第2章 物称与人称
合集下载
物称和人称

1. 转化成非人称主语,把英语简单句拆成汉语 转化成非人称主语, 的复合句。 的复合句。 1)A very little encouragement would ) set that worldly women to talk volubly, and pour out all within her. 这老于世故的女人, 这老于世故的女人,只要人家稍微助助她 的兴, 的兴,他便马上滔滔不绝的一股脑儿倒出来 。 2) Landing of a few armed final acts as President took the Americans to the very edge of the moon. 只要几个装甲纵队在沦陷地区登陆, 只要几个装甲纵队在沦陷地区登陆,就会引 起群众性起义。 起群众性起义。
3) The knowledge of this nuclear fission process has made it possible to use uranium as fuel to obtain nuclear energy. 由于知道了这种核裂变过程, 由于知道了这种核裂变过程,美国人也快要登陆 了。 4) A lack of information and formal educational training had left many persons without any generalized standards of judgment applicable to this novel situation. 很多人由于信息不灵通, 很多人由于信息不灵通,或者由于没有受过正 规的教育训练, 规的教育训练,因此不能用一般的判断标准去 判断这种新奇的现象。 判断这种新奇的现象。
3 把非人称代词主语句换成汉语的的无主 句或主语泛称句。 句或主语泛称句。 1) The mastery of a language requires ) painstaking efforts.要掌握一门语言,必 要掌握一门语言, 要掌握一门语言 须下功夫。 须下功夫。 2) A little flattery will fetch him.稍一奉 稍一奉 承就会把她迷惑住了。 承就会把她迷惑住了。 3) Dust found the little girl crying in the street.黄昏时分,人们发现这个小女 黄昏时分, 黄昏时分 孩在街上哭泣。 孩在街上哭泣。
物称与人称

一、汉语常用人称主语,英语常用非人称主语
汉语常用人称主语,往往注重‚什么人怎么样了‛当人称不言自明时,就用 ‚有人‛、‚人们‛、‚大家‛等泛指人称,有灵主语总是占绝对优势。而习惯于 客体思维方式的英美人却常把观察或叙述的视点放在行为、动作的结果或承受者 上,使语言表述带有客体性特征,因此在英语中人们往往关注‚什么事发生在什么 人身上‛,而英语可用人称主语表达,也常用非人称主语表达。如: • 我兴奋得哭不出来。 • I'm so excited that I can't cry. • Excitement deprived me of all power of crying. • 她感到莫名的恐惧。 • She felt a sense of fear. • An unknown fear possesse无灵主语句
同理,在汉英翻译时,我们要寻找汉语句中充当宾语的名词来做主语,在很 多情况下汉语中的谓语动词在英文中译为名词作主语。汉语中充当主语的名词或 人称代词可译为人称代词+名词作宾语。例: 1.不同的人对退休持不同的态度。 译:Attitudes towards retirement vary from person to person.(动词宾语作主语)
• 其次,从英语语言自身具备的特点来看,隐喻的普遍存在也是英语中无灵主语 句大量存在的原因之一。在英语中,正是由于隐喻的存在,大量的不具备生命 特征的词被引入到结构相对模糊的目标语中,一方面丰富了语言的表达形式, 另一方面也使表达的内容更为生动,具有动感。例如: 1. An evil idea is growing in his mind. (idea is plant) 2. Nowadays, scientific idea flow rapidly.(idea is liquid)
物称和人称

so dishonest. 我从来没想过他有这么不老实。
2 用作虚义词,代替的主语是难以言 表的现象或情形,用以表示自然现象 、时间、空间以及惯用语之中。 How is it with the sick man?
3 用作强调词,应到所需要的成分, 也是一种形式主语。 It is a good horse that never stumbles.
2. 转化非人称主语,把英语的简单句和复 杂句拆成汉语的并列句或流水句。
1) Her weariness and the increasing heat determined him to sit down in the first convening shade.他疲惫不堪,天气也越来越热,他决意一遇到个近 便的阴凉处,就坐下来休息。
信息中心位置,从而突显物称倾向。
汉语在无确定人称时,采用如有人,人们, 别人,大家等泛称或无主句,从而突显人称
倾向。
1)用作先行词代替真正的主语或宾语。 It never occurred to me that she was so dishonest. 我从来没想过她会这么不老实。
2)用作虚意词,代替的主语是难以言明的现象或者情形,如用以 表示自然现象、时间、空间以及惯用语中。 How is it with the sick man ? 那个病人怎么样了?
3. 把非人称代词主语句换成汉语的的无主句或主 语泛称句。
1) The mastery of a language requires painstaking efforts. 要掌握一门语言,必须下功夫。
2) A little flattery will fetch him. 稍一奉承就会把她迷惑住了。
4) A lack of information and formal educational training had left many persons without any generalized standards of judgment applicable to this novel situation.
2 用作虚义词,代替的主语是难以言 表的现象或情形,用以表示自然现象 、时间、空间以及惯用语之中。 How is it with the sick man?
3 用作强调词,应到所需要的成分, 也是一种形式主语。 It is a good horse that never stumbles.
2. 转化非人称主语,把英语的简单句和复 杂句拆成汉语的并列句或流水句。
1) Her weariness and the increasing heat determined him to sit down in the first convening shade.他疲惫不堪,天气也越来越热,他决意一遇到个近 便的阴凉处,就坐下来休息。
信息中心位置,从而突显物称倾向。
汉语在无确定人称时,采用如有人,人们, 别人,大家等泛称或无主句,从而突显人称
倾向。
1)用作先行词代替真正的主语或宾语。 It never occurred to me that she was so dishonest. 我从来没想过她会这么不老实。
2)用作虚意词,代替的主语是难以言明的现象或者情形,如用以 表示自然现象、时间、空间以及惯用语中。 How is it with the sick man ? 那个病人怎么样了?
3. 把非人称代词主语句换成汉语的的无主句或主 语泛称句。
1) The mastery of a language requires painstaking efforts. 要掌握一门语言,必须下功夫。
2) A little flattery will fetch him. 稍一奉承就会把她迷惑住了。
4) A lack of information and formal educational training had left many persons without any generalized standards of judgment applicable to this novel situation.
物称与人称

汉人的思维习惯---汉人的思维习惯-----“有灵动词” --“有灵动词”一般 只和人称搭配。 人称搭配 只和人称搭配。但存
隐喻+ 在,隐喻+拟人
北京目睹过许多伟大的历史事件 过许多伟大的历史事件。 3)北京目睹过许多伟大的历史事件。 Beijing has witnessed many great historical events. 过去的几十年见证着我们社会的飞速发展。 4)过去的几十年见证着我们社会的飞速发展。 The past decades saw rapid development in our society.
1)Excitement deprived me of all power ) of utterance. 兴奋得什么话也说不出来。 我兴奋得什么话也说不出来。 2)The thick rpet killed the sound of ) my footsteps. 我走在厚厚的地毯上,一点脚步声也没有。 我走在厚厚的地毯上,一点脚步声也没有。
1)Voices are heard calling for help. 有人听到了呼救的声音 听到了呼救的声音。 有人听到了呼救的声音。 2)Some things have been said here tonight that ought not to have been spoken. 今晚有人在此讲了些不该讲的话。 有人在此讲了些不该讲的话 今晚有人在此讲了些不该讲的话。 中文句中的“有人”是一个泛称。) (中文句中的“有人”是一个泛称。) 3)Wrongs must be righted when they are discovered. 发现了错误,一定要改正。 发现了错误,一定要改正。
英语用抽象名词或无生命的事物名 英语用抽象名词或无生命的事物名 抽象名词或无生命的事物 称作主语,同时又使用本来表示人的动 称作主语,同时又使用本来表示人的动 作或行为的动词作谓语 作谓语, 作或行为的动词作谓语,因而这种句式 往往带有拟人化的修辞色彩,语气含蓄, 往往带有拟人化的修辞色彩,语气含蓄, 令人回味,反映了英美国家的幽默感。 令人回味,反映了英美国家的幽默感。
物称与人称

物称与人称( Impersonal vs. Personal )
原因:3、文体的需要: 科技文体、新闻文体、公文文体、论述文体
物称与人称( Impersonal vs. Personal )
– 汉语常用意义被动式(用主动形式表达被动意义) 原因:1、汉语被动式的使用受到限制: It was done. 这件事已做。 It was well done. 这件事做得好。 It was poorly done. 这件事做得不好。/这件事搞坏了。/这件事被弄坏了。/这件 事给弄糟了。 “让、给、叫、挨、受、遭、蒙”,大多表达不如意或不企 望
物称与人称( Impersonal vs. Personal )
原因:2、句法的要求: 为了使句子承上启下、前后连贯、便于衔接 Some kinds of plastics can be forced through machines which separate them into long, thin strings, called “fibres”, and these fibres can be made into cloth. 为了使句子平衡,保持末端中心和末端重量,以 符合主语简短、谓语复杂的表达习惯 I was astonished that he was prepared to give me a job.
Beijing has witnessed a great many historical events. 北京目睹过许多伟大的历史事件。
物称与人称( Impersonal vs. Personal )
– 英语常用被动式,采用物称表达法;汉语常用主动 式,采用人称、泛称或隐称表达法。 Wrongs must be righted when they are discovered. 发现了错误,一定要改正。 Specialties in colleges and universities should be adjusted and teaching methods improved. 必须调整高等院校的专业设置,改进教学方法。
物称和人称

e obstinately escape me. 3)多年后的一个黄昏,像现在,你一个人独坐的时候, 你会想起眼前的情景。 This scene will come back to you years later when you sit alone at sunset like this.
英语用抽象名词而不用人称作主语的句子,如果运 用得当,可以获得很好的修辞和表达效果,读起来更 有英语感和“洋味”。这类句子结构严密紧凑,言简 意赅,许多句子从语法分析看属于简单句,但却表达 着复杂句或并列句的语义和逻辑关系。英译汉时常常 需要转换人称主语为人称主语或其他主语,此外,还 要采用多项如以下的其他技巧。
A current search of the files indicates that the letter is no longer in this Bureau’s possession. It is noted that the letter was received two months ago, and after study, returned to your office. In view of the foregoing, it is regretted that your office has no record of its receipt. If the letter is found, it would be appreciated if this Bureau was notified at once. 我们最近查找了卷宗,发现本局并无此信。可以肯定的是,我们于 两个月前收到此信,经研究后,已寄于贵处。鉴于以上情况,贵处 仍无此信的记录,我们深感遗憾。如果你们能找到此信,请即通知 本局,不胜感激。
英语用抽象名词而不用人称作主语的句子,如果运 用得当,可以获得很好的修辞和表达效果,读起来更 有英语感和“洋味”。这类句子结构严密紧凑,言简 意赅,许多句子从语法分析看属于简单句,但却表达 着复杂句或并列句的语义和逻辑关系。英译汉时常常 需要转换人称主语为人称主语或其他主语,此外,还 要采用多项如以下的其他技巧。
A current search of the files indicates that the letter is no longer in this Bureau’s possession. It is noted that the letter was received two months ago, and after study, returned to your office. In view of the foregoing, it is regretted that your office has no record of its receipt. If the letter is found, it would be appreciated if this Bureau was notified at once. 我们最近查找了卷宗,发现本局并无此信。可以肯定的是,我们于 两个月前收到此信,经研究后,已寄于贵处。鉴于以上情况,贵处 仍无此信的记录,我们深感遗憾。如果你们能找到此信,请即通知 本局,不胜感激。
物称与人称综述

• 汉语没有像英语那样的多重被动式,没有 用“it”作主语的非人称被动式,也少用一 般被动式,而较多用主动形式表达被动意 义。汉语若要表达类似英语那种被动的客 观口气,则常常采用无主句、主语省略句、 祈使句或无形式标志的被动句。
① Wrongs must be righted when they are discovered. 发现了错误,一定要改正。 ② Specialties in colleges and universities should be adjusted and teaching methods improved. 必须调整高等院校的专业设置,改进教学方法。
英语可用人称主语表达,也可用非人称主语表 达。用非人称主语表达时,往往注重“什么事发 生在什么人身上”,而汉语则较常用人称主语表 达,往往注重“什么人怎么样了”,如: Words fail me! 我(惊得/吓得)就是说不出话来! what has happened to you ? 你出什么事了?
How is it with the sick man? 那病人怎么样了? ③ 用作强调词,引导所要强调的成分,也是一种 形式主语: It is in the hour of trial that a man finds his true profession. 人总是在面临考验的关头,才发现自己的专长。
二、英语常用被动式,采用非人称表达法; 汉语常用主动式,采用人称、泛称或隐称 表达法
英语的被动式,尤其是用it作主语的非人称被动式,如 It is believed , it is felt ,it is thought等,往往不说出施 动者,而让所叙述的事实或观点以客观、间接和婉转 的方式表达出来。
At last a weakness seized me, and I fell. 最后,我浑身一软,跌到地上。 The thick carpet killed the sound of my footsteps. 我走在厚厚的地毯上,一点脚步声也没有。
物称与人称

什么风把你吹来了? 爱情把我们的心连在一起。 高山低头,河水让路。
英语物称主语常见于书面语,如公文,新 闻,科技论著以及散文,小说等文学作品。
这种表达法往往使叙述显得客观,公正,结 构趋于严密,紧凑,语气较为委婉,间接。
我们必须调整高等院校的专业设置,改进教 学方法。
We must adjust specialties in colleges and universities and improve teaching methods.
Detailed specifications airmailed before May will ensure June shipment.
英译汉 My good fortune has sent you to me, and we will never part. 我很幸运,能够得到你,让我们永不分离 吧。 From the moment we stepped into the People’s Republic of China, care and kindness surrounded us on every side. 一踏上中华人民共和国国土,我们就随时随 地地受到关怀与照顾。
汉译英时要常常意识到使用非人称主语
到徐州见着父亲,看见满院狼籍的东西,又 想起祖母,不禁簌簌地流下眼泪。 When I met father in Xuzhou, I can not help shedding tears when I saw the disorderly mess in the courtyard and thought of grandma. When I met father in Xuzhou, the sight of the disorderly mess in his courtyard and the thought of grandma started tears trickling down my cheeks.
英语物称主语常见于书面语,如公文,新 闻,科技论著以及散文,小说等文学作品。
这种表达法往往使叙述显得客观,公正,结 构趋于严密,紧凑,语气较为委婉,间接。
我们必须调整高等院校的专业设置,改进教 学方法。
We must adjust specialties in colleges and universities and improve teaching methods.
Detailed specifications airmailed before May will ensure June shipment.
英译汉 My good fortune has sent you to me, and we will never part. 我很幸运,能够得到你,让我们永不分离 吧。 From the moment we stepped into the People’s Republic of China, care and kindness surrounded us on every side. 一踏上中华人民共和国国土,我们就随时随 地地受到关怀与照顾。
汉译英时要常常意识到使用非人称主语
到徐州见着父亲,看见满院狼籍的东西,又 想起祖母,不禁簌簌地流下眼泪。 When I met father in Xuzhou, I can not help shedding tears when I saw the disorderly mess in the courtyard and thought of grandma. When I met father in Xuzhou, the sight of the disorderly mess in his courtyard and the thought of grandma started tears trickling down my cheeks.
- 1、下载文档前请自行甄别文档内容的完整性,平台不提供额外的编辑、内容补充、找答案等附加服务。
- 2、"仅部分预览"的文档,不可在线预览部分如存在完整性等问题,可反馈申请退款(可完整预览的文档不适用该条件!)。
- 3、如文档侵犯您的权益,请联系客服反馈,我们会尽快为您处理(人工客服工作时间:9:00-18:30)。
例3:到徐州见着父亲,看见满院狼
一看到那棵大树,我便想起了快乐 的童年。 我近来忙于其他事物,未能早些复 信,深感抱歉。 恕我孤陋寡闻,对此关系一无所知。
The sight of the big tree always reminds me of my childhood. I am very sorry that the pressure of other occupations has prevented me from sending an earlier reply to your letter. My total ignorance of the connection must plead your apology.
Formal written language often goes with an impersonal style; for example, one in which the speaker does not refer directly to himself or his readers, but avoids the pronouns I, you, we. Some of the common features of impersonal language are passives, sentences beginning with introductory it, and abstract nouns.
近来本馆的图书大量减少,数目惊 人,我们对此表示极为关切。现请 学生们切勿忘记借还规则,并考虑 其他同学的需要。今后凡借书逾期 不还者,必将严格按章处罚。
一、英语:非人称主语 汉语:appened to you? An idea suddenly struck me. A strange peace come over when she was alone. Not a sound reached our ears. Alarm began to take possession of him.
星期五,中国乒乓球队一大早就 来到安亚伯附近,去参观拥有 2200学生的密执安大学现代化 校园,他们和学生在自助餐厅共 进午餐,然后举行了一场表演赛.
汉语思维习惯:很少使用无灵主语, 只有在拟人修辞时使用无灵主语。
北京目睹过许多伟大的历史事件。 星光很早以前就踏上了旅程。 Beijing has witnessed many historical events. The light from the stars started on its journey long long ago.
籍的东西,又想起祖母,不禁簌簌地 流下眼泪。 原译:When I met father in Xuzhou, I can not help shedding tears when I saw the disorderly mess in the courtyard and thought of grandma. 改译:When I met father in Xuzhou, the sight of the disorderly mess in his courtyard and the thought of grandma started tears trickling down my cheeks.
Friday started with a morning visit to the modern campus of the 22,000student University of Michigan in nearby Ann Arbor, where the Chinese table tennis team joined students in the cafeteria line for lunch and later played an exhibition match.
Impersonal----not showing any feelings of sympathy, friendliness. An impersonal sentence or verb is one where the subject or object is represented by a word such as “it. It was surprising that I met her that time. The year of 1949 witnessed this accident.
例2:那天晚上,我和她一起去看了场电 影。黑暗中不经意地拉了一次手,结果幸 福了整整一个夏天。 学译:We went to see a film that night. In the darkness, she casually took my hand, and this sweet happiness lingered for the hole summer. 改译: We went to see a film that night. In the darkness, an incidental touch of hands filled me with joy all that summer.
英语非人称主语常用动词:
See, find, bring, give, escape, surround, deprive, seize, send, know, tell, permit, take 等
汉英翻译
用物称代替人称是一种有效的翻译 方法;可以使英语译文地道、流畅。
例1:当前,车辆横冲直闯,严重地威 胁着城市生活,路上行人无不提心吊胆。 S1: Nowadays, cars dash around like mad on the road, it imperils the city life, and pedestrians are in constant fear. S2:Nowadays, the clashing and rushing car seriously menaces the citizens' life. No one can across the road without fear.
在汉英翻译中,用it做主语英文更 地道。
我从来没有想到她这么不老实。 我们认为,他今天上午发言的内容 和口气都无助于在中东建立持久和 平。 人总是在面临考验的关头,才发现 自己的专长。
It never occurred to me that she was so dishonest. It is not our view that the substance or the tone of his remarks this morning will contribute to creating a lasting peace in the Middle east. It is in the hour of trial that a man find his true profession.
C-E 一踏上中华人民共和国的土地, 我 们就感到随时随地受到关怀与照顾。 我兴奋的什么话也说不出来。 我走在厚厚的地毯上,一点脚步声 也没有。
From the moment we stepped onto the soil of the People’s Republic of China, care and kindness surrounded us on every side. Excitement deprived me of all power of utterance. The thick carpet killed the sound of my footsteps.
Chapter 2
物称与人称
Impersonal Vs. Personal
英语
重物称表达法:即不用人称来叙述, 而以客观的语气表达出来,有人说: the writer and the reader are out of the picture, hiding themselves behind impersonal language.
It has been noted with concern that the stock of books in the library has been declining alarmingly. Students are asked to remind themselves of the rules for the borrowing and return of books, and to bear in mind the needs of other students. Penalties for overdue books will in the future be strictly enforced.
在汉英翻译中,多使用被动句英文更地 道。
看树看果实,看人看作为。 必须调整高等院校的专业设置,改 进教学方法。 当两个物体在一起摩擦时,电子便 从一个物体转移到另一个物体。
凭良心讲,你待我礼貌有加,我却受之 有愧。 五四运动以后,开始了“新红学时代”, 代表人物有胡适、俞平伯等一些学者。 小梅心地善良,性情温和,对他朋友这 种没有心肝的行为,实在看不顺眼。
My conscience told me that I deserved no extraordinary politeness. The May Fourth Movement of 1919 saw the beginning of the New Redology, represented by such scholars as Hu Shi and Yu Pingbai. Xiaomei’s kindly and gentle nature could not but revolt at her friend’s callous behavior.