英美文学史简介

合集下载

英美文学主要内容

英美文学作品选读Selected Readings of British LiteratureThis subject is about the historical development of British literature, it describes the lives and careers of the great and major writers, especially their representative works.英国1. 中古英国文学（8世纪-14世纪）2. 文艺复兴时期（14世纪-17世纪中）3. 新古典主义时期（17世纪中-18世纪）4. 浪漫主义时期（18世纪中-19世纪中）5. 维多利亚时期（1836- 1901）6. 现代主义时期（19世纪末-20世纪）Mediaeval times (the 8th ~ 14th century)1)The Anglo-saxon period:About Teutons: before the invasion of Britain, the Teutons inhabited the central part of Europe as far as the Rhine, a tract which in a large measured coincides with the modern Germany. The Jutes, Angles and Saxons were different tribes of Teutons. These ancestors of the English dwelt in Danmark and in the lands extending southward along the North Sea.The literature form of this period falls into two divisions –pagan and Christian. The former represents the poetry which the Anglo-Saxons probably brought with them in the form of oral saga. The latter represents the writings developed under the teaching of the monks. Two important poets in this period are Caedmon and Cynewulf.The Song of Beowulf: the poem can be justly termed England’s national epic, its hero Beowulf is one of the national heroes of the English people. Thematically, the poem presents a vivid picture of how the primitive people wage heroic struggles again the hostile forces of the natural world under a wise and mighty leader.2)The Anglo-Norman period: the literature of this period is remarkable for its bright, romantic tales oflove and adventure, in contrast with the strength and somberness of Anglo-Saxon poetry. Sir Gawain and the Green Knight is the representative. Its theme is a series of the tests on faith, courage, purity and human weakness for self-preservation. The story presents a profoundly Christian view of man’s character and his destiny. By placing self-protection before honour, and deceit before his trust in the love of God, Gawain has sinned and fallen and become an image of Adam. Sir Gawain and the Green Knight is undoubtedly a romance told with the purpose of portraying ideal character in action.3)Geoffrey Chaucer,the ‘father of English poetry”and one of the greatest narrative poets of England.Chaucer greatly contributed to the founding of the English literary language, the basis of which was formed by the London dialect, so profusely used by the poet. Chaucer’s masterpiece is the Canterbury Tales, one of the most famous works in all literature, which has given us a picture of contemporary English life, its work and play, its deeds and dreams, its fun and sympathy and hearty joy of living such as no other single work of literature has ever equaled. These people include young squire, yeoman, forester, Prioress, miller, ploughman, etc.文艺复兴时期文学The Renaissancethe 16th century in England was a period of breaking up of feudal relations and the establishing of the foundations of capitalism. New social and economic conditions brought about great changes in the development of science and art, this period is marked by a flourishing of national culture known as the Renaissance, which originally indicated a revival of classical (Greek and Roman) arts and sciences after the dark ages of medieval obscurantism (vagueness).In Elizabethan period, English literature developed with a great speed. The most distinctive achievement of Elizabethan literature is drama. Next to drama is the lyrical poetry, remarkable for its variety and freshness and romantic feeling. In the renaissance period, scholars began to emphasize the capacities of human mind and the achievement of human culture. So humanism became the keynote of English renaissance.1. William Shakespeare is one of the most remarkable playwrights and poets in the world. He has also been given the highest praises by various scholars and critics the world over. His greatest tragedies are: Hamlet, Othello, King Lear and Macbeth. His greatest comedies are: A Midsummer Night’s Dream, the Merchant of Venice, as you like it and Twelfth Night. In them, he portrayed young people just freed from feudal fetters. He sang of their youth, love and ideal of happiness. They trust in themselves and their efforts are crowned with success. The general spirit is optimism.The Merchant of Venice: A moneyless young man Bassanio loves a rich beauty Portia. He wants to marry to her, so he appeals to his friend Antonio for help. To aid Bassanio in his courtship, he borrows money from Shylock the Jewish usurer. Shylock agrees to lend the money on the condition that if the loan is not paid in three months, he may cut a pound of flesh from Antonia’s body. Unfortunately, Antonio can’t pay the money because his ship doesn’t return on time. Shylock demands his pound of flesh and Antonio is in danger now. At the critical moment, a young doctor of law comes to help him. He asks Shylock to take no more or no less than one pound of flesh and spilling no drop of blood. Shylock can’t do this, so Antonia is saved. The man who saves the life of Antonio is no other than Portia in disguise! Portia: she is one of S hakespeare’s ideal women--- beautiful, cultured, courteous（谦恭）and capable of rising to an emergency. Shylock: he is an avaricious money-lender and a Jew of pride and deep religious instincts. He has suffered much in the hands of the Christians. His revolting bond is counterbalanced by Antonio’s arrogant treatmen t of him. We can see his loud protest against racial discrimination.Hamlet is considered the summit of Shakespeare’s art. The whole story shows how hamlet, who represents good and justice, fights against his uncle in whom all the evil things can be seen. The famous line in the play “to be or not to be” by hamlet is often quoted by people. He is a hero of the renaissance. He loves good and hates evil. He is a scholar, soldier and statesman. His learning, wisdom, noble nature, limitation and tragedy are all representative of the humanists at the turn of the 16th and the 17th century.Othello is a splendid Moorish general in Venice. He marries to a beautiful girl and they live happily together. Iago is a very bad man and he envies his happiness. He tells Othello that his wife betrayed him. He believes him and kills his wife. But at last he knows the truth and regrets very much, so he killed himself. It is a tragedy of humanism and a tragedy of the colored people in a society of racial prejudice. Othello is a great warrior and too noble-minded to suspect those whom he loves. Though his kin is dark, he has great moral beauty. He loves Desdemona dearly because he finds her to be the embodiment of integrity, sincerity and loftiness of mind. Their tragedy shows that noble-minded people maybe led astray by evil forces in an evil society and commit mistakes if they can not distinguish falsehood from truth, and evil from good.King Lear: Lear is the king of Britain and he is a self-wild old man, intends to divide his realm among his three daughters by asking them how much they love him. The two elder daughters win his trust by fine words. But his little daughter Cordelia says she loves him according to her duty, not more or less. Her father is angry and decides to give her nothing.Sonnet: the sonnet is a poem in 14 lines with one or the other rhyme scheme.Francis Bacon:an outstanding prose writer in time. His works may be divided into three classes, the philosophical (the Advancement of Learning), the literary (Essays - Of Truth, Of Death, Of Friendship), and the professional (Reading on the Status of Uses) works.17世纪文学(The Period of Revolution and Restoration)The 17th century was one of the most tempestuous periods in English history. It was a period when absolute monarchy impeded the further development of capitalism in England and the bourgeoisie could no longer bear the sway of landed nobility. The contradictions between the feudal system and the bourgeoisie had reached its peak and resulted in a revolutionary outburst.1. John Milton is the greatest writer of the 17th century. He is often considered the greatest English poet after Shakespeare. In his life and literary career the two dominant historical movements of renaissance and Reformation combine and receive their most intense and intelligent expression. His works include paradise lost, paradise regained and Samson Agonistes. Milton has noble thought and splendid imagery. He is a great stylist. His poetry has a grand style. His poetry is noted for sublimity of thought and majesty of expression. Milton is a great master of blank verse. He is the glorious pioneer to introduce blank verse into non-dramatic poetry. He has used it as the main tool in his masterpiece Paradise Lost. His blank verse is rich in every poetic quality and never monotonous. His works are marked by cosmic themes and lofty religious idealism. Paradise lost is his masterpiece and the greatest English epic. In the poem, god is no better than a selfish despot, who is cruel and unjust in punishing Satan, the rebel. Adam and Eve embody his belief in the powers of man. Satan is the real hero of the poem.2. John Bunyan. The Pilgrim’s Progress.The story starts with a dream in which the author sees Christian the Pilgrim, with a heavy burden on his back, reading the Bibble, from which he learns that the city in which he and his family live shall be burnt down in a fire. He tries to convince his family and his neighbours of the on coming disaster and asks them to go with him i search of salvation, but most of them simply ignore him. so he starts off with a friend Pliable. Pliable turns back after they stumble into a pit, the Slough of despond. Christian struggles on by himself. Then he is misled by Mr. Worldly Wiseman and is brought back onto the right road by Mr. Evangelist. There he joins Faithful, a neighbor who has set out later but has made better progress. The two go on together through many adventures, including the great struggle with Apollyon, who claims them to be his subjects and refuses to accept their allegiance to God. After many other adventures, they come to the Vanity Fair where both are arrested as alien agitators. They are tried and Faithful is condemned to death. Christian, however, manages to escape and goes on his way, assisted by a new friend, Hopeful. Tired of the hard journey, they are attempted to take a pleasant path and are thn captured by Gelestial City at last. There they enjoy eternal life in the followship of the blessed.The Pilgrim’s Progress is the most successful religious allegory in English language. Its predominant metaphor –life as a journey –is simple and familiar. The objects that Christian meets are homely and commonplace, and the scenes presented are typical English scenes, but throughout details. Here the strange is combined with familiar and trivial joined to the divine, and at the same time, everything is based on universal experiences. Besides, a rich imagination and a natural talent for story-telling also contribute to the success of the work which is at once entertaining and morally instructive.Th secret of its success is probably simple. It is, first of all, not a procession of shadows repeating theauthor’s declamations, but a real story, the first extended story in English. The Puritans may have read it because they found in it true personal experience told with strength, interest humour, in a word, with all qualities that cuch a story should possess. Young people have read it, first, for its intrinsic worth, because the dramatic interest of the story lured them on to the very end; and second, because it was their introduction to true allegory. It was the only book having an story interest in the great majority of English and American home for a full century.18世纪文学(the age of Enlightenment in England)After the tempestuous events of the 17th century, England entered a period of a comparatively peaceful development.Enlightenment: it was an expression of struggle of the bourgeoisie against feudalism. They thought the chief means for bettering the society is enlightenment or education for the people.Realism. The eighteenth century was the golden age of the English novel. The novel of this period spoke the truth about life with an uncompromising courage. What the writers described in their works were social realities and the main characters were usually common men. The writers and philosophers of the Enlightenment held that man is good and noble by nature but many succumb to an evil environment.1. Daniel Defoe has been regarded as the discoverer of the modern novel. Defoe was a very good story-teller. He had a gift for organizing minute details in such a vivid way that his stories could be both credible and fascination. His sentences are sometimes short, crisp and plain, and sometimes long and rambling, which leave on the reader an impression of casual narration. His language is smooth, easy, colloquial and mostly vernacular.Robinson Crusoe was one of the forerunners of the English realistic novel. Crusoe was a sailor, a merchant and a slave-owner. On the voyage to Africa, he met a shipwreck and found himself cast by the sea waves upon the shore of an uninhabited island. He managed the livelihood there by himself. Finally, he was saved and got married in England. At last, he sailed back to the island and established a colony there.2. Jonathan Swift: Gulliver’s travels ; A Modest Proposal3. Joseph Addison. Sir Roger at Church; Sir Roger at the Assizes.3. Henry Fielding The History of Tom Jones4. William Blake songs of innocence, songs of experience- the chimney-sweeper, London and the tiger. It shows the poet’s eyes are open to the evils and vices of the world.5. Robert burns a red, red rose. He wrote poems to express his hatred for the oppression of the ruling class and his love for freedom.浪漫主义时期The Romantic Period1. William Wordsworth was a major English Romantic poet. His major poets include I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud and The solitary reaper. His poetry is distinguished by the simplicity and purity of its language.2. George Gordon Byron is one of the most excellent representatives of English romanticism. His literary career was closely associated with the struggle and progressive movement of his age. She walks in beauty and Don Juan. Don Juan is a Spanish youth of aristocratic birth. T he long poem describes Don Juan’s adventures in many countries.3. Percy Bysshe ShelleyHis short poems on nature and love form an important part of his literary output. His best love lyrics are Ode to the west wind and to a skylark. “If winter comes, can spring be far behind?” is a famous line in ode tothe west wind.4. John KeatsHis famous works are ode to a nightingale, ode on a Grecian Urn and ode to autumn. Ode is his main form of poetry. He sought to express beauty in all his poems. His leading principle is beauty in truth, truth beauty. His poetry is distinguished by sensuousness and the perfection of form.5. Walter ScottWaverley, Rob Roy and Ivanhoe. He is the first novelist to recreate the past. In his novels, historical events are closely interwoven with the fates of individuals. He is always mindful of the role and fates of the ordinary people.In a sense, his literary career marks the transition from romanticism to realism in English literature of the 19th century.6. Jane AustenHer major works are Pride and prejudice, Emma, sense and sensibility. She was popular all through the 19th century. Pride and prejudice is his masterpiece. The central character is Elizabeth Bennet, one of the daughters in the Bennets. Elizabeth meets a young man Darcy and has prejudice against him because she thinks he has nothing but pride. After many twists and turns, misunderstandings disappear and they are happily united. The plot is simple, but Austen has woven vivid pictures of everyday life of English country society. Her novels show a wealth of humor, wit and delicate satire. Her dialogues are admirably true to life. 维多利亚时期文学The Victorian AgeCritical realism appeared during this period. Dickens is the representative writer. With striking force and truthfulness, he pictured bourgeois civilization, showing the misery of common people. The 19th century critical realists made use of the form of novel for full and detailed representation of social and political events, and one of the fate of individuals and of whole social class.1. Charles Dickens is the greatest representative of English critical realism. He wrote lots of famous works, such as a tale of two cities. David Copperfield, Hard times and.Oliver Twist,Oliver Twist is one of the best works of Dickens. Oliver Twist is an orphan boy. He is born in a workhouse and brought up under cruel conditions. Then he runs to London and meets a gang of thieves. They try to convert Oliver into a thief. He is rescued by a rich man, but the thieves kidnap him, make him join them again. At last, he is saved and adopted by the kind man. His vivid description of the thieves’ den and the underworld of London shows the sympathy for the lower classes. Among the characters of the lower strata, Oliver is the only one who emerges happy and successful in the end. This happy issue shows his optimistic belief in the inevitable triumph of good over evil.2. William Makepeace Thackeray is a representative of critical realism in 19th century. He is a realist, a satirist and a moralist.Vanity fair: the title was taken from Bunyan’s pilgrim’s Progress. The main characters are Amelia and Becky. Amelia is a simple but kind girl and Becky is a craft and resourceful girl. Becky is an orphan and tries to make her way into the upper society. She is a classic example of those who grub money by all means.3. Charlotte Bronte:Jane Eyre is a story about an orphan girl called Jane Eyre. Maltreated by her aunt, she goes to a charity school. Later she becomes a governess of Mr. Rochester. He loves her. Before their wedding, she learns that he has got a mad wife. Shocked by the news, she left him. When she heard that his house is destroyed in a fire and he becomes blind, she returned to him and became his wife. In the novel, Jane Eyre maintains that women should have equal rights with men. Charlotte also aims to criticize the bourgeoisie educational system.4. Emily Bronte:Wuthering Heights it deals with the story of the hero Heathcliff who is a gipsy. He ispicked up by Me. Earnshaw and brought up together with his children. Healthcliff and the daughter Miss Catherine have loved each other since childhood. When he grows up, he joins the army and three years later he becomes a rich man. When he comes back, he finds his lover has been married to another man. Later, he becomes the master of the family and takes revenge upon the next generation. It’s a powerful attack on the bourgeoisie marriage system.5. George Eliot: has three remarkable novels: Adam Bede, The mill on the floss, silas marner. The hero of Adam Bede is a village carpenter, an honest young man. He falls in love with a girl, but the girl gives her heart to a selfish squire. Later the girl is put into prison for deserting her own child. Adam and a woman preacher get married.7. Alfred Tennyson was recognized as the greatest poet of Victorian England. His main poetical works include Ulysses; break, break, break; Crossing the Bar. He has a total mastery of the sounds and rhythms of the English language. He has genius for evoking moods and states of mind in his poems. No poet could surpass him at linking descriptions of nature to the state of the mind.8. Robert Browning is realistic, optimistic and believes in the progress of mankind. His contribution to poetry is his dramatic monologues.现代作家—twentieth century literature.In modernist writers concentrate more on the private and subjunctive than on the public and the objective, mainly concerned with the inner being of an individual. The major themes of the modernist literature are the distorted, and ill relationships between man and nature, man and society, man and man, man and himself. 1. John Galsworthy is one of the greatest novelists in the early 20th century. He was born in a wealthy family. After graduation from Oxford, he began to devote himself to literary work. His style is noted for its strength and elasticity. His language is simple, clear and straightforward.The forsyte saga has been regarded as his masterpiece. It includes three novels and two interludes. And the man of propert y marks the peak of critical realism in all Galsworthy’s works. Forsyte is the central figure of the story, who is the man of property. He has married a girl, but pays no attention to her thoughts and feelings, regarding her as a piece of his property. Then his wife loves another who is killed by a car.2. Bernard Shaw was a greatest dramatist in the 20th century. He used stage to criticize the evils of capitalism. He is a critical realist writer and a humorist. His play deals with contemporary social problems. His major plays include widowers’ houses, the apple cart, Major Barbara, Mrs. Warren’s profession and heartbreak house. Widowers’ houses satirizes bourgeois businessmen whose ill-gotten money is squeezed out of poor, suffering people. An English businessman Mr. Sartorius and his daughter meet a young doctor Harry Trench while traveling in Germany. The two youth fall in love with each other and plan to get married. Then Trench finds that his future father-in-law makes his money by renting slum housing to the poor, so he refuses to marry her daughter. Later, Sartorius reveals that Trench's income is as dirty as the money made by Sartorius. At last, Harry and Blanche reunite.3. David Herbert Lawrence was an English author, poet, playwright and literary critic. In his works, he confronts issues relating to emotional health and vitality, spontaneity, human sexuality and instinct. He is best known for his novels Sons and Lovers, the Rainbow, Women in Love and Lady Chatterley's Lover. Within these Lawrence explores the possibilities for life and living within an Industrial setting. In particular Lawrence is concerned with the nature of relationships that can be had within such settings. Though often classed as a realist, Lawrence's use of his characters can be better understood with reference to his philosophy. His use of sexual activity, though shocking at the time, has its roots in this highly personal wayof thinking and being. It is worth noting that Lawrence was very interested in human touch behavior and that his interest in physical intimacy has its roots in a desire to restore our emphasis on the body, and re-balance it with what he perceived to be western civilization's slow process of over-emphasis on the mind.Sons and Lovers is Lawrence’s semi-autob iographical novel. It tells the story of a coal miner’s family with the son Paul as the central character. The thread of the story evolved around Paul’s love for the two girls Miriam and Clara as well as his love for his mother Mrs. Morel.4. James Joyce was born in Dublin. His major novels include: a portrait of the artist as a young man, Ulysses and Dubliners. James Joyce is the founder of stream of consciousness.He tried not merely to describe how a character might think, but also to present a record of the character’s thoughts.5. Thomas Hardy1)The underlying theme of Hardy’s writing is the struggle of man against the mysterious force which rulesthe world, brings misfortune into his life and predetermines his fate. 2) fatalism is strongly reflected in his writings. 3) Hardy has a strong sense of humor and often describes nature with charm and impressiveness.Tess of the D’Urbervilles, His masterpieces are Tess of the D’Urbervilles, the major of Casterbridge, far from the madding crowed and Jude the obscure. Tess is a poor dairymaid who has been seduced by Alec D’Urbervilles, a wealthy villain, and gives birth to a child. Later she falls in love with a man called Clare. On their wedding night, she confesses to her husband that she has been seduced and given birth to a child. He husband can not accept the fact and goes abroad. Some years later, he comes back and wants Tess to come back to him. Tess murders her seducer and is arrested and hanged. The tragedy of Tess is an exposure of the wicket oppressors represented by Alec.The son’s veto。

英美文学史简介

英美文学史简介Part A British LiteratureⅠEarly and Medieval English Literature 早期及中世纪英国文学1. “Beowulf”, the national epic of the English people.《贝奥武夫》（Beowulf），完成于八世纪，约750年左右的英雄叙事长诗，长达3000多行。

是以古英语记载的传说中最古老的一篇。

是现存古英文文学中最伟大之作，也是欧洲最早的方言史诗。

2. Geoffrey Chaucer ,the founder of English poetry.乔叟(1343-1400),英国诗歌之父.The Canterbury Tales 《坎特伯雷故事集》, 以一伙来自社会各个阶层的香客在宗教朝圣的路上讲述故事为线索，向我们清楚地展示了那个时代人们的生活。

在所有的23个故事中，除了两篇之外，其余都是诗歌体裁的作品。

ⅡThe Renaissance [ri′neis(ə)ns] 文艺复兴时期文学1.William Shakespeare 莎士比亚（1564～1616）英国文艺复兴时期伟大的剧作家、诗人，欧洲文艺复兴时期人文主义文学的集大成者。

莎士比亚给世人留下了37部戏剧play，其中包括一些他与别人合写的一般剧作。

此外，他还写有154首十四行诗sonnet和三、四首长诗poem。

四大喜剧： A Midsummer Night’s Dream 仲夏夜之梦The Merchant of Venice 威尼斯商人As You Like It 皆大欢喜Twelfth Night 第十二夜四大悲剧:Hamlet 哈姆雷特(To be, or not to be, that is the question)Othello 奥赛罗King Lear 李尔王Macbeth 麦克白其他：Romeo and Juliet 罗密欧与朱丽叶2.Francis Bacon 培根（1561-1626 ）The founder of English materialist philosophy and modern science.Bacon is especially famous for his Essays.培根,英国唯物主义和现代科学奠基人,散文家.代表作：散文Of Studies 《论学习》ⅢThe period of English Bourgeois [buə′ʒwɑ:] Revolution and Restoration 资产阶级革命时期文学1.John Milton 米尔顿Paradise Lost 《失乐园》2. John Bunyan 班扬The Pilgrim’s Progress 《天路历程》ⅣEighteenth Century English Literature 十八世纪英国文学1. Daniel Defoe: 笛福Robinson Crusoe 《鲁滨逊漂流记》2. Jonathan Swift：斯威夫特Gulliver’s Travels 《格列佛游记》3. Henry Fielding 菲尔丁the Founder of the English Realistic Nov 英国现实主义小说奠基人Joseph Andrew 《约瑟夫·安德鲁》4. William Blake 布莱克and Robert Burns彭斯: PoetⅤRomanticism in England 浪漫主义时期文学1. William Wordsworth 华滋华斯the representative poet of the early romanticism. 标志着浪漫主义的开始2. George Gordon Byron 拜伦Don Juan 《唐·璜》3. Percy Bysshe Shelley 雪莱Prometheus Unbound《解放了的普罗米修斯》If winter comes, can spring be far behind? 冬天来了,春天还会远吗?4. John Keats 济慈Ode to a Nightingale 《夜莺颂》5. Jane Austen 简·奥斯汀Pride and Prejudice 《傲慢与偏见》ⅥThe Victorian Age 维多利亚时期文学1. Charles Dickens 狄更斯代表作：Oliver Twist 《雾都孤儿》、A Tale of Two Cities《双城记》、David Copperfield 《大卫·科波菲尔》2. William Makepeace Thackeray 萨克雷代表作：Vanity Fair 《名利场》3. George Eliot 乔治·艾略特4. The Brontë Sisters 勃朗特三姐妹Charlotte Brontë夏洛蒂·勃朗特：Jane Eyre《简·爱》Emily Brontë艾米莉·勃朗特：Wuthering Heights 《呼啸山庄》Annie Brontë安妮·勃朗特5. The Brownings 勃朗宁夫妇Husband: Robert BrowningWife: Elizabeth BrowningSonnets from the Portuguese 《葡语十四行诗集》ⅦTwentieth Century English Literature 20世纪英国文学1. Thomas Hardy 托马斯·哈代Tess of the d’Urbervilles《德伯家的苔丝》2. John Galsworthy 高尔斯华绥3. Oscar Wilde 王尔德Poet，dramatist, novelist and essayist.The Happy Prince and Other Tales 《快乐王子和其他故事》4. George Bernard Shaw 萧伯纳the most important English dramatist5. D. H. Lawrence 劳伦斯Lady Chatterley’s Lover 《查泰来夫人的情人》6. Virginia Woolf 伍尔芙Feminism, the stream of consciousness意识流女权主义与现代主义小说的先驱7. James Joyce 乔伊斯Ulysses《尤里西斯》the stream of consciousness意识流Part B American LiteratureⅠThe Literature During the Colonial American and the American Revolution殖民地时期及独立战争时期的文学Benjamin Franklin 本杰明·富兰克林ⅡAmerican Romanticism and New England Literature 浪漫主义及新英格兰时期文学1. Washington Irving华盛顿•欧文(1783-1859)the first American to achieve an international literary reputation. 是美国文学的奠基人之一。

专业的英美文学史概览

专业的英美文学史概览英美文学史是研究英国和美国文学发展的学科，通过对文学作品及其创作背景的研究，探索文学的发展脉络和影响力。

本文将概览英美文学史的主要阶段和代表作品，以及相关的文学运动和重要作家。

一、古典时期（古希腊罗马时期）古希腊和古罗马时期是英美文学发展的重要起点，为后世文学作品提供了丰富的灵感和创作元素。

古希腊的两大史诗《伊利亚特》和《奥德赛》，以及古罗马的《埃涅阿斯纪》等作品，描绘了英雄神话和动人的传奇故事，对后世文学产生了深远的影响。

二、中世纪文学中世纪文学主要包括英国的亚瑟王传说和民间传说，以及宗教文学等。

其中，亚瑟王传说的代表作品包括吉奥弗里·乔叟的《坎特伯雷故事集》和托马斯·马洛里的《亚瑟王与圆桌骑士》，描绘了勇士和骑士的传奇故事，反映了中世纪人们对理想和骑士精神的追求。

三、文艺复兴时期文艺复兴时期是英美文学发展的重要转折点，标志着人文主义思想的兴起和艺术创作的巅峰。

威廉·莎士比亚是这一时期最杰出的作家之一，他的戏剧作品如《哈姆雷特》、《罗密欧与朱丽叶》等，以其深刻的人物描写和丰富的情感表达，成为后世戏剧的经典代表。

四、启蒙时代启蒙时代是18世纪英美文学的重要时期，代表作家包括约翰·洛克、乔纳森·斯威夫特等。

他们通过文学作品，倡导理性、自由和人权等思想，对当时社会产生了深刻的影响。

其中，《格列佛游记》是斯威夫特最著名的作品之一，通过对格列佛的冒险旅程和对社会问题的讽刺，展现了作者对人性的思考和社会的批判。

五、浪漫主义运动19世纪初的浪漫主义运动在英美文学史上具有重要地位，代表作家包括威廉·华兹华斯、塞缪尔·泰勒·柯勒律治和华盛顿·欧文等。

浪漫主义文学追求个人内心的情感和感受，崇尚自然和幻想，批判工业化和现代社会的冷漠。

华兹华斯的《抒情诗集》和柯勒律治的《侏罗纪祭》等作品，表达了浪漫主义作家对自然和人性的深刻关怀。

英美文学的历史与发展

英美文学的历史与发展英美文学是指英国和美国的文学作品，追溯至英国的中世纪文学，至今经历了数个世纪的发展，并逐渐形成独特的风格和特点。

本文将探讨英美文学的历史与发展，并介绍几位重要的英美文学家和他们的代表作品。

一、中世纪文学英美文学的历史可以追溯至中世纪，该时期的英国文学受到了宗教和骑士文化的影响。

著名的作品包括乔叟的《坎特伯雷故事集》，该作品通过描绘一群朝圣者的故事，展现了当时社会各阶层的形象，并探讨了宗教、道德和人性的问题。

二、文艺复兴时期文艺复兴时期是英美文学的重要阶段，这一时期的作家受到古希腊罗马文化的启发，并开始研究人类的本质和人类关系。

莎士比亚是这一时期的重要代表，他的作品《哈姆雷特》、《罗密欧与朱丽叶》等成为经典，并对后世剧作产生了深远的影响。

三、17世纪的清教徒文学17世纪是英美文学中的一个重要转折点。

清教徒运动影响了当时的文学创作，约翰·米尔顿的《失乐园》被视为是英美文学史上最重要的作品之一。

该作品探讨了人类的堕落和原罪，并呼吁自由与正义。

四、浪漫主义时期浪漫主义时期是英美文学的又一重要阶段，这一时期的作家强调想象力、个人情感和对自然界的热爱。

威廉·华兹华斯和塞缪尔·泰勒·柯勒律治是该时期的代表作家，他们的作品反映了对自然与人类关系的思考，以及对社会问题的关注。

五、现代主义与后现代主义20世纪以来，现代主义和后现代主义对英美文学产生了深远的影响。

这一时期的作家追求形式上的创新，并对现实进行批判性的探讨。

T·S·艾略特的《荒原》和弗吉尼亚·伍尔芙的《至灯未灭》都是这一时期的重要作品，它们以其独特的叙事方式和思考角度引起了广泛的关注。

六、当代文学当代英美文学呈现出多样化和多元化的特点，作家们对文学的形式和内容进行了全新的探索。

托尼·莫里森的《亲爱的》和菲利普·罗斯的《美国牧歌》等作品引起了广泛的争议和讨论。

文学史知识：英美文学的发展历程和风格特点

文学史知识：英美文学的发展历程和风格特点英美文学是世界文学中最具代表性和影响力的文学分支之一，其发展历程丰富多彩，涌现出了众多经典作品和著名作家。

本文将从英美文学的起源、发展历程和风格特点三方面进行探讨。

一、英美文学的起源英美文学的起源可以追溯到16世纪初的英国文艺复兴时期。

这个时期以威廉·莎士比亚、约翰·密尔顿等伟大的文学大师为代表，充满了浓厚的人文主义气息，并在诗歌、戏剧等方面取得了重要的成就。

同时，英国也开始逐渐拓展海外领土，并在北美洲建立了殖民地。

这些殖民地后来成为了美国，也为发展美国文学提供了契机。

二、英美文学的发展历程1.文艺复兴时期（16世纪）文艺复兴时期是英美文学的起源时期，并载入了英美文学的重要篇章。

这个时期的文学作品大多选材广泛，体裁丰富，涵盖了诗歌、戏剧、小说等多种文学类型。

威廉·莎士比亚、约翰·米尔顿等文学大师的作品也在这个时期诞生。

2. 17世纪17世纪是英美文学发展的关键时期，也是古典主义文学的鼎盛时期。

作家们大多遵循了经典主义的规范，重视形式美，强调自然和理性。

约翰·德莱顿、约翰·洛克、亚当·史密斯等诸多知名学者和作家在这个时期诞生。

3. 18世纪18世纪是英美文学的发展时期，其中美国文学也开始有了独立的发展。

在这个时期，文学作品多呈现出理性和启蒙的特点，也有不同于古典主义的文学形式的兴起。

约翰逊、约翰·厄尔特、本杰明·富兰克林等诸多知名作家在这个时期诞生。

4. 19世纪19世纪是英美文学的黄金时期，代表着浪漫主义和现实主义文学继续发展的阶段。

在这个时期，出现了许多文学巨匠，如奥斯卡·王尔德、查尔斯·狄更斯、纳撒尼尔·霍桑、爱默生等，他们的作品具有深刻的人性关怀，反映了当时的社会变迁和人们内心的真实情感。

5. 20世纪20世纪是英美文学的现代时期，随着世界格局的变化，文学形式和内容都发生了较大变化，体现出更加多元化和自由化的特点。

英美文学重点知识归纳

英美文学重点知识归纳1. 英美文学的定义英美文学是指英国和美国的文学作品，包括小说、诗歌、戏剧、散文等。

英美文学具有悠久的历史，涵盖了从古代文学到现代文学的各个时期和流派。

2. 英美文学的时期和流派2.1 古代英美文学古代英美文学包括早期安格鲁-撒克逊文学、中世纪文学和文艺复兴时期文学。

其中，早期安格鲁-撒克逊文学以史诗《贝奥武夫》为代表，中世纪文学以《坎特伯雷故事集》为代表，文艺复兴时期文学以莎士比亚的戏剧作品为代表。

2.2 浪漫主义文学浪漫主义是英美文学的一个重要流派，包括诗人拜伦、雪莱和济慈等人的作品。

浪漫主义文学强调个体的感情和想象力，关注自然、爱情、自由等主题。

2.3 现实主义文学现实主义是英美文学的另一个重要流派，出现于19世纪后期。

代表作家包括狄更斯、托尔斯泰和马克·吐温等人。

现实主义文学揭示社会问题，关注人性的复杂性和社会的不公平。

2.4 现代主义文学现代主义是20世纪英美文学的主要流派，代表作家有弗吉尼亚·伍尔夫、塞缪尔·贝克特和詹姆斯·乔伊斯。

现代主义文学对传统的文学形式进行了颠覆和重塑，追求形式上的创新和思想上的深度。

3. 英美文学的重要作家和作品3.1 威廉·莎士比亚（William Shakespeare）威廉·莎士比亚是英国文学史上最伟大的戏剧家和诗人之一。

他的代表作品包括《哈姆雷特》、《罗密欧与朱丽叶》和《麦克白》等。

3.2 简·奥斯汀（Jane Austen）简·奥斯汀是19世纪英国小说家，被誉为英国小说的经典作家。

她的代表作包括《傲慢与偏见》、《理智与情感》和《艾玛》等。

3.3 弗朗西斯·斯科特·菲茨杰拉德（F. Scott Fitzgerald）弗朗西斯·斯科特·菲茨杰拉德是20世纪美国作家，代表作品有《了不起的盖茨比》。

他被认为是美国“爵士时代”的象征之一。

英美文学简史

Upper crust 上层阶级
Holding a wake (守灵）
Байду номын сангаас
Graveyard shift Dig one’s grave
• It is raining cats and dogs. • 倾盆大雨
• 为什么这些床是这个样子？为什么这些床是这个样子？
• Peas porridge hot , peas porridge cold , peas porridge in the pot nine days old .
• 大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国
大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国
England
Scotland
Wales
North Island
17世纪的英国
• Do not throw the baby out with the bath water. • 不要把婴儿和洗澡水一起倒掉了。不要把婴儿和洗澡水一起倒掉了。 • 不分好坏，一概摒弃。不分好坏，一概摒弃。
英美文化
我国与其他国家在那些方面有不同点
英美文化的相似处
• 1语言——都是英语 • 2宗教——以基督教新教为主 • 3社会交往的一些细节——女士优先，文明有礼，保护隐私，忌讳星期五，数字十三等 • 4节日——万圣节、复活节等。
America（美国）
• The capital of America(美国的首都）美国的首都）美国的首都 • Washington （华盛顿）
• United States of America • 美利坚合众国
British （英国）英国）
• The capital of British • London • United Kingdom • United Kingdom of Great Britain and North Ireland

英美文学的历史背景与影响

英美文学的历史背景与影响英美文学是指英国和美国的文学作品，它们有着丰富的历史背景和深远的影响。

本文将从历史背景和文学影响两个方面来探讨英美文学。

一、历史背景1. 古代英国文学的起源古代英国文学的起源可以追溯到公元前450年的盎格鲁-撒克逊时期，此时盎格鲁-撒克逊人开始在英国定居。

他们的文学作品主要以口头传输形式存在，包括史诗、民间传说等，如《贝奥武夫》和《杰弗里·乔叟之坎特伯雷故事集》。

2. 文艺复兴时期的英国文学文艺复兴时期是英国文学史上的重要时期，主要集中在16世纪至17世纪，这一时期的作品受到古希腊罗马文化的影响，并追求艺术上的完美和人文主义的思想。

著名的作家包括莎士比亚和培根。

此外，英国文学在这段时期也开始出现宗教改革的影响，如约翰·冯·累因写的宗教诗歌。

3. 工业革命及维多利亚时代的英国文学工业革命对英国文学生了巨大的影响，在18世纪末期到19世纪中期，维多利亚时代英国文学迎来了鼎盛期。

作家们开始探讨社会问题和人性的复杂性，如狄更斯的《雾都孤儿》和勃朗特姐妹的《呼啸山庄》。

4. 美国独立与美国文学的崛起美国的独立战争为美国文学的兴起创造了条件。

美国文学在19世纪逐渐崛起，代表作家如爱默生、梭罗和马克·吐温。

同时，美国的白人和非洲裔文学开始同时存在，其中哈莱姆文艺复兴时期的文学成为美国文学的重要里程碑。

二、文学影响1. 对世界文学的影响英美文学的影响远远超出了英美两国的范围，它对世界文学产生了深远的影响。

莎士比亚的戏剧作品在全球范围广为演出，影响了戏剧、文化和艺术领域。

同时，美国文学作品如《钢铁是怎样炼成的》和《飘》也在全球范围内引起了广泛的关注。

2. 对文化的塑造英美文学承载了丰富的历史和文化，其作品不仅可以反映时代背景和价值观念，更对塑造文化起到了重要作用。

例如，莎士比亚创造了许多深入人心的角色形象和经典台词，如《罗密欧与朱丽叶》中的“情人之死”和《哈姆雷特》中的“生存还是毁灭，这是一个问题”。

1、下载文档前请自行甄别文档内容的完整性，平台不提供额外的编辑、内容补充、找答案等附加服务。
2、"仅部分预览"的文档,不可在线预览部分如存在完整性等问题,可反馈申请退款(可完整预览的文档不适用该条件!)。
3、如文档侵犯您的权益，请联系客服反馈,我们会尽快为您处理(人工客服工作时间：9:00-18:30)。

是以古英语记载的传说中最古老的一篇。

是现存古英文文学中最伟大之作，也是欧洲最早的方言史诗。

在所有的23个故事中，除了两篇之外，其余都是诗歌体裁的作品。

莎士比亚给世人留下了37部戏剧play，其中包括一些他与别人合写的一般剧作。

此外，他还写有154首十四行诗sonnet和三、四首长诗poem。

他是第一个得到欧洲承认的美国作家，被称为“美国文学之父”。

2. James Fenimore Cooper 库珀The Last of the Mohicans《最后的莫希干人》3. Nathaniel Hawthorne 霍桑The Scarlet Letter 《红字》4. Edgar Allan Poe 爱伦·坡十九世纪美国诗人、小说家和文学评论家。

创立了侦探、惊悚小说的类型基础。

5. Henry David Thoreau 梭罗Walden 《瓦尔登湖》散文集6. Walt Whitman 惠特曼the greatest innovator and pioneer in American poetry诗集Leaves of Grass 《草叶集》7. Herman Melville麦尔维尔Moby Dick 《白鲸》ⅢThe Age of Realism and Naturalism 现实主义及自然主义文学1. Mark Twain 马克·吐温The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn《哈克贝里·芬历险记》The Adventures of Tom Sawyer 《汤姆·索亚历险记》2. Henry James 亨利·詹姆斯The Portrait of a Lady 《贵妇人画像》3. Theodore Dreiser 德莱塞Sister Carrie 《嘉莉妹妹》4. Jack London杰克·伦敦The Call of the Wild 《野性的呼唤》5. Harriet Beecher Stowe：Uncle Tom's Cabin斯托夫人：《汤姆叔叔的小屋》ⅣTwentieth-Century American Literature Before the War 20世纪文学1. Robert Frost 弗罗斯特We have ever learnt one of his poem Two Roads Diverged In A Yellow Wood.其诗歌相对还是较浅显易懂的Here's another piece of work of Frost:Stopping By Woods on a Snowy EveningWhose woods these are I think I know.His house is in the village though;He will not see me stopping here,To watch his woods fill up with snow.My little horse must think it queer.To stop without a farmhouse near.Between the woods and frozen lake.The darkest evening of the year.He gives his harness bells a shake.To ask if there is some mistake.The only other sound's the sweep.Of easy wind and downy flake.The woods are lovely, dark and deep.But I have promises to keep,And miles to go before I sleep,And miles to go before I sleep.2. Ezra Pound庞德a forerunner or founder of American modern poetry美国现代诗歌的先驱及创始人Imagism 意象派In a Station of the Metro《在地铁车站》:The apparition of these faces in the crowd.Petals on a wet, black bough.3. T. S. Eliot 艾略特The Waste Land 《荒原》4. F. Scott Fitzgerald 菲茨杰拉德The Great Gatsby 《了不起的盖茨比》5. William Faulkner 福克纳The Sound and the Fury 《喧哗与骚动》6.Margaret Mitchell 玛格丽特米切尔Gone with the wind 《飘》7. Ernest Hemingway 海明威The Old Man and the Sea 《老人与海》。