情形,

如: Thus when he spoke, it was in a sharper voice.

下面是it其他的较难的用法。

(1) I take it you have been out.

(2) Let me come and stay. You can put it that it

was arranged before.

(3) You may depend upon it they are valuable.

(4) Legend has it that Wu Sung is buried at Hangzhou.

又如：强调句的命题

1. It is the ability to do the job _____ matters not where you come from or what you are.

A. one

B. that

C. what

D. it

解题技巧: 此题考查强调句, 强调句的句型为:It is/was + 强调成分

+ that 从句。

答案: B

2. It was only when I reread his poems recently _____ I began to appreciate their beauty.

A. until

B. that

C. then

D. so

解题技巧: 该题的强调成分为"only when I reread his poems recently"。

3. It was about 600 years ago ______ the first clock with a face and an hour hand was made.

A. that

B. until

C. before

D. when

解题技巧: (1) 为强调句的用法; 强调物是时间短语`about 600 years ago'。

(2) 强调句是NMET单项填空常考试题,

Eg: ①It was not until 1920__C__regular radio broadcasts began.

A. while

B. while

C. that

D. since

②It was not ___B___she took off her dark glasses _____I realized she was a famous film star.

A. when; that

B. until; that

C. until; when

D. when; then

再如：1. Someone called me up in the middle of the night, but they hung up_____ I could answer the phone.

A. as

B. since

C. until

D. before

解题技巧: 选项D `before'意为`还未来得及做某事, 就...', 以此说明前面动作结束之快。这里还可以考的更加复杂，例如下面所给出的经典考句：

(1) Before I had time to reply, he went away.

我还没来得及回答他就走了。

(2) I had not waited long before she came.

我没等多久她就来了。

(3) It was midnight before he returned.

他直到午夜时分才回来。

(4) It was long before she came.

她过了很久才来。

(5) It was not long before she came.

她没过多久就来了。

(6) They had not been married a month before they quarreled.

中文翻译：他们结婚还没到一个月就反目了。

虚拟

虚拟是高考中的必考知识，它包含着最基础的if引导的对现在、过去、将来的虚拟，包含着if only 、wish 、as if / as though 等升级虚拟。更包含着without 、but for 、otherwise的含蓄虚拟，和混合虚拟等重难考点。要做好相关的题目，必须先把相关的基础题目弄懂，以免在简单的知识上出错。

比如：--I stayed at a hotel while in New York.

--Oh, did you? You ______with Barbara.

A. could have stayed

B. could stay

C. would stay

D. must have stayed

解题技巧: 选项A“could have stayed”表示“原本能待在一起, 但却没待"的意思, 暗含惊讶的意味。此题从语法上来说, 属于"混合型虚拟语气"的范畴。此题=I could have stayed with Barbara while in New York, but I didn't. I stayed at a hotel.

又如：Without your help , I ___________the final exam.

A. could have failed

B. could fail

C. Would have failed

D. must have failed

解题技巧：这里隐藏着如果没有你的帮助，我考试肯定过不

了。前面的without your help=i f you had not helped me 那么这个题目就好做了。

倒装

倒装和虚拟一样，也是高考中常考的考点。就像2010年湖北省高考中的一样，虚拟和倒装都有出现。倒装分为完全倒装和部分倒装。所谓完全倒装就是把除了谓语动词的所有成分全部提前；部分倒装只是把相应的助动词、Be动词、情态动词提前。关于倒装常考的类型，有only + 状语从句/ 副词/ 介词短语+ 倒装；seldom , never ,not once 用于句首；not only but also ；名词、副词、形容词、动词+ as的倒装；so +adj / adv +部分倒装 .......像Try as I might，I couldn't lift the stone和Praised as he was, he remained modest 都是考得非常多的。

比如：--John won first prize in the contest.

-- ________ .

A. So he did

B. So did he

C. So he did, too

D. So did he, too

解题技巧: 问答两句的主语是指同一人时, 简略附和语应采用"so + 主语+ 动词"的形式, 表赞同。"so + 动词+ 主语"表示主语也一样

--John studies French. ii. --You said it was good.

--So he does. --So I did

注意: so 用于倒装表添加与其用于句首表附和不同:

[so + 代名词(主语) + 助动词/ be 动词] 比较: --I must be going now.

--So must I.

--Tom is a very honest boy.

--So he is. (=Yes, that's right. He is very honest. he = Tom)

又如：--Do you know Jim quarreled with his brother?

--I don't know, .

A. nor don't I care

B. nor do I care

C. I don't care either

D. I don't care also

解题技巧: nor; neither; so 用于句首时, 句子形成倒装。nor 和neither 用于否定句表示“也不”; so用于肯定句, 表示“也”。

①I can't swim, nor can he.

= I can't swim, and he can't, either.

= I can't swim, and neither can he.

②--I don't think he is right.

--Nor do I.( = Neither do I.)

③I have not yet done my homework, and neither

has my friend.

= I have not yet done my homework, and my friend hasn't, either.

9、with 的复合结构

With 的复合结构是由With + 宾语+ 宾补构成，一般宾语由名词或代词充当。宾补可以由--ing / -ed / adj / adv / 介词短语/ to do 等充当。一般来说此题难点在于宾语和宾补之间的关系是逻辑上的主动还是逻辑上的被动。

比如______ production up by 60%, the company has had another excellent year.

A. As

B. For

C. With

D. Through

解题技巧: 选项A应改为As production is up by 60%; 选项B应改为The company has had another excellent year, for production is up by 60%.;选项C`with‘是唯一带有宾语复合结构的介词, 用法广泛, 可译为`随着...‘。还可将With production up by 60% 改写为Production up by 60%, 从而使该结构成为独立主格结构, 意思不变。

又如: with a lot of homework to do , I have to stay at home .

With the housework finished , he rushed out to find his friend terry.

With time going by ,we will become stronger and stronger.

再如：________two exams to worry about , I have to work really hard this weekend.

A. Besides

B. With

C. As for

D. Because of

解题技巧：这道题也是考查介词with复合结构用法的。从句子的结构看这里必须要填一个介词，而不能填连词，“as for”

意思是“至于、关于”；because of意思是“由于、因为”，其后不能跟复合结构，所以不能选择C和D。在所给的选项中只有with才符合构成“with + n / pron + to do ”结构。句意是：由于担心这两门考试，本周末我得真的用功了

再如：_______all the representatives (代表)still not there , the meeting was postponed for several months.

A. Without

B. With

C. By

D. Because

解题技巧：这里应填入一个介词结构以表示原因或状态，而在所给的选项中without 具有否定意义，不能用在这里；by 则表示方式、手段等；because后则要跟从句，只有with具有这种用法，所以选B。句意是：在代表仍然不在场的情况下，会议被推迟了好几个月。类似的，再如：With so many students away , we have got more room.。

常考到的特殊结构

例如：祈使句+ and/or =if条件句的命题

______ it with me and I'll see what I can do.

A. When left

B. Leaving

C. If you leave

D. Leave

解题技巧: 此题测试考生对一个重要句式的掌握, 即祈使句+ and/or =if条件句

Work hard, and you will succeed.

Work hard, or you will fail.

又如：The purpose of new technologies is to make life easier,______ it more difficult.

A. not make

B. not to make

C. not making

D. do not make

解题技巧: 此题可以按照句式平衡来做:

(1) This may be a day late, not a fortnight I hope.

(2) I was laughing, not crying.

(3) He found it on the floor, not on the shelf.

(4) See you on the 25th, if not before.

再如：The more I know him , the less I like him句式非常工整，比较级对比较级，主语对主语，动词对动词，宾语对宾语。

以上只是个人的一点愚见，由于能力有限，文章中可能会出现一些小问题，也希望能有机会和其他老师共同探讨，互相学习。高考备考复习是高中英语教学工作最重要一个环节，也是一个特殊的环节。其最终的效果如何，直接关系到学生的高考成绩和前途。可以说，不仅领导高度重视高三备考，我们老师也会全力以赴、想方设法，力求打好高中阶段的最后一仗，为学生的未来铺平道路。