第5章 物称与人称

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第五章物称与人称

(Impersonal vs.Personal)

英语较常用物称表达法,即不用人称来叙述,而让事物以客观的口气呈现出来,有些英语写作论著称之为“the writer and the reader are out of the picture,hiding themselves behind impersonal language”.G.Leech和J.Svartvik在《英语交际语法》一书中指出:“Formal written language often goes with an impersonal style:i.e.one in which the speaker does not refer directly to himself or his readers,but avoids the pronouns I,you,we.Some of the common features of impersonal language are passives,sentences beginning with introductory it,and abstract nouns.”该书以图书馆的一则通告为例:

It has been noted with concern that the stock of books in the library has been declining alarmingly.Students are asked to remind themselves of the rules for the borrowing and return of books,and to bear in mind the needs of other students.Penalties for overdue books will in the future be strictly enforced.

近来已注意到本馆存书惊人地减少,此事令人关切。现要求学生不要忘记借书还书规则,并考虑其他学生的需要。今后凡借书逾期不还者,必将严格按章处罚。

英语写作教科书常常劝告作者不要滥用这种非人称表达法,认为这会使文章缺乏“personal reference and human touch”,失去“people-to-people relationship”,显得“abstract and official”,甚至"cold and inhuman”.上述一例若多用人称表达,则可显得不那么正式:The number of books in the library has been going down.Please make sure you know the rules for borrowing,and don't forget that the library is for everyone's convenience.So from now on,we're going to enforce the rules strictly.You have been warned!

虽然如此,非人称表达法仍是英语常见的一种文风,尤其常见于书面语,如公文、新闻、科技论著以及散文、小说等文学作品。这种表达法往往使叙述显得客观、公正,结构趋于严密、紧凑,语气较为委婉、间接。

汉语则较注重主体思维,这种思维模式以“万物皆备于我”作主导,往往从自我出发来叙述客观事物,或倾向于描述人及其行为或状态,因而常用人称。当人称可以不言自喻时,又常常隐含人称或省略人称。汉语重人称,英语重物称,这一特点主要表现在如何使用主语和动词这两方面。

一、英语常用非人称主语,汉语常用人称主语

英语可用人称主语表达,也常用非人称主语表达。用非人称主语表达时,往往注重“什么事发生在什么人身上”,而汉语则较常用人称主语表达,往往注重“什么人怎么样了”,如:

1)What has happened to you?

你出了什么事啦?

2)An idea suddenly struck me.

我突然想到了一个主意。

3)A strange peace came over her when she was alone.

她独处时便感到一种特殊的安宁。

4)Not a sound reached our ears.(A.S.Hornby)

我们没有听到任何声音。

5)A great elation overcame them.

他们欣喜若狂。

6)Alarm began to take entire possession of him(W.Thackeray)

他开始变得惊恐万状。

英语用非人称作主语的句子大体可以分为以下两大类:

1.用抽象名词或无生命的事物名称作主语,同时又使用本来表示人的动作或行为的动词作其谓语,因而这种句式往往带有拟人化(personification)修辞色彩,语气含蓄,令人回味,反映了英美民族的幽默感。O.Jespersen指出,“There can be no doubt that the poetic tendency to personify lifeless things or abstract notions, for instance to apostrophize Death as if it were a living being,and the related representation in plastic art of such notions,are largely due to the influence of languages with sex-gender,chiefly,of course,Latin.’’汉语虽然也有用拟人法来描述抽象的概念或无生命的事物,如“什么风把你吹来的?”,“爱情把我们的心连在一起”,“高山低头,河水让路”,但这种表达法较常见于形象的比喻或轻松的文体,无论从使用的语境或出现的频率来看,都远远不及英语。汉人较缺乏幽默感,注重的是“什么人做什么事”,往往用人或比较确定的事物作主语。如:

1)From the moment we stepped into the People’s Republic of China, care and kindness surrounded us on every side. (Hewlett and Nowell Johnson:To China at Ninety) 一踏上中华人民共和国国土,我们就随时随地受到关怀与照顾。

2)Excitement deprived me of all power of utterance.

我兴奋得什么话也说不出来。

3)The thick carpet killed the sound of my footsteps.(Joseph:English 3200)

我走在厚厚的地毯上,一点脚步声也没有。

4)The happiness——the superior advantages of the young women round about her, gave Rebecca inexpressible pangs of envy.(W.Thackeray:Vanity Fair)

丽贝卡看见她周围的小姐那么福气,享受种种优越的权利,却有说不出的眼红。

5)The forty years,1840—80,brought almost ten million migrants to America.(P.Bromhead:Life in Modern America)

从1840至1880这四十年中,近一千万移民移居美国。

6)The little chap’s good—natured honest face won his way for him.

这小伙子长相老实,看上去脾气也好,到处有人缘。

7)My good fortune has sent you to me,and we will never part.(H.Andersen:The Little Mermaid)

我很幸运,能够得到你,让我们永不分离吧。

8)Friday started with a morning visit to the modern campus of the 22,000-student University of Michigan in nearby Ann Arbor,where the Chinese table tennis team joined students in the cafeteria Iine for lunch and later played an exhibition match.(“China U.S.Table Tennis”)星期五那天,中国乒乓球队一早就到安亚伯附近去参观拥有两万两千名学生的密执安大学现代化校园。他们和该校学生在校内自助餐厅排队取午餐,然后举行了一场表演赛。

英语这类非人称主语句采用“无灵主语”(inanimate subject),表示抽象概念、心理感觉、事物名称或时间地点等,但谓语却常常使用“有灵动词”(animate verb),表示人或社会团体的动作和行为,如see,find,bring,give,escape,surround,kill,deprive,seize,send,know,tell,permit,invite,take,drive,prevent…f rom等。英语用“无灵主语”与“有灵动词”搭配的句式比汉语多,使用因为的场合也比汉语广。汉语的“有灵动词”一般只能与人称搭

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