英美文学史
英美文学简史名词解释黑色幽默
英美文学简史名词解释黑色幽默1、“黑色幽默”的来源1965年，美国作家弗里德曼根据一些作家在小说中表现出来的共同思想、艺术特征，选取了十二个作家的有关小说片断，辑为《黑色幽默》集。
八个月后，另一作家尼克贝克又发表了《致命一蜇的幽默》一文。
从此以后，“黑色幽默”的名称便广泛传开。
这13位作家中，约瑟夫·海勒、托马斯·品钦、弗拉迪米尔·纳博科夫、约翰·巴思的影响较大，他们与唐纳德·巴塞尔姆（1931-1989）、库特·冯内古特、威廉·加斯等人一起成为黑色幽默作家的代表。
从60年代中期开始，黑色幽默这一文学流派异军突起，成为美国现当代文学中举足轻重、颇具影响力的文学流派，在美国现当代文学史上留下了浓墨重彩的一笔。
从“文革”后期开始，美国黑色幽默小说开始进入中国学者的视野，并被翻译成汉语。
进入新时期以后，美国黑色幽默小说就更多地被介绍给中国读者，这些作品的汉译对中国本土文学的创作产生了不容忽视的影响。
2、黑色幽默小说的特点“黑色”是指可怕而又滑稽的客观现实，“幽默”是指有自由意志的个性对这种现实所采取的嘲笑态度。
“黑色幽默”所以产生的原因很多，最主要的是战争创伤、社会动乱所引起的人们对末日临头的预感和科学技术的畸形发展所造成的人的个性丧失。
一句话，是本身就充满着“黑色幽默”色彩的美国社会现实在文学上的反映。
黑色幽默作家面对着资本主义世界日益恶化的社会矛盾，看到了社会的畸形与弊病，看到了周围世界与“自我”的敌对，不再相信“社会和谐”的说法，对人类的“完美境界”也不抱任何希望。
他们信奉存在主义，但比存在主义走得还远。
认为在荒谬的生存条件中，人能够进行自由选择的可能性是非常有限的，甚至是不存在的。
他们更加强调绝对的荒谬，思想也显得更加绝望。
因此，他们以无情的揭露和辛辣的嘲讽为己任。
黑色幽默作家冯尼格说“黑色幽默是大难临头时的幽默”“绞刑架下的幽默”，反映了他们在创作上的思想和情绪。
聊城大学《英美文学史》期末复习题及参考答案
《英美文学史》练习题I.Multiple Choices: Each of the statements below is followed by four alternative answers. Choose the one that would best complete the statement and put the letter in the brackets. Write your answers in the corresponding space on the ANSWER SHEET.1.The white whale, Moby Dick, symbolizes _______ for Melville, for it is complex, unfathomable, malignant, and beautiful as well.A.SocietyB. natureC. ocean animalsD. human being2.After the American Civil War, the literary interest in the so-called "reality" of life started a new period in the American literary writings know an the Age of ________ .A. Realism B . Reason and Revolution C . RomanticismD. Enlightenment3.The ______ A ge of the 1920s characterized by frivolity and carelessness is brought vividly to life in The Great Gatsby.A. Lost B . Jazz C . ReasonD . Gilded4.Eugene O'Neill is regarded as the founder of American _______ .A. poetryB. dramaC. fictionD. literature5.As a literary figure, Shylock appears in _______ .A. Jane EyreB. The Merchant of VeniceC. Withering HeightD. Middlemarch6.The ______ A ge of the 1920s characterized by frivolity and carelessness is brought vividly to life in The Great Gatsby.A. LostB. JazzC. Reason D . Gilded7.Contrary to the traditional romance of aristocrats, the modern English novel gives a realistic presentation of life of _______ .A. the common English peopleB. the upper classC. nobility and the landed gentryD.the enterprising landlords8.In William Faulkner's writings, the modem _____ technique was frequently and skillfully used to emphasize the reactions and inner musings of the narrator.A. archetypalB. deconstructionistC. stream-of-consciousnessD. structuralist9.Edgar Allan Poe put forward the following literary ideas EXCEPT _______ .A.Poems should be as long as Homer's epics.B.Melancholy is thus the most legitimate of all the poetic tones.C.He stressed the principle of concenlration and thematic totality.D.Poems should be short enough so that it can be read at one sitting.10.Mark Twain wrote the following novels EXCEPT ______ .A. Jumping FrogB. Life on the MississippiC. The Wings of DoveD. The Adventures of Tom SawyerII. Match the writers and works under the two columns, and put the letter of the work in the bracket before the author's name. Write your answers in the corresponding space on the III. Explain the following terms. Write your answers in the corresponding space on the ANSWER SHEET.1. Alliteration2. Hemingway Code Hero3. American Drcam4. Black HumorIV. Read the quoted parts carefully and answer the questions in English. Write your answers in the corresponding space on the ANSWER SHEET.1.ANSWER SHEET.( )1. James Joyce()2. Harriet Bccchcr Stowe( )3. Emily Dickinson()4. William FaulknerFoundling()5. Charles DickensHuckleberry Finn()6. Henry Fielding( )7. Ernest Hemingway()8. John Keats()9. Alfred, Lord Tennyson ()10. Mark Twaina. The Sound and the Furyb. The Old Mem and the Seac. Ode to a Nightingaled. The History of Tome Jones, ae. The Adventures off. Break, Break, Breakg. Uncle Tom 's Cabinh. Dublinersi. A Tale of Two Citiesj. Because I could not stop for Death()11. Percy Bysshe Shelley ()12.T. S. Eliot ()13. O. Henry ()14. Kale Chopin ()15. Robert Frost ()16. Jonathan Swift ()17. Virginia Woolf ()18. John Milton ()19. Charlotte Bronte ()20. D. H. Lawrencea. The Road Not Takenb. Gulliver s Travelsc. Paradise Lostd. Jane Eyree. Sons and Loversf Mrs Dallowayg. The Waste Landh. The Cop and the Anthemi. The A wakeningj. Ode to the West WindQuotation: "'My boy!' said the old gentleman, leaning over the desk. Oliver startled at the sound. He might be excused for doing so, for the words were kindly said, and strange sounds frighten one. He trembled violently and burst into tears.” (Charles Dickens, Oliver Twist) Questions: Explain why the boy (Oliver Twist) started first, then trembled violently and burst into tears when th e words were “kindly" said.2.T shall be telling this with a sighSomewhere ages and ages hence:Two roads diverged in a wood, and I —I took the one less traveled by,And that has made all the difference."Questions:(1)Identify the poem and the poet.(2)What does the phrase "ages and ages hence,, mean?(3)What idea does the quoted passage express?V.Answer the following question: How should we learn literature, Or what shall we do whenwe learn? Write your answers in the corresponding space on the ANSWER SHEET.《英美文学史》练习题答题纸I.Multiple Choices: Each of the statements below is followed by four alternative answers. Choose the one that would best complete the statement and put the letter in the brackets.Write your answers in the corresponding space on the ANSWER SHEET.1 -5: _________________ 6-10: __________________________II.Match the writers and works under the two columns, and put the letter of the work in the bracket before the author's name. Write your answers in the corresponding space on the ANSWER SHEET. (2* x 10= 20')I.( ) 2, ( ) 3.( )4.( ) 5.( ) 6.( ) 7,( ) 8. ( ) 9. ( ) 10.()II.( ) 12.( ) 13,( ) 14,( ) 15.( ) 16.( ) 17.( ) 18.( ) 19.( ) 20.()III.Define the literary terms listed below. Write your answers in the corresponding space on the ANSWER SHEET.1. Alliteration2.Hemingway Code Hero3.American Dream4.Black HumorIV.Read the quoted parts carefully and answer the questions in English. Write your answers in the corresponding space on the ANSWER SHEET.V.Answer the following question: How should we learn literature, Or what shall we do when we learn? Write your answers in the corresponding space on the ANSWER SHEET.《英美文学史》练习题答案I.Multiple Choices: Each of the statements below is followed by four alternative answers. Choose the one that would best complete the statement and put the letter in the brackets.参考答案:1-5 ： BABB B 6-10: B AC ACII.Match the writers and works under the two columns, and put the letter of the work in the bracket before the author's name.参考答案：L(h) 2.(g)3.(j) 4.(a) 5・(i) 6.(d) 7.(b) 8.(c) 9.(f) 10.(e)11.(j) 12. (g) 13. (h) 14. (i) 15.(a) 16. (b) 17.(f) 18.(c) 19. (d) 20. ( e )III.Define the literary terms listed below.参考答案Alliteration: alliteration means a repetition of the initial sounds of several words in a line or group. Alliteration is a traditional poetic device in English literature. Robert Frost's "'Acquainted with the Night,, is a case in point: T have stood still and stopped the sound of feet".1.Hemingway Code Hero: Hemingway Code Hero, also called code hero, is one who, wounded but strong more sensitive, enjoys the pleasures of life (sex, alcohol, sport) in face of ruin and death, and maintains, through some notion of a code, an ideal of himself. Barnes in the Sun also Rises, Henry in a Farewell to Arms and Santiago in the Old Man and the Sea are typical of Hemingway Code Hero.2.American Dream: American dream means the belief that everyone can succeed as long ashe/she works hard enough. It usually implies a successful and satisfying life. It usually framed in.............................密...............封......................................... 线terms of American capitalism, its associated purported meritocracy, and the freedoms guaranteed bythe U.S. Bill of Rights.3.Black Humor: the use of morbid and the absurd for darkly comic purposes in modem fiction and drama. The term refers as much to the tone of anger and bitterness as it does to the grotesque andmorbid situations, which often deal with suffering, anxiety, and death. Black humor is a substantial element in the Anti-novel and the Theatre of Absurd. Joseph Heller's Catch-22 is an almostarchetypal example.IV.Read the quoted parts carefully and answer the questions in English. Write your answersin the corresponding space on the answer sheet.参考答案:1. The boy startled at the words because kind words were not expected; it is (was, must be) thefirst time in all his life that the boy (Oliver Twist) had ever been "kindly" greeted; strange soundsmay predict another suffering/ misfortune/ torture/...) (At least one example from the text isexpected to back up the above statement)2.(1)Robert Frost: "The Road Not Taken”.(2)Many many years later.(3)The speaker is telling his experience of making the choice of the roads. But he is conscious ofthe fact that his choice will have made all the difference in his life. He seems to be giving asuggestion to the reader. u make good choice of your life."V.Answer the following question: How should we learn literature, Or what aspects shall we learn about literature? Write your answers in the corresponding space on the answer sheet.参考答案Learn about the the social and political context for each period;(1)Learn about the major literary schools and their distinguishing characteristics;(2)Representative authors of each period and their major works;(3)When wc study a specific literary text, pay attention to: Contcnt-thc idea the writer wants to express through the work; meaning; fonn-diction, figures of speech, as well as larger elements, such as plot, theme, lone, characterization, narrative technique etc;(4)Be an active reader; read , think and write sth. on an author or work you are interested in..............................密...............封 ......................................... 线(5)Some knowledge of history, philosophy, psychology, aesthetics and other disciplines can help learn literature better.。
英国文学简史期末考试资料
英国文学简史期末考试资料英国文学简史英美文学史名词翻译Neoclassicism (新古典主义) Renaissance (文艺复兴)Metaphysical poetry (玄学派诗歌) Classism (古典主义)EnlighteXXXent (启蒙运动) Romanticism (浪漫主义)Byronic Hero (拜伦式英雄) Aestheticism（美学主义）Stream of consciousness (意识流) the Age of Realism (现实主义阶段) Naturalism (自然主义) Local Colorist (乡土文学)Imagism (意象主义) The Lost Generation (迷惘的一代)Surrealism (超现实主义) The Beat Generation (垮掉的一代) Metaphysical poets (玄学派诗人）New Criticism (新批判主义)Feminism(女权主义) Hemingway Code Hero (海明威式英雄) Impressionism (印象主义) Post modernity (后现代主义)Realism (现实主义) Allegory (寓言)Romance (传说) epic(史诗)Blank Verse (无韵诗) Essay (随笔)Masques or Masks (假面剧) Spenserian Stanza (斯宾塞诗节)Three Unities (三一.原则) Meter (格律)Soliloquy (独白) Cavalier poets (骑士派诗人)Elegy (挽歌) . Action/plot (情节)Atmosphere (基调) Epigram (警句)The Heroic Couplet (英雄对偶句) Sentimentalism (感伤主义文学)Aside (旁白) Denouement (戏剧结局)parable (寓言) Genre (流派)Irony (反讽) Satire (讽刺)Lyric (抒情诗) Ode (颂歌)Pastoral (田园诗) Canto (诗章)Lake Poets (湖畔诗人) Image (意象)Dramatic monologue（戏剧独白）Psychological novel (心理小讲)Allusion (典故) Protagonist and Antagonist (正面人物与反面人物) Symbolism (象征主义) Existentialism (存在主义)Anti-hero (反面人物) Rhyme (押韵)Round Character (丰满的人物) Flat character (平淡的人物)Oedipus complex (俄狄浦斯情结/蛮母厌父情结) Iambic pentameter (抑扬格五音步)Poetic license (诗的破格) Legend (传奇)Myth (神话) Pessimism (悲观主义)Tragicomedy (悲喜剧) Comedy of manners (风俗喜剧)Free Verse (自由体诗歌) Magic realism (魔幻现实主义) Autobiography (自传) Biography (传记)Foot (足注) Protagonist (正面人物)Psychological Realism (心理现实主义) Setting (背景)Chronicle《编年史》Ballads 民谣consonant(协调,一致) repetition (反复)repeated initial(开头的)一、中世纪文学（约5世纪—1485）《贝奥武甫》（Beowulf）《高文爵士和绿衣骑士》（Sir Gawain and the Green Knight )杰弗利·乔叟（Geoffrey Chaucer) ―英国诗歌之父（Father of English Poetry）《坎特伯雷故事》（The Canterbury Tales ）二、文艺复兴阶段文学（15世纪后期—17世纪初）托马斯·莫尔（Thomas More ）《乌托邦》（Utopia）埃德蒙·斯宾塞（Edmund Spenser）《仙后》（The Faerie Queene)弗兰西斯·培根（Francis Bacon）《论讲文集》（Essays)克里斯托弗·马洛（Christopher Marlowe）《帖木儿大帝》（Tamburlaine）《浮士德博士的悲剧》（The Tragical History of the Life and Death of Dr. Faustus）《马耳他岛的犹太人》（The Jew of Malta ）威廉·莎士比亚(William Shakespeare ）四大悲剧: Hamlet（哈姆雷特）、Othello（奥瑟罗）、King Lear（李尔王）、Macbeth（麦克白）四大喜剧：A Midsummer Night's Dream《仲夏夜之梦》As you like it《皆大欢喜》Twelfth Night 《第十二夜》The merchant of Venice 《威尼斯商人》三、17世纪文学约翰·弥尔顿John Milton 《失乐园》（Paradise Lost）（诗人、政论家;失明后写《失乐园》、《复乐园》、《力士参孙》。
英美文学史：英国与美国的关系
Influence caused by Suez Crisis
Britain: politics, defense policies, defense
forces, colonials
fade away
America: controlled Suez River
World: War for independence, layout of Middle East
"the United States is without doubt the most important ally of the United Kingdom" ——William Hague
Background Information
Structure
Background Information
History Deveilpment and factors
UK: maintain its identity as a world power & rebuild its economy
US: need allies to fight against the Soviet Union
special relationship
Summary
Descendants of Anglo-Saxons
Britain complicated
Americent, future)
Israel-Lebanon conflict
Iraq War
Barack Obama VS
Gordon Brown
The relationship between US & UK
By Group Three Sunny, Selivia,Canacsa,Seven, White
外研社英美文学简史及名篇选读教学课件英国文学u2
A nine-line stanza consisting of eight lines of iambic pentameter and a concluding line of iambic hexameter, rhyming ABABBCBCC , named after English poet Edmund Spenser.
Other definition:
During the 14th and 16th centuries an intellectual movement known as the Renaissance swept Europe. It was characterized by admiration of the Greek and Latin classic works. The sonnet and other Italian literary influences began to appear in English literature. (谢福之，2013:67）
2. Plot and theme of The Faerie Queene :
--12 books were to describe the 12 adventures (only finished 6). Each knight represents a virtue, as Holiness, Chastity, Friendship, Justice and Courtesy. It is written in a 9-line stanza form, named Spenserian Stanza.
(3) His works paved the way for the plays of the greatest English dramatist，Shakespeare.
英美文学流派与作家知识点整理
英美文学流派与作家知识点整理英美文学源远流长，在其发展历程中涌现出了众多的文学流派和杰出作家，这些流派和作家的作品不仅反映了当时的社会、文化和历史背景，也展现了人类思想和情感的丰富多样性。
以下是对一些重要的英美文学流派与作家的知识点整理。
一、浪漫主义文学浪漫主义文学兴起于 18 世纪末至 19 世纪初，强调个人情感、想象力和自然的重要性。
（一）英国浪漫主义作家1、威廉·华兹华斯（William Wordsworth）他是英国浪漫主义诗歌的先驱之一，其作品强调对自然的热爱和对普通人生活的关注。
代表作有《抒情歌谣集》（Lyrical Ballads）。
2、塞缪尔·泰勒·柯勒律治（Samuel Taylor Coleridge）他的诗作充满奇幻的想象和神秘的元素，《古舟子咏》（The Rime of the Ancient Mariner）是其经典之作。
3、乔治·戈登·拜伦（George Gordon Byron）拜伦以其奔放的激情和叛逆的精神著称，作品有《唐璜》（Don Juan）等。
4、珀西·比希·雪莱（Percy Bysshe Shelley）雪莱的诗歌富有理想主义和革命精神，《西风颂》（Ode to theWest Wind）广为流传。
（二）美国浪漫主义作家1、华盛顿·欧文（Washington Irving）他的作品具有浓厚的地方色彩和幽默风格，《瑞普·凡·温克尔》（Rip Van Winkle）是其代表作。
2、詹姆斯·费尼莫·库珀（James Fenimore Cooper）以描写边疆生活和印第安人而闻名，《皮袜子故事集》（The Leatherstocking Tales）是其重要作品。
二、现实主义文学现实主义文学在 19 世纪中叶兴起，注重真实地反映社会现实和生活。
（一）英国现实主义作家1、查尔斯·狄更斯（Charles Dickens）狄更斯的作品生动描绘了英国社会底层人民的生活，如《雾都孤儿》（Oliver Twist）、《大卫·科波菲尔》（David Copperfield）。
英美文学简史及名篇选读
Old ages (Angles-Saxons Period)●Period: 449AD Three tribes of Angles, Saxons and Jutes——1066 The Norman Conquest●Beowulf: the first English epic1. Three epics: (Beowulf; Paradise Lost; White Whale)2. Epic is a long narrative poem that records the adventure of a hero, whose exploits are important to the history of a nation.3. Features: alliteration; a lot of metaphors and understatementsMedieval ages:●Period: about1066——about1500●Three languages:1. French became official language used by the king and Norman lords.2. Latin was the principal tongue of church affairs and in universities.3. Old English was used only by common English people.●Romance: describes the adventure of a knight who devoted himself to the king, the church or the lord.Eg. the best of Arthurian romance: Sir Gawain and the Green Knight●Geoffrey Chaucer1. The father of English poetry2. The founder of English realism3. The forerunner of humanism4. The first writer to use current English language; use common English words;And be interred in the “Poets’ Corner” in Westminster Abbey.●The Canterbury Tales1. describes comprehensive realistic picture of English society of his time/ panorama(ordinary daily life)2. heroic couplets（英雄双韵体）: iambic pentameter(抑扬格五音步) which rhymes in pairs or couplets（双韵）●Scotland Ballad: a narrative poem written in four-line stanzas. Usually only the second and fourth lines rhyme.Eg. Get Up and Bar the Door by Robin HoodRenaissance (14-17.5): transition from medieval to modern worldItaly; literature(poetry and drama), painting, sculpture●Reasons:1. rediscovery of Roman and Greek culture2. discovery of geography and astrology3. religious reformation4. economic development●Reaching England slowly:1. separating from the Continent2. domestic unrest●Background1. The War of the Roses2. The Reformation3. The Enclosure Movement4. The Commercial Expansion●Two features1. literary spirit: humanism(keynote): human activities; Man is the measure of all things.2. literary form: classical literature especially drama: 5 acts and many scenes●Period(15.5——16——17.5)1. (beginning)Henry Ⅷ; (summit)Queen Elizabeth2. First period: imitation and assimilation(Petrarch)3. Second period: classical literature and Italy humanism●Status:1. Best representatives of humanist: William Shakespeare; Thomas More; Christopher Marlowe2. The most outstanding forms: poetry and poetic drama(William Shakespeare and Ben Jonson)3. The most famous dramatists: William Shakespeare; Christopher Marlowe; Ben Jonson●Trivial Figures:1. Wyatt introduced sonnet and Surrey introduced the blank verse to England.2. Francis Bacon: essayist; the founder of modern science; the founder of materialist philosophy; scientific method Advancement of Learning; New Instrument; Of Truth; Of Studies; Of Travel; Of Wisdom3. William Caxton: the first person to introduce printing4. Christopher Marlowe used the blank verse with mighty lines; “University Wits”;Tamburlaine the Great帖木儿大帝5. John Donne: metaphysical poetry6. Thomas More: Utopi a meaning “no place”7. Edmund Spenser: poet’s poet;Spenserian stanza: 8 lines of iambic pentameter and a concluding line of iambic hexameter; ABAB BCBC C The Fair QueenWilliam Shakespeare1. works: 37 plays, 2 long poems and 154 sonnets(126 friendships and 28 love)2. First period: different genresRomeo and Juliet3. Second period: comediesThe Merchant of Venice; Twelfth Night; A Midsummer Night’s Dream; As You Like It4. Third period: tragedies reflects social contradictions of the age(feudalism VS capitalism)Hamlet; Othello; King Lear; Macbeth5. Fourth period: (Period of Romance)The Tempest; The Winter’s Tale6. Hamlet: soliloquy; blank verse(unrhymed iambic pentameter)7. sonnet: Italian sonnet and English sonnet(three quatrains and a couplet rhyming abab cdcd efef gg)The Seventeenth Century●Three events:Bourgeois revolution(civil war) between Charles Ⅷ and the parliamentOliver Cromwell built a commonwealthThe Restoration by Charles Ⅷ.●Two features:Two groups (Milton and Cavalier poets)+ Metaphysical poetLiterature in the Puritan Age expressed rage and sadness.●John Milton(Christian humanist)His creed: the freedom of manHis grand style: sublimity of thought and majesty of expressionHe has ambition to write an epic which English would “not willingly let die”.1. Lycidas2. (prose) Areopagitica《论出版自由》; A Defense of the English People3. Paradise Lost(Restoration in 1660); Paradise Regained(Christ); Samson Agonistes(Bible or Greek literature)●Paradise Lost: 12 books; from Old Testament-Genesis; blank verseThe theme is “Fall of Man”. It tells disobedience of men and the loss of Paradise with the prime cause Satan.His intention is to expose the way of Satan and to “justify the ways God to men”.He expresses implicitly the fundamental concerns of freedom and choice.●Paradise Regained: Man shall find grace.●Samson Agonistes: bring destruction upon the enemy at the cost of his own life.While his achievements in literature not only make him tower over all the other English writers of his time, but also exert a great influence on later ones.Trivial figures:1. John Donne: metaphysical poet; The Flea (conceit/metaphor); Songs and Sonnet2. John Bunyan: Christian allegory The Pilgrim’s Process-Vanity Fair3. John Dryden: critics An Essay of Dramatic PoesyThe Eighteenth Century: The Age of ReasonThis century is the most peaceful era in Great Britain.●Three reasons for the eighteenth century1. Glorious revolution helped the bourgeoisie come to power.2. Industrial revolution and fast-expanding colonization boosted the development of capitalism.3. The Enlightenment Movement focusing on reason flourished.●Three literature trends:●Other writers:1. Sheridan：The School of Scandal●Daniel Defoe: describing the enterprising capitalist society; one of the forerunner of English realistic novelRobinson Crusoe (optimistic enterprising spirit)●Jonathan Swift: a master of pamphlet and the greatest satiristNovels: Gulliver’s Travels; Battles of the books (a satire of two-party state system); A Tale of a Tub (a satire of church)Pamphlet: A Modest Proposal (attacking the English government exploiting and draining Ireland of wealth and resources);●Henry Fielding: “father of the English novel”; Chaucer “father of the English poetry”One of founders of the English realism;giving a comprehensive picture of the life of 18th century England, from country to cityJoseph Andrew; The Story of Tom Jones, a Foundling; Amelia;●Tomas Gray: one of the leading figures of Sentimentalism; one of “Graveyard Poets”Elegy Written in a Country ChurchyardPre-romanticism is to resist rationality and restraint, to call for passion and romance, and to return to medieval literature.●William Blake: Pre-romantic poet and painter; He wrote his poems in a plain, simple, and direct way.His poems often imply romantic spirit, natural sentiment and individual originality.Two collections of short lyrics: Songs of Innocence (beautiful nature, innocent children and harmonious world); Songs of Experience (more mature and gloomier darker in the theme and the tone)The Marriage between Heaven and Hell; Milton;Prophecy: The French Revolution; America●Robert Burns: Pre-romantic Scottish poet; a poet of peasants and common peopleHe was greatly influenced by Scottish folk songs.Expressing the feelings and daily life of working people and the optimism and dignity of common people Theme: fresh romantic spirit of friendship and loveA Red Red Rose; Farewell to ScotlandEnglish Literature in Romantic Age (1798-1832)●Duration: the publication of Wordsworth and Coleridge’s joint work Lyric Ballads-the death of Walt Scott.●Reasons:1. Industrial Revolution and Enclosure Movement2. French Revolution and American Revolution●Features:1. As a violent struggle against the Enlightenment, romanticism focused on passion, individual and inner life.Romanticists expressed the ideology and sentiment of working class who were discontented with and opposed to the development of capitalism.Working class hailed the doctrine of “Liberty, Equality and Fraternity”.●Key poets and two novelists of Romantic movement:Novelists: Walt Scott (historical novelist) and Jane Austin (realistic female novelist)●William Wordsworth: “Laureate Poet”; poet of natureExperience: roaming in free area→touring in Europe and witnessing the French revolution→full of sympathy for the lives of common peopleLyric Ballads; Lucy Poems; in Two V olumes; The Excursion; The Prelude;She Dwelt Among the Untrodden Ways; I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud; The Solitary Reaper●George Gordon Lord Byron: “Byronic Heroes” who are man with fiery passion and unbending willHours of Idleness; Don Juan; Childe Harold’s Pilgrimage; The Age of Bronze；She Walks in BeautyPercy Bysshe Shelly: a master of poetry and politics; the first poet who sang for working class in Europe “Mad Shelly” for his sensitive nature and crazy rebellion against injusticeHis work reflected radical ideas and revolutionary optimism.A pamphlet against religion: The Necessity of Atheism;Odes: Ode to the Skylark; Ode to the West Wind (political lyrics with five stanzas of iambic pentameter) Four-act poetic drama: Prometheus UnboundA great theory of poetry: A Defense of PoetryPoems: Song to the Men of England; Queen Mab●John Keats: a poet of “pure poetry”; “art for art’s sake”; poems with sensual imaginary; surgeon→poetOde to a Nightingale; Ode to Melancholy; Ode to a Grecian Urn; To Autumn; Ode to PsycheThe Eve of St. Agnes●Walt Scott: Scottish historical novelist; the founder and master of the historical novel; lawyer→novelistTo combine historical fact with romantic imagination: Waverley; Ivanhoe●Jane Austen: the founder of the novel which deals with unimportant middle-class peopleShe explored the independence of woman on marriage and brought the novel of family life to its highest point of perfection.Pride and Prejudice(Elizabeth Bennet and Darcy); Sense and Sensibility;English Literature of Modernization (WWⅠ and WWⅠ)●Features:1. The sun-never-set empire collapsed.2. There were various philosophical ideas:Marx and Engels’s theory of scientific socialismDarwin’s theory of evolutionEinstein’s theory of relativityFreud’s analytical psychology3. Irrational philosophy (非理性哲学) against realism: Arthur Schopenhauer→Nietzsche→Henry Bergson4. Modernism rose out of skepticism (Victorian values) and disillusion of capitalism (to explore).●George Bernard Shaw: great playwright secondary to Shakespeare; critic and polemicist (清朝)Fabian society; socialism; against “arts for arts’ sake” and for reflecting human lifeCashel Baryon’s Profession (novel);Early drama: Widowers’ Houses (unfair landlordism); Mrs. Warren’s Profession (prostitude; economic oppression of woman);Middle drama: The Doctor’s Dilemma: ignorance, incompetence, arrogance and bigotry of the medical profession Major Barbara; Pygmalion 卖花女; Saint Joan 圣女贞德（a satire of the rigid British social hierarchy and a commentary of woman independence）Later drama: Too True to be Good(难以置信);●John Galsworthy● James Joyce: Irish writerDubliners （a collection of short stories which reflect three aspects of life in politics, culture and religion ）； Ulysses (parodying the episodes of Homer’s Odyssey)Three exponents of the stream -of –consciousness: James Joyce, Virginia Woolf and Faulkner. ● Virginia Woolf : the central figure of Bloomsbury Group; forerunner of feminismThe Mark on the Wall （first ）; Mrs. Dalloway 达洛维夫人; To the Lighthouse 到灯塔去; A Room of one’s Own; The Waves (the climax of Virginia Woolf’s experiments through the novel form of stream of consciousness) ● D. H. Lawrence: a controversial figure because his frank treatment of sexThe Rainbow; Women in Love (Ursula and Birkin; Gudrun and Gerald); Lady Chatterley’s Lover (noblewoman’s love affair with a servant)William Butler Yeats: 叶芝 first writer to win the Noble Prize in Literature in Ireland When You Are Old (to Maud Gonne)three trilogiesfirst trilogyThe forstye SagaThe Man of Property 财主The Chancery 骑虎难下To let 出租second trilogyModern ComedyThe White MonkeyThe Sliver Spoon Swan Song third trilogyEnd of the ChapterMaid in WaitingThe Flowering Wilderness Over the riverEnglish Literature of Realization (Victorian Age 1832-1902Queen Victorian: 1837-1902;This period is the remarkable in the development of the country, marked by a great expansion of British Empire. 1832: the death of Walter Scott; The Reform ActSocial problems:1. the political power passed into hands of middle-class industrial capitalists2. the problem of women influenced by Industrial Revolution3. contradiction between the rich and the poor4. the conflicts between capital and labor5. the widespread unemployment6. the severe depression7. the system of workhouseEnglish critical realism: to describe traits of English society and criticize the capitalism from a democratic view Main figures: Charles Dickens; William Makepeace Thackeray; Charlotte Bronte; Mrs. Gaskell; George Eliot; Tomas HardyCharles Dickens: the greatest novelist in Victorian Age; the greatest representative of English critical realism First period (naïve optimism): Sketches by Boz博兹札记; Pickwick Papers; Oliver Twist; The Old Curiosity Shop Second period (A travel to America; hopelessness to democracy): David Copperfield; A Christmas CarolLast period (intensifying pessimism): Bleak House; Hard Times; A Tale of two Cities (London and Pairs); Great ExpectationBronte sisters:Charlotte Bronte; Emily Bronte; Ann BronteJane Eyre; Wuthering Heights; Agnes GreyTomas Hardy: semi-fictional region of Wessex; theme is the futility of man’s effort to struggle against cruel fate Tess of the d’Urbervilles (fatalism)Browning:Robert Browning; Mrs. BrowningMy Last Duchess; How do I Love Thee?Other writer:1. Mrs. Gaskell: The Life of Charlotte Bronte2. George Eliot: pseudonym of Mary Ann Events; Middlemarch3. Lewis Carroll: a university teacher in Oxford; Alice’s Adventure in Wonderland; Through the Looking-glass4. Robert Lewis Stevenson: travel a lot due to his weak lungs; Treasure Island5. Oscar Wilde: The Importance of Being Earnest 不可儿戏6. William Makepeace Thackeray: Vanity Fair (a satirical novel with title from Bunyan)7. Alfred Lord Tennyson: The EagleAmerican Literature of Romanticism (1820-1860) The American Renaissance●New England Transcendentalism: Emerson and Thoreaudivinity; individual’s intuition; feeling over reason●Washington Irving: father of American short story; comic fablesThe Sketch Book: The Legend of Sleepy Hollow; Rip V an Wrinkle; Life of George Washington●Nathaniel Hawthorne: Psychological fictions; symbolism; Calvinistic beliefThe Scarlet Letter; The Minister’s Black Veil; The Birthmark; Young Goodman Brown; The House of Seven Gables ●Edgar Allan Poe: father of detective stories; Gothic tales (horror and mystery); poetry for beauty: To Helen●Henry Wadsworth Longfellow: the most beloved American poet; great versatility;A Psalm of Life (the first American poem introduced to China); I Shot an Arrow (friendship)●Walt Whitman: the most influential poet in America; free verseLeaves of Grass: Democratic Bible/ National Epic; Drum Taps; O Captain! My Captain! To the StatesWhen Lilacs Last in the Dooryard Bloom’d: Air his sorrow about the death of LincolnThere was a Child Went Forth: himself and AmericaCavalry Crossing a Ford: Civil WarSong of Myself: belief in the singularity and equality of all beings in value●Harriet Beecher Stowe: abolitionistAnti-slavery novel: Uncle Tom’s Cabin●Other writers:1. James Fenimore Cooper: frontier adventuresLeatherstocking Tales: The Pioneers; The Last of Mohicans; The Prairie; The Path Finder; The Deerslayer2. Emerson: Nature;3. Thoreau: Walden (Nature is divine, and human can communicate with it by way of pure senses.)4. Rebecca Harding Davis: social realism4. Herman Melville: Moby-Dick; TypeeAmerican Literature of Realism (1860-1914 ) Civil War-WWⅠ●Three reasons for the coming of American Realism:1. The Civil War overturned the moral value of American, and people began to question the human nature and thebenevolence of God.2. After the Civil War, industrialization and mechanization flourished, giving rise to the affluent mid-class.3. The gap between poverty and wealth expanded.●Three characteristics of American Realism:1. Realists focused on the straightforward and objective description of real life2. Realists were interested in commonplace and depicted people from all social levels.3. American realism approached the harsh realities by experience.●Naturalism: Darwin’s evolutionary theory+ French novelist Emile ZolaTheodore Dreiser; Stephen Crane: A Red Badge of Courage;Jack London: Martin EdenKate Chopin: the forerunner of feminist authors; The Awakening●Three novelists: Mark Twain (lower class); Howells (middle class); Henry James (upper class)●Mark Twain(Samuel Langhorne Clemens):vernacular(colloquial); local colorist; father of American literature(William Faulkner);His writing features are strong local colors, colloquial speech and witty remarks.The Celebrated Jumping Frog of Calaveras County; The Innocents Abroad; The Adventures of Tom Sawyer; Life on Mississippi;The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn (Huck and Jim looked for freedom; Hemingway: all modern American literature comes);The Gilded Age (Charles Warner; post-Civil War)●Henry James: the forerunner of “stream of consciousness”;the founder of psychological realismdescribe inner world by his psychological approach; international theme; cosmopolitan novelist; literary essayist First period: The American; Daisy Miller; The Portrait of a Lady; The Europeans;Second period: The Turn of a ScrewThird period: What Maisie Knows; The Golden Bowl; The Wings of the Dove; The AmbassadorsLiterary criticism: The Art of Fiction (The novel aims to present the life.)●Emily Dickinson(——): great poet with 1775 poemsTheme: love, religion, death and immortality in physical, psychological and emotional termsnature (more than 500)：Nature’ inscrutability(不可预测) and indifference to human beingsSuccess; I’m Nobody; I Died for Beauty;I Like to See it Lap the Miles (Train is the part of nature like an animal.)I Heard a Fly Buzz—When I Died(the moment of death)This is my Letter to the World (her anxiety about her communication with the outside world)Because I Could Not Stop for Death (personification of Death and Immortality)Her poems are usually based on her experiences, her sorrows and joys.●Theodore Dreiser:Naturalism: Darwin’s idea; The world is like a juggle; Man is a “victim of forces over which he has no control”.Sister Carrie; An American Tragedy: real criminal cases; “Trilogy of Desire”: Financier; The Titan; The Stoic●Robert Frost: living in New England; Pulitzer Prize for Poetry for four times; Congressional Gold MedalA link between the 19-century American literature and Modernism with traditional form and modern themeHis work is distinguished by its simple style, colloquial speech and metaphorical images.A Boy’s Will (the development of a boy from egoism to maturity full of characteristics of New England)North of Boston “a book of people in New England”New Hampshire-Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening (continue to proceed after having a break)The Road Not Taken (Different way of life)After Apple Picking (a sense of completeness yet hopelessness)American Literature of Modernism (1914-1915) WWⅠ - WWⅠ●Reasons for modernism:1. Two wars cost many lives and destructed much property.2. Philosophical ideas such as Einstein’s theory of relativity and Freud’s analytical psychology flourished.3. The establishment of Nobel Prize in literature has promoted the development of literature.●Feature for modernism: to express disillusionment with tradition and interest in new technologies and visions●Feature of the Lost Generation: to express their loss, despair and disillusionment●Figures of the Lost Generation: Ernest Hemingway and Fitzgerald●Ezra Pound: imagism (A visual image and concrete instances can be poetic and abstract.)Confucius; Shih-Ching; In a Station of the Metro● E. E. Comings: an avant-garde poet with typographical style (scattered words); mimic Ezra Pound’s imagismIn Just-●Wallace Stevens: gifted nonprofessional poet; power of imagination and description of concrete objects Anecdote of the Jar: jar (imagination and creation); hill (bewildering and chaotic world)●Williams Carlos Williams: variable foot; meter(格律：stressed) and lineation (分行：line breaks and stanzas) The Red Wheelbarrow●William Faulkner: composite stream of consciousness(free form); Southern Renaissance-The fugitive Yoknapakawpha county;The Sound and the Fury(four characters; no capitalization and punctuation); A Rose for Emily;●T. S. Eliot: an innovative poet, playwright and criticPoems using a lot of mythology, allusion, symbolism and disconnected images;New Criticism focusing on regarding work as an independent of both author and reader;Poems: The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock; The Waste Land (disillusionment of spirit of the former generation); The Hollow Men; For Quartets Play: Murder in Cathedral●Ernest Hemingway: Lost generation(disillusioned and confused); iceberg theoryEconomical and understated(terse) writing styleCoded heroes have “grace under pressure” and “despairing courage”.A Farewell to Arms; Green Hills of Africa; The Snows of Kilimanjaro; For Whom the Bell Tolls;A Clean, well-Lighted Place (nihilism and existentialism)● F. Scott. Fitzgerald: chronicler of the Jazz Age of America(1918-1929 Roaring Twenties); Lost GenerationStyle: satire and criticism of the worship of hedonism and moneyThe Great Gatsby: aspiration and desire, innocence and hypocrisy, idealism and decadence(堕落), illusion and disillusionTender is the Night；The Side of Paradise●Eugene O’Nell: one of the greatest playwright in America; the first dramatist to win the Nobel Prize in Literature The Hairy Ape: dehumanization (非人性化) and oppression of capitalism, disillusion and loss of the working class The Emperor Jones●Other writers:1. Sinclair Lewis: novelist; the first American to win the Nobel Prize in LiteratureMain Street: criticism of capitalism and materialism after World War ⅧBabbitt: (babbittry: narrow-minded, complacent and bourgeois )2. Pearl S. Buck: an American having lived in China; the first woman to win the Nobel Prize in LiteratureGood Earth: peasant life of China3. Gertrude stein: hosting a Pairs Salon for famous writers4.Margaret Mitchell：Gone with the Windngston Hughes: Harlem Renaissance 哈莱姆(New Negro Movement); the earliest innovator of Jazz poetry Dream（Martin Luther King-I Have a Dream）6. Richard Wright:a black writer focusing on racism; The Native Son6. John Steinbeck: plight of working class and migrant workers in rural areas in Great DepressionThe Grapes of Wrath: economic and social plight of farmers; Of Mice and Men。
英美文学1
英美文学史复习标准版1（盎格鲁萨克逊时期到盎格鲁罗曼）时期划分c---century---Early&Medieval literature: The Anglo-Saxon period(5c-11c)和The Anglo-Norman period(11c-15c)---Renaissance(16c) 文艺复兴---Revolution&Restoration (17c)资产阶级革命与王权复辟---Enlightenment (18c)启蒙运动---Romantic Period(1798-1832 19c) 浪漫主义时期一．The Anglo-Saxon period(496-1066)1.pagan异教徒Christian基督徒2.代表作：The song of Beowulf《贝奥武甫》异教徒诗歌（national epic 民族史诗，英国史上第一部史诗）采用了暗喻（metaphor）和押头韵（alliterate）的手法。
内容：讲述了挪威一个勇士贝奥武甫与怪物格伦德尔搏斗，使其断臂而死。
怪物之母为子复仇，又被他追踪杀死。
后来他做了国王。
一次火龙来犯，他挺身斩龙，伤中而死。
人民为他举行了隆重的丧礼。
三次战斗 a.与格伦德尔Grendelb.与格伦德尔的母亲Grendel’s motherc.与火龙firedrake二．The Anglo-Norman period（1066-1350）1.Romance传奇描写的是骑士的冒险精神和典雅爱情，表现骑士为获得荣誉、保护宗教或赢得贵妇人的爱情而到处冒险的骑士精神的文学。
2.代表作：Sir Gawain and the Green Knight《高文爵士和绿衣骑士》押头韵（alliterate）描写的是古代亚瑟王属下一个“圆桌骑士”Knights of the Round 的奇遇。
基本情节是：某年圣诞节，亚瑟王在自己的宫廷里举行宴会。
英美文学重点知识归纳
英美文学重点知识归纳一、英美文学的概念和特点英美文学是指英国和美国的文学作品，包括小说、诗歌、剧本等。
它具有以下几个特点：1.多元化：英美文学以其丰富多样的风格和流派而闻名。
从古典主义到浪漫主义，从现代主义到后现代主义，英美文学不断演变和发展，展示了人类思想和情感的多样性。
2.自由和开放性：英美文学强调个体的自由和独立思考，在作品中反映了社会、政治和文化的变革。
自由主义和个人主义的精神贯穿在英美文学的历史中。
3.注重个人感受和情感表达：英美文学注重个人感受和情感表达，通过描写人物内心的矛盾和困惑，展示了人性的复杂和多样性。
二、英美文学的重要时期和代表作品1. 文艺复兴时期（16世纪）文艺复兴时期是英美文学的重要里程碑，代表作品有：•威廉·莎士比亚的剧作《哈姆雷特》、《罗密欧与朱丽叶》等，深刻地反映了人性的复杂性和命运的无常。
•约翰·米尔顿的史诗《失乐园》，通过对上帝、撒旦和亚当夏娃的描写，揭示了人类的原罪和思想的自由。
2. 浪漫主义时期（18世纪末至19世纪初）浪漫主义时期是英美文学的重要发展阶段，代表作品有：•威廉·华兹华斯的诗集《抒情诗选集》，强调对自然和个人感受的表达，展现了对自由和灵魂的渴望。
•简·奥斯汀的小说《傲慢与偏见》，通过对社会等级和女性地位的描写，呈现了封建社会的弊端。
3. 现代主义时期（20世纪初至中期）现代主义时期是英美文学的革命性时期，代表作品有：•弗吉尼亚·伍尔夫的小说《至灵之泉》，以流动的意识流体式叙述，探索了心灵的迷茫和现代社会的困惑。
•T·S·艾略特的诗集《荒原》，通过对现代社会的批判和对个体灵魂的探索，反映了人类在现代社会中的孤独和迷失。
三、英美文学的重要作家和代表作1. 威廉·莎士比亚（1564-1616）威廉·莎士比亚是英国文学史上最伟大的剧作家之一，代表作品有：•《哈姆雷特》：探讨了人性的矛盾和命运的无常，是世界戏剧史上最重要的作品之一。
英美文学史练习题和复习资料4
4. The Victorian PeriodMultiple-choice questions1.In Hard Times, Dickens attacks ______ that rules over the English educationalsystem and destroys young hearts and minds.A.bourgeois commercialismB.religious hypocrisyC.the utilitarian principleD.political corruptness2.______ is the first important governess novel in the English literary history.A. Jane EyreB. EmmaC. Wuthering HeightD. Middlemarch3.Which of the following best describe the nature of Hardy‟s later novels?A. SentimentalismB. SurrealismC. Comic senseD. Tragic sense4.______ is the most representative Victorian poet whose poetry voices the doubtand the faith, the grief and the joy of English people in an age of fast change.A. Robert BrowningB. Alfred TennysonC. George G. ByronD. Thomas Hardy5.Which of the following statements is not a typical feature of Charles Dickens?A.He sets out a large-scale criticism of the inhuman social institutions and thedecaying social morality.B.His works are characterized by a mingling of humor and pathos.C.The characters portrayed by Dickens are often larger than life.D.He shows a human being not at moments of crisis, but in the most trivialincidents of everyday life.6.“As for society, he was carried every other day into the hall where the boys dined,and there socially flogged as a public warning and example.”What figure of speech is used in the above sentence?A. SimileB. MetaphorC. IronyD. Overstatement7.“I will drink/ life to the lees.” In the quoted line Ulysses is saying that he ______till the end of his life.A.will keep travelling and exploringB.will go on drinking and being happyC.would like to toast to his glorious lifeD.would like t drink the cup of wine8.“She smiled, no doubt,/ Whene‟er I passed her…/ … This grew; I gave commands;/ Then all smiles stopped together.” The quoted lines imply that she ______.A.obeyed his order and stopped smiling at everyday, including the duke.B.obeyed his order and stopped smiling at anybody except the duke.C.Refused to obey the order and never smiled againD.was murdered at the order of duke9. A contemporary of Alfred Tennyson, ______ is acknowledged by many as themost original and experimental poet of the time.A. Thomas CarlyleB. Thomas B. MacaulayC. Robert BrowningD. T. S. Eliot10.Most of Hardy‟s novels are set in ______, the fictional primitive and crude ruralregion that is really the home place he both loves and hates.A. YorkshireB. WessexC. LondonD. Manchester11.“The floating pollen seemed to be his notes made visible, and the dampness of thegarden the weeping of the garden‟s sensibility.” The quoted sentence is suggestive of ______.A.the richness of the music in the gardenB.the beauty of the scenery in the gardenC.the great power of the music in affecting the environmentD.the harmony and oneness of the music, the garden and the heroine Tess.12.In the statement “---Oh, God! Would you like to live with your soul in thegrave?” the term “soul” apparently refers to ______.A. Heathcliff himselfB. CatherineC. one‟s spiritual lifeD. one‟s ghost13.“I have talked, face to face, with what I reverence; with what I delight in --- withan original, a vigorous, an expanded mind.” Here in the quoted passage, Jane isreally saying that she has talked face to face with ______.A.God who appears in her dreamsB.The reverent priestC.Mr. RochesterD.Miss Ingram14.In the clause “As Mr. Gamfield did happen to labor under the slight imputation ofhaving bruised three or four boys to death already…” , the word “slight” is used as a(n) ______.A. simileB. metaphorC. ironyD. overstatement15.Dickens takes the French Revolution as the background of the novel ______.A. Great ExpectationsB. A Tale of Two CitiesC. Bleak HouseD. Oliver Twist16.The Victorian Age was largely an age of _____, eminently represented by Dickensand Thackeray.A. poetryB. dramaC. proseD. epic prose17.The title of Alfred Tennyson‟s poem “Ulysses”reminds the reader of thefollowing except ______.A. the Trojan WarB. HomerC. questD. Chirst18.The character Rochester in Jane Eyre can be well termed as a ______.A. conventional heroB. Byronic heroC. chivalrous aristocratD. Homeric hero19.Mr. Micawber in David Copperfield and Sam Well in Pickwick Pape r are perhapsthe best ______ characters created by Charles Dickens.A. comicalB. tragicC. roundD. sophisticated20.The typical feature of Robert Browning‟s poetry is the ______.A. bitter satireB. larger-than-life caricatureC. Latinized dictionD. dramatic monologue21.In Tess of the D’Urbervilles, Thomas Hardy resolutely makes a seduced girl hisheroine, which clearly demonstrates the author‟s ______ of the Victorian moral standards.A. blind fondnessB. total acceptanceC. deep understandingD. mounting defiance22.In Hardy‟s Tess of the D’urberville s, the heroine‟s tragic ending is due to ______.A. her weak characterB. her ambitionC. Angel Clare‟s selfishnessD. a hostile society23.“The dehumanizing workhouse system and the dark, criminal underworld life” arethe right words to sum up the main theme of _____.A. David CopperfieldB. A Tale of Two CitiesC. Oliver TwistD. Bleak House24.“For a week after the commission of the impious and profane offence of askingfor more, Oliver remained a close prisoner in the dark and solitary room to which he had been consigned by the wisdom and mercy of the board.”In the above passage quoted from Oliver Twist, Dickens uses the words “wisdom”and “mercy” ______.A. ironicall yB. carelesslyC. nonchalantlyD. impartially25.“…and then how they met I hardly saw, but Catherine made a spring, and hecaught her, and they were locked in an embrace…” In the quoted passage, Emily Bronte tells the story in ______ point of view.A. first personB. second personC. third person limitedD. third person omniscientBlank filling1.Dickens‟best-depicted characters are those innocent, virtuous, helpless_child__characters, those horrible and grotesque characters and those broadly humorous or __comical___ ones.2.Charlotte Bronte‟s works are famous for the depiction of the life of themiddle-class working women, particularly __governess____.3.Wuthering Heights is the ___only___ novel written by Emily Bronte.4. A contemporary of Alfred Tennyson, __Robert Browning__ is acknowledged bymany as the most original and experimental poet of the time.5.__In Memorian____, Tennyson‟s greatest work, is presumably an elegy on thedeath of a dear friend.6.In her study of human life, George Eliot paid particular attention to therelationship between the individual personality and the social environment_. 7.Thomas Hardy is often regarded as a __transitional___ writer, in whose works wesee the influence from both the past and the present, both the traditional and the modern.8.The major novelists of the Victorian period made bitter and strong criticism_ ofthe inhuman social institutions and the decaying social morality.9.The Victorian Age in English literature was largely an age of prose, especially othe __novel____.10.The typical feature of Robert Browning‟s poetry is the __dramatic monologue_.Reading comprehension(for each of the quotations listed below please give the name of the author and the title of the literary work from which it is taken and then briefly interpret it.)1.“Let it not be supposed by the enemies of …the system‟, that during the period ofhis solitary incarceration, Oliver was denied the benefit of exercise, the pleasure of society, or the advantages of religious consolation.”Reference：The sentence is taken from Charles Dicken s‟ early novel, Oliver Twist. It is a typical example of irony. The word “benefit”, “pleasure”, and “advantage” actually mean the opposite. For the “benefit” of exercise, Oliver was whipped every morning in a stone yard; for the “pleasure” of society, he was carried every other day into the dinning hall and flogged as a public warning and example to the boys; and as for the “advantages” of religious consolation, he was kicked into the same apartment every evening at prayer time and listen to the boy‟s prayer to be guarded against his sins and vices. The ironic statement is, in fact, a bitter denunciation and fierce attack at the brutal, inhuman treatment of the poor orphan by the workhouse authority.2.“Do you think, because I am poor, obscure, plain and little, I am soulless andheartless? --- You think wrong!--- I have as much soul as you--- and full as muchheart…I am not talking to you now through the medium of custom, conventionalities, or even of mortal flesh;---it is my spirit that addresses your spirit; just as if both had passed through the grave, and we stood at God‟s feet, equal--- as we are!”Reference: The statement is taken from Charlotte Bronte‟s masterpiece Jane Eyre. In this famous declaration, Jane proves herself a new, unconventional woman, a woman who believes in the basic human rights, in the independence and equality of people of all social classes. She is courageous enough to defy the social conventions that discriminate against the poor and the unfortunate and deprive them of their right to equality. It is not just a personal protest and declaration a governess makes to her master, but a declaration made on behalf of all the unfortunate middle-class working women, and of all the poor people in the world.3.“He flung himself into the nearest seat, and on my approaching hurriedly toascertain if she had fainted, he gnashed at me, and foamed like a mad dog, and gathered her to him with greedy jealousy. I did not feel as if I were in the company of a cr eature of my own species…”Reference: The sentences are taken from Emily Bronte‟s Wuthering Heights. It is a description of the mad, desperate love between Catherine and Heathcliff in her death scene. Heathcliff, seeing his love on the verge of death, was heart-broken. Though they two tortured each other with many a false charge, they were eager to cling to each other at this last moment. Heathcliff, in his eagerness to have her all to himself, now behaved like an animal greedily and jealously guarding his dear one or treasured prey. The terms “gnashed” and “foamed”, simple action words, vividly presents the image of a man desperate in his desire to take possession of his beloved and in his anxiety that someone would come and take her away from him.4.“Tho‟/ We are not now that strength which in old days/ Moved earth and heaven;that which we are, we are;/ One equal temper of heroic hearts,/ Made weak by time and fate, but strong in will/ To strive, to speak, to find, and not to yield.”Reference: These lines are taken from Alfred Tennyson‟s “Ulysses”. In this poem, the old Ulysses is trying to persuade his old followers into setting upon further adventurewith him again. in these lines, he argues that great strength they used to have in their past glorious days, they still have the same strong will and the same heroic spirit to go on struggling and seeking new knowledge until the end of their life. his undying heroic spirit is admirable, indeed.5.“I repeat,/ The Count your master‟s known munificence/ Is ample warrant that nojust pretense/ Of mine for dowry will be disallowed; / Though his fair daughter‟s self, as I avowed/ As starting, is my object.”Reference: These lines are taken from Robert Browning‟s “My Last Duchess”. The main idea is that even though, as I said at the very beginning, my real interest in the marriage is his beautiful daughter (it should be his niece) herself, my claim of the money and property that must come with the bride can‟t be refused by your master, the Count, because he is such a rich man. The statement reveals the Duke‟s unashamed greediness for wealth. From his word, the reader can easily come to the conclusion that his real purpose of the second marriage is not for love, but for money. The marriage is conditioned by his demand for profit. The sacred marriage between people has been commercialized by him.。