现在完成时一般疑问句和特殊疑问句结构
现在完成时
六、瞬间动词动词与时间段的关系
瞬间动词也叫短暂性动词或终止性动词。这 种动词是指它们动作的开始也就意味着动作 的结束，所以在肯定句、疑问句中不能与表 示一段时间的时间状语连用（在否定句可以 用，表示一种状态）但可以用其它方式来表 示。 I haven’t bought the bike for a year. 我买这辆自行车还不到一年。
He has bought an English-Chinese dictionary. 他已经买了一本英汉字典。 He bought an English-Chinese dictionary. 他曾买过一本英汉字典。 第一句用现在完成时时态，意为：“He bought
an English-Chinese dictionary. And he still has it” “过去他买了一本英汉字典，现在他还有这 本字典” 。
2.现在完成时的时间状语： for, since, ever, just, yet, already等不确定的 时间状语。 They have lived here for ten years.
She has been in the Reading Club for many years .
I have known Daniel since ten years ago.
6.小名参军半年了。 Xiao Ming has been a soldier for half a year. Xiao Ming joined the army half a year ago. 7.我们上了8年学了。 We have been students for eight years. 8.下课10分钟了 The class has been over for ten minutes. 9.电影开始了一小时了 The film has been on for an hour.
现在完成时
5. just在现在完成时中的用法 用于句中, 表示“刚刚” Eg. I’ve just had breakfast. What have they just done?
现在完成时
The Present Perfect Tense
定义
现在完成时（Present perfect tense）过去 发生并且已经完成的动作对现在造成影响 或后果，过去某一时间开始并一直持续到 现在并且有可能还会持续的动作或状态。
基本结构
肯定句：主语+have/has+过去分词+其他
4. never在现在完成时中的用法
否定句: 句中 “从来没有 ” Eg. I’ve never been to Beijing.
注: 带ever的肯定句变否定句时, 要将 ever变成never; 带ever的一般疑问句作 否定回答时可用“No, never.”
Eg. He has ever made dumplings.
否定句：主语+have/has+not+过去分词+其 他 Have/Has+主语+过去分词+ 一般疑问句： 其他 特殊疑问词+一般疑问句 特殊疑问句： （have/has+主语+过去 分词+其他）
She has learnt English for 3 years 否定句： She hasn't leant English for 3 years. 一般疑问句: Has she leant English for 3 years?
英语语法现在完成时的结构、用法、考法
英语语法现在完成时的结构、用法、考法一、现在完成时的基本结构肯定句：主语+have/has+动词的过去分词+其他否定句：主语+have/has+not+动词的过去分词+其他一般疑问句：Have/Has+主语+动词的过去分词+其他特殊疑问句：特殊疑问词+一般疑问句（have/has+主语+过去分词+其他）二、现在完成时的用法1. 现在完成时用来表示过去已经完成的动作对现在造成影响或后果。
也就是说，动作或状态发生在过去但它的影响现在还存在，强调的是现在。
I have already posted the photo.我已经邮寄出了照片。
与此种用法连用的时间状语时一些模糊的过去时间状语，如already（肯定句句中）, yet（否定句/疑问句句尾）, just, before, recently,still, lately,never等。
2. 现在完成时也可用来表示动作或状态发生在过去某一时刻，持续到现在并且有可能会继续持续下去。
He has lived here since 1978.自从1978年以来，他一直住在这儿。
(动作起始于1978年，一直住到现在，可能还要继续住下去。
)此种用法常与for（+时间段）,since（+时间点或过去时的句子）连用。
谓语动词必须是延续性动词。
有些瞬间动词可变为延续动词：go out----be outfinish----be overopen----be opendie----be deadbuy---havefall ill---be illcome back----be backcatch a cold----have a cold三、现在完成时常见考法对于现在完成时的考查，多以单选、句型转换或词语运用的形式考查学生在具体语境中灵活运用时态的能力。
在考试中，会让大家判断是否该用现在完成时，或者是考查“瞬间动词”不能与表示一段时间的状语连用”这一知识点。
【典型例题】His father_____the party since 1978A.joindB.has joinedC.was inD.has been in答案：D解析：本题考查学生对现在完成时的熟练掌握。
现在完成时的用法和构成总结
现在完成时的构成和用法❖ 1.概念：过去发生或已经完成的动作对现在造成的影响或结果，或从过去已经开始，持续到现在的动作或状态。
❖ 2.时间状语：yet,already,just,never,ever,so far,by now,since+时间点，for+时间段，recently, lately, in the past few years, etc.❖ 3.基本结构：主语+have/has +p.p（过去分词）+其他❖ 4.否定形式：主语+have/has + not +p.p（过去分词）+其他❖ 5.一般疑问句：Have / Has + 主语+ 过去分词+ 其他❖ 6. 特殊疑问句：（疑问词+）Have / Has + 主语+ 过去分词+ 其他？❖7.例句：I've written an article.The countryside has changed a lot in the past few years.❖8.have been 与have gone 的用法比较have been to a place 意思是“到过，去过”，表示曾经到过某处，但现在人不在那儿。
have gone to 意思是“去了”，表示已经去了某地，现在人可能在去的途中或已在那儿了。
Has she ever been to Nanjing? 她曾去过南京吗？You have never been there, have you? 你以前从未去过那儿，是吗？I have been to Guiling ,I went there last year. 我去过桂林，我去年去的。
She has gone to Nanjing. 她已经去南京了。
现在完成时专项练习一．单项选择。
1.–Where is Mr. Liu? -----He _______the library.A. has been toB. has gone toC. has been in2.The students have cleaned the classroom, ________?A. so theyB. don’t theyC. have theyD. haven’t they3.I like Hainan. I ________there three times.A. wentB. goC. have beenD. have gone4.We came to Nanjing three years ago, so we ________ here for three years.A. have been toB. have been inC. have beenD. have gone5. - How long ______you_______ your dictionary? - About two months.A. did; buyB. have; getC. have; hadD. have; bought6.He tells me he________ China for over five years. A. has beenB. has been inC. has been toD. has gone to7.______has Mr White been a member of Greener China since he_______ to China?A.How soon, comesB. How often, gotC. How long, cameD. How far, arrived8.His uncle________ for more than 9 years.A.has come hereB. has started to workC. has lived thereD. has left theuniversity二、按要求改写句子。
现在完成时和完成进行时
现在完成时动词发生在过去，影响到现在，延续到现在，某种经历。
句型基本结构：主语+have/has+过去分词(done)①肯定句：主语+have/has+过去分词+其他②否定句：主语+have/has+not+过去分词+其他③一般疑问句：Have/Has+主语+过去分词+其他④特殊疑问句：特殊疑问词+一般疑问句（have/has+主语+过去分词+其他）用法（1）定义：现在完成时用来表示现在之前已发生过或完成的动作或状态,但其结果却和现在有联系,也就是说,动作或状态发生在过去但它的影响现在还存在.I have had no money to spend now.(现在我没有钱花了.)Jane has laid the table.(简已经摆桌子.)Michael has been ill.(现在仍然很虚弱)He has returned from abroad. (现在已在此地)（2）定义：现在完成时可以用来表示发生在过去某一时刻的，持续到现在的情况,常与for,since连用.Mary has been ill for three days.I have lived here since 1998.注意：1.现在完成时不能单独与准确时间连用，如yesterday(morning、afternoon),last(morning、afternoon)等，除非与for,since连用.2.现在完成时往往同表示不确定的过去时间状语连用如already, yet, just, before, recently,still, lately等:He has already obtained a scholarship.I haven't seen much of him recently (lately).We have seen that film before.Have they found the missing child yet ?3. 现在完成时常常与表示频度的时间状语连用,如often, sometimes, ever, never, twice, on several occasion等:Have you ever been to BeijingI have never heard Bunny say anything against her.I have used this pen only three times. It is still good.George has met that gentleman on several occasions.4. 现在完成时还往往可以同包括现在时间在内的时间状语连用,如now, up to these few days/weeks/months/years, this morning/week/month/year, just, today, up to present, so far等:Peter has written six papers so far.Man has now learned to release energy from the nucleus of the atom.There has been too much rain in San Francisco this year.The friendly relations and cooperation between our two countries have been enhanced in the past few years.Up to the present everything has been successful.5. 现在完成时表示现在之前业已完成的动作,虽然其效果或影响仍然存在但已不再继续,但是有一些现在完成时的句子,在后面加上for+一段时间,则现在完成时的动作就表示延续性.Thomas has studied Russian. (现在不再学俄语)Thomas has studied Russian for three years. (=Thomas began to study Russian three years ago, and is still studying it now.(同第2点用法第一个例句)6. 现在完成时还可以用来表示过去的一个时间到现在这段时间内重复发生的动作.We have had four texts this semester.现在完成时的“完成用法”和“未完成用法”1.现在完成时的"完成用法"现在完成时的"完成用法"指的是动作发生在过去某一时刻并已结束，但该动作对现在产生了影响，与现在情况具有因果关系。
现在完成时的用法讲解
现在完成时的用法复习整理一、谓语部分结构：助动词have (has) +过去分词过去分词的构成分规则的和不规则的，规则的与过去式的构成方法一样，不规则的只有单独记了,无人能帮你。
1．肯定句：主语＋have( has) +过去分词＋其它。
2. 否定句：主语＋have( has)+ not+过去分词＋其它。
have not=haven’t has not=hasn’t.3．一般疑问句结构：Have( Has )＋主语＋过去分词＋其它？4．特殊疑问句：特殊疑问词＋have(has) +主语+ 过去分词＋其它？eg. He has already finished his homework.He hasn’t finished his homework yet.Has he finished his homework yet?--Yes, he has./ No, he hasn’t.二、常搭配的时间状语:already, yet, just, ever, never，in thepast +时间段，so far这几个词的位置除了yet常在句尾外，其余的通常都在句中，即have/has的后面，行为动词的前面。
但already也可在肯定句尾，表示强调，在疑问句末尾表示惊讶等。
eg. Has he finished his homework already? 对他完成了作业感到惊讶。
另，before 也可以与现在完成时连用。
eg. I’ve ever been there before. It was ten years ago.三、常用用法1、表示过去发生或者已经完成的动作对现在造成的影响或者结果。
Eg.The doctor has left .(他现在不在这儿，找不到他了。
)The students have cleaned the classroom.(现在教室是干净的)I have just read the book.( 现在我知道这本书的内容了)比较：I read the book last month.(只是说明read这个动作是在上个月发生的而已，没有谈及对现在有什么影响)总结：现在完成时与一般过去时的区别：现在完成时强调的是过去发生的动作对现在造成的影响或者结果，强调的是现在的情况或者状态，与过去没有关系，不能和表示过去的时间状语连用。
现在完成时
初中重点语法之现在完成时Mr.Yu 2012.3一.现在完成时的定义:表示过去发生或已经完成的动作对现在造成的影响或结果，或强调过去发生的动作一直持续到现在或将还持续下去。
Y esterday she bought a book. Now she has the book.→ She has bought a book.二.现在完成时的构成:现在完成时由助动词have(has)+动词的过去分词构成。
has用于第三人称单数,have用于其他各种人称.肯定句：主语+have/has+动词过去分词Eg: She has bought a book.否定句：主语+haven’t/hasn’t+动词过去分词Eg: She hasn’t bought a book.一般疑问句：Have/Has+主语+动词过去分词+？回答：Y es,主语+have/has. No,主语+haven’t/hasn’t.Eg: Has she bought a book？Y es, she has. No, she hasn’t.特殊疑问句：特殊疑问词+have/has+主语+动词过去分词+？What has she bought ?三.动词原形变过去分词规则:其规则与变过去式基本相同。
1. 一般情况在动词后加edask—asked play—played snow—snowed2.以不发音字母e结尾的直接加dlove—loved like—liked live—lived3.以辅音字母y结尾的变y为i再加edstudy—studied try—tried carry—carried4.以重读闭音节结尾且末尾只有一个辅音字母的，先双写这个辅音字母，再加edstop—stopped plan—planned drop—dropped5.一部分单词过去分词属于特殊变化，需要大家牢记。
不规则动词按照“动词原形，过去式，过去分词”分别分为以下几类：AAA ABA ABB ABC (具体见八下课本P120)四. 现在完成时的时间状语⑴常与不确定的时间状语连用，如:already, never, ever, just, yet, before, for the last few weeks，once,twice,sometimes,often,always,since及其从句等。
现在完成时与完成进行时
Translate and write them down. 1. 为了给慈善事业筹款，学生们正在 溜冰。 Students are skating to raise money for charity. 2. 艾利森是第一个开始滑的，并且已 滑了足足五个小时。 Alison was the first one to start and has been skating for the whole five hours.
3. 一般过去时、现在完成进行时和现 在完成时的区别： How long did you skate? (一般过去时) How long have you been skating? (现在完成进行时) How long have you been here? (现在完成时)
注意:
1) 一般过去时表示在过去某个时间发生 的动作或存在的状态, 该动作已结束, 不 强调同现在的关系。 2) 而现在完成进行时表示动作从过去开 始发生一直持续进行(到现在), 可能仍在 进行, 也可能停止了一会儿。
2. 现在完成进行时的构成: 肯定形式: have / has been ＋doing 否定形式（直接助动词后加not）: have / has not been doing 一般疑问句形式（助动词提前）: Have/Has sb. been doing sth.? 特殊疑问句形式(询问持续时间长短): How long have/has sb. been doing sth.?
根据例句及所给提示词语造句。 Example 1: I, run, in the park, half an hour→ I have been running in the park for half an hour. 1. he, learn, English, two years→ He has been learning English for two years.