笔译人称与物称-
英汉主语差异研究---“物称”与“人称”
英汉主语差异研究---“物称”与“人称”摘要：英语句子较常用物称表达法，表达客观事物如何作用于人的感知，让事件以客观的口吻进行呈现，相较之，汉语句子常用人称表达法，常从自我出发来叙述客观事物。
本文对比分析英汉两种语言不同的主语选择倾向，并指出在英汉互译过程中应综合考虑各方面因素,以确保译文既符合译入语读者阅读习惯，又保持原文的表现力。
关键词：物称，人称，有灵主语，无灵主语，翻译策略一、汉英主语特点对比及原因分析句子的主语可以分为“物称主语”(impersonal subject)和“人称主语”( personal subject)两种类型。
所谓“物称主语”，即句子的主语是“物”；所谓“人称主语”，即句子的主语是“人”。
以“物”为主语的句子称为“物称主语句”；以“人”为主语的句子称为“人称主语句”。
英语主语倾向于物称化表达，常选择不能施行动作或无生命事物的词语做主语，而汉语主语则更习惯于人称化的表达，能施行动作或有生命的物体是主语之首选。
从有无生命角度划分，句子主语可分为有灵主语和无灵主语。
有灵主语是有生命特征的事物名称充当主语，如:student, teacher, doctor等。
无灵主语是无生命的事物或表示概念的抽象名词所充当的名词，如:sight, success,darkness等。
英语的物称倾向反映了西方人的客体意识。
古希腊哲学家亚里士多德所开创的形式逻辑和盛行于16至18世纪欧洲的理性主义对英语产生了深远的影响。
西方人善于用逻辑和理性思维进行思考，同时，他们推崇自然，认为自然是人类认知的主要对象，必须充分认识自然、了解自然、自然和人类同等重要。
与之相比，汉语的人称倾向反映了汉语较注重主体思维，往往从自我出发来叙述客观事物，或倾向于描述人及行为或状态。
中国人相信“天人合一(oneness between manand nature)”，强调“事在人为”、“以人为本”。
中国文化传统意义上的这种人本文化的长期积淀，形成了汉民族主体型的思维方式，即以人文为中心来观察、分析、推理和研究事物的思维。
句子翻译物称和人称共26页文档
物称和人称
2 用作虚义词，代替的主语是难以言 表的现象或情形，用以表示自然现象 、时间、空间以及惯用语之中。 How is it with the sick man？
3 用作强调词，应到所需要的成分， 也是一种形式主语。 It is a good horse that never stumbles.
2. 转化非人称主语，把英语的简单句和复 杂句拆成汉语的并列句或流水句。
1) Her weariness and the increasing heat determined him to sit down in the first convening shade.他疲惫不堪，天气也越来越热，他决意一遇到个近 便的阴凉处，就坐下来休息。
信息中心位置，从而突显物称倾向。
汉语在无确定人称时，采用如有人，人们， 别人，大家等泛称或无主句，从而突显人称
倾向。
1）用作先行词代替真正的主语或宾语。 It never occurred to me that she was so dishonest. 我从来没想过她会这么不老实。
2）用作虚意词，代替的主语是难以言明的现象或者情形，如用以 表示自然现象、时间、空间以及惯用语中。 How is it with the sick man ? 那个病人怎么样了？
3. 把非人称代词主语句换成汉语的的无主句或主 语泛称句。
1） The mastery of a language requires painstaking efforts. 要掌握一门语言，必须下功夫。
2) A little flattery will fetch him. 稍一奉承就会把她迷惑住了。
4) A lack of information and formal educational training had left many persons without any generalized standards of judgment applicable to this novel situation.
笔译笔记整理
英语和汉语的差异Synthetic vs．Analytic 综合与分析English is a synthetic language marked with inflections(曲折变化形式)，while Chinese is an analytic language without any inflection，which is usually implied in the context or explicitly shown in such words as“着、了、过”etc．Thus encouraged, they made a still bolder plan for the next year．由于受到这样的鼓励，他们为第二年制订了一个更大胆的计划。
Compact vs．Diffusive 紧凑与松散English sentences are compact tightly combined with connectives or prepositions，while Chinese is diffused，that is，loose in structure．Now the integrated circuit has reduced by many times the size of the computer of which it forms a part，thus creating a new generation of portable minicomputer．现在集成电路成了计算机的组成部分，使计算机的体积大大缩小，从而产生了新一代的便携式微型计算机。
A notion has taken hold in the US to the effect that the only people who should be encouraged to bring children into the world are those who can afford them．在美国有一个根深蒂固的观点，说是只有对那些抚养得起子女的人，才应鼓励其生育。
汉英笔译基础教程 第6章 人称与物称
6.1汉语的人称倾向
❖汉语“无灵主语”与“有灵动词”搭配通常用作 一种修辞手段——拟人化，如 “什么风把你吹来 的”， “爱情把我们的心连在一起”， “高山低 头，河水让路”。
❖ 例4.北京目睹过许多伟大的历史事件。 ❖Beijing has witnessed many great
白：自从我睡着以后，太阳一走了很长的路了。 ❖ My hunger and the shadows
together tell me that the sun has done much travel since I fell asleep.
6.2 英语的物称倾向
❖3.表见闻的the sight, the thought等构成的 物称：
❖ 例15.想起辛酸的往事，奶奶就悲伤不已。 ❖ The thought of bitter past
overwhelmed my grandma with grief． ❖ 4.可以是时间、具体地点、人生阶段: ❖例16. 那个寒冷的下午，他独自在雪地里跋涉。 ❖ The chilly afternoon found him
unprofitable large and medium-sized State enterprises from their predicament.
6.1汉语的人称倾向
❖ 例9.一死了百债。(无主句) ❖ Death pays all debt． ❖ 例10.大街小巷早就传遍了各种流言蜚语。 ❖ Rumors had already spread along
wwwthemegallerycom63汉英翻译中的人称向物称的转换633运用非人称代词it来翻译用it作形式主语或形式宾语替代逻辑主语或逻辑宾语尤其是泛指人称句的翻译
笔译-英汉差异
上篇 ：英汉语言文化 2. Rigid vs. Supple (刚性与柔性) 英语：刚性 3. 基本句型的扩展 定、状、宾、主、补、同位语等
Ex.
Jack painted the door green.
上篇 ：英汉语言文化 2. Rigid vs. Supple (刚性与柔性) 英语：刚性 4. 基本句型的组合 S+C (clause): compound & complex(并列、因 果、转折、让步、条件等) Ex. Jack painted the door green…
上篇 ：英汉语言文化 1. Synthetic vs. Analytic
(综合语与分析语） Exercises 7. 我想起来了。 I’ll get up. I’ve thought it out. 虚词 助词 “起来”重读
“起来”轻读
8. I saw Mary in the garden. 我在公园里看见玛丽。 我看见玛丽在公园里。
那是个天气晴朗、金黄可爱的秋天，美好的秋色 为那些青年们送别。待到战后和平时期，黄叶纷飞 的秋天再度来临时，当日的青年已经失去了青春， 有的甚至丧失了生命。
1.基本句型结构 S+V: The telephone rang． S+V+P: We are students． S+V+O: Labor created man． S+V+o+O: She sang us a song． S+V+O+C: We elected him our monitor．
上篇 ：英汉语言文化 2. Rigid vs. Supple (刚性与柔性) 英语：刚性 2. 基本句型的变式 陈述句 Jack painted the door green. 否定句 Jack didn’t paint the door green. 疑问句 Did Jack paint the door green? The door was painted green by John.
英汉互译技巧
2. But for many, the fact that poor people are able to support themselves almost as well without government aid as they did with it is in itself a huge victory. (ibid) [译文] 但是对于许多人来讲，穷人能够在不用政府援救的 条件下也像是有政府帮助那样自己养活自己这一事实本 身就已经证明了它是一个巨大的胜利。(1.增译法, 2.同 位语译法，3.词性转换） 3.But we must bear in mind that the great proportion of books, plays and films which become before the censor are very far from being “works of art”. (四级模 拟题) [译文]可是我们要牢记送到审读员面前的大量书刊、戏剧 和电影远非“杰作”。(正-反翻译法) 4. We are taught that a business letter should be written in a formal style rather than in a personal one. (四级模 拟题) [译文]老师教我们，公函要以正式文体书写，而不应以私 人信函的文体来书写。(正-反翻译法)
翻译的技巧
英汉翻译技巧是为了解决“懂”与“会”之间的 关系，也就是说怎样处理好“学”与“用”的关 “ “ 系，使我们能够通过学习，掌握一般的英汉翻译 技巧，将学到的翻译知识自觉地用于翻译实践。 翻译是一门实践性很强的学问，需要长期下苦功 夫才能真正学到手。所以译者的翻译能力不能单 靠学习理论知识、强化技巧训练，而是需要扎扎 实实的双语功底及大量的翻译实践。
英汉汉英口笔译常识(句法对比)
从属与并列 ( subordinate vs. Coordinate )
The doorway lay at least 12 umbrellas of all sizes and colors. 门口放着一堆雨伞，少说也有12把， 五颜六色，大小不一。 There are many wonderful stories to tell about the places I visited and the people I met. 我访问了一些地方，遇到了不少人。 要谈起来，奇妙的事儿可多着呢。
4
静态与动态 ( Static vs. Dynamic )
I am afraid of your misunderstanding me. 我担心 担心你会误解 误解我。 担心 误解 Rockets have found application for the exploration of the universe. 火箭已经用来探索 用来探索宇宙。 用来探索 I used to be a bit of a fancier myself. 过去我也常常有点胡思乱想 胡思乱想。 胡思乱想
11
2.英语被动句译为汉语主动句。 英语被动句译为汉语主动句。
The glass is broken. 玻璃杯破了。 The house is surrounded by trees. 房子周围都是树。 Last night I was covered up with two quilts. 昨晚我盖了两条被子。
18
Thank you!
Байду номын сангаас
19
20
14
4.英语被动句译成汉语无主句。 英语被动句译成汉语无主句。
- 1、下载文档前请自行甄别文档内容的完整性，平台不提供额外的编辑、内容补充、找答案等附加服务。
- 2、"仅部分预览"的文档,不可在线预览部分如存在完整性等问题,可反馈申请退款(可完整预览的文档不适用该条件!)。
- 3、如文档侵犯您的权益，请联系客服反馈,我们会尽快为您处理(人工客服工作时间：9:00-18:30)。
Impersonal vs. Personal （物称与人称）（主语）
English: impersonal. Formal written language often goes with an impersonal style; i.e. one in which the speaker does not refer directly to himself of his readers, but avoids the
pronouns I, you we. Some of the common features of impersonal language are passives,
sentences beginning with introductory it, and abstract nouns.
Chinese: personal. 汉语较注重主体思维，这种思维模式以“万物皆备于我”作主导，往往从自我出发来叙述客观事物，或倾向于描述人及其行为和状态，因而常用人称。
当人称可以不言自喻时，又常常隐含人称或省略人称。
A. 英语用非人称作主语的句子大体可以分为以下两类：
1. 采用“无灵主语”（inanimate subject）表示抽象概念、心理感觉、事物名称或时间地点等，
但谓语却常常使用“有灵动词”(animate verb)，表示人或社会团体的动作和行为，如see, find, bring, give escape, surround, kill, deprive, seize, send, know, tell, permit, invite, take, drive, prevent…from等。
汉语的“有灵动词”一般只能与人称搭配。
汉语往往用人或比较确定的事物作主语。
a.An idea suddenly struck me.
b. A strange peace came over her when she was alone.
c. A great elation overcame them.
d.From the moment we stepped into the People’s Republic of China, care and kindness
surrounded us on every side.
2. 用非人称代词“it”作主语；汉语常用人称，或省略人称，或采用无主句。
a.用作先行词(preparatory “it”), 代替真正的主语或宾语(“to represent a whole group of
words which it would not be convenient to put in the place required by the ordinary rules of word-order without causing ambiguity or obscurity”)
It never occurred to me that she was so dishonest.
b.用作虚义词(unspecified “it”), 代替的主语是难以言明的现象或情形，如用以表示自然现
象、时间、空间以及惯用语中
How is it with the sick man?
It’s windy today.
c.用作强调词（emphatic “it”）
It is in the hour of trial that a man finds his true profession. (B. Shaw)
It is a good horse that never tumbles. (proverb)
d.英语的“there be”句式以及不定代词“one”作主语的句子也有非人称倾向.
One must be a servant before one can be a master. (proverb)
B.英语常用被动式，采用物称表达法；汉语常用主动式，采用人称、泛称或隐称表达法。
A current search of the files indicates that the letter is no longer in this Bureau’s possession. It is noted that the letter was received two months ago and after study, returned to your office. In view of the foregoing, it is regretted that your office has no record of its receipt. If the letter is found, it would be appreciated if this Bureau was notified at once.
家庭作业：
1. Excitement deprived me of all power of utterance.
2. The thick carpet killed the sound of my footsteps.
3. The forty years, 1840-80, brought almost ten million migrants to America.
4. The little chap’s good-natured honest face won his way for him.
5. Friday started with a morning visit to the modern campus of the 22,000-student University
of Michigan in nearby Ann Arbor, where the Chinese table tennis team joined students in the cafeteria line for lunch and later played an exhibition match.
6. It is a long lane that has no turning.
7. It is an ill bird that fouls its own nest.
8. It is an ill wind that blows nobody well.
9. It is a wise man that never blunders./Even homer nods。