CP Violation in the Higgs Sector of the MSSM

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《印度之行》中英文字幕翻译原文

TranscriptsMcBryde Thank you, sir. On April 3rd of this year, Miss Quested and her friend, Mrs Moore, were invited to a tea party at the house of the principal of Government College. It was here that prisoner first met Miss Quested, a young girl fresh from England. Until this unfortunate party, the prisoner had never before been in such close proximity to an English girl. In consideration of the ladies present, I will merely allude to the fact that prisoner is a widower, now living alone. And in the course of our evidence, I'll be providing ample proof of his state of mind. Now, before taking you through the history of this crime, I want to state what I believe to be a universal truth. The darker races are attracted to the fairer. But not vice versa.Amritras Even when the lady is less attractive than the gentleman? Das Order! Order! Order! Order!Das I must warn members of the public and certain members of the defence that the insulting behaviour and rowdiness which marred yesterday's proceedings will not be tolerated.Heaslop Well said, Das. Quite right. Das Mr McBryde.McBryde Thank you. I shall begin, Sir, by reminding you of my contention that prisoner proposed the expedition to the caves with a premeditated intention of making advances to Miss Quested. I've made it my business to visit the Marabar during the last few days. It's an inaccessible, barren place, entailing, as you have heard, conslderable planning and expense to get there. The caves themselves are dark, featureless, and without interest, except for a strange echo. A curious place for such an elaborate picnic. The servants were all supplied by prisoner's Indian friends, with the one exception of the witness, Anthony. Anthony had received explicit instructions from Mr Heaslop to stay with the ladies at all times. Yet he remained behind. Yesterday you heard him admit that he had accepted money from the prisoner minutes before the departure of the train. And that brought us to Mr Fielding. We are asked to believe he was prevented from catching the train because another friend of the prisoner's, Professor Godbole, was saying his prayers. Prayers. After a most unpleasant altercation, I withdrew my hypothesis that similar persuasion had contributed towards this excess of religious zeal.Amritrao I object, sir. Mr McBryde is quite blatantly using this opportunity to repeat the slander.Das Objection sustained!MahmoudAliHa!(laughter in court) Das Order! Order! Order!McBryde Prisoner had yet to rid himself of a third impediment. The lady in question suffered from what is known in medical parlance as 'claustrophobia'. Prisoner achieved his objective by entering the first cave with Miss Quested and the guide, leaving this elderly lady in the rear, where she was crushed and crowded by servants and villagers.Dr Aziz Mrs Moore. He's speaking of Mrs Moore! Das Quiet.Mahmoud Ali Are you accusing my client of attempted murder as well as rape? Now who is this lady he's talking about? I don't understand.Dr Aziz The lady I met in the mosque. Mrs Moore.MahmoudAliMrs Moore? You speak of Mrs Moore? McBryde I don't propose to call her.Mahmoud Ali You don't propose to call her because you can't! She was smuggled out of the country because she was on our side. She would have proved his innocence.Das You could have called her yourself. Neither side called her, neither may quote her as evidence.Mahmoud Ali But she was kept from us! This is English justice? This is your British Raj? Just give us back Mrs Moore for five minutes.Heaslop If the point is of any interest, my mother should be reaching Aden at noon today, their time.MahmoudAliBanished by you!Das Please, please. This is no way to defend your case.MahmoudAliI'm not defending a case. And you are not trying one. We are both slaves! Das Mr Mahmoud Ali, unless you sit down, I shall have to exercise my authority. MahmoudAliDo so! This trial is a farce! I'm going! I ruin my career!Dr Aziz Mrs Moore! Where are you, Mrs Moore?MahmoudAliWe want Mrs Moore! Mrs Moore! Mrs Moore! Das Order! Order!MahmoudAliFarewell, my friend. They have taken Mrs Moore!MahmoudAliMrs Moore! Mrs Moore!crowd Mrs Moore! Mrs Moore!MahmoudAliMrs Moore! Mrs Moore!(crowd chanting)MissQuestedIsn't it strange? Rather wonderful.Heaslop I knew they'd try something like this.Das Quiet, please.Heaslop Poor old Das.Das Quiet! Order!Amritrao I apologise for my colleague. He's an intimate friend of our client, and his feelings have carried him away.Das Mr Mahmoud Ali will have to apologise in person. Amritrao Exactly, sir, he must.Das I must repeat that, as a witness, Mrs Moore does not exist. Neither you, Mr Amritrao, nor Mr McBryde, you, have any right to surmise what that lady would have said. She is not here and, consequently, she can say nothing.Officer Thou knowest, Lord, the secrets of our hearts. Shut not thy merciful ears to our prayer. We therefore commit her body to the deep to be turned into corruption. Looking for the resurrection of the body, when the sea shall give up her dead. I heard a voice from heaven saying unto me: 'Blessed are the dead, which die in the Lord.'crowd (chanting) Mrs Moore! Mrs Moore! McBryde I now call upon Miss Quested.CourtOfficialPlace your hand on the book...MissQuested...and nothing but the truth. Das Quiet, please. Silence!McBryde Now, Miss Quested... I would like to take you back to the moment when you came out of that first cave and found Mrs Moore collapsed in her chair. Are you with me?MissQuestedYes.McBryde Did she offer any explanation?MissQuestedErr.. she said she was upset by the echo and that she was tired.McBryde And taking advantage of her distress and fatigue, prisoner instructed the villagers and servants to remain behind, and took you off alone with the guide.MissQuestedYes. But it was at Mrs Moore's suggestion.McBryde I don't quite follow.MissQuestedShe'd been worried by the crowd and the stuffiness.McBryde And was concerned that you might be subjected to the same ordeal. MissQuestedNo. She wanted us to enjoy ourselves. She said so. She likes Dr Aziz.McBryde Yes, I think I understand the situation. Yesterday, Mr Fielding sald that Mrs Moore was what he described as 'charmed' by him.MissQuestedIt was more than that. She liked him.McBryde Nevertheless, you'd only met him on two occasions before the day of the crime. MissQuestedYes.McBryde So it might possibly have been a rather impetuous assessment.MissQuestedPossibly. She's like that.McBryde Miss Quested, you heard this morning the slur cast on British justice by the defence.It is most important that you tell the court the absolute truth of what took place,painful as it may be.MissQuestedI was brought up to tell the truth.McBryde Of course.MissQuestedI'm sorry.McBryde That's quite all right. Now, Miss Quested, you went off up the slope with the prisoner and the guide.MissQuestedYes.McBryde Take your time and cast your mind back. Miss Quested? McBryde Miss Quested, we were going up the slope. Is something wrong? MissQuestedI think it may have partly been my fault.McBryde Why?Miss Quested We'd stopped to look out over the plain. I could hardly see Chandrapore except through Mr Heaslop's binoculars. I asked Dr Aziz if he loved his wife when he married her. I shouldn't have done that.Das Then why did you do it?Miss Quested I was thinking of my own marriage. Mr Heaslop and I had only just become engaged. Seeing Chandrapore so far away, I realised I didn't love him.(murmuring in court)Das Quiet, please. Quiet.McBryde Miss Quested, you and the prisoner continued up to the caves?MissQuestedYes.McBryde Where was the guide?MissQuestedHe'd gone on ahead.McBryde Sent on ahead?Miss No, he was waiting for us further along the ledge.QuestedMcBryde But when you reached the caves, prisoner left you and went to speak to the guide? MissI don't know if he spoke to him or not.QuestedMcBryde He left you and went off in his direction.MissYes.QuestedMcBryde And what did you do?MissI waited.QuestedDas You said just now 'I think it may have been partly my fault.' Why?MissI had asked him about love.QuestedDas And had thereby introduced a feeling of intimacy?MissThat is what I meant.QuestedDas Thank you. Mr McBryde.McBryde Please tell the court exactly what happened.MissI lit a match.QuestedDr Aziz Miss Quested! Miss Quested! Miss Quested?McBryde And the prisoner followed you.(rumble)McBryde Miss Quested, the prisoner followed you, didn't he?MissCould I please have a minute before I reply to that, Mr McBryde?QuestedMcBryde Certainly.MissI'm... I'm not quite sure.Quested(murmuring)McBryde I beg your pardon? You are in the cave, and the prisoner followed you. What do youmean, please?MissQuestedNo.Das What is that? What are you saying? MissQuestedI'm afraid I've made a mistake.Das What nature of mistake?MissQuestedDr Aziz never followed me into the cave.(louder murmuring)McBryde Now Miss Quested, let us go on. I will read you the deposition which you signed when you arrived back with Mrs Callendar.Das Mr McBryde, you cannot go on. I was speaking to the witness. And the public will be silent! Miss Quested, address your remarks to me. And remember - you speak on oath, Miss Quested.MissQuestedDr Aziz...Callendar I stop these proceedings on medical grounds!Das Quiet! Please, sit down! You withdraw the accusation, Miss Quested? Answer me. MissQuestedI withdraw everything.Das Order! Order! The prisoner is released without one stain on his character! Hamidullah Dr Aziz is free!麦拜迪: 谢谢，法官大人。

魔法师的学徒.完美中英

魔法师的学徒英国公元前年,魔法师之间的战争The war between sorcerers 一直在历史的暗处展开was fought in the shadows of history人类的命运也和公正又强大的梅林息息相关and the fate of mankind rested with the just and powerful Merlin.他把秘诀传授给了三个他所信任的徒弟He taught his secrets to three trusted apprentices,巴塔刹、维洛妮卡、霍瓦斯Balthazar, Veronica, and Horvath.但他本应该只信任两个He should have trusted only two.维洛妮卡和巴塔刹亲眼目睹了那些Veronica and Balthazar witnessed the savagery邪恶的魔法师对待人类的残忍行为of a sorcerer beyond evil,魔科娜蕾妃是梅林最大的死敌Morgana le Fay, Merlings most deadly enemy.我们只是仆人而已We are but servants.- 梅林 - 霍瓦斯- Merlin. - Horvath!你背叛了我？You betray me?我才不是什么仆人I am no one's servant.干得好！现在去找那个咒语吧Well done. Now get the spell.就这样魔科娜得到了魔法师最危险的咒语And so it was. Morgana gained sorcery's most dangerous spell叫做「叛乱」known as "The Rising"这令魔科娜能够召唤出亡灵军队giving Morgana the power to raise an army of the dead 并奴役人类and enslave mankind.维洛妮卡为了保护巴塔刹牺牲了自己Veronica sacrificed herself for Balthazar她把魔科娜的灵魂吸入了自己的身体by drawing Morgana's soul into her own body. 但是魔科娜却开始从内部杀死她But Morgana began to kill her from the inside.为了救维洛妮卡的命并抓住魔科娜To save Veronica's life and to capture Morgana, 巴塔刹把她们俩都关在了暗室里Balthazar trapped them both in the Grimhold,一个无法逃离的监狱an inescapable prison.时间慢慢过去巴塔刹打败了很多Over time, Balthazar fought many sorcerers试图放出魔科娜的魔法师who tried to free Morgana,把他们关在一个玩偶里面一层又一层的套里trapping them in layer upon layer of the doll.最后他终于把霍瓦斯也抓住了Eventually, he captured Horvath as well.梅林临终之时给了巴塔刹一个龙戒指As Merlin lay dying, he gave Balthazar his dragon ring,说它会引导他去找到一个孩子saying it would guide him to the child这个孩子长大以后会成为梅林的继承人who would one day grow to be Merlings successor,梅林派的一流学徒the Prime Merlinean.只有这个梅林派的一流学徒The Prime Merlinean is the only one才能杀死魔科娜who can kill Morgana.巴塔刹将持续寻找数个世纪Balthazar would search for centuries.并且魔科娜被这个一流学徒杀死以后for mankind will never be safe人类才会得到安宁until Morgana is destroyed by the Prime Merlinean.坦克你是怎么上来的？Hey, Tank. How did you even get up here?大卫今天是户外教学日David? Field trip today.别忘了穿上干净的内衣Don't forget to wear clean underwear.她是说我不是说你She means me, not you.你不该这样做大卫You're not supposed to be doing that, Dave.就是现在！Now!大卫David.很有趣That's cool.也就是说在爱丽丝岛和建造自由女神像之前......which means that before Ellis Island and the Statue of Liberty were built...传给贝基Pass it to Becky.- 传过去 - 传过去- Pass it on. - Pass it on.- 给贝基 - 给- Pass it to Becky. - Here.选择题我想做大卫的 A朋友 B女朋友我们走吧Let's go.拿好你们的包上渡船靠近点走吧Get on the ferry. Get your bags. Stay close. Here we go.喂停下来！Hey, stop!借过借过Excuse me, excuse me.不要！No!别啊女士不要扔掉！No, lady, don't!不会吧No way.汉朝的第二个皇帝The second emperor of the Han dynasty把他最不喜欢的妃子监禁在这里面十年了locked his least-favorite wife in this urn for years to the day.据说如果打开它也会同样被锁进去They say you open it up, the same thing will happen to you.对不起我在找一个纸条I'm sorry. I'm looking for this note.你看到了吗？它被吹进了你的店里Have you seen it? It kind of just blew into your store.一个纸条？A note?它飞进了你的店里It blew into your store.只是...It was just a...巧合Coincidence.是的只是个巧合Yeah, it was just a coincidence.我想让你看一些东西大卫I have something I'd like to show you, Dave.你怎么知道我叫大卫？ - 因为我会读心术！- How'd you know my name was Dave? - Because I can read minds!你书包后面写着呢It's on your backpack.到这儿来Come over here.这个东西很特别This is very special如果它喜欢你你就能拥有它and if it likes you, you can keep it.还是不要了老师说我不能离开太久I better not. My teacher said I couldn't be gonefor long.他知道我在这儿She knows I'm here.你真不会撒谎大卫You're a bad liar, Dave.这很好That's good.天啊Oh, boy.不可思议No way.我已经找你很久了I have been searching a very long time.神奇的是你自己找上门来了Magically, here you are.你手指上的戒指象征着一些事情大卫That ring on your finger means something, Dave. 它意味着It means你有一天会成为一位重要的魔法师you're going to be a very important sorcerer one day. 第一课现在就开始了你可以使用魔法了And your first lesson begins right now with your very own Encantus.别乱动别碰任何东西Do not move, do not touch anything.天啊No way.我在哪里？When am I?纽约城New York City.不是地方是时间Not where. The year.你在浪费我的时间You are wasting my time.你忘了别乱碰东西吗？What happened to "don't touch anything"?你这样做很不厚道巴塔刹That's not very sporting of you, Balthazar.闭嘴Be quiet.不是你的错他一千年来都是这个样子一会儿再跟你解释It's not you. He's been like this for , years. I'll explain later.我需要那个暗室玩偶在哪里？I need the Grimhold. Where's that doll?我会得到那个玩偶的I'll have that doll.我要那个玩偶I want that doll.快走大卫！现在就走！Leave, Dave! Leave now!大卫史塔勒！你怎么能离开...David Stutler! Don't ever leave your...有几个疯狂的巫师在那里面！There's these crazy wizard guys in there!他们都是蟑螂做的！They're made of roaches!不！别进去！店里着火了！别进去！No! Don't go in there! The store's on fire! Don't go in!那些人都...Those guys are太疯狂了crazy.你真不应该胡说我们走吧You really shouldn't tell stories. Let's go.咦他尿裤子了！Ew! He peed his pants!一个罐子破了这只是水而已！刚刚这里着火了！A jar broke. It's just water! There was a fire!是的史塔勒漏水了！Yeah, Stutler had a leak.他真是个怪人He's such a geek.十年后同一天早上好那是什么？对了Good morning. What is that? Oh, right.早上好美人Good morning, beautiful.喂接着Hey, heads up.生日快乐Happy birthday.谢谢班尼Thank you, Bennet.你起来得真早You're up early.亨德曼教授要我在他的物理课上做一个主题发言Professor Heiderman wants me to give a presentation to his Physics class.什么？教英语专业的人学长除法？What? Teaching long division to English majors? 我知道这很难但这是亨德曼的课I know. It's like the Peace Corps, but it's Heiderman's class.咱们今晚要不醉不归了Hey, Bio nerds are getting drunk tonight.我们还邀请了普林斯顿大学的啦啦队员And we invited cheerleaders from Princeton. 喔聪明的啦啦队员Oh. So there's smart cheerleaders.说真的你过生日都不想出去玩吗？So, seriously, you're saying you don't want to go out on your birthday?如果我还想毕业的话就必须得完成这个特斯拉电圈的课题I got to finish my Tesla coil project if I want to graduate.大卫你熟悉灰狼吗？Dave, are you familiar with the gray wolf?啊拜托班尼别又提灰狼的事了我真不能...Oh, no, please, Bennet. Not this again with the gray wolf. I can't...灰狼是一种群居动物The gray wolf is a pack animal.它们必须找到伙伴才能抓到猎物He must find a mate. He must hunt and grunt.它们必须合作He must participate.你必须得把脚踏出去You're going to get booted out of the pack!单独一个人只会被饥饿的熊吃掉Alone. Eaten by a hungry bear.真是鼓舞人心的对话我已经准备好出去了That's a real pick-me-up pep talk, and I'm ready to go get the day.不不No, no.天啊Oh, man.这里一切还好吧？Everything okay down there?我应该直接走开是吗？I should just leave, right?是的Right.等等你是...贝基？Wait. I'm sorry. Becky?贝基巴尼斯？Becky Barnes.大卫！Dave!我们一起读的四年级We were in fourth grade together.我记得你大卫史塔勒I do know you. Dave Stutler.对吗？ - 是我- Right? - That's me.是的你就是那个小孩Yeah. You're that kid.那个地方叫什么来着？What was that place called?阿堪那... - 阿堪那克班纳- Arcana... - Arcana Cabana?是的Yeah.你转学了？ - 是的- So, did you transfer? - Yeah, I did.然后得到了一些帮助治疗And got some help. Treatment.那件事真奇怪Yes, that was weird.你知道吗？结果只是葡萄糖不均衡而已You know what? It turns out it's just a glucose imbalance.出现幻觉Hallucinations?这在小孩之间并不罕见Not uncommon in young subjects.是的Right.真是个有趣的插曲It's a great anecdote.喂贝基Hey, Becky.贝基？贝基！Becky? Hey, Becky?你喜欢物理课吗？So how are you enjoying Physics ?我的脑子就不是为物理学而设的My brain just does not think physics.那它是为什么而设的？So, what does it think, then?大部分是音乐Music, mostly.这就是我So, this is me.你在电台工作？You work at the radio station?是的我在做一个下午档的节目Yeah, I do an afternoon show.你不是开玩笑吧？这很酷！Are you kidding me? That's so cool!只是学校的电台而已只有大概七个人的样子会去听吧It's just college radio. Like, seven people listen to it.又多了一个人我会听的这样就有八个了I'll be listening. That's one more. You can round it up to eight.我想那是我们的电线！I think that's our antenna!- 发生什么事了？ - 好啊美女- What's going on? - Hey, gorgeous.整个混音器都坏了而且弗莱迪请了病假The whole mixer is toast, and Freddy called in sick.对不起打扰了Sorry to bother you.你们的工程师把仪器放在哪里？Where does your engineer keep his equipment?这人是谁？Who's this guy?好消息是你们还能发送信号So, the good news is you're still transmitting.坏消息是你们的接收损耗太大了The bad news is your return loss, way too high.好吧如果我这样做没错的话All right, if I know what I'm doing,我们应该马上就能修好了！we should be good!- 十分感谢 - 不用谢这是我的荣幸- Thank you. - No, please, it was my pleasure. 我知道这一切对你很重要I could tell this is all pretty important for you.我真的很喜欢做节目...你知道的My show is the one thing that... Well, you know. 就像我喜欢物理一样Physics. That's my thing.再见I'll see you around.你竟然不约她出去！You didn't ask her out!你居然修好后就走人了！You just fixed her antenna and you left.没事她会记得我的That's not the point. She will remember me.她会记得你？你以为你是谁？《勇敢的心》男主角？"She will remember me"? Who are you? Braveheart?班尼十年前我追这女孩的计划就泡汤了Bennet, I blew my shot at getting this girl years ago.我不能再失败了I can't do it again.在你被电死之前赶紧离开这儿吧Now get out of here before you get electrocuted. 今晚我们能够广播是个奇迹... and it's a miracle we made it on the air tonight. 这个节目也许不重要但音乐却很重要This show may not matter, but the music does. 这里是贝基巴尼斯希望音乐常伴您左右This is Becky Barnes, WN YU Radio, hoping there's music all around you.我不明白为什么你要买这个垃圾？I don't understand. Why did you have to buy this piece of junk?垃圾？这是古董！Junk? It's an antique!古董？这是跳蚤市场上的一块破烂！Antique? It's a piece of junk from a flea market! 我是第一个出来的吗？Am I the first one out?看来是的That's a yes.十年期限到了巴塔刹Our years are up, Balthazar.等我从小大卫那里拿到暗室When I get the Grimhold from young David,我会代你向他问好的I'll tell him you said hello.再见巴塔刹！Cheerio, Balthazar!我认为给你「良好」已经很慷慨了I thought B-was generous.我最近才从十年监禁中被释放出来I've recently been released from a -year sentence, 这十年来我唯一能读的东西during which the only reading material available to me 就是从你书包里得到的was your so-called report on Napoleon Bonaparte所谓「拿破仑波拿巴的报告」from your school bag.你的分析平澹无奇文笔也很差Your analysis was obvious, your prose was weak.我那时才九岁！ - 这和年龄无关- I was nine. - Irrelevant.暗室在哪？就是被你从店里拿走的玩偶Where's the Grimhold? That doll you took from the shop.那个玩偶里面关着一个强大的东西The doll held something very powerful.对我很重要的东西Something very important to me.你是最后得到它的人You had it last.我想要回来I want it back.听着我...Listen, I'm...- 我把它扔到了街上 - 暗室在哪里？- I threw it in the street. - Where's the Grimhold?过去很长时间了我也不知道它在哪里It's been a long time. I don't actually know where it is.我会逼你说出来的I'll cut the truth out of you.不错Sweet.抓住他！Get him.狼？不要不要不要！Wolves? No, no, no, no.多谢Thank you.真的是狼啊Wolves.怎么办怎么办怎么办Man, oh, man, oh, man, oh, man.天啊天啊！No, no, no.不要！Oh, no!杀了他Kill him.不要！No!小狗？Puppies?天啊Oh, my.不会吧No way.那个玩偶在哪里大卫？Where's the doll, Dave?他他他...Him, him...好吧上这儿来现在！快点！All right, get up here. Now! Now! Hurry!不要！Oh, no!什么也没发生什么也没发生This is not happening. This is not happening.我嘴里有发酸的味道I taste sour in my mouth.放松点大卫深呼吸Take it easy, Dave. Deep breaths.什么？What?告诉我这不是真的！Now that is not happening!怎么了它怎么了？What's wrong? What is it?不不不！No, no, no!你别想再让这种事发生在我身上了！You are not doing this to me again!你知道我这十年来的生活是什么样子的吗？Do you have any idea what my life has been like for the last years?我这十年都被困在一个缸子里I've been stuck in an urn for the last years. ..我也是！被困在一个被嘲弄的缸子里So have I! A figurative urn of ridicule.你知道在三角区的某些地方Do you know that in certain parts of the tri-state area, 他们仍然称那些精神崩溃的人they still refer to having a nervous breakdown叫做「被大卫史塔勒附身了」...你知道吗？as "pulling a David Stutler"? Did you know that?要仔细倾听别人说的话大卫Try to be a good listener, Dave.那个玩偶叫做暗室That doll is called the Grimhold.它监禁着史上最危险的一群人魔科娜和她的同伙It is a prison for the most dangerous Morganians in history,每个人都被关在玩偶的一层空间里each one locked up in a layer of the doll.霍瓦斯想放出魔科娜和其同伙毁灭世界Horvath wants to free his fellow Morganians and destroy the world.这绝对不能让他发生This must not happen.是的当然Yeah. For sure.实际上你有独特的天赋The truth is, you have a very special gift.你必须认识到这一点You need to see that.我只想做个普通人I just want to be normal.过正常生活我只想忘掉在阿堪那克班纳的那个意外Normal life. I want to forget about that day at Arcana Cabana.我想忘掉魔法忘掉一切I want to forget about magic. I want to forget everything. - 你应该闪开 - 什么？- You should duck. - What?你想要忘掉魔法？You want to forget magic?那你为什么还留着这戒指？Then why did you keep the ring?我正要上伊贝网卖掉它呢I was going to sell that on eBay.你还是不会撒谎大卫我喜欢你这一点这是个优点You're still a bad liar, Dave. I like that about you. It's a good sign.你有天赋You have the gift.不我只有自己的生活No, I have a life.你是霍瓦斯看到拿着暗室的最后一个人You're the last person Horvath saw with the Grimhold.这会让你上他的黑名单That puts you on his list.除非你想让他把你变成一头喜欢物理学的猪！So unless you want him to turn you into a pig who just loves physics,..你最好帮我在他之前找到玩偶then you better help me find that doll before he does. 这太疯狂了你知道这有多疯狂对吗？This is crazy. You see how crazy this is, right? 那好吧好吧All right. All right.你帮我找到它你的任务就完成了You help me get it back, you're done.- 真的？ - 你可以离开- Really? - You can walk away.你能把我的衣柜放回去吗？Can you please put my dresser back?你要做什么...天啊What are you... oh, no.请你别这样做你在干什么？Please don't do that. What are you doing?什么？What?- 哇那是什么？ - 那是我的暗室追踪设备- Whoa. What is that? - It's my Grimhold tracking device.生物计量压咒语取代了玩偶上部的气压Biometric pressure spell displaces the atmosphere above the doll.看起来在城市商业区Looks like downtown.如果我们能追踪暗室霍瓦斯也能If we can track the Grimhold, so can Horvath.- 我们为什么不让铁鹰载我们去呢？ - 在商业区太高调了- So why don't we just take the eagle? - Too high-profile for a trip downtown.- 我得给你叫一部拖车 - 没必要- I'll have to call you a tow. - Won't be necessary. 但这辆车已经放了十年了Yeah, but this car's been impounded for years.这就叫做低调？This is low-profile...她想我了She missed me.我会教你一些基本的东西我的魔法课戴上戒指I'm going to give you the basics. Strictly Sorcery . Put on the ring.什么事也不会发生Nothing's going to happen.真的？Yeah?骗你的你听说过人类只用了十分之一的大脑吗？Kidding. You've heard how people use only ％ of their brains?魔法师能够操控物体Sorcerers can manipulate matter because they're born with the capability是因为他们天生就能使用大脑全部to use the entire power of their brains.这也就是为什么原子物理对你来说易如反掌Which also explains why molecular physics comes so easily to you.等等魔法到底是科学还是魔术？So, wait. Is sorcery science or magic?两者都是Yes and yes.现在你只需要一个基本的战斗咒语For now, all you need is a basic combat spell. 造火Making fire.什么会让原子升温？What causes molecules to heat up?振动？They vibrate.我们看到的每件物体都处在恆定的振动状态中Everything we see is in a constant state of vibration,因此我们才会有稳定的错觉thus the illusion of solidity.但是我们怎样才能让看起来稳定的东西But how do we take that which appears solid 燃烧起来呢？and have it burst into flames?我们让振动加快第一步平静心绪We will the vibrations to go faster. Step one, clear your mind.第二步看着那些原子Step two, see the molecules.第三步让它们振动Step three, make them shake.- 明白了？ - 不我一点都不明白- Got it? - No! I definitely don't "got it."相信这枚戒指大卫让它微妙地发生Trust the ring, Dave. And keep it subtle.绝不能让普通人知道魔法存在这对他们来说太复杂了Civilians mustn't know magic exists. That would be complicated...这话是从穿着年历史的皮衣的人说出来的Says the guy in the -year-old rawhide trench coat.我把它扔到了街上I threw it in the street.事情过去这么久了我也不知道它在哪It's been a long time. I don't actually know where it is.我把它扔到了街上I threw it in the street.别进去！Don't go in there!他尿裤子了！Ew! He peed his pants!商店着火了！别进去！那些人...The store's on fire! Don't go in! Those guys are... ..这只是水而已刚刚着火了！It's just water! There was a fire!我把它扔到了街上I threw it in the street.但是哪里呢？But where?走开！变态！我要把车停在那儿！Get out of the way, freak! I need to pull in there! 你是在说我吗？Are you addressing me?嘿别惹怒我Hey, don't mess with me.我刚才在哪里？Where was I?唐人街Chinatown.就是这里我去拿暗室注意别让霍瓦斯进来This is it. I'll get the Grimhold. Keep an eye out for Horvath.嗨Hi.我能帮助你吗？你有预约吗？Can I help you? Do you have an appointment?抱歉打扰您我在找一个...I'm sorry to trouble you. I'm looking for a...这听起来很奇怪我在找一个套娃大概这么大Well, it's rather strange. It's a nesting doll. It's about this big...前面印了一个看起来很愤怒的中国人Angry-looking Chinese gentleman on the front. - 套娃？ - 是的- Nesting doll? - Yes.可能有我收集了很多东西It's possible. I collect so many objects.,,,,,(你的头发好靓)你会说普通话You speak Mandarin.那是广东话霍瓦斯That was Cantonese, Horvath.暗室在哪里？The Grimhold. Where is it?我的一个老友能说一口无懈可击的广东话An old associate of mine speaks impeccable Cantonese.他生活在年前He lived about years ago.听说过他吗？森洛Know him? Sun Lok.你当然知道他了你把他也关进了暗室Of course you do. You locked him inside the Grimhold...哎呀Whoops.打开了Opened it.你没事吧？Are you all right?你看起来...Looks like...怎么...What the...我跟他们一样是路过的I'm like one of them.大卫？Dave?你最好快逃You should run.,,,,,(有没有搞错啊,怎么这么重?)抱歉抱歉对不起Sorry. Sorry. I'm sorry.别动Be still.巴塔刹！Balthazar!天啊快来Oh, God. Come on.你忘记了第一步！You skipped the first step!- 平静心绪！ - 忘了第一步- Clear your mind! - Skipped the first step.现在要我平静心绪？你疯了吗？Clear my mind? Are you insane?稍微平静一点Little bit.天啊Oh, man.就是这样This is it.平静心绪相信自己Clear your mind. Believe.太好了！Yeah!魔法真神奇！Go Team Magical Stuff!..你看到了吗看到我刚刚做的了吗？Did you see that? Did you see what I just did? 我做到了I did it.不可能It can't be.难以置信Unbelievable.你有什么线索吗？你看到这里发生什么了？Hey, what do you got? Did you see what happened here?你相信吗？亚洲人节日的烟花和舞龙You know what? Bottle rocket meets paper dragon in this Asian festival...像生日蛋糕一样点燃起来了Lit it up like a birthday cake.我们接到无数电话说看到了一条真正的龙We got swamped with calls saying there was a real dragon.我实话跟你说警官我觉得这里Between you and me, Cap, I think some of these folks 有些中国人喝清酒喝多了were hitting the sake pretty hard.事实上清酒是日本的Sake's Japanese, actually.走吧Carry on.- 清酒是日本的？ - 对啊- "Sake's Japanese"? - Well, it is.- 我当时在演戏 - 哦对哦- I was in character. - Oh, right.你可以把戒指还给我了You may now return the ring to me...我是信守诺言的人你帮了我任务结束了I'm a man of my word. You helped me, we're done.是的是的Right. Right.我想学习更多的魔法I'd like to learn some more.我们需要一个地方工作We'll need a place to work.一个不会被霍瓦斯发现的地方Somewhere under Horvath's radar.我想我可以帮忙I think I can help with that.这里本来是地铁调头的地方This was originally a subway turnaround.他们让我在这儿工作They let me work down here因为我的一些实验有点危险because some of my experiments skew a bit dangerous. 我的老师在这儿有一套设备没人知道我们在这儿Oh, my professor has a hookup, so nobody knows we're down here.之前我一直没机会把这个给你I didn't have a chance to give you this before.你的魔法书Your Encantus.我记得它要比这大些I remember it being bigger.这是便携版的Pocket edition.魔法书就是我们的教材The Encantus is our textbook.魔法的艺术、科学和历史The art and science and history of sorcery...也包括我们最近的历史Including our recent history as well.拜托Come on.看见了？你在这儿See? There you are.在把霍瓦斯抓回暗室之前Before we can put Horvath back inside the Grimhold,我们首先必须把你变成一个魔法师we must first turn you into a sorcerer,现在就开始which begins now.退后Step back.- 我真的做了一些事情 - 睁开眼睛看着- I really was doing stuff. - Eyes open.闭嘴Mouth closed.这是梅林环This is the Merlin Circle...它能集中你能量It focuses your energy...帮助你掌握新咒语Helps you master new spells...这将是你学习魔法的地方It is where you will learn the Art.走进来抛开所有杂念Step inside, you leave everything else behind.一旦你走进来Once you enter,就不能回头了there is no going back.所以我应该先去上个厕所？So, I should probably pee first?不然到时候...Better safe than...好吧我能忍住I can hold it.我是巴塔刹布雷克I am Balthazar Blake,..级魔法师sorcerer of the th degree,你是我的徒弟and you are my apprentice.很好Sweet.你的戒指不是个装饰Your ring is not a piece of jewelry.它能把你神经系统的电能It projects the electrical energy of your nervous system 投射到物理的世界into the physical world.没有戒指魔法师就会失去法力Without his ring, a sorcerer is powerless.魔法师所需要的另外一件物品The only other thing a sorcerer needs就是一双漂亮的尖头鞋is a nice pair of pointy shoes.你那塑料的鞋底会阻碍电流Your rubber soles block the current.而且它让你看起来很有品位Plus it helps to look classy.这是老人才穿的鞋These are old man shoes.你说什么？Excuse me?我喜欢这双鞋I love them.很喜欢A lot...我小时候见过这根手杖的图片以后再也没有见过了I haven't seen that cane since I saw a picture of it when I was a boy...你一定被关了很长时间You've been locked up a long time.现在我出来了And now I'm out.我需要士兵And I need soldiers.我只有一个孩子I got one kid.他不是很循规蹈矩He ain't old school.一个就够了One will do.你的聪明才智和你的慈悲之心Your ingenuity and your heart会让你比魔科娜的人有优势will give you an advantage over Morganians.他们只能依赖魔法的力量They rely only on the power of their magic.但是当你被逼到墙边的时候只能选择一种武器了But if you're up against the wall, there's only one weapon of choice,..等离子电the plasma bolt.没有什么也没有Nothing. There's nothing.我成功了！我得到了一个！我得到了一个！I got it! I got one! I got one!真是让人崩溃That's underwhelming.上帝啊God.再来Again.然后让我的灵魂...and invite my soul.....再来And again.看见了吧？这就是保护垫的用处See? That's what padding is for. Oh!在珠宝的沐浴中我出现了对吗？So, out of a bath full of jewels, I'm going to emerge, right?每个人都认为那是我And everyone's going to think I'm me.我努力伸向那个大礼帽把自己拉了出来I reach into the big top hat and I pull myself out,但我是个女人but I'm a woman.一个火球一个裹着尿布的婴儿但是我更喜欢一只老虎A ball of fire, right, a baby sitting in a nappy, but I would like a tiger.能不能让一只老虎从一只豹子里面跳出来If I could get, like, a tiger jumping out of a leopard.但不是从它的嘴里因为以前肯定有人这么做过了But not out of its mouth, that's been done, I'm sure, somewhere.漂亮做得好亲爱的Gorgeous. Just perfect, darling...是的就是这样直线上来Yeah. Yeah, now, keep it straight up sinister.告诉我你只是在开玩笑Oh, do tell me this is a joke.抱歉你迷路了吗？Sorry, are you lost?魔科娜的后人居然变成你这样了？So, you're what passes for a Morganian these days. 马克西姆霍瓦斯！你就是那个...Maxim Horvath! You are one smoking man of...请让我们独处一会女士们Will you excuse us, ladies?请让我们独处一会女士们？Yes, excuse us, ladies.鲍伯Bob...鲍伯Bob.抱歉Sorry.他们告诉我说你是个卖艺的？So, they tell me you're some kind of entertainer. ..在花园的演出卖出了五成的票还要加上之前的预演Five sold-out shows at the Garden, plus back end on the pay-per-view.你什么时候见到过魔科娜从帽子里面变兔子的戏法？Did you ever see Morgana pull a rabbit out of a hat?听着我的老师在我岁的时候就不见了Look, my master disappeared when I was , vanished!而且她什么都没有给我留下Left me with nothing but an Encantus只有一些魔法书和早已经被抛弃的低级魔法and some prescription-grade abandonment issues.我只能即兴发挥了So I improvised.你即兴表演的时代已经结束了Well, the time for improvisation is over.巴塔刹布雷克可能已经找到那个梅林的一流学徒Balthazar Blake may have found the Prime Merlinean.他戴着那个戒指？He wears the ring?..是的Mmm.抵御火的最好方式The best way to defend against fire,就是真空层vacuum sphere.轮到你了Your turn.我做的了我做到了！I did it! I did it!不错不错Excellent. Excellent.- 真不错！ - 我刚刚做到了- Excellent. - I just did that.你的特斯拉线圈怎么了？它好像在冒火What's wrong with your Tesla coil? It seems to be firing on its own.真的真的很有趣Really, really funny.这将会很有趣This will be hilarious, then.上帝啊！Oh, my God!伙计！Dude!哦别奇怪我已经十年没吃东西了Beg your pardon. I haven't eaten in years.是啊真惨Yeah. Yeah, fair enough.你能告诉我这个椅子有什么特别的地方吗？You mind if I ask what's so special about。

higg验证流程

Higgs验证流程简介Higgs粒子是由欧洲核子中心的大型强子对撞机（LHC）实验团队于2012年首次发现的一种基本粒子。

它是标准模型中的最后一块拼图，对于我们理解宇宙的基本粒子和它们之间的相互作用具有重要意义。

Higgs验证流程是为了确认这一发现的有效性和可靠性而进行的一系列实验和分析。

流程步骤1. 数据采集Higgs验证流程的第一步是数据采集。

大型强子对撞机（LHC）是目前世界上最大和最强大的粒子加速器，用于模拟宇宙大爆炸时的高能环境。

在LHC中，质子束流相互碰撞，产生大量的粒子碰撞事件。

实验团队使用粒子探测器来记录这些事件的详细信息。

2. 数据预处理在数据采集之后，需要对原始数据进行预处理。

这个步骤主要包括去除噪音、修正测量误差、标定探测器响应等。

数据预处理的目的是提高数据的质量，减少系统误差对实验结果的影响。

3. 事件选择在数据预处理之后，需要对数据进行事件选择。

由于粒子碰撞事件非常多，而我们只关心其中与Higgs粒子有关的事件，因此需要设计一套事件选择策略。

这个策略通常基于一些物理特征，比如能量、动量、衰变产物等。

只有满足一定的条件的事件才会被选中进行后续分析。

4. 物理量重建在事件选择之后，需要对选中的事件进行物理量重建。

这个步骤主要是根据探测器测量的数据，通过一系列的算法和模型推算出粒子的物理量，比如能量、动量、质量等。

物理量的重建是Higgs验证流程中非常重要的一步，它直接影响到后续的粒子鉴别和分析结果。

5. 背景估计在物理量重建之后，需要对背景进行估计。

由于粒子碰撞事件中除了与Higgs粒子有关的信号以外，还会有一些其他的背景事件。

这些背景事件可能来自于其他物理过程或者实验误差。

为了准确地鉴别和测量Higgs粒子的性质，需要对这些背景事件进行估计和减去。

6. 信号鉴别在背景估计之后，需要对信号进行鉴别。

信号鉴别是Higgs验证流程中最核心的一步，它通过一系列的判别变量和分类算法，将与Higgs粒子有关的信号与背景事件进行区分。

higman-haines 定理

Higman-Haines定理是关于有限可解群的一个重要的结构定理。

这个定理可以表述为：如果G是一个可解的有限群，那么存在一个同构于自由阿贝尔2-群的正则子群H，使得G/H是一个阿贝尔群。

这个定理是以G. Higman和R. Haines的名字命名的，他们在1964年发表的一篇论文中证明了这一结果。

这个定理提供了一种在可解群的分类中寻找新的群的方法，即通过寻找自由阿贝尔2-群的正则子群来构造新的可解群。

在证明Higman-Haines定理的过程中，需要使用到一些代数和拓扑的工具，比如自由群、同伦群、覆盖空间等。

这个定理也被广泛地应用于代数学、几何学和物理学中，以研究不同领域中的可解群的性质和结构。

ANSYS错误提示及其含义

1 在Ansys中出现“Shape testing revealed that 450 of the 1500 new or modified elements violate shape warning limits.”，是什么原因造成的呢？单元网格质量不够好，尽量用规则化网格，或者再较为细密一点。

2 在Ansys中，用Area Fillet对两空间曲面进行倒角时出现以下错误：Area 6 offset could not fully converge to offset distance 10. Maximum error between the two surfaces is 1% of offset distance.请问这是什么错误？怎么解决？其中一个是圆柱接管表面，一个是碟形封头表面。

ansys的布尔操作能力比较弱。

如果一定要在ansys里面做的话，那么你试试看先对线进行倒角，然后由倒角后的线形成倒角的面。

建议最好用UG、PRO/E这类软件生成实体模型然后导入到ansys。

3 在Ansys中，出现错误“There are 21 small equation solver pivot terms。

”，是否是在建立接触contact时出现的错误？不是建立接触对的错误，一般是单元形状质量太差（例如有接近零度的锐角或者接近180度的钝角）造成small equation solver pivot terms4 在Ansys中，出现警告“SOLID45 wedges are recommended only in regions of relatively low stress gradients.”，是什么意思？"这只是一个警告，它告诉你：推荐SOLID45单元只用在应力梯度较低的区域。

它只是告诉你注意这个问题，如果应力梯度较高，则可能计算结果不可信。

"5 ansys向adams导的过程中，出现如下问题“There is not enough memory for the Sparse Matrix Solver to proceed.Please shut down other applications that may be running or increase the virtual memory on your system and return ANSYS.Memory currently allocated for the Sparse Matrix Solver=50MB.Memory currently required for the Sparse Matrix Solver to continue=25MB”，是什么原因造成的？不清楚你ansys导入adams过程中怎么还需要使用Sparse Matrix Solver（稀疏矩阵求解器）。

化学专业类英文科研文献

Conjugation vs hyperconjugation in molecular structure of acroleinSvitlana V.Shishkina a ,⇑,Anzhelika I.Slabko b ,Oleg V.Shishkin a ,caDivision of Functional Materials Chemistry,SSI ‘Institute for Single Crystals’,National Academy of Science of Ukraine,60Lenina Ave.,Kharkiv 61001,Ukraine bDepartment of Technology of Plastic Masses,National Technical University ‘Kharkiv Polythechnic Institute’,21Frunze Str.,Kharkiv 61002,Ukraine cDepartment of Inorganic Chemistry,V.N.Karazin Kharkiv National University,4Svobody Sq.,Kharkiv 61077,Ukrainea r t i c l e i n f o Article history:Received 4August 2012In ﬁnal form 16November 2012Available online 29November 2012a b s t r a c tAnalysis of geometric parameters of butadiene and acrolein reveals the contradiction between the Csp 2–Csp 2bond length in acrolein and classical concept of conjugation degree in the polarized molecules.In this Letter the reasons of this contradiction have been investigated.It is concluded that the Csp 2–Csp 2bond length in acrolein is determined by inﬂuence of the bonding for it p –p conjugation and antibonding n ?r ⁄hyperconjugation between the oxygen lone pair and the antibonding orbital of the single bond.It was shown also this bond length depends on the difference in energy of conjugative and hyperconjuga-tive interactions.Ó2012Elsevier B.V.All rights reserved.1.IntroductionButadiene and acrolein belong to the most fundamental mole-cules in the organic chemistry.They are canonical objects for the investigation of phenomena of p –p conjugation between double bonds and polarization of p -system by heteroatom [1].According to many experimental [2–16]as well as theoretical studies [13,17–23]the molecular structure of butadiene is determined by conjugation between p -orbitals of two double bonds and may be described as superposition of two resonance structures (Scheme 1).The presence of zwitterionic structure causes the shortening of the central single Csp 2–Csp 2bond as compare with similar unconjugated bond [24].Acrolein differs from butadiene by presence of the oxygen atom instead terminal methylene group.According to classical concepts of organic chemistry such replacement should causes polarization of p -system due to presence of highly polar C @O bond [25].This leads to signiﬁcant increase of the contribution of the zwitterionic resonance structure (Scheme 1)reﬂecting strengthening of conju-gation between p -systems of double bonds.Therefore the central Csp 2–Csp 2bond must be shorter in acrolein as compared with one in butadiene.However numerous investigations of acrolein by experimental [26–28]and theoretical methods [26,27,29–36]demonstrate an opposite situation:the Csp 2–Csp 2bond length varies within the range 1.469Ä1.481Åin acrolein as compared with 1.454Ä1.467in butadiene.Based on these data one can conclude that conjugation between double bonds in acrolein is weaker than in butadiene.At that time the rotation barrier obtained from quan-tum-chemical calculations is higher in acrolein [26,27],conﬁrming stronger conjugation between double bonds.Thus,results of experimental and theoretical investigations demonstrate the con-tradiction between the strengthening of the conjugation in acrolein as compare with butadiene and the values of the Csp 2–Csp 2bond length in these molecules.Recently such illogical situation was observed also in derivatives of cyclohexene containing conjugated endocyclic and exocyclic double bonds [37].It was assumed that elongation of the Csp 2–Csp 2bond in cycloxen-2-enone as compare with one in 3-methylene-cyclohexene is caused by the inﬂuence of n ?r ⁄hyperconjugation.In this Letter we demonstrate the results of the investigation of intramolecular interactions in butadiene and acrolein which ex-plain the experimentally observed contradiction between the length of the Csp 2–Csp 2bond and degree of conjugation in acrolein.2.Method of calculationsThe structures of all investigated molecules were optimized using second-order Møller-Plesset perturbation theory [38].The standard aug-cc-pvtz basis set [39]was applied.The character of stationary points on the potential energy surface was veriﬁed by calculations of vibrational frequencies within the harmonic approximation using analytical second derivatives at the same level of theory.All stationary points possess zero (minima)or one (saddle points)imaginary frequencies.The veriﬁcation of the calculation method was performed using optimization of butadi-ene and acrolein by MP2/aug-cc-pvqz,CCSD(T)/cc-pvtz and CCSD(T)/6-311G(d,p)methods [40].The geometry of saddle points for the rotation process was lo-cated using standard optimization technique [41].The barrier of the rotation in all molecules was calculated as the difference be-tween the Gibbs free energies at 298K of the most stable s-trans0009-2614/$-see front matter Ó2012Elsevier B.V.All rights reserved./10.1016/j.cplett.2012.11.032Corresponding author.Fax:+3805723409339.E-mail address:sveta@ (S.V.Shishkina).conformer and saddle-point conformation.All calculations were performed using the G AUSSIAN 03program [42].The intramolecular interactions were investigated within the Natural Bonding Orbitals theory [43]with N BO 5.0program [44].Calculations were performed using B3LYP/aug-cc-pvtz wave func-tion obtained from single point calculations by G AUSSIAN 03program.The conjugation and hyperconjugation interactions are referred to as ‘delocalization’corrections to the zeroth-order natural Lewis structure.For each donor N BO (i )and acceptor N BO (j ),the stabiliza-tion energy E (2)associated with delocalization (‘2e-stabilization’)i ?j is estimated asE ð2Þ¼D E ij ¼q iF ði ;j Þ22j À2i;where q i is the donor orbital occupancy,e j and e i are the diagonal elements (orbital energies),and F (i,j )is the off-diagonal N BO Fock matrix element.3.Results and discussionThe equilibrium geometry of s-trans and s-cis conformers of butadiene and acrolein calculated by MP/aug-cc-pvtz method (Ta-ble 2)agrees very well with obtained earlier results [2–23,25–34]and data of higher and more computationally expensive methods (Table 1).It can be noted that the C–C bond length in acrolein(Tables 1and 2)is longer as compared with butadiene in all sta-tionary points on the potential energy surface.Such relation does not agree with the conception of the resonance theory [45–47].Analysis of intramolecular interactions in both molecules using N BO theory indicates that acrolein differs from butadiene by pres-ence of intramolecular interaction between lone pair of the oxygen atom and antibonding orbital of the C–C bond (Figure 1)as well as the polarization of one double bond containing more electronega-tive ually the interactions between lone pair and antibonding orbital of single bond are stronger than the interac-tions between the C–H bond and antibonding orbital [48]and they can inﬂuence geometrical characteristics.Such type of interactions is named by anomeric effect and it is studied very well for the case when the central bond between interacted orbitals is single [48,49].It is investigated in details [49]an inﬂuence of classical anomeric effect on conformation of the substituents about central single bond as well as on values of bond lengths.In the case of hyperconjugation interactions along double bond in acrolein orien-tation of substituents around it is determined by its double charac-ter.Therefore,n ?r ⁄hyperconjugative interaction can inﬂuence on the bond lengths of interacted ones only.It can assume the dou-ble character of the central bond must also promote some strengthening of this inﬂuence due to shorter distance between the lone pair of the oxygen atom and antibonding orbital of the C–C bond.Results of N BO analysis of intramolecular interactions in butadi-ene and acrolein demonstrate that the energy of n ?r ⁄interaction between lone pair of the oxygen atom and antibonding orbital of the C–C bond in acrolein is twice as high of the energy of r ?r ⁄interaction between the C–H bond and antibonding orbital of the C–C bond in butadiene (Table 2).At that time the energy of n ?r ⁄interaction is close enough to the energy of p –pTable 2The equilibrium geometries (bond lengths,Åand C @C–C @X (X =CH 2,O)torsion angle,deg.),transition state of the rotation process,bond length alternation (BLA)parameter,related energy (D E rel ,kcal/mol),related stability (D G 298,kcal/mol)and energy of strongest intramolecular interactions (E (2),kcal/mol)for butadiene and acrolein optimized by MP2/aug-cc-pvtz method.The wave function calculated by b3lyp/aug-cc-pvtz method was used for N BO analysis.ConformerBond lengths (Å)C @C–C @X torsion angle deg.BLA (Å)D E rel(kcal/mol)D G 298(kcal/mol)E (2)(kcal/mol)C @CC–C C @X p –pn ?r ⁄(C–C)r ?r ⁄(C–C)Butadiene s-trans 1.341 1.453 1.340180.0+0.1120030.74–8.67gauche 1.340 1.465 1.34036.8+0.125 2.83 2.8921.04–8.94TS 1.3361.4801.336101.8+0.1446.446.102.32–10.66Acrolein s-trans 1.339 1.469 1.219180.0+0.1300027.7518.06–s-cis 1.338 1.481 1.2190.0+0.143 2.26 2.2224.6319.05–TS1.334 1.492 1.21692.5+0.1588.017.46–18.78–Acrolein +BH 3s-trans 1.341 1.449 1.235180.0+0.1080033.12 2.4511.43s-cis 1.340 1.460 1.2340.0+0.120 2.45 2.3829.61 2.6011.43TS1.334 1.476 1.23193.7+0.1429.258.61–2.3911.55Table 1The Csp 2–Csp 2bond length in butadiene and acrolein optimized by different quantum-chemical methods.Method of calculationCsp 2–Csp 2bond length (Å)D (Csp 2–Csp 2)(Å)ButadieneAcrolein MP2/aug-cc-pvtz 1.453 1.4690.016MP2/aug-cc-pvqz 1.451 1.4670.016CCSD(T)/cc-pvtz1.461 1.4780.017CCSD(T)/6–311G(d,p)1.4681.4870.019S.V.Shishkina et al./Chemical Physics Letters 556(2013)18–2219conjugation between two double bonds.Therefore it can assume that the inﬂuence of p–p conjugation and n?r⁄hyperconjuga-tion on the C–C bond length should be comparable.However two strongest intramolecular interactions in the acrolein differ from each other:p–p conjugation between double bonds causes the shortening of the C–C bond in contrary to n?r⁄hyperconjugation which leads to the elongation of the C–C bond owing to the popu-lation of its antibonding orbital.Taking into account this situation it is possible to conclude that length of the Csp2–Csp2single bond in acrolein is determined by balance of two opposite factors namely p–p conjugation and n?r⁄hyperconjugation which may be considered as bonding and antibonding interactions for this bond(Figure1).In this case the length of the Csp2–Csp2bond in acrolein depends on the con-tribution of each of these factors.The changing of the delocaliza-tion of the structures due to inﬂuence of intramolecular interactions can be analyzed easier by mean of the bond length alternation(BLA)parameter(Table2).The analysis of BLA shows the presence of n?r⁄hyperconjugative interaction in acrolein what results in the increasing of alternation of double bonds as compare with butadiene.Clear estimation of inﬂuence of both interactions on geometri-cal parameters of molecule may be performed by comparison of properties of single C–C bond and BLA parameter in equilibrium s-trans conformation and in situations where one or both intramo-lecular interactions are absent.It is well known that p–p conjugation between double bonds decreases appreciably up to disappearing(in acrolein)in the tran-sition state for the rotation around single bond process(Figure2). The data of N BO analysis for butadiene and acrolein in the transition state conﬁrm this evidence(Table2).As expected the absence of p–p conjugation results in the elongation of the Csp2–Csp2bond and increasing of BLA as compare with equilibrium geometry.At that time single C–C bond remains longer in the transition state for acrolein as compare with one for butadiene’s transition state.1.4921.4691.4491.476π−π is present n σ* is presentπ−π is absentn σ* is absent without π−πwithout n σ∗Figure2.Inﬂuence of p–p⁄conjugation and n?r⁄hyperconjugation on the C–Cbond length in acrolein.Table3The energy(E(2),kcal/mol)of the conjugative(bonding)and hyperconjugative(antibonding)intramolecular interactions inﬂuencing the Csp2–Csp2bond length in butadiene, acrolein and its complex with BH3.Molecule Bonding interactions E(2)(kcal/mol)Antibonding interactions E(2)(kcal/mol)Butadienes-trans BD(2)C1-C2–BD(2)C3-C430.74BD(1)C1-H5–BD(1)C2-C38.67 BD(1)C2-H7–BD(1)C3-H87.68BD(1)C4-H9–BD(1)C2-C38.67 gauche BD(2)C1-C2–BD(2)C3-C421.04BD(1)C1-H5–BD(1)C2-C38.94 BD(1)C2-H7–BD(1)C3-C4 5.36BD(1)C4-H9–BD(1)C2-C39.01BD(1)C3-H8–BD(1)C1-C2 5.36TS BD(1)C1-C2–BD(1)C3-C4 3.5BD(1)C1-H5–BD(1)C2-C310.66 BD(1)C1-C2–BD(2)C3-C4 3.46BD(1)C4-H9–BD(1)C2-C310.66BD(1)C3-C4–BD(2)C1-C2 3.46BD(2)C1-C2–BD(2)C3-C4 2.32BD(1)C3-H8–BD(2)C1-C29.57BD(1)C2-H7–BD(2)C3-C49.57Acroleins-trans BD(1)C1-C2–BD(1)C3-O4 2.73BD(1)C1-H5–BD(1)C2-C38.25 BD(2)C1-C2–BD(2)C3-O427.75LP(2)O4–BD(1)C2-C318.06BD(1)C2-H7–BD(1)C3-H8 5.95s-cis BD(2)C1-C2–BD(2)C3-O424.63BD(1)C1-H5–BD(1)C2-C38.76 BD(1)C2-H7–BD(1)C3-O4 4.05LP(2)O4–BD(1)C2-C319.05BD(1)C3-H8–BD(1)C1-C2 5.01TS BD(1)C1-C2–BD(2)C3-O4 2.98BD(1)C1-H5–BD(1)C2-C39.07 BD(1)C3-O4–BD(2)C1-C2 4.48LP(2)O4–BD(1)C2-C318.78BD(1)C3-H8–BD(2)C1-C2 5.85BD(1)C2-H7–BD(2)C3-O4 6.16Acrolein+BH3s-trans BD(1)C1-C2–BD(1)C3-O4 3.07BD(1)C1-H6–BD(1)C2-C38.09 BD(2)C1-C2–BD(2)C3-O433.12BD(1)C2-C3–BD(1)O4-B511.43BD(1)C2-H8–BD(1)C3-H9 5.97LP(1)O4–BD(1)C2-C3 2.45 s-cis BD(1)C1-C2–BD(1)C3-H9 4.98BD(1)C1-H6–BD(1)C2-C38.51 BD(2)C1-C2–BD(2)C3-O429.61BD(1)C2-C3–BD(1)O4-B511.43BD(1)C2-H8–BD(1)C3-O4 4.41LP(1)O4–BD(1)C2-C3 2.60 TS BD(1)C1-C2–BD(1)C3-O40.55BD(1)C1-H6–BD(1)C2-C39.05 BD(1)C1-C2–BD(2)C3-O4 3.01BD(1)C2-C3–BD(1)O4-B511.55BD(2)C1-C2–BD(1)C3-O4 4.90LP(1)O4–BD(1)C2-C3 2.39BD(1)C3-H9–BD(2)C1-C2 6.13BD(1)C2-H8–BD(2)C3-O4 6.8820S.V.Shishkina et al./Chemical Physics Letters556(2013)18–22It is additional argument about the inﬂuence of n?r⁄hypercon-jugation on the C–C bond length through the C@O double bond.In contrary to p–p conjugation n?r⁄hyperconjugation is present in all stationary points on the potential energy surface for acrolein(Table2).But this interaction can be shielded by for-mation of dative bond involving lone pair of the oxygen atom and unoccupied orbital of Lewis acid,for example,BH3.The formed O–B bond has r-character and the energy of its interaction with antibonding orbital of the central C–C bond is very close to the en-ergy of similar C–H?r⁄(C–C)interaction in butadiene(Table2). The absence of n?r⁄hyperconjugation results signiﬁcant short-ening of the Csp2–Csp2bond and decreasing of BLA in all stationary points for acrolein.It is more interesting that the C–C bond in acro-lein becomes shorter and p–p conjugation becomes stronger as compare with ones in butadiene in the case of absence of n?r⁄hyperconjugative interaction(Table2)what agrees well with the resonance theory.This evidence is conﬁrmed also by values of BLA parameter.It is very interesting the situation when both strong intramolec-ular interactions are absent namely acrolein with shielded by BH3 lone pair in the transition state for the rotation process.In absence of p–p conjugative and n?r⁄hyperconjugative interactions the C–C bond length is almost equal to mean value for length of this bond for s-trans and s-cis conformers of acrolein with both interac-tions(Table2).This fact conﬁrms that the C–C bond length in acro-lein in the equilibrium state is determined by balance of p–p conjugation and n?r⁄hyperconjugation.Taking into account the opposite inﬂuence of two types of intra-molecular interactions on the C–C bond one may assume that its length depends on the difference in energy of bonding and antibonding interactions for this bond.In such case all bonding for C–C bond and antibonding for it interactions(Table3)must be taken into account.Specially,this is important for transition states where p–p conjugative interaction is minimal and r(c-H)–p interaction appears instead it.This interaction has bond-ing for Csp2–Csp2bond character and it is weaker as compare with p–p interaction.Analysis of relation between C–C bond length and total energy of intramolecular interaction inﬂuencing on it demon-strates good correlation between them(Figure3)with correlation coefﬁcient aboutÀ0.93.The barrier of the rotation around ordinary C–C bond is also sensitive to intramolecular interactions.The absence of n?r⁄hyperconjugation in acrolein results the increase of conjugation in molecule what leads to the increase of the rotation barrier (Table2).4.ConclusionsResults of quantum-chemical calculations demonstrate the structure of acrolein does not correspond to conventional views about inﬂuence of the polarization of p-system by the oxygen atom.According to classic viewpoint this effect should lead to in-crease of conjugation between double bonds and shortening of central single C–C bond as compared to butadiene.However,anal-ysis of intramolecular interactions shows that the geometry of acrolein is determined by counteraction of p–p conjugation and n?r⁄hyperconjugation.The energies of these interactions are very close but ones inﬂuence on the C–C bond lengths in opposite directions.Conjugation promotes the shortening of the central sin-gle bond due to the overlapping of the p-orbitals of two double bonds.In the contrary the n?r⁄hyperconjugation causes the elongation of the C–C bond due to the population of its antibonding orbital.The absence of conjugation in the 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极值原理和移动平面法

¯ Ω ∂Ω
ii) If − u(x) ≤ 0, x ∈ Ω, then max u ≤ max u.
¯ Ω ∂Ω
this result can be extended to general uniformly elliptic operators. Let Di = Deﬁne L=−
ij
∂ ∂2 , Dij = . ∂xi ∂xi ∂xj bi (x)Di + c(x).
3
Theorem 4 (Strong Maximum Principle for L with c(x) ≥ 0) Assume that Ω is an open, bounded, and connected domain in Rn with smooth boundary ¯ . Assume that c(x) ≥ 0 in Ω. ∂ Ω. Let u be a function in C 2 (Ω) ∩ C (Ω) i) If Lu(x) ≥ 0, x ∈ Ω, then u can not attain its non-positive minimum in the interior of Ω unless u is constant. ii) If Lu(x) ≤ 0, x ∈ Ω, then u can not attain its non-negative maximum in the interior of Ω unless u is constant. We will prove these Theorems in Section 3 by using the Hopf Lemma. Notice that in the previous Theorems, we all require that c(x) ≥ 0. Roughly speaking, maximum principles hold for ‘positive’ operators. − is positive, and obviously so does − + c(x) if c(x) ≥ 0. However, as we will see in the next chapter, in practical problems it occurs frequently that the condition c(x) ≥ 0 can not be met. Do we really need c(x) ≥ 0? The answer is ‘no’. Actually, if c(x) is not ‘too negative’, then the operator ‘- + c(x)’ can still remain ‘positive’ to ensure the maximum principle. These will be studied in Section 4, where we prove the ‘Maximum Principles Based on Comparisons’. ¯ satisfying Let φ be a positive function on Ω − φ + λ(x)φ ≥ 0. Let u be a function such that − u + c(x)u ≥ 0 x ∈ Ω u≥0 on ∂ Ω. Theorem 5 Assume that Ω is a bounded domain. If c(x) > λ(x) , ∀x ∈ Ω, then u ≥ 0 in Ω. (2) (1)

MSGUT from Futility to Precision

a r X i v :h e p -p h /0410308v 1 22 O c t 2004MSGUT :from Futility to Precision aCharanjit S.AulakhDepartment of Physics,Panjab University,Chandigarh,India,160022We computed the complete gauge and chiral superheavy spectra and couplings in the Minimal Susy GUT and therefrom evaluated the dependence of 1-loop threshold corrections to the Weinberg angle and Uniﬁcation scale as functions of the single complex parameter ξthat controls MSGUT symmetry breaking.The corrections are generically within 10%showing that contrary to longstanding conjectures,high precision calculations are not futile but necessary and feasible in the SO(10)MSGUT.Eﬀective superpotentials for B −L violation and mass formulae of the MSSM matter supermultiplets including neutrino Type I and II seesaws were derived.The MSGUT i.e the Supersymmetric SO(10)GUT based on the 126,aTalk given at 5th Rencontres de Vietnam,Hanoi,Aug.5-11,2004We study a renormalizable globally supersymmetric SO(10)GUT whose chiral supermulti-plets consist of“AM type”totally antisymmetric tensors:210(Φijkl),Σijklm),126(Σijklm)(i,j= 1...10)which break the GUT symmetry to the MSSM,together with Fermion mass(FM)Higgs10-plet(H i).The2M H H2i+m4!ΦijklΦklmnΦmnij+MΣijklm+ηΣklmno+1γ5!f′ABψT A C(5)2γi1...γi5ψB2ǫabcdefǫef, (15,1,3) 210: φab˜α˜β=ωǫabǫ˜α˜β, (1,1,1) 210: φ˜α˜β˜γ˜δ=pǫ˜α˜β˜γ˜δ,σ|.Except for the simpler cases correspondingto enhanced unbroken symmetry(SU(5)×U(1),SU(5),G3,2,2,B−L,G3,2,R,B−L etc)4,14this sys-tem of equations is essentially cubic and can be reduced to the single equation4for a variable x=−λω/m,in terms of which the vevs a,ω,p,σ,ηm.This exhibits the crucial importance of the parameterξ.Using the above vevs and the methods of12we calculated the complete gauge and chiral multiplet GUT scale spectra and couplings for the52diﬀerent MSSM multiplet sets falling into 26diﬀerent MSSM multiplet types of which18are unmixed while the other8types occur in multiple copies and mix via upto5x5matrices.(On a lighter note:the occurrence yet again of the‘mystic’String Theory number26demonstrates that one can do just as well without string theory!)If the serendipity of the threefold gauge uniﬁcation at M0X is to survive closer examination the MSGUT must answer the query:Are the one loop values of Sin2θW and M X generically stable against superheavy threshold calculations?.The parameterξ=λM/ηm is the most crucial determinant of the mass spectrum.The formulae for the threshold corrections are16,17∆(th)(Log10M X)=.0217+.0167(5¯b′1+3¯b′2−8¯b′3)Log10M′M0X(4)Where¯b′i are1-loop beta function coeﬃcients for multiplets with mass M′.We plot these threshold corrections for a range of values ofξkeeping the other“insensitive”parametersﬁxed at randomly chosen representative valuesλ=0.12;η=0.21;γ=0.23;¯γ=0.35.Generically,eﬀects on sin2θW(M S)are less than10%of the1-loop values and the change in M X is also not drastic.Near special points(among which one recognizes certain known points of-20-1001020-0.04-0.0200.020.04XiSin2thetaWFigure 1:Plot of the threshold corrections to Sin 2θw vs ξfor real ξ:real solution for x.-20-1001020-4-202XiLogMXFigure 2:Plot of the threshold corrected Log 10M X /M 0X vs ξfor real ξ:real solution for x.enhanced symmetry 4,14)the corrections may be large but never explosively so.Regions wherethe threshold corrections to Log 10M X are large need special examination with regard to their phenomenological viability and consistency with the one scale breaking picture.For complex values of ξas shown we ﬁnd changes are generically less than 10%for Sin 2θwwhile M X changes by a factor of10or less.Thus our central point is that:contrary to expec-tations in the literature13,precision RG analysis of the SO(10)MSGUT is far from being futile but rather is necessary for precision uniﬁcation,since the hierarchy of magnitudes between O(α−1)terms and1-loop threshold/2-loop gauge coupling terms(O(1)eﬀects17)is generically maintained.However the mechanism that enforces the otherwise unreasonable insensitivity to strong growth of the coupling above M X must be found18.Using our methods we can compute all couplings of MSSM submultiplets in terms of GUT couplings and on integrating out the heavy triplet Higgs supermultiplets t,¯t one obtains: =L ABCD(1W∆B==0eff。

时间反演对称性与CP破缺

时间反演对称性与CP破缺在物理学中，时间反演对称性是指物理现象在时间正演和时间反演下具有完全相同的形式。

简单来说，如果某个物理过程在时间上的演化是可逆的，那么它就满足时间反演对称性。

但是，在某些特定的物理过程中，我们发现了时间反演对称性被破坏的现象，其中一个典型的例子就是CP破缺。

CP破缺是指物理过程中的粒子-反粒子对称性和宇称对称性同时被破坏。

粒子-反粒子对称性是指粒子与其反粒子具有相同的质量、自旋数和反应特性。

而宇称对称性是指物理过程在空间坐标的反演下具有相同的形式。

实验观测到的事实是，在一些弱相互作用过程中，CP对称性被破坏。

这就导致了物理学家对时间反演对称性是否也被破坏产生了极大的兴趣。

为了讨论时间反演对称性与CP破缺之间的关系，我们首先需要了解时间反演变换。

在经典物理学中，时间反演变换可以用来描述一个物理系统在时间上的演化被逆转的情况。

简而言之，时间反演变换可以将质点在动力学下的运动方程\[m\frac{d^2x}{dt^2} = F(x,t)\]转化为质点在时间倒转下的运动方程\[m\frac{d^2x}{dt^2} = -F(x,-t)\]从上述表达式可以看出，在时间反演变换下，质点的运动方程的形式仍然保持不变，只是时间的正负号发生了变化。

然而，当我们将时间反演对称性应用于量子力学中时，情况变得复杂而有趣。

根据量子力学的基本假设，一个粒子的状态是由一个波函数来描述的，而波函数则满足时间依赖薛定谔方程。

经过计算，我们可以发现，波函数在时间反演变换下的行为是非常规则的，并不能简单地用时间的负号来表示。

这里就牵扯到了量子力学中的CP变换。

CP变换将一个粒子的波函数进行一系列的变换，包括时间反演、粒子->反粒子的变换以及空间镜像的变换。

在理想情况下，当一个物理过程满足CP对称性时，它应该在时间反演和CP变换下保持不变。

然而，实验数据显示，在一些具有弱相互作用的物理过程中，CP对称性被破坏。

C.parvum全基因组序列

DOI: 10.1126/science.1094786, 441 (2004);304Science et al.Mitchell S. Abrahamsen,Cryptosporidium parvum Complete Genome Sequence of the Apicomplexan, (this information is current as of October 7, 2009 ):The following resources related to this article are available online at/cgi/content/full/304/5669/441version of this article at:including high-resolution figures, can be found in the online Updated information and services,/cgi/content/full/1094786/DC1 can be found at:Supporting Online Material/cgi/content/full/304/5669/441#otherarticles , 9 of which can be accessed for free: cites 25 articles This article 239 article(s) on the ISI Web of Science. cited by This article has been /cgi/content/full/304/5669/441#otherarticles 53 articles hosted by HighWire Press; see: cited by This article has been/cgi/collection/genetics Genetics: subject collections This article appears in the following/about/permissions.dtl in whole or in part can be found at: this article permission to reproduce of this article or about obtaining reprints Information about obtaining registered trademark of AAAS.is a Science 2004 by the American Association for the Advancement of Science; all rights reserved. The title Copyright American Association for the Advancement of Science, 1200 New York Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20005. (print ISSN 0036-8075; online ISSN 1095-9203) is published weekly, except the last week in December, by the Science o n O c t o b e r 7, 2009w w w .s c i e n c e m a g .o r g D o w n l o a d e d f r o m3.R.Jackendoff,Foundations of Language:Brain,Gram-mar,Evolution(Oxford Univ.Press,Oxford,2003).4.Although for Frege(1),reference was established rela-tive to objects in the world,here we follow Jackendoff’s suggestion(3)that this is done relative to objects and the state of affairs as mentally represented.5.S.Zola-Morgan,L.R.Squire,in The Development andNeural Bases of Higher Cognitive Functions(New York Academy of Sciences,New York,1990),pp.434–456.6.N.Chomsky,Reﬂections on Language(Pantheon,New York,1975).7.J.Katz,Semantic Theory(Harper&Row,New York,1972).8.D.Sperber,D.Wilson,Relevance(Harvard Univ.Press,Cambridge,MA,1986).9.K.I.Forster,in Sentence Processing,W.E.Cooper,C.T.Walker,Eds.(Erlbaum,Hillsdale,NJ,1989),pp.27–85.10.H.H.Clark,Using Language(Cambridge Univ.Press,Cambridge,1996).11.Often word meanings can only be fully determined byinvokingworld knowledg e.For instance,the meaningof “ﬂat”in a“ﬂat road”implies the absence of holes.However,in the expression“aﬂat tire,”it indicates the presence of a hole.The meaningof“ﬁnish”in the phrase “Billﬁnished the book”implies that Bill completed readingthe book.However,the phrase“the g oatﬁn-ished the book”can only be interpreted as the goat eatingor destroyingthe book.The examples illustrate that word meaningis often underdetermined and nec-essarily intertwined with general world knowledge.In such cases,it is hard to see how the integration of lexical meaning and general world knowledge could be strictly separated(3,31).12.W.Marslen-Wilson,C.M.Brown,L.K.Tyler,Lang.Cognit.Process.3,1(1988).13.ERPs for30subjects were averaged time-locked to theonset of the critical words,with40items per condition.Sentences were presented word by word on the centerof a computer screen,with a stimulus onset asynchronyof600ms.While subjects were readingthe sentences,their EEG was recorded and ampliﬁed with a high-cut-off frequency of70Hz,a time constant of8s,and asamplingfrequency of200Hz.14.Materials and methods are available as supportingmaterial on Science Online.15.M.Kutas,S.A.Hillyard,Science207,203(1980).16.C.Brown,P.Hagoort,J.Cognit.Neurosci.5,34(1993).17.C.M.Brown,P.Hagoort,in Architectures and Mech-anisms for Language Processing,M.W.Crocker,M.Pickering,C.Clifton Jr.,Eds.(Cambridge Univ.Press,Cambridge,1999),pp.213–237.18.F.Varela et al.,Nature Rev.Neurosci.2,229(2001).19.We obtained TFRs of the single-trial EEG data by con-volvingcomplex Morlet wavelets with the EEG data andcomputingthe squared norm for the result of theconvolution.We used wavelets with a7-cycle width,with frequencies ranging from1to70Hz,in1-Hz steps.Power values thus obtained were expressed as a per-centage change relative to the power in a baselineinterval,which was taken from150to0ms before theonset of the critical word.This was done in order tonormalize for individual differences in EEG power anddifferences in baseline power between different fre-quency bands.Two relevant time-frequency compo-nents were identiﬁed:(i)a theta component,rangingfrom4to7Hz and from300to800ms after wordonset,and(ii)a gamma component,ranging from35to45Hz and from400to600ms after word onset.20.C.Tallon-Baudry,O.Bertrand,Trends Cognit.Sci.3,151(1999).tner et al.,Nature397,434(1999).22.M.Bastiaansen,P.Hagoort,Cortex39(2003).23.O.Jensen,C.D.Tesche,Eur.J.Neurosci.15,1395(2002).24.Whole brain T2*-weighted echo planar imaging bloodoxygen level–dependent(EPI-BOLD)fMRI data wereacquired with a Siemens Sonata1.5-T magnetic reso-nance scanner with interleaved slice ordering,a volumerepetition time of2.48s,an echo time of40ms,a90°ﬂip angle,31horizontal slices,a64ϫ64slice matrix,and isotropic voxel size of3.5ϫ3.5ϫ3.5mm.For thestructural magnetic resonance image,we used a high-resolution(isotropic voxels of1mm3)T1-weightedmagnetization-prepared rapid gradient-echo pulse se-quence.The fMRI data were preprocessed and analyzedby statistical parametric mappingwith SPM99software(http://www.ﬁ/spm99).25.S.E.Petersen et al.,Nature331,585(1988).26.B.T.Gold,R.L.Buckner,Neuron35,803(2002).27.E.Halgren et al.,J.Psychophysiol.88,1(1994).28.E.Halgren et al.,Neuroimage17,1101(2002).29.M.K.Tanenhaus et al.,Science268,1632(1995).30.J.J.A.van Berkum et al.,J.Cognit.Neurosci.11,657(1999).31.P.A.M.Seuren,Discourse Semantics(Basil Blackwell,Oxford,1985).32.We thank P.Indefrey,P.Fries,P.A.M.Seuren,and M.van Turennout for helpful discussions.Supported bythe Netherlands Organization for Scientiﬁc Research,grant no.400-56-384(P.H.).Supporting Online Material/cgi/content/full/1095455/DC1Materials and MethodsFig.S1References and Notes8January2004;accepted9March2004Published online18March2004;10.1126/science.1095455Include this information when citingthis paper.Complete Genome Sequence ofthe Apicomplexan,Cryptosporidium parvumMitchell S.Abrahamsen,1,2*†Thomas J.Templeton,3†Shinichiro Enomoto,1Juan E.Abrahante,1Guan Zhu,4 Cheryl ncto,1Mingqi Deng,1Chang Liu,1‡Giovanni Widmer,5Saul Tzipori,5GregoryA.Buck,6Ping Xu,6 Alan T.Bankier,7Paul H.Dear,7Bernard A.Konfortov,7 Helen F.Spriggs,7Lakshminarayan Iyer,8Vivek Anantharaman,8L.Aravind,8Vivek Kapur2,9The apicomplexan Cryptosporidium parvum is an intestinal parasite that affects healthy humans and animals,and causes an unrelenting infection in immuno-compromised individuals such as AIDS patients.We report the complete ge-nome sequence of C.parvum,type II isolate.Genome analysis identiﬁes ex-tremely streamlined metabolic pathways and a reliance on the host for nu-trients.In contrast to Plasmodium and Toxoplasma,the parasite lacks an api-coplast and its genome,and possesses a degenerate mitochondrion that has lost its genome.Several novel classes of cell-surface and secreted proteins with a potential role in host interactions and pathogenesis were also detected.Elu-cidation of the core metabolism,including enzymes with high similarities to bacterial and plant counterparts,opens new avenues for drug development.Cryptosporidium parvum is a globally impor-tant intracellular pathogen of humans and animals.The duration of infection and patho-genesis of cryptosporidiosis depends on host immune status,ranging from a severe but self-limiting diarrhea in immunocompetent individuals to a life-threatening,prolonged infection in immunocompromised patients.Asubstantial degree of morbidity and mortalityis associated with infections in AIDS pa-tients.Despite intensive efforts over the past20years,there is currently no effective ther-apy for treating or preventing C.parvuminfection in humans.Cryptosporidium belongs to the phylumApicomplexa,whose members share a com-mon apical secretory apparatus mediating lo-comotion and tissue or cellular invasion.Many apicomplexans are of medical or vet-erinary importance,including Plasmodium,Babesia,Toxoplasma,Neosprora,Sarcocys-tis,Cyclospora,and Eimeria.The life cycle ofC.parvum is similar to that of other cyst-forming apicomplexans(e.g.,Eimeria and Tox-oplasma),resulting in the formation of oocysts1Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Science,College of Veterinary Medicine,2Biomedical Genom-ics Center,University of Minnesota,St.Paul,MN55108,USA.3Department of Microbiology and Immu-nology,Weill Medical College and Program in Immu-nology,Weill Graduate School of Medical Sciences ofCornell University,New York,NY10021,USA.4De-partment of Veterinary Pathobiology,College of Vet-erinary Medicine,Texas A&M University,College Sta-tion,TX77843,USA.5Division of Infectious Diseases,Tufts University School of Veterinary Medicine,NorthGrafton,MA01536,USA.6Center for the Study ofBiological Complexity and Department of Microbiol-ogy and Immunology,Virginia Commonwealth Uni-versity,Richmond,VA23198,USA.7MRC Laboratoryof Molecular Biology,Hills Road,Cambridge CB22QH,UK.8National Center for Biotechnology Infor-mation,National Library of Medicine,National Insti-tutes of Health,Bethesda,MD20894,USA.9Depart-ment of Microbiology,University of Minnesota,Min-neapolis,MN55455,USA.*To whom correspondence should be addressed.E-mail:abe@†These authors contributed equally to this work.‡Present address:Bioinformatics Division,Genetic Re-search,GlaxoSmithKline Pharmaceuticals,5MooreDrive,Research Triangle Park,NC27009,USA.R E P O R T S SCIENCE VOL30416APRIL2004441o n O c t o b e r 7 , 2 0 0 9 w w w . s c i e n c e m a g . o r g D o w n l o a d e d f r o mthat are shed in the feces of infected hosts.C.parvum oocysts are highly resistant to environ-mental stresses,including chlorine treatment of community water supplies;hence,the parasite is an important water-and food-borne pathogen (1).The obligate intracellular nature of the par-asite ’s life cycle and the inability to culture the parasite continuously in vitro greatly impair researchers ’ability to obtain purified samples of the different developmental stages.The par-asite cannot be genetically manipulated,and transformation methodologies are currently un-available.To begin to address these limitations,we have obtained the complete C.parvum ge-nome sequence and its predicted protein com-plement.(This whole-genome shotgun project has been deposited at DDBJ/EMBL/GenBank under the project accession AAEE00000000.The version described in this paper is the first version,AAEE01000000.)The random shotgun approach was used to obtain the complete DNA sequence (2)of the Iowa “type II ”isolate of C.parvum .This isolate readily transmits disease among numerous mammals,including humans.The resulting ge-nome sequence has roughly 13ϫgenome cov-erage containing five gaps and 9.1Mb of totalDNA sequence within eight chromosomes.The C.parvum genome is thus quite compact rela-tive to the 23-Mb,14-chromosome genome of Plasmodium falciparum (3);this size difference is predominantly the result of shorter intergenic regions,fewer introns,and a smaller number of genes (Table 1).Comparison of the assembled sequence of chromosome VI to that of the recently published sequence of chromosome VI (4)revealed that our assembly contains an ad-ditional 160kb of sequence and a single gap versus two,with the common sequences dis-playing a 99.993%sequence identity (2).The relative paucity of introns greatly simplified gene predictions and facilitated an-notation (2)of predicted open reading frames (ORFs).These analyses provided an estimate of 3807protein-encoding genes for the C.parvum genome,far fewer than the estimated 5300genes predicted for the Plasmodium genome (3).This difference is primarily due to the absence of an apicoplast and mitochondrial genome,as well as the pres-ence of fewer genes encoding metabolic functions and variant surface proteins,such as the P.falciparum var and rifin molecules (Table 2).An analysis of the encoded pro-tein sequences with the program SEG (5)shows that these protein-encoding genes are not enriched in low-complexity se-quences (34%)to the extent observed in the proteins from Plasmodium (70%).Our sequence analysis indicates that Cryptosporidium ,unlike Plasmodium and Toxoplasma ,lacks both mitochondrion and apicoplast genomes.The overall complete-ness of the genome sequence,together with the fact that similar DNA extraction proce-dures used to isolate total genomic DNA from C.parvum efficiently yielded mito-chondrion and apicoplast genomes from Ei-meria sp.and Toxoplasma (6,7),indicates that the absence of organellar genomes was unlikely to have been the result of method-ological error.These conclusions are con-sistent with the absence of nuclear genes for the DNA replication and translation machinery characteristic of mitochondria and apicoplasts,and with the lack of mito-chondrial or apicoplast targeting signals for tRNA synthetases.A number of putative mitochondrial pro-teins were identified,including components of a mitochondrial protein import apparatus,chaperones,uncoupling proteins,and solute translocators (table S1).However,the ge-nome does not encode any Krebs cycle en-zymes,nor the components constituting the mitochondrial complexes I to IV;this finding indicates that the parasite does not rely on complete oxidation and respiratory chains for synthesizing adenosine triphosphate (ATP).Similar to Plasmodium ,no orthologs for the ␥,␦,or εsubunits or the c subunit of the F 0proton channel were detected (whereas all subunits were found for a V-type ATPase).Cryptosporidium ,like Eimeria (8)and Plas-modium ,possesses a pyridine nucleotide tran-shydrogenase integral membrane protein that may couple reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH)and reduced nico-tinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH)redox to proton translocation across the inner mitochondrial membrane.Unlike Plasmodium ,the parasite has two copies of the pyridine nucleotide transhydrogenase gene.Also present is a likely mitochondrial membrane –associated,cyanide-resistant alter-native oxidase (AOX )that catalyzes the reduction of molecular oxygen by ubiquinol to produce H 2O,but not superoxide or H 2O 2.Several genes were identified as involved in biogenesis of iron-sulfur [Fe-S]complexes with potential mitochondrial targeting signals (e.g.,nifS,nifU,frataxin,and ferredoxin),supporting the presence of a limited electron flux in the mitochondrial remnant (table S2).Our sequence analysis confirms the absence of a plastid genome (7)and,additionally,the loss of plastid-associated metabolic pathways including the type II fatty acid synthases (FASs)and isoprenoid synthetic enzymes thatTable 1.General features of the C.parvum genome and comparison with other single-celled eukaryotes.Values are derived from respective genome project summaries (3,26–28).ND,not determined.FeatureC.parvum P.falciparum S.pombe S.cerevisiae E.cuniculiSize (Mbp)9.122.912.512.5 2.5(G ϩC)content (%)3019.43638.347No.of genes 38075268492957701997Mean gene length (bp)excluding introns 1795228314261424ND Gene density (bp per gene)23824338252820881256Percent coding75.352.657.570.590Genes with introns (%)553.9435ND Intergenic regions (G ϩC)content %23.913.632.435.145Mean length (bp)5661694952515129RNAsNo.of tRNA genes 454317429944No.of 5S rRNA genes 6330100–2003No.of 5.8S ,18S ,and 28S rRNA units 57200–400100–20022Table parison between predicted C.parvum and P.falciparum proteins.FeatureC.parvum P.falciparum *Common †Total predicted proteins380752681883Mitochondrial targeted/encoded 17(0.45%)246(4.7%)15Apicoplast targeted/encoded 0581(11.0%)0var/rif/stevor ‡0236(4.5%)0Annotated as protease §50(1.3%)31(0.59%)27Annotated as transporter ࿣69(1.8%)34(0.65%)34Assigned EC function ¶167(4.4%)389(7.4%)113Hypothetical proteins925(24.3%)3208(60.9%)126*Values indicated for P.falciparum are as reported (3)with the exception of those for proteins annotated as protease or transporter.†TBLASTN hits (e Ͻ–5)between C.parvum and P.falciparum .‡As reported in (3).§Pre-dicted proteins annotated as “protease or peptidase”for C.parvum (CryptoGenome database,)and P.falciparum (PlasmoDB database,).࿣Predicted proteins annotated as “trans-porter,permease of P-type ATPase”for C.parvum (CryptoGenome)and P.falciparum (PlasmoDB).¶Bidirectional BLAST hit (e Ͻ–15)to orthologs with assigned Enzyme Commission (EC)numbers.Does not include EC assignment numbers for protein kinases or protein phosphatases (due to inconsistent annotation across genomes),or DNA polymerases or RNA polymerases,as a result of issues related to subunit inclusion.(For consistency,46proteins were excluded from the reported P.falciparum values.)R E P O R T S16APRIL 2004VOL 304SCIENCE 442 o n O c t o b e r 7, 2009w w w .s c i e n c e m a g .o r g D o w n l o a d e d f r o mare otherwise localized to the plastid in other apicomplexans.C.parvum fatty acid biosynthe-sis appears to be cytoplasmic,conducted by a large(8252amino acids)modular type I FAS (9)and possibly by another large enzyme that is related to the multidomain bacterial polyketide synthase(10).Comprehensive screening of the C.parvum genome sequence also did not detect orthologs of Plasmodium nuclear-encoded genes that contain apicoplast-targeting and transit sequences(11).C.parvum metabolism is greatly stream-lined relative to that of Plasmodium,and in certain ways it is reminiscent of that of another obligate eukaryotic parasite,the microsporidian Encephalitozoon.The degeneration of the mi-tochondrion and associated metabolic capabili-ties suggests that the parasite largely relies on glycolysis for energy production.The parasite is capable of uptake and catabolism of mono-sugars(e.g.,glucose and fructose)as well as synthesis,storage,and catabolism of polysac-charides such as trehalose and amylopectin. Like many anaerobic organisms,it economizes ATP through the use of pyrophosphate-dependent phosphofructokinases.The conver-sion of pyruvate to acetyl–coenzyme A(CoA) is catalyzed by an atypical pyruvate-NADPH oxidoreductase(Cp PNO)that contains an N-terminal pyruvate–ferredoxin oxidoreductase (PFO)domain fused with a C-terminal NADPH–cytochrome P450reductase domain (CPR).Such a PFO-CPR fusion has previously been observed only in the euglenozoan protist Euglena gracilis(12).Acetyl-CoA can be con-verted to malonyl-CoA,an important precursor for fatty acid and polyketide biosynthesis.Gly-colysis leads to several possible organic end products,including lactate,acetate,and ethanol. The production of acetate from acetyl-CoA may be economically beneficial to the parasite via coupling with ATP production.Ethanol is potentially produced via two in-dependent pathways:(i)from the combination of pyruvate decarboxylase and alcohol dehy-drogenase,or(ii)from acetyl-CoA by means of a bifunctional dehydrogenase(adhE)with ac-etaldehyde and alcohol dehydrogenase activi-ties;adhE first converts acetyl-CoA to acetal-dehyde and then reduces the latter to ethanol. AdhE predominantly occurs in bacteria but has recently been identified in several protozoans, including vertebrate gut parasites such as Enta-moeba and Giardia(13,14).Adjacent to the adhE gene resides a second gene encoding only the AdhE C-terminal Fe-dependent alcohol de-hydrogenase domain.This gene product may form a multisubunit complex with AdhE,or it may function as an alternative alcohol dehydro-genase that is specific to certain growth condi-tions.C.parvum has a glycerol3-phosphate dehydrogenase similar to those of plants,fungi, and the kinetoplastid Trypanosoma,but(unlike trypanosomes)the parasite lacks an ortholog of glycerol kinase and thus this pathway does not yield glycerol production.In addition to themodular fatty acid synthase(Cp FAS1)andpolyketide synthase homolog(Cp PKS1), C.parvum possesses several fatty acyl–CoA syn-thases and a fatty acyl elongase that may partici-pate in fatty acid metabolism.Further,enzymesfor the metabolism of complex lipids(e.g.,glyc-erolipid and inositol phosphate)were identified inthe genome.Fatty acids are apparently not anenergy source,because enzymes of the fatty acidoxidative pathway are absent,with the exceptionof a3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase.C.parvum purine metabolism is greatlysimplified,retaining only an adenosine ki-nase and enzymes catalyzing conversionsof adenosine5Ј-monophosphate(AMP)toinosine,xanthosine,and guanosine5Ј-monophosphates(IMP,XMP,and GMP).Among these enzymes,IMP dehydrogenase(IMPDH)is phylogenetically related toε-proteobacterial IMPDH and is strikinglydifferent from its counterparts in both thehost and other apicomplexans(15).In con-trast to other apicomplexans such as Toxo-plasma gondii and P.falciparum,no geneencoding hypoxanthine-xanthineguaninephosphoribosyltransferase(HXGPRT)is de-tected,in contrast to a previous report on theactivity of this enzyme in C.parvum sporo-zoites(16).The absence of HXGPRT sug-gests that the parasite may rely solely on asingle enzyme system including IMPDH toproduce GMP from AMP.In contrast to otherapicomplexans,the parasite appears to relyon adenosine for purine salvage,a modelsupported by the identification of an adeno-sine transporter.Unlike other apicomplexansand many parasitic protists that can synthe-size pyrimidines de novo,C.parvum relies onpyrimidine salvage and retains the ability forinterconversions among uridine and cytidine5Ј-monophosphates(UMP and CMP),theirdeoxy forms(dUMP and dCMP),and dAMP,as well as their corresponding di-and triphos-phonucleotides.The parasite has also largelyshed the ability to synthesize amino acids denovo,although it retains the ability to convertselect amino acids,and instead appears torely on amino acid uptake from the host bymeans of a set of at least11amino acidtransporters(table S2).Most of the Cryptosporidium core pro-cesses involved in DNA replication,repair,transcription,and translation conform to thebasic eukaryotic blueprint(2).The transcrip-tional apparatus resembles Plasmodium interms of basal transcription machinery.How-ever,a striking numerical difference is seenin the complements of two RNA bindingdomains,Sm and RRM,between P.falcipa-rum(17and71domains,respectively)and C.parvum(9and51domains).This reductionresults in part from the loss of conservedproteins belonging to the spliceosomal ma-chinery,including all genes encoding Smdomain proteins belonging to the U6spliceo-somal particle,which suggests that this par-ticle activity is degenerate or entirely lost.This reduction in spliceosomal machinery isconsistent with the reduced number of pre-dicted introns in Cryptosporidium(5%)rela-tive to Plasmodium(Ͼ50%).In addition,keycomponents of the small RNA–mediatedposttranscriptional gene silencing system aremissing,such as the RNA-dependent RNApolymerase,Argonaute,and Dicer orthologs;hence,RNA interference–related technolo-gies are unlikely to be of much value intargeted disruption of genes in C.parvum.Cryptosporidium invasion of columnarbrush border epithelial cells has been de-scribed as“intracellular,but extracytoplas-mic,”as the parasite resides on the surface ofthe intestinal epithelium but lies underneaththe host cell membrane.This niche may al-low the parasite to evade immune surveil-lance but take advantage of solute transportacross the host microvillus membrane or theextensively convoluted parasitophorous vac-uole.Indeed,Cryptosporidium has numerousgenes(table S2)encoding families of putativesugar transporters(up to9genes)and aminoacid transporters(11genes).This is in starkcontrast to Plasmodium,which has fewersugar transporters and only one putative ami-no acid transporter(GenBank identificationnumber23612372).As a first step toward identification ofmulti–drug-resistant pumps,the genome se-quence was analyzed for all occurrences ofgenes encoding multitransmembrane proteins.Notable are a set of four paralogous proteinsthat belong to the sbmA family(table S2)thatare involved in the transport of peptide antibi-otics in bacteria.A putative ortholog of thePlasmodium chloroquine resistance–linkedgene Pf CRT(17)was also identified,althoughthe parasite does not possess a food vacuole likethe one seen in Plasmodium.Unlike Plasmodium,C.parvum does notpossess extensive subtelomeric clusters of anti-genically variant proteins(exemplified by thelarge families of var and rif/stevor genes)thatare involved in immune evasion.In contrast,more than20genes were identified that encodemucin-like proteins(18,19)having hallmarksof extensive Thr or Ser stretches suggestive ofglycosylation and signal peptide sequences sug-gesting secretion(table S2).One notable exam-ple is an11,700–amino acid protein with anuninterrupted stretch of308Thr residues(cgd3_720).Although large families of secretedproteins analogous to the Plasmodium multi-gene families were not found,several smallermultigene clusters were observed that encodepredicted secreted proteins,with no detectablesimilarity to proteins from other organisms(Fig.1,A and B).Within this group,at leastfour distinct families appear to have emergedthrough gene expansions specific to the Cryp-R E P O R T S SCIENCE VOL30416APRIL2004443o n O c t o b e r 7 , 2 0 0 9 w w w . s c i e n c e m a g . o r g D o w n l o a d e d f r o mtosporidium clade.These families —SKSR,MEDLE,WYLE,FGLN,and GGC —were named after well-conserved sequence motifs (table S2).Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR)expression analysis (20)of one cluster,a locus of seven adjacent CpLSP genes (Fig.1B),shows coexpression during the course of in vitro development (Fig.1C).An additional eight genes were identified that encode proteins having a periodic cysteine structure similar to the Cryptosporidium oocyst wall protein;these eight genes are similarly expressed during the onset of oocyst formation and likely participate in the formation of the coccidian rigid oocyst wall in both Cryptospo-ridium and Toxoplasma (21).Whereas the extracellular proteins described above are of apparent apicomplexan or lineage-specific in-vention,Cryptosporidium possesses many genesencodingsecretedproteinshavinglineage-specific multidomain architectures composed of animal-and bacterial-like extracellular adhe-sive domains (fig.S1).Lineage-specific expansions were ob-served for several proteases (table S2),in-cluding an aspartyl protease (six genes),a subtilisin-like protease,a cryptopain-like cys-teine protease (five genes),and a Plas-modium falcilysin-like (insulin degrading enzyme –like)protease (19genes).Nine of the Cryptosporidium falcilysin genes lack the Zn-chelating “HXXEH ”active site motif and are likely to be catalytically inactive copies that may have been reused for specific protein-protein interactions on the cell sur-face.In contrast to the Plasmodium falcilysin,the Cryptosporidium genes possess signal peptide sequences and are likely trafficked to a secretory pathway.The expansion of this family suggests either that the proteins have distinct cleavage specificities or that their diversity may be related to evasion of a host immune response.Completion of the C.parvum genome se-quence has highlighted the lack of conven-tional drug targets currently pursued for the control and treatment of other parasitic protists.On the basis of molecular and bio-chemical studies and drug screening of other apicomplexans,several putative Cryptospo-ridium metabolic pathways or enzymes have been erroneously proposed to be potential drug targets (22),including the apicoplast and its associated metabolic pathways,the shikimate pathway,the mannitol cycle,the electron transport chain,and HXGPRT.Nonetheless,complete genome sequence analysis identifies a number of classic and novel molecular candidates for drug explora-tion,including numerous plant-like and bacterial-like enzymes (tables S3and S4).Although the C.parvum genome lacks HXGPRT,a potent drug target in other api-complexans,it has only the single pathway dependent on IMPDH to convert AMP to GMP.The bacterial-type IMPDH may be a promising target because it differs substan-tially from that of eukaryotic enzymes (15).Because of the lack of de novo biosynthetic capacity for purines,pyrimidines,and amino acids,C.parvum relies solely on scavenge from the host via a series of transporters,which may be exploited for chemotherapy.C.parvum possesses a bacterial-type thymidine kinase,and the role of this enzyme in pyrim-idine metabolism and its drug target candida-cy should be pursued.The presence of an alternative oxidase,likely targeted to the remnant mitochondrion,gives promise to the study of salicylhydroxamic acid (SHAM),as-cofuranone,and their analogs as inhibitors of energy metabolism in the parasite (23).Cryptosporidium possesses at least 15“plant-like ”enzymes that are either absent in or highly divergent from those typically found in mammals (table S3).Within the glycolytic pathway,the plant-like PPi-PFK has been shown to be a potential target in other parasites including T.gondii ,and PEPCL and PGI ap-pear to be plant-type enzymes in C.parvum .Another example is a trehalose-6-phosphate synthase/phosphatase catalyzing trehalose bio-synthesis from glucose-6-phosphate and uridine diphosphate –glucose.Trehalose may serve as a sugar storage source or may function as an antidesiccant,antioxidant,or protein stability agent in oocysts,playing a role similar to that of mannitol in Eimeria oocysts (24).Orthologs of putative Eimeria mannitol synthesis enzymes were not found.However,two oxidoreductases (table S2)were identified in C.parvum ,one of which belongs to the same families as the plant mannose dehydrogenases (25)and the other to the plant cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenases.In principle,these enzymes could synthesize protective polyol compounds,and the former enzyme could use host-derived mannose to syn-thesize mannitol.References and Notes1.D.G.Korich et al .,Appl.Environ.Microbiol.56,1423(1990).2.See supportingdata on Science Online.3.M.J.Gardner et al .,Nature 419,498(2002).4.A.T.Bankier et al .,Genome Res.13,1787(2003).5.J.C.Wootton,Comput.Chem.18,269(1994).Fig.1.(A )Schematic showing the chromosomal locations of clusters of potentially secreted proteins.Numbers of adjacent genes are indicated in paren-theses.Arrows indicate direc-tion of clusters containinguni-directional genes (encoded on the same strand);squares indi-cate clusters containingg enes encoded on both strands.Non-paralogous genes are indicated by solid gray squares or direc-tional triangles;SKSR (green triangles),FGLN (red trian-gles),and MEDLE (blue trian-gles)indicate three C.parvum –speciﬁc families of paralogous genes predominantly located at telomeres.Insl (yellow tri-angles)indicates an insulinase/falcilysin-like paralogous gene family.Cp LSP (white square)indicates the location of a clus-ter of adjacent large secreted proteins (table S2)that are cotranscriptionally regulated.Identiﬁed anchored telomeric repeat sequences are indicated by circles.(B )Schematic show-inga select locus containinga cluster of coexpressed large secreted proteins (Cp LSP).Genes and intergenic regions (regions between identiﬁed genes)are drawn to scale at the nucleotide level.The length of the intergenic re-gions is indicated above or be-low the locus.(C )Relative ex-pression levels of CpLSP (red lines)and,as a control,C.parvum Hedgehog-type HINT domain gene (blue line)duringin vitro development,as determined by semiquantitative RT-PCR usingg ene-speciﬁc primers correspondingto the seven adjacent g enes within the CpLSP locus as shown in (B).Expression levels from three independent time-course experiments are represented as the ratio of the expression of each gene to that of C.parvum 18S rRNA present in each of the infected samples (20).R E P O R T S16APRIL 2004VOL 304SCIENCE 444 o n O c t o b e r 7, 2009w w w .s c i e n c e m a g .o r g D o w n l o a d e d f r o m。

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arXiv:hep-ph/9908373v3 23 Aug 1999CERN-TH/99-249THES-TP/99-10hep-ph/9908373August1999

CPVIOLATIONINTHEHIGGSSECTOROFTHEMSSM

ApostolosPilaftsisTheoryDivision,CERN,CH-1211Geneva23,SwitzerlandandDepartmentofTheoreticalPhysics,UniversityofThessaloniki,GR54006Thessaloniki,Greece

Abstract.Recently,ithasbeenfoundthatthetree-levelCPinvarianceoftheHiggspotentialintheMSSMcanbesizeablybrokenbyloopeﬀectsduetosoft-CP-violatingtrilinearinter-actionsinvolvingthirdgenerationscalarquarks.Thesesoft-CP-violatingcouplingsmaybeconstrainedbyconsideringnewtwo-loopcontributionstotheelectronandneutronEDMs.Thephenomenologicalconsequencesofsuchaminimalsupersym-metricscenarioofexplicitCPviolationatpresentandfuturecollidersarebrieﬂydiscussed.

1.IntroductionManystudieshavebeendevotedtounderstandtheoriginoftheobservedCPasymmetryinthekaonsystem.Intheexistingliterature,twogener-icallydiﬀerentscenariosareknowntodescribeCPviolationintheHiggssectorofaquantumﬁeldtheory.Intheﬁrstscenario,CPinvarianceis

1Toappearintheproceedingsof“BeyondtheDesert,”ed.H.V.Klapdor-

Kleingrothaus,CastleRingberg,Tegernsee,6–12June1999,Germany.1brokenexplicitlybycomplexbilineartermsorquarticcouplingsthatin-volveHiggsdoubletsinanextendedHiggssector.SuchascenariopredictsaCP-violatingscalar-pseudoscalarmixingalreadyatthetreelevel.An-otherinterestingscenarioistohavetheCPsymmetryoftheLagrangianbespontaneouslybrokenbythegroundstateoftheHiggspotential,whileallparametersandcouplingsarerealandrespectCPinvariance.Tore-alizeoneofthesetwoschemes,oneneedstoextendtheHiggssectoroftheStandardModel(SM)atleastbyoneadditionalHiggsdoublet.ThemostminimalsupersymmetricextensionoftheSM,theso-calledMSSM,withR-parityinvariance,cannotrealizeanyoftheabovetwoschemesatthetreelevel,despitethefactthatthemodelcontainstwoHiggsdoublets.BeyondtheBornapproximation,theMSSMHiggspotentialcanbreaktheCPsymmetryeitherspontaneously[1]orexplicitly[2].ThespontaneousCP-violatingMSSMpredictsaverylightHiggsscalarbelow10GeV,whichisruledoutexperimentally[3].Recently,ithasbeenfound[2,4],however,thatthetree-levelCPin-varianceoftheMSSMHiggspotentialcanbemaximallybrokenattheone-looplevelifsoft-CP-violatingYukawainteractionsinvolvingstopandsbottomquarksarepresentinthetheory.Asanimmediateconsequence,thesmalltree-levelmassdiﬀerencebetweentheheaviestHiggsbosonandtheCP-oddscalarmaybeliftedconsiderablythroughalargeCP-violatingscalar-pseudoscalarmassterm[2,4,5].ThisradiativescenarioofexplicitCPviolationconstitutesaveryinterestingpossibilitywithintheframe-workoftheMSSM,andweshallbrieﬂydiscussitsmainphenomenologicalconsequencesatpresentandplannedcollidermachines.

2.TheeﬀectiveCP-violatingHiggspotentialItisknownthattheMSSMintroducesseveralnewCP-oddphasesinthetheorythatareabsentintheStandardModel[6].Speciﬁcally,thenewCP-oddphasesmaycomefromthefollowingparameters:(i)theparameterµthatdescribesthebilinearmixingofthetwoHiggschiralsuperﬁelds;(ii)thesoft-supersymmetry-breakinggauginomassesmλforwhichweassumetohaveacommonphaseattheuniﬁcationpoint;(iii)thesoftbilinearHiggs-mixingmassm212;and(iv)thesofttrilinearYukawacouplingsAf

oftheHiggsparticlestothescalarpartnersofmatterfermions.Notall

phasesofthefourcomplexparametersmentionedabovearephysical,i.e.twophasesmayberemovedbysuitableredeﬁnitionsoftheﬁelds.Forexample,onecanrephaseoneoftheHiggsdoubletsandthegauginoﬁeldsλ,inawaysuchthatarg(µ)andarg(Af)aretheonlyphysicalCP-violatingphasesintheMSSM.AnimmediateconsequenceofHiggs-sectorCPviolationintheMSSMisthepresenceofmixing-masstermsbetweentheCP-evenandCP-oddHiggs2ﬁelds[2].Thus,oneﬁndsa(4×4)-dimensionalmassmatrixfortheneutralHiggsbosons.Intheweakbasis(G0,a,φ1,φ2),whereG0istheGoldstoneﬁeld,theneutralHiggs-bosonmassmatrixM20takesontheform

M20=󰀅󰀁M2PM2PSM2SPM2S󰀇,(1)whereM2Sand󰀁M2PdescribetheCP-conservingtransitionsbetweenscalar

andpseudoscalarparticles,respectively,whereasM2PS=(M2SP)Tde-scribesCP-violatingscalar-pseudoscalartransitions.ThecharacteristicsizeoftheseCP-violatingoﬀ-diagonaltermsintheHiggs-bosonmassmatrixwasfoundtobe[2,4]

M2SP≃O󰀅m4t32π2M2SUSY󰀇sinφCP

×󰀅6,|At|2tanβM2SUSY,sin2φCPM2SUSY󰀇,(2)wherethelastbracketsummarizestherelativesizesofthediﬀerentcon-tributions,andφCP=arg(Atµ)+ξ.TheparameterξistherelativephasebetweenthetwoHiggsvacuumexpectationvalueswhichisinducedradiativelyinthe

MSone,inwhichξissettozeroorderbyorderinperturbationtheory[2].Thiscanbeachievedbyrequiringforthebilin-earHiggs-mixingmassm212toberealatthetreelevel,butreceiveanimaginarycounter-term,Imm212,athigherorders,whichisdeterminedbythevanishingoftheCP-oddtadpoleparameterofthewould-beCP-oddscalarforξ=0.ThisisapeculiarityoftheCP-oddCTIm(m212eiξ),whichappearsasanindependentparameterintheeﬀectiveaction,i.e.itsschemeofrenormalizationdoesnotdirectlyaﬀecttherenormalizationschemeofotherphysicalkinematicparametersofthetheorytoone-loop,suchasHiggs-bosonmassesandtanβ.Infact,aswasshownin[2],phys-icaltransitionamplitudesbetweendiﬀerentHiggsstatessuchasscalar-pseudoscalartransitions,areindependentoftherenormalizationsubtrac-tionpoint.Theaboveschemeofrenormalizationisratheruseful,sinceunnecessaryξ-dependentphasesinthetree-levelcharginoandneutralinomassmatricesmaybeavoided.TheCP-violatingeﬀectscanbecomesubstantialif|µ|and|At|arelargerthantheaverageofthestopmasses,denotedasMSUSY.Forexample,theoﬀ-diagonaltermsoftheneutralHiggs-massmatrixmaybeoforder(100GeV)2,for|µ|≃|At|<∼3MSUSY,andφCP≃90◦.Thesepotentiallylargemixingeﬀectsleadtodrasticmodiﬁcationsofthepredictionsfor3