初中英语写作思维导图_中考英语
第六章副词(思维导图+知识梳理+好题精炼)2022-2023初中英语中考语法归纳
lately 最近
most 非常;最
mostly 主要地n来自ar 接近nearly 差不多
wide 广阔地;充分地 widely 广泛地
三、副词的分类 (一)时间副词 表 示 动 作 发 生 的 时 间 . 常 见 的 有 now ,then, soon, afterwards, before, lately, presently, early, late, later,
(二)由形容词＋词尾-ly 变来的副词
这些多数是方式副词.如 bravely, quickly, quietly, greatly, carefully, gladly, slowly, deeply, clearly, firmly,
simply 等.
(三)与形容词同形的副词
如 early, enough, far, fast, long, low, little, high, late, lively 等.注意以下副词的不同意义:
第六章 副词 思维导图
知识梳理
一、副词的定义
副词是用来修饰动词、形容词、其他副词以及全句的词,主要用作状语,表示时间、地点、程度,方式等概
念.
二、副词的形式
(一)简单副词
这类副词本身就是副词,没有特殊的词尾.now, how, there, quite, very, always, too, back, again 等.
(四)程度副词 有时又叫强调副词,有的从程度上强调,用来回答 how much 这类问题,可用来修饰形容词、副词,有的还可 用来修饰动词、介词短语、名词、代词和从句等.常见的有 a bit, very, quite, rather, much, too, pretty, so, awfully, almost, entirely, nearly, never, partially, wholly, especially, even, exactly, just, only, simply 等.这类副词一般位于 它所修饰的词的前面. (五)频度副词 描绘一定时间内动作发生的频率的副词.常见的有 always, ever, frequently, never, often, rarely, seldom, sometimes, usually, unusually 等. (六)疑问副词(一般用于特殊问句句首) 主要用来构成特殊疑问句.常见的有 how, when, where, why, what 等. (七)句子副词 这类副词往往和整个句子具有松散的语法关系,而并非修饰某个动词,actually, by all(no)means, decidedly, evidently, generally, frankly, indeed, in my opinion, unexpectedly, no , now, obviously, yes ,undoubtedly, luckily, seriously 等. (八)连接副词 用来连接句子、分句或从句,表示各种关系. 1.表示结果 therefore 因此, accordingly 从而
中考英语语法思维导图(1)冠词(最新整理)
A. An, a
B. An, the
C. /, a
D. /, the
6. This is ________ story I've told you. Isn't it interesting one? (10年第42中学二模)
A. a; the
B. The; an
C. the; a
D. the; the
A. a
B. an
C. the
D.不填
11. -Is ________ English-Chinese dictionary on the desk yours? (2010年唐山路南三模)
-No, I don't have ________ English-Chinese dictionary. I use an English-English dictionary.
A. a
Hale Waihona Puke B. anC. the
D.不填
7.The man in white is __________ university teacher.
A. a
B. an
C. the
D. 不填
3
冠词课后作业
得分：________
1. Could you please tell me where I can get ________ dictionary?(2010年石家庄市桥西摸底)
A. a
B. an
C. the
D.／
19. Have you had ________ breakfast yet? (2010年张家口二模)
A. a
B. an
C. the
(完整版)中考英语语法思维导图(1)冠词
冠词知识不定冠词“一个”定冠词“这那个这那些”零冠词不用冠词虚词，不独用，仅附名词前,即“帽”辅音前读[e?] 元音前读[e?]泛指，表“一个”但概念比one 弱用于某此固定词组中：a lot of 等判断名词是否可单元音前用an 否则用a用于序数词前，表“又一，再一”表示单位，相当于“每”的意思表类别a+可单不译为“一”特指，表“这个那个这些那些”表类别the+单数不译为“这那”指谈话双方都知道的人或事物再次提到上文提到过的人或事物用在世界上独一无二的事物前用在序数词和最高级前of the two 时比较级前用在江河湖海群岛山脉的名称前在姓氏复数前，表夫妇或全家用在play+the+乐器结构中the+adj.表一类人，被视为复数在某些专有/抽象/物质在表示类别在表示类别复数名词前在季节、月份、星期、三餐前称呼语或表示头衔，职务的词前学科和球类运动的名称前名词前有代词或所有格时“世仇”of在习惯说法中:in the morning 等在某些固定词组中:at night,by bus解题步骤先句意后语法固定/习惯用语一个这个那个可数不可数带定语“的”有无冠词区别零冠词现象in(the) front of in(the) hospitalan+元音a+辅音hour/honestAa Ee Ff Hh Ii Ll Mm Nn Oo Rr Ss XxUFO/European冠词中考点习惯用语 a元音开头之an 定冠词the特指(带定语)之the play+the+乐器近七年河北中考冠词真题再现(2006年) 26.There is ________ a pple tree in my garden. It’s over 10.A.theB.aC.anD.不填(2007年)26. ________woman in a purple skirt is Betty’s mother.A.TheB.AC.AnD.不填(2008年)21.My father is________engineer. He works very hard.A. aB. anC. theD.不填(2009年)26. I really like ________book you lent me yesterday.A.aB. anC. theD.不填(2010年)26. Cindy is ________amazing singer. She has lots of fans.A.aB.anC.theD.不填(2011年)26. She learned to play________piano all by herself.A.aB.anC.theD.不填(2012年)26. The children stood in ________ circle and danced to music.A. aB. anC. theD. 不填中考仿题练习1.There is_________orange tree in front of my house. It's over 6 years old.A. theB. aC. anD.不填2.________ man in a blue shirt is Jim’s father.A.AB. AnC. TheD. 不填3.My friend sent me _________E-mail last night.A. aB. anC. theD. 不填4.I don't like __________ car I bought yesterday.A. aB. anC. theD. 不填5.Kiki is ______ ugly dog. I don't like it.A. aB. anC. theD. 不填6.She learned to play_____ violin all by herself.A. aB. anC. theD.不填7.The man in white is __________ university teacher.A. aB. anC. theD. 不填冠词课后作业得分：________1.Could you please tell me where I can get ________ dictionary?(2010年石家庄市桥西摸底)A. aB. anC. theD. /2.This is ________ useful and interesting game, though it is kind of difficult.(10年石市毕业班调研检测)A. aB. anC. theD.不填3.Where is ________ dictionary? I can't find it.(10年石市重点中学摸底大联考)A. aB. anC.theD. /4.________ earth is our only home now.(2010年石家庄市初中毕业班模拟考试)A. AB. AnC. The D．不填5.________India and China are of ________ same continent.(2010裕华区模拟测试)A. An, aB. An, theC. /, aD. /, the6.This is ________ story I've told you. Isn't it interesting one? (10年第42中学二模)A. a; theB. The; anC. the; aD. the; the年第42中学一模拟)7.Planting apple trees is ________ interesting work, don’t you think so? (10A. aB. anC. theD. /8.Who is ________ young man with long hair? (2010年唐山路北四模)A. aB. an C the D．/9.A spaceship flies at about eleven kilometers ________ second．(2010年唐山路北一模)A.不填B. theC. aD. an10.Over the river there is ________ 11-meter-long wooden bridge. (2010年唐山路南二模)A. aB. anC. theD.不填11.-Is ________ English-Chinese dictionary on the desk yours? (2010年唐山路南三模)-No, I don't have ________ English-Chinese dictionary. I use an English-English dictionary.A. an; anB. an; theC. the; anD. the; the12.He is ________ university student and he comes from ________ island in England. (2010年唐山路南一模)A. an; anB. an; aC. a; anD. a; a13.My mother bought me ________ useful dictionary yesterday. (2010年石家庄桥东摸底)A. anB. aC. theD.不填14.-Who's ________ young man with long hair? (2010年石家庄23中模拟)- He is a friend of mine.A. aB. theC. anD. /15.What ________ useful invention it is! (2010年石家庄28中三检)A. aB. an C．the D./16.Leo is ________ unusual boy. He always has some special ideas. (2010年石家庄28中质检)A. aB. anC. theD. 不填17.My mother often tells me to be ________ honest student. (2010年衡水模拟)A. anB. aC. theD. /18.My mother tells me to be ________ honest child. (2010年邢台模拟)A. aB. anC. theD.／19.Have you had ________ breakfast yet? (2010年张家口二模)A. aB. anC. theD.不填20.China is ________ old country with ________ long history. (2010年张家口一模)A. an, aB. a, anC. an, theD. the, a21.________ sun rises in ________ east. (2010河北三模)A. An; aB. The; an C．The;/ D．The; the22.We are going to have ________ supper with ________ Greens tomorrow evening. (2010年石家庄9中模拟)A. a; theB. the; theC.／; ／D. /; the______name of it.(2010年石家庄市28中二模)23.We stayed at a nice hotel in Shanghai. But I can’t rememberA. aB. anC. theD.／24.I hope we can fly to ________ moon one day. (2010年石家庄28中一模)A. aB. anC. theD. /25.-Excuse me. Is there a hospital near here? (2010年邯郸二模)-Yes. It's over there, next to ________ book store.A. aB. anC. theD. /26.__ strong man named Oven was an unusual person when he was ___ university student. (2010年邯郸一模)A. A; aB. The; aC. A; anD. The; an(2010年唐山路北三模)27.-Careless me! I dropped ________ “m” again in “swimmer”．-Be careful next time．A. aB. anC. theD. /28.This is ____ useful dictionary for ____ university student majoring in English. (2011年石家庄基础摸底)A. a, anB. an, aC. a, aD. an, an29.Look! ________ sun is shining brightly. (2011年石家庄27中四段)A. AB. AnC. TheD.不填30.I want to go to Paris where l can1earn ________ French language. (2011年张家口二模)A. aB. anC. theD. /31.At that time Tom was ________ one -year-old baby. (2011年张家口二模)A. aB. anC. theD. /32.Leo is ________ unusual boy. He always has some special ideas. (2011年石家庄28中质检)A. aB. anC. theD. 不填33.________ Smiths were watching TV when the telephone rang.(2011年石家庄裕华基摸)A. AB. AnC. TheD. /34.- How was ________ dinner at Mike's house ? (2011年唐山路北一模)- It was great. Mike's mum is ________ wonderful cook.A. a; theB. the; aC. the; theD. a; a35.I saw a woman came into the shop with ________ 8-year-old boy just now . (2011年石家庄43中模拟)A. aB. anC. TheD. /36.What ________ useful book it is! (2011年张家口一模)A. aB. anC. theD.不填37.That's _____ man l will interview next week. He is a famous _____ lawyer. (2011年石家庄市9中模拟)A. aB. anC. theD. /38.Look! ________ sun is shining brightly.（2011年石家庄27中四阶段）A. AB. AnC. TheD.不填39.This is ________ song I've told you about. Isn't it ________ wonderful one? (2011年石家庄28中二模)A. the; aB. the; theC. a; aD. a; the40.There is ____ “u” in the word "cup" and there is ____ “s” in the word“soup". (2011年石家庄42中一模)A. a; aB. an; a C．an; an D. a; an41.- What do you think of ________ book? (2011年唐山路南二模)-It's not as interesting as I thought it was.A. aB. anC. theD. /42.Don't talk to Simon like that. He is just ________ eleven-year-old boy.( 2011年唐山路北三模)A. aB. anC. theD. /43.What ________ exciting news it is! Is ________ news true? (2011年唐山路南一模)A. an; theB. an; aC. /;theD. /;a44.My brother is _____ honest boy, and he is studying in _____ university. (2012年石家庄43中模拟)A. an; anB. a; aC. an; aD. a; an45.My sister likes playing ____ volleyball while my brother likes playing ____ piano. (2012年40中师大附中)A. the; theB. a ; aC. the; /D. / ; the46.-Excuse me, sir. Which cup is yours? (2012年石家庄40中押题卷)- ________ small one.A. /B. AC. AnD. The47.Tracy bought ________ useful book. ________ book is also very cheap. (2012年石家庄基能评价)A. an, TheB. a, TheC. an, AD. a, Ast Sunday, I bought ________ MP3 for my friend. (2012年石家庄桥东模拟)A. theB. aC. anD. /年石家庄桥东基摸)49.There is ________ “f” in the word “French”. (2012A. aB. theC. anD. /50.It's not ________ good idea to drive for four hours without ________ break. (2012年石家庄28中质检)A. a, aB. a, theC. the, aD. the, the51.We usually go to ____ school on weekdays, and go to ____ cinema on weekends.(2012年石家庄市一模)A. /, theB. the/ theC. the, /D. /, /52.This is ________ story I've told you. Isn't it interesting one? (2010年第42中学二模)A. a; theB. The; anC. the; aD. the; the2010年第42中学一模拟)53.Planting apple trees is ________ interesting work, don’t you think so? (A. aB. anC. theD. /54.In order to make it clear, I will go up to __second floor to ask my mom __second time. (2012年28中模拟)A. the; aB. the; the C a; the D. the;/55.It is well- known that Yao Ming is ________ energetic player. (2012年石家庄28中质检)A. aB. anC. theD. /56.It is ________ useful book. I borrowed it from ________ school library.(2012年石家庄40中某模)A. an; aB. a; anC. a; theD. an; the57.Cathy learned to play ________ piano at the age of 3. (2012年保定二模)A. a B an C the D不填58.More and more foreign students come to China to learn ________ Chinese. (2012年石家庄2中一模)A. aB. anC. theD. /________ music of the film. (2012年邯郸二模)59.I like music, but I don’t likeA. aB. anC. theD. 不填________ usual present, but it is really unusual for me. (2012年邯郸一模)60.It’ｓA. aB. anC. theD. /61.At that time he was only ________ one-year-old baby. (2012年石家庄18县模拟)A. aB. anC. theD. /62.My classmate Liu Wei is ________ honest boy, so we all like him. (2012年石家庄质检)A. aB. anC. theD. /63.Do you like ________ iPhone4 I bought for you last week? (2012年唐山路北二模)A. aB. anC. theD. /64.Do you have ________ internet bar around your school? (2012年唐山路南二模)A. aB. anC. theD. /65.I know ________ woman who is in red. She's Danny's mother.(2012年石家庄新华质检)A. aB. anC. theD. 不填66.Mary said she had never seen ________ UFO before. (2012年邢台二模)A. anB. aC. theD. /年石家庄裕华区二模)67.Look, Simon, ________ Mp5 that I bought last year isn’t working properly. (2012A. aB. anC. theD. 不填68.Alice is wearing ________ orange jacket today. (2012年张家口一模)A. aB. anC. theD.不填69.Is ________ old lady in red your grandmother? (2012年石家庄长安摸底)A. anB. /C. aD. the70.I think it will be ________ exciting game. I won't miss it. (2012年保定一模)A. aB. an C the D.不填。
第十三章动词-ing形式(思维导图+知识梳理+好题精炼)2022-2023初中英语中考语法归纳
第十三章动词-ing形式思维导图知识梳理一、动名词的定义动词-ing形式分为两类:动名词和现在分词.动名词在句中起名词作用,现在分词在句中起形容词或副词作用.动名词是一种动词的非谓语形式,它兼有动词和名词的特征,由动词原形加词尾-ing而成,其构成法与现在分词一样.动名词有时态和语态的变化.(以do为例)从性质上讲,动词的-ing形式相当于名词、形容词、副词.因此,它在句中可用作主语、表语、定语、宾语、状语和宾语补足语.(一)作主语动词-ing形式作主语通常表示一种抽象的动作概念,即泛指某种行为或动作.Eating too much is bad for your health.吃得太多对身体健康有害.Is playing basketball after lunch good or bad for your health?吃完午饭就打篮球对身体健康有益还是有害?Travelling abroad can widen one's outlook.出国旅行会扩大人们的视野.点拨(1)动词-ing形式短语作主语,通常有两种位置:一是放在句首,如上述例句所示;一是用it作形式主语,而将-ing分词短语移到谓语部分之后,以避免句子结构头重脚轻.Having his brother here will make him happier.It will make him happier having his brother here.让他的兄弟待在这里将会使他高兴一些.Swimming in this river is dangerous.It is dangerous swimming in this river.在这条河中游泳很危险.(2)动词-ing形式作主语还可以用于“There is no+-ing形式”(····是不可能的)结构.There is no smoking here.这里不许吸烟.There is no joking about such matters.这件事开不得玩笑.(二)作表语动词-ing形式(短语)作表语有时起名词作用,泛指动作,有时起形容词作用,指主语的性质、状态.His hobby is collecting stamps.他的爱好是集邮.The news is exciting.这消息令人兴奋.The food smells inviting.这道菜香味怡人.My favourite sport is playing table tennis.我最喜欢的运动是乒乓球.The only thing she is interested in is dancing.她唯一感兴趣的就是跳舞.点拨不要把作表语的-ing形式与进行时态相混淆.-ing形式作表语表示主语的某种特征,而进行时态则表示正在进行的动作.试比较:Her job is teaching.她的工作是教书.(teaching是表语)She is teaching there now.她正在那儿上课.(is teaching是现在进行时态)(三)作定语动词-ing形式作定语只表明它所修饰的词的用途、所属关系等,置于被修饰词之前.a working method工作方法a dining car餐车a swimming pool游泳池building materials建材(四)作宾语在某些动词:suggest,finish,avoid,stop,can't help,mind(在乎),admit,advise,consider,deny,enjoy,require, postpone,delay,practise,fancy,excuse,pardon,miss(错过)等后面不能用不定式,而必须用动名词作为宾语.I can't help laughing.我禁不住笑了起来.Return the book to the library as soon as you finish reading it.你一看完这本书就还回图书馆.He enjoys watching TV plays.他喜欢看电视剧.点拨有些动词后既可用动名词,也可用不定式.在动词love,like,begin,start,continue等后,既可用动名词作宾语,也可用不定式作宾语,有时两种结构的意义差别不大.(五)作宾语补足语动词的-ing形式用作宾语补足语,常用在:see,hear,notice,watch,keep,find,feel,get,have等动词之后,与一个名词或代词构成复合宾语;其中宾语和宾语补足语是主谓关系.I saw him walking across the street.我看见他穿过街道.He kept me waiting for a long time.他让我等了很长时间.We watched the army marching down the street towards the park.我们观看部队沿街道朝公园行走.I heard her playing the piano.我听见她在弹钢琴.点拨在see,hear,feel,watch,notice等动词之后,既可用动词-ing形式也可用(不带to的)动词不定式作宾语补足语:如用动词-ing形式,通常表示动作正在进行;用动词不定式,则表示(或强调)动作从开始到结束的全过程.(六)作状语动词的-ing形式短语作状语时,通常都表示主语正在进行的另一动作,用来对谓语动词表示的动作加以修饰或作为陪衬,它可表示时间、原因、结果、条件、让步、方式或伴随动作,相当于相对应的状语从句.Seeing the teacher entering the room,the students stood up.=When the students saw the teacher entering the room,they stood up.学生(们)看见老师进房间,都站了起来.(两个动作同时发生)Being ill,I went home.=Because I was ill,I went home.由于生病,我回家了.The snow lasted a week,resulting in a serious traffic confusion in the whole area.=The snow lasted a week,so it resulted in a serious traffic confusion in the whole area.雪下了一个星期,造成整个地方的严重交通混乱.Be careful when crossing the street.过马路时,要小心.The students walked out of the classroom,laughing and talking.学生们有说有笑走出教室.点拨动名词也可以和about,against,at,before,after,by,besides,for,from,in,on,upon,without等介词构成短语,作状语用.Without saying good-bye,she left him.未告别,她就离开了他.After reading the passage twice,he began to do the exercises.这段文章看了两遍后,他就开始做练习了.Upon returning from Beijing,he went to visit his friend.从北京一回来,他马上就去拜访朋友.三、-ing分词的否定式-ing分词是动词的一种非限定形式,其否定式是一律在其前面加否定词“not”或“never”构成.如:I think it will do you a lot of good not going.我觉得不去对你会有好处的.I left at noon,not staying for lunch.我是中午走的,没有留下来吃午饭.I'm sorry for not having informed you of the meeting.抱歉没通知你开会.I regret not having gone together with her.我后悔没有跟她一起去.四、-ing分词常用于下列句型中It's no use...It's no good...Having difficulty/trouble...There is no...It's no use doing experiments but not considering the results.不考虑结果做实验没有用.It's no good not combining theory with practice.不把理论和实践结合就没有用.I have trouble running a long distance.我跑长跑有困难.There is no denying the fact that we are still backward.不容否认,我们仍然落后.五、动名词的独立主格结构-ing分词也可以用于独立主格结构,由“主格名词或代词＋-ing分词”构成,表示时间、条件、原因、伴随情况等.The clock striking eight,they began working.时钟敲了8响,他们就开始工作了.(表示时间)The weather being fine,we went for a walk.由于天气好,我们出去散散步.(表示原因)Time permitting,we'll come to see you.如果时间允许,我们就来看你.(表示条件)也可由“with/without+宾语＋-ing分词”构成独立主格结构,表示伴随情况.如:You must not sit with your feet pointing at another person.坐着时不要把脚朝着别人.六、动名词作宾语和动词不定式作宾语含义不同部分动词可加动名词作宾语,也可加动词不定式作宾语,但意思不同,如:(一)remember doing sth.表示“记得过去做过的一件事”,remember to do sth.表示“记得要去做某事”I remember seeing him once somewhere.我记得在哪里见过他一次.Remember to see him before he goes away.记住在他离开之前看他.(二)regret doing sth.表示“对过去做过的事情后悔”,regret to do sth.表示“对还没做或将要做的事情表示遗憾”I regret telling you the bad news.我后悔把这个坏消息告诉你.I regret to say I'm unable to help you.很抱歉我不能帮助你.(三)stop doing sth.表示“停止正在做的事情”,stop to do sth.表示“停止什么,然后去做另一件事情”Let's stop talking about it.咱们停止谈论这件事情吧.We stopped to see what happened.我们停下来去看发生了什么事情.(四)forget doing sth.表示“忘记曾做过某事”,forget to do sth.表示“忘记去做某事”I forgot giving the letter to her.我忘了,已经把信给她了.I forgot to post the letter.我忘记发信了.(五)try doing sth.表示“尝试着做某事”,try to do sth.表示“设法做某事”Let's try doing the work some other way.我们用别的方法做这工作试试.We must try to get everything done in time.我们必须设法及时把一切搞好.(六)mean doing sth.表示“意味着,意思是”,mean to do sth.表示“打算、想要”This means helping you.这意味着帮助你.I mean to help him with it.我打算帮助他做这件事情.七、一些与动词-ing形式有关的短语(一)表示有目的、有意识地进行练习或训练某项技能:do+(some)+v.-ingdo some reading读读书do some running跑跑步do some writing练练字This year I am going to do more speaking.今年我要多练口语.(二)表示做一些笼统、不具体指明的事:do+(some)+v.-ingdo some shopping去商店买东西(不指明买哪样具体的东西)do some washing洗东西do some cooking做饭do some cleaning扫除do some sewing缝纫(三)“go+v.-ing形式”大部分表示从事运动、消遣或娱乐活动go dancing去跳舞go swimming去游泳go skating去滑冰go skiing去滑雪go shooting去射击go boating去划船go fishing去钓鱼go hunting去打猎go riding去骑马go walking去散步go running去跑步go sailing去航海八、-ing分词时态及语态(一)-ing分词的特点:-ing分词的时态分为一般式和完成式.一般式所表示的动作与谓语动词的动作往往同时发生.完成式所表示的动作发生在谓语动词的动作之前.He insisted on finishing the work before going home.他坚持在回家前一定要先完成工作.He didn't mention having met me.他没提及已见到了我.I still remember having ever worked together with him.我还记得曾经与他一起共过事.(二)-ing分词的语态-ing分词的被动语态也有一般式和完成式两种.The large house being built near the factory is a new hospital.工厂附近正在施工的大楼是一座新的医院.Having been sent to the wrong address,the letter did not reach her.那封信投错了地址,她没有收到.好题精练选择填空1.Taking pictures_________very interesting.A.isB.areC.to beD.be2._________the bad news made him cry.A.HearB.HeardC.HearingD.Is hearing3._________a desert had always been a risk adventure.A.being crossed.Having crossed C.Crossing D.To have crossed4.Before he came,I'd finished_________the whole book.A.to readB.to have readC.readingD.read5.I always enjoy_________to popular music at night.A.to listenB.listeningC.that I can listenD.if I can listen6.We are considering_________a trip around the island.A.takeB.to takeC.to be takingD.taking7.I hope you don't mind_________at your newspaper.A.I lookB.my lookingC.I lookingD.my to look8.When a man's heart stops_________,he dies.A.to beatB.beatingC.beatD.beaten9.I can't help_________he is still alive.A.thinkingB.thinkC.to thinkD.thought of10.So far as I am concerned,I prefer readingA.than meatB.for joyC.instead of sleeping D to drinking11.It goes without_________that knowledge is important.A.talkingB.tellingC.sayingD.mentioning12.we are looking forward_________our friends next week.A.to seeB.to seeingC.to be seeingD.shall see13.He spent a lot of money_________books and magazines.A.buyB.buyingC.to buyD.bought14.The silkworm is an insect worth_________.A.to knowB.knowingC.to be knownD.being known15.She went out without_________good-bye to us.A.sayB.to sayC.sayingD.being said16.The curious student kept on_________questions.A.asksB.askingC.to askD.asked17.He is such a strange person;there's_________what he'll do next.A.no knowingB.not to knowC.not knownD.being unknown18.When she heard the bad news,she burst_________.A.into cryingB.out to tearsC.cryingD.out crying19.You must never cross the street without_________the light to turn green.A.waitingB.to waitC.waiting forD.to wait for20.Scientists succeed_________protein out of old newspapers.A.to makeB.at makingC.makingD.in making21.I became_________after watching too much television.A.boredB.boringC.boreD.bores22.I felt_________by his interest in my new invention.A.encourage B to encourage C.was encouraged D.encouraged23.He sat there_________a novel.A.readB.readingC.readsD.had read24.Don't wake up the_________child.A.sleepB.sleptC.sleepingD.sleepy25.A proverb goes:"A_________stone gathers no moss”.A.rollB.rollingC.rolledD.rolls26.The heavy rain kept us_________for two hours.A.waitB.waitedC.waitingD.to wait27.I found a dog_________over by a car on the road.A.to runB.runC.ranD.running28.We found the baby_________on the floor.A.sleptB.sleepC.asleepD.sleeping29.Jack saw a woman_________near the dog,so he walked up to her.A.stoodB.standsC.to standD.standing30.They got their ca_________at the garage.A.be washedB.washedC.being washedD.to have been washed 31_________with his report,I told him to write it all over again.A.DissatisfactoryB.Not being satisfiedC.Having not satisfiedD.Dissatisfying32._________our shoes in our hands,we crossed the stream.A.To carryB.CarryingC.CarriedD.Carry33._________my homework,I went home.A.Having finishedB.FinishedC.Being finishedD.Finish34._________the door unlocked,I went in.A.FindingB.FoundC.Had foundD.Have found35._________a careless fellow,he forget all about it.A.IsB.BeC.BeingD.Was答案:1-5ACCCB6-10DBBAD11-15CBBBC16-20BADCD 21-25ADBCB26-30CBCDB 31-35BBAAC。
(完整版)中考英语语法思维导图(3)宾语从句
宾语从句注意事项(1)that可省略*be+形容词+that宾从(2)只用whether,不用if :①+主从②+表从③介词后④ +to do ⑤+让步状从⑥discuss后⑦won der / n ot sure后⑧含义易混时⑨+or not(3)宾从省略式：特殊疑问词+不定式what to do与how to do it4)在think, believe等引导的宾从中，如果否定的是后面的从句，要否定前移近六年河北中考宾语从句原题再现2006 年45.Do you remember _________ ?A.where did you buy the dicti onaryB.where you bought the diet ionaryC.where do you buy the dicti onaryD.where you buy the dicti onary2007 年43. The menu has so many good things! I can ' t decide _.A. what to eatB. how to eatC. where to eatD. when to eat45. I didn ' t understand __________ , so I raised my hand to ask. A. what my teacher saysB. what does my teacher sayC. what my teacher saidD. what did my teacher say90. an, all, boy, he, we, is, thi nk, honest __________________________________2008 年39. We are going for a picnic tomorrow. I ' II call Wendy to make sureA. why to startB.whe n to startC.what to startD.which to start40. You are grow ing so fast. Can you tell me now? A.how fast are youB. how fast you areC.how tall are youD.how tall you are2009 年45. The new-designed car is on show now. I wonder ___ .A. how much it costB. how much did it costC. how much it costsD. how much does it cost90. I, my, will, true, come, hope, dream ________________________________2010 年45. Your T-shirt is so cool. Could you tell me _______ ?A. where you buy itB. where do you buy itC. where you bought itD. where did you buy it90. how, a, showed, to, him, pla ne, make, she, model __________________ 2011 年45.Jenny is on holiday now, I wonder ___ . A.when she will come backB.whe n she came backC.whe n will she come backD.whe n did she come back81.am, will, succeed, day, some, he, sure, I ______________________ .2012 年45. Our teachers always give us good advice. We should follow_______A. what they sayB. what they saidC. which they sayD. which they said90. le nd, Sam, MP5, to, I, yesterday, my .87. people, are, what, they, ki nd。
第十五章句子的成分(思维导图+知识梳理+好题精炼)2022-2023初中英语中考语法归纳
第十五章句子的成分思维导图知识梳理一、句子成分概说句子的各个组成部分,叫做句子成分.英语的句子成分有:主语、谓语、表语、宾语、定语、状语、宾语补足语等.此外有些句子还带有呼唤语、感叹语、插入语,它们在句法上与句子的其他成分不发生关系,叫做独立成分.句子的成分一般由实词担任.实词有名词、代词、形容词、数词、动词和副词.虚词在句子中只起辅助和联系作用,不能做句子成分.虚词有冠词、介词、连词、助动词等.二、句子成分(一)主语主语是一句话的主题,是说话人要说明的对象,表示所谈的是“谁”或是“什么”.主语一般在谓语之前.英语里可担任主语的有名词、代词、数词、名词化的形容词、不定式(短语)、－ing分词(短语)、从句等.Beijing is the capital of China.北京是中国的首都.(名词作主语)They have lived in Beijing since 2019.自2019年以来,他们就住在北京.(代词作主语)Ten is a very important number.10是一个重要数字.(数词作主语)The rich are getting richer and the poor are getting poorer. 富者愈富,贫者愈贫.(名词化的形容词作主语) To read in the sun is bad for your eyes.太阳下看书对你的眼睛不好.(不定式“短语”作主语)Smoking is bad for you.吸烟对你有害.(-ing分词作主语)Whenever you are ready will be fine.你不论什么时候准备好都行.(从句作主语)(二)谓语1.概说谓语是说明主语“做什么”“是什么”或者“怎么样”.谓语(谓语部分里主要的词)用动词.动词常分为实义动词、连系动词、情态动词以及助动词.情态动词和助动词不能单独充当谓语,它们必须和实义动词或系动词一起构成谓语.实义动词包括及物动词和不及物动词,及物动词后面要带宾语.通常情况下,谓语位于主语之后.谓语和主语在“人称”和“数”两方面必须一致.谓语有简单谓语和复合谓语之分.(1)简单谓语.简单谓语由一个动词或短语动词构成.它有时态、语态、语气等.She likes drawing.她喜欢画画.I had finished my homework before 9 o'clock.在9点前我已完成我的家庭作业.(2)复合谓语.①由“连系动词＋表语”构成复合谓语.The game is very boring.这场比赛真没劲.②由“情态动词＋动词原形”构成复合谓语.She can swim very fast.她游泳游得很快.2.谓语和主语的一致一个句子的谓语动词与主语必须在人称和数上保持一致,规则如下:(1)主语是单数必须跟单数形式的动词,主语是复数必须跟复数形式的动词.He is a friend of mine.他是我的一个朋友.(2)两个或两个以上的单数名词由and连接起来作并列主语时,谓语动词用复数.You,he and I arr all students.我、你和他都是学生.He and I like green tea.我和他都喜欢绿茶.点拨(1)用and连接的两个名词如果表示一个整体,谓语动词仍用单数形式.Bacon and eggs was served.火腿和蛋端了上来.Fork and knife was used instead of chopsticks.用刀叉而不是用筷子.(2)有every或each修饰的单数名词并列时,谓语动词用单数形式.第二个every或each可省略.Every hour and(every)minute is important.每一小时,每一分钟都很重要.Each man and(each)woman has a seat.每位男士和女士都就座了.(3)主语是单数,后面有其他干扰的成分如with,together with,along with,aswell as,no less than,like,but,except等短语时,仍和单数形式的谓语动词连用.The teacher,as well as the pupils,is doing morning exercises.老师和学生在做早操.A woman with a baby is coming to the hospital.一个妇女抱着一个婴儿正向医院走来.(4)当两个主语由or,either...or,neither...nor或not only...but also等连接时,谓语动词应和最邻近的主语一致.His parents or his sister often helps him.要么是他父母要么是他姐姐(妹妹)常帮助他.Either Tim or hs brothers have to tidy the room.不是蒂姆,就得是他的兄弟们去打扫房间.Neither the teacher nor the students know the answer.老师和学生都不知道答案.Not only the pupils but also the teacher is going to the cinema.不但学生们,而且连老师也要去看电影.(5)有些集体名词,如:people,police,youth,cattle等用作主语时,谓语动词用复数形式.The police are looking for the missing child.警察在寻找失踪的儿童.People standing there are talking about the bad news.站在那边的人正在议论那个坏消息.Catle arr also kept.还养牛.点拨但people作“民族”解时,作单数用.The Chinese people is a great people.中华民族是一个伟大的民族.(6)有些名词以“s”结尾,但却是单数.如:news,physics,maths,politics等.所以谓语动词应用单数形式.What's the news?这消息是什么?Physics is not very easy to learn.物理不很容易学.Maths is not easy to learn.数学不容易学.(7)在由here和there引起的句子中,如有两个或两个以上的主语,谓语动词通常和最邻近be的那个名词一致.Here are some envelopes and paper for you.这儿有几个信封和纸给你.There is a pen and three books on the desk.书桌上有一支钢笔,三本书.(8)集体名词作主语时,如作为整体看待,谓语动词用单数;如作为个体看待,则用复数.这类集体名词有audience(观众,听众),class(班级),committee(委员会),couple(夫妇),family(家庭),government(政府),group(小组),team(队),army(部队)等.My family is a small one.我的家庭是个小家庭.My family are listening to the radio.我家里人正在听广播.(9)each和由some,any,no,every构成的复合代词,在意义上属于单数.它们作主语时,谓语动词用单数形式.Each day is better than the one before.一天比一天好.Every student must be here on time.每个学生必须按时到这里来.(10)Chinese,French,English,Japanese等名词作主语表示语言时,用单数动词;表示人时,用复数动词.English is spoken in many countries.许许多国家讲英语.The Chinese are very friendly.中国人很友好.(11)表示时间、重量、价值、长度、距离等的复数名词作主语时,把它视作一个整体,谓语动词用单数形式.Fifty years is not a short period.50年并不是一个短时期.Twenty miles is a long way to walk.走二十英里路可是很长的一段路程.(12)a number of与the number of作主语.“a number of+复数可数名词”表示“一些”“许多”的意思,谓语动词用复数;“t he number of+复数可数名词”表示“······的数目、数量”,谓语动词用单数.A number of books are missing from the library.图书馆丢了许多书.The number of workers in this factory is increasing.这家工厂的工人数目正在增加.(三)表语是指跟在连系动词be,seem,look,sound,feel,get,smell,become等词后面的词语或从句,用以说明主语的身份、特征和状态.由名词、代词、形容词、数词、副词、动词不定式、介词短语、-ing分词、过去分词(短语)、从句等充当.You are a student.I am a student,too.你是学生,我也是学生.(名词作表语)-Who is it?是谁呀?-It's me/I.是我.(代词作表语)当人称代词作表语时,在口语中常用宾格,在正式文体中用主格.The girl is quite pretty.这个姑娘长得相当漂亮.(形容词作表语)Five plus seven is twelve.5加7是12.(数词作表语)The meeting is over.会议结束了.(副词作表语)My books are on the desk.我的书在书桌上.(介词短语作表语)My wish is to be an artist.我的愿望是成为一名艺术家.(动词不定式短语作表语)What he likes is reading novels.他的喜好是读小说.(-ing分词短语作表语)Are you excited about your new job?你对你的新工作感到高兴吗?(过去分词作表语)The question is what we should do first.问题是我们先干什么.(从句作表语)(四)宾语1.直接宾语宾语表示动作的对象或行为的承受者,用在及物动词或相当于及物动词的短语动词之后.可以作宾语的有名词、代词、数词、不定式(短语)、名词化的形容词、-ing分词(短语)、从句等.(1)名词作宾语.She is playing the piano now.她正在弹钢琴.Please open the door.请把门打开.(2)代词作宾语.She often helps us with our study.她常常帮助我们学习.We should keep these in mind.我们应该记住这些.(3)数词作宾语.I can give two.我可以给两个.I like the first.我喜欢第一个.(4)不定式(短语)作宾语.He tried to catch up with his dassmates.他设法赶上他的同学.I hate to sing.我不喜欢唱歌.(5)名词化的形容词作宾语.We should respect the old.我们应尊敬老人.The scientists may find out the unknown.科学家们可以发现未知的事物.(6)-ing分词(短语)作宾语.Return the book to the library as soon as you finish reading it.你一看完这本书就还回图书馆.He enjoys wvatching TV plays.他喜欢看电视剧.(7)从句作宾语.She said that she was busy.她说她很忙.The mother asked how her daughter was.母亲问她的女儿身体如何.2.间接宾语在英语中,有些及物动词,如bring,give,send,show,tell,teach,lend,pass等,可以有两个宾语,一个指人,一个指物,指人的叫做间接宾语,指物的叫做直接宾语,间接宾语一般放在直接宾语之前.Can you give me any information on this matter?你能给我提供这些事的任何信息吗?Write me a letter every month,please.请每月给我写封信.Please make her a model plane.请给她做个飞机模型.有时,也可以在间接宾语之前加介词to或for,构成介词短语,并把这个短语放在直接宾语之后.Mother bought the handkerchieffor you, not for me.母亲是给你,而不是给我买的手帕.I took it to the policeman on duty.我把它交给了值勤的警察.(五)定语定语是修饰名词或代词的.定语有前置定语和后置定语之分.一般来说,形容词、代词、数词、名词或名词所有格等作定语时通常放在被修饰的词之前作前置定语;而副词、介词短语、不定式短语、-ing分词短语、-ed分词短语、从句作定语时通常放在被修饰的词之后作后置定语.He said he had an important meeting to attend.他说他有一个重要会议要出席.(形容词作前置定语)This is my friend,Li Da.这是我的朋友,李达.(代词作前置定语)When I sat down, a fourth man rose to speak.我坐下后第4个人又起来发言.(数词作前置定语)We should follow the doctor's advice.我们应该听医生的嘱咐.(名词所有格作前置定语)Who is the man over there?那边的男人是谁?(副词作后置定语)A college in London had agreed to take me.最后伦敦的一所院校同意接受我.(介词短语作后置定语)Can you give me some work to do?你能给我些活儿干吗?(不定式短语作后置定语)Who is the boy dancing over there?在那儿跳舞的少年是谁呀?(-ing分词短语作后置定语)There is a little difference between written English and spoken English.书面英语和口头英语有些不同.(过去分词词组作后置定语)I hate to see letters written in pencil.我讨厌看用铅笔写的信.(-ed分词短语作后置定语)The car that's parked outside is mine.停在外面的汽车是我的.(限制性从句作后置定语)Your car, which I noticed outside, has been hit by another one.我在外面看见你的汽车了,它被另一辆车撞了.(非限制性从句作后置定语)(六)状语1.状语的表现形式状语是修饰动词、形容词、副词以及全句的句子成分.可用作状语的有副词、名词、介词短语、不定式、-ing分词、从句等.This is even better than that.这个比那个更好.(副词作状语)The coat costs 40 dollars.这件上衣值40美元.(名词作状语)She will arrive on Monday.她将于星期一到达.(介词短语作状语)To kill bugs,spray the area regularly.为了杀死臭虫,这地方要经常喷洒.(不定式作状语)They entered the room,talking and laughing.他们又说又笑地走进房间.(-ing分词作状语)She has lived alone since her husband died.自丈夫去世后她一直独自生活.(从句作状语)2.状语的分类状语按照内容可以分为时间状语、地点状语、原因状语、目的状语、结果状语、条件状语、让步状语、方式状语、程度状语、频度状语、伴随状语.What were you doing at ten last night?昨晚十点钟你在干什么?(时间状语)I met Professor Wu at the library.我在图书馆遇见了吴教授.(地点状语)Having no money,he could not buy the TV set.因为没有钱,他不能买电视机.(原因状语)In order to get into a good school, he studies hard day and night.为了考入一个好的学校,他夜以继日地苦读.(目的状语)The wind blew with such force that people could harly stand up against it.风很大,人们几乎站不住.(结果状语)I can't do it without your help.没有你的帮助,我做不成这件事.(条件状语)Whatever/No matter what I said,he refused to go.不论我说什么他都不愿走.(让步状语)He knew the country around as he knewv his own house.他了解那儿的乡村一如他了解自己的房舍.(方式状语)They are now at breakfast, talking about the plan for their trip.他们正在吃早餐,谈论着旅行计划.(伴随状语)We are very busy.我们很忙.(程度状语)作频度状语的副词always,often,usually,seldom,ever,never等一般放在实义动词之前,连系动词之后.They can hardly stay at home alone.他们几乎不单独在家.(频度状语)They are always late for school.他们总是上学迟到.(频度状语)(七)宾语补足语英语中有些及物动词,除了要有一个直接宾语外,还要带上宾语补足语,句子的意思才能完整.宾语和宾语补足语(简称宾补)一起构成复合宾语,二者之间有逻辑上的主谓关系.可以作宾补的有形容词、副词、名词、不定式(短语)、-ing分词(短语)、-ed分词(短语)、介词短语等.I made the room beautiful.我把房子拾掇得漂漂亮亮的.(形容词作宾语补足语)Keep the lights on while you are out.你不在家时,请让灯开着.(副词作宾语补足语)They named the child John.他们给孩子取名约翰.(名词作宾语补足语)What do you want me to do?你希望我为你做些什么事?(不定式短语作宾语补足语)I saw him coming last night.我昨天晚上看见他来了.(-ing分词“短语”作宾语补足语)I had my watch mended in town.我在城里修的表.(叫别人修的表)(-ed分词“短语”作宾语补足语)You should put your things in order.你应该把你的东西摆整齐.(介词短语作宾语补足语)三、独立成分(一)呼唤语称呼人的用语,称为呼语.它可位于句首,也可位于句末或句中.Hurry up,children! or we'll be late.赶快吧,孩子们！否则我们要迟到了.Shylock,how can you hope for mercy yourself when you show none?夏洛克,如果你不宽恕别人,你自己怎能希望得到别人的宽恕呢?(二)感叹语感叹语表示喜怒哀乐等感情.它多位于句首,也可放在句中或句末.常用作感叹语的感叹词有:hello,oh,well,why,alas,ch等.Here!Don'tcry!好了！别哭了！Oh,what a beautiful garden this is!啊！这是多么美丽的花园！Well,well.Here's Jack.啊唷,杰克来了.Why,it is past noon.哎呀,已经过中午了.Ah!I have never heard of such things before!啊！我以前从未听说过这种事情！点拨(1)其他词类的词也可用作感叹词,表示突然的情绪.Fire! Fire! Water! Quick! The house is on fire.着火了！着火了！水！快！房子着火了！(2)yes和no在句子里也是一种独立成分.-Do yo know Tom?你认识汤姆吗?-Yes,I do是的,我认识.(三)插入语在叙事中途往往插入一些词语,对一句话作一些附加的解释.这类词语称为插入语.它可位于句首,句中或句尾.常用的插入语有:Ithink我想,I believe我相信,I suppose 我猜想,I must admit我必须承认,in my opinion 依我看,as far as I know 据我所知,as...is concerned 就······来说,to tell you the truth 说真的,to be frank 坦率地说,in other words 换句话说,after all毕竟,of course 当然,if you don't mind 如果你不介意的话,if I may say so 如果我可以这样说的话,等.By the way,do you know the young man's name?顺便问一下,你知道那个年轻人的名字吗?That's the cheapest suit we have,I'm afraid.恐怕那是我们最便宜的西服了.I say,let's go out for a drive next Sunday.我说,咱们下星期天开车出去兜兜风吧.To be frank, I don't think you are right.坦率地说,我认为你是错的.The cross-talk,I think,was both interesting and instructive.那个相声,我觉得既有趣又能教育人.Honestly,that is all the money I have.老实说,我所有的钱就是这些.好题精练一、从下列对话中划出独立成分1.Wife:First,we need money; second,we need another baby.Husband: Sad to say,I can't trust a woman any more.2.Tom:Fire!Be quick!Bob:Nonsense(胡说)！Tom,you are dreaming!Father:Silence! Mother is sleeping. Tom: No,mother is fighting the fire!Father: Oh, my poor Tom,what a dream you've got!答案:1.First;second; Sad to say2.Fire; Nonsense; Silence; No;Oh二、用动词的适当形式填空1.His family_________ (is,are) a happy one.2.The United States_________ (are,is) to the south of Canada.3.Fifty miles_________ (is,are)a long way to walk.4.Everyone_________ (think,thinks) they are right.5.Here_________ (is,are) the news.6.John andI_________ (work,works)together.7.There_________ (is,are) five pupils in the room.8.My class_________ (are,is)going to the park.9.French_________ (are,is) spoken in many countries.10.Neither James nor Tom_________ (was,were)at home.答案:1.is2.is3.is4.thinks5.is6.work7.are8.are9.is 10.was三、翻译下列句子1.我母亲是一位医生.___________________________________________________________________________________________ _2.天空变得越来越暗了.___________________________________________________________________________________________ _3.我们要使学校变得更美丽.___________________________________________________________________________________________ _4.我发觉那本书很有趣.___________________________________________________________________________________________ _5.别再弄出噪音了.___________________________________________________________________________________________ _6.你吃过午饭了吗?___________________________________________________________________________________________ _7.她给我买了一本词典.___________________________________________________________________________________________ _8.请递给我那张纸.___________________________________________________________________________________________ _答案:1.My mother is a doctor.2.The sky is becoming darker and darker.3.We'll make our school more beautiful.4.I find the book very interesting.5.Stop making a noise.6.Have you had lunch yet?7.She bought me a dictionary/ She bought a dictionary for me.8.Please pass me the paper.。
中考英语高频考点语法攻略思维导图定语从句
功用结构关系代词关系副词that which 区别在复合句中，修饰某一名词或代词的从句叫做定语从句。
被定语从句修饰的词叫做先行词。
定语从句必须放在先行词之后。
引导定语从句的关联词有关系代词和关系副词。
如：This is the present that he gave me for my birthday.这是他为我生日送的礼物。
Do you know everybody who came to the party?你认识来宴会的每一位吗？who：在定语从句中作主语或宾语。
如：The boy who is wearing the black jacket is very clever.穿黑色夹克的男孩非常聪明whom：指人，在定语从句中作宾语。
如：Mr. Lee (whom) you want to see has come.你要见的李先生已经来了。
whose：指人，在定语从句中作定语。
如：I know the boy whose father is a professor.我认识他父亲是教授的那个男孩that多指物，有时也指人，在定语从句中作主语或宾语。
如：I’ve read the newspaper that / which carries the important news.我已经读了那份承载重要新闻的报纸。
which指物，在定语从中作主语或宾语。
如：Here is the book (which) the teacher mentioned yesterday. 这是老师昨天提到的那本书。
when 指时间，在定语从句中作状语。
如：I’ll never forget the time when we worked on the farm. where 指地点，在定语从句中作状语。
如：This is the house where we lived last year.这是我们去年居住的那个房子。
第三章冠词(思维导图+知识梳理+好题精炼)2022-2023初中英语中考语法归纳
3.用在表示阶级、党派的名词前
the working class 工人阶级
the Chinese Communist Party 中国共产党
4.对前面已提到过的人或事物,第二次提到时加定冠词,用以表示特指
I found a picture in the box. The picture was very beautiful.在箱子里发现一张画.这张画非常漂亮.
(二)定冠词的用法
1.特指某个/些人或事物,或指谈话双方都知道的人或事物
Shut the door, please.请关上门.
Give me the pencil.把那支铅笔给我.
2.用在主要由普通名词构成的专有名词前
the People's Daily《人民日报》
the People's Republic of China 中华人民共和国
Once there lived a lion in a forest. Every day the lion went about to look for food.
从前在一片森林里有一只狮子,它每天到处寻找食物.
5.在海洋、江河、湖泊、山脉、群岛、海峡、海湾等地理名词前加定冠词
the Pacific(Ocean)太平洋 the Red Sea 红海 the Thames 泰晤士河
第三章 冠词 思维导图
知识梳理
一、冠词的分类
冠词是加在名词前面的一种辅助词,帮助说明这个名词的含义,在句子中不能单独充当句子成分,是一种
虚词.
冠词分为定冠词 the 和不定冠词 a, an 两种.其不用冠词的情况也称零冠词.
(一)不定冠词
不定冠词有 a 和 an 两种形式.a 用在以辅音开头的词前,an 用在以元音开头的词前.判断一个词是以元音
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初中英语写作思维导图_中考英语 写作时需考虑哪些方面的因素？ （1）本话题所需要的词块、语块。 （2）本话题的写作模板结构等。 （3）本话题所涉及到的经典名句、谚语等。 2 困惑与对策 困惑1：写什么？ 以《How to learn well?》为题，写一篇作文，那么我们应该如何入手开始写作呢？列一个思维导图，能够帮你整理好一篇作文的写作框架。
困惑2：如何选材？ 即使知道了写作框架，但在补充框架时又会遇到另一个困惑：如何选材？以下是一些关于写作选材的建议：
1．选定英语思维导图各区域所需的词块和语块。 2．将各区域的词块和语块按段落写成连贯的语篇。 3．对照思维导图自我批改，注意人称、时态语态、句型结构的正确使用。
困惑3：如何表达？ 很多学生在写作时，使用的句式比较单一，因此文章大多雷同，缺乏个性。 针对这些问题，我们可以从以下几个方面改进：
1．对相同意思，注意不同句式的表达法，选择更好的句式。 2．短文写作，表达力求精悍、生动、丰富，避免重复用一样的句式。
3．特别注意使用承上启下的词语和句子。
3 思维导图在英语作文写作中的应用实例 写作流程： 1. 审题、理清思路：考虑写什么（挑选关键词，搭建作文框架）。
2. 选择词语：根据话题和作文框架选用所需要的语料（词块和语块）。
3. 遣词造句：根据思维导图中的语料，用合适的句型写作。 4. 语篇定稿：根据思维导图修改润色作文--紧扣主题、表达准确，关联自然，语篇流畅。
实例1： 假如你有两位同学--芳芳和明明，参加了上星期二学校组织的英语演讲比赛，他们的不同表现使你深有感触。请你根据下列表各中的内容提示写一篇英语短文。
参考词汇：英语演讲比赛 English Speech Contest 要求： 1. 词数：80~100个 2. 短文开头已给出，不计入总词数 3. 要点齐全，行文连贯，可适当发挥 Last Tuesday Fangfang and Mingming entered the English Speech Contest in our school. What they did make me think deeply.
Before the contest, Fangfang thought__________________.
范文1 Last Tuesday Fangfang and Mingming entered the English Speech Contest in our school. What they did make me think deeply.
Before the contest, Fangfang thought her English was the best. So shespent lots of time picking some beautiful clothes for herself instead of trying to work hard at English for the contest. As a result, she didn t do well in the contest because she hadn t got ready for the contest. But Mingming was different from Fangfang. He worked hard at Englishand asked others for help. Especially, his leg was hurt two days before the contest, but he never gave up. In the end, he won the contest.
No doubt, from Mingming we should learn : No pains, No gains. From now on, I mush learn fromMingming.
范文2 Last Tuesday Fangfang and Mingming entered the English Speech Contest in our school. What they did make me think deeply.
Before the contest, Fangfang thought she was good at English, and that she didn t need to spend more time on the contest at all. She alwaysconsidered picking some beautiful clothes for the contest. But Mingming was different. He worked hard at English and asked others for help. Though he had hurt his leg two days before the contest, he never gave up. In the end, Fangfang didn t get ready well enough. At the contest, she was so nervous that she she failed. But Mingming won because of his efforts.
In my opinion, we should learn from Mingming: Work hard and make progress every day.
范文3 Last Tuesday Fangfang and Mingming entered the English Speech Contest in our school. What they did make me think deeply.
Before the contest, Fangfang thought that she was good at English. So it wasn t necessary to spend lots of time preparing for the contest. What she only thought was what clothes should wear, which make herself more beautiful at the contest. At last, she was too nervous to finish the contestbecause she didn t get ready very well.
Instead, Mingming had been working at English and asking others for help. What s more, he had hurt his leg two days before the contest. But he had never given up. As the result, he won the contest.
I think we should learn from Mingming: Work hard and never give up.
实例2： 生活是丰富多彩的，没有爱好的人生是不完整的人生。亲爱的同学，在生活中，你有什么兴趣爱好吗？这个兴趣爱好是怎样培养起来的？它给你的生活增添了哪些色彩？请你以 为题，结合自己的亲身经历写一篇短文。（词数80个左右）
要求： 1.语句通顺，合乎逻辑，书写规范。 2.文中不得出现真实的姓名和学校名称。 范文1 Reading is my hobby. When I was seven years old, one day, I read a comic book about how a girl beat a wolf. I was moved deeply by the girl.From then on I became interested in reading books.
Reading can not only kill the time, but also, more importantly, help improve my skills. And books can teach me how to be a good person. Books can also solve many problems for me.
In a word, reading books can make my life colorful. I will read more good books to improve myself in the future.
范文2 My favourite hobby is watching movies in the cinema. Three years ago, while I was watching the adventure 3D film Avatar in the cinema, I was attracted by the beautiful sights. It