高考英语单词拼写全套

高考英语单词拼写全套
高考英语单词拼写全套

电路和电路图练习

1.将下列元件用导线连接起来

使小灯泡能够发光,并在右边

方框中画出相应的电路图。

2、根据实物图,在下边方框中画出相应的电路图

(1)(2)(3)

3.根据电路图连接实物图

(1)(2)

4、试指出下面电路有什么错误,并改正。

5、一个开关能够控制3个灯泡,试画出连接方式。

怎样识别电路图

正确识别电路图,是初中学生的最基本的能力要求,一些电学计算也总是要事先进行电路情况分析,中考中所占比重较大,中考中的电学压轴题的难点、关键点往往就是电路识别问题,是普遍学生觉得难以弄懂,并且也是高中学习及以后从事涉及电学知识工作中还会经常遇到的问题,因此,必须高度重视。要过好识别电路这关,必须扫清知识、方法上的障碍。现将几个关键的问题提出来和大家一道探讨,以期抛砖引玉。

一、串、并联电路的概念及特点

人教版新教材八年级上册第106页是这样说的:“两个小灯泡首尾相连,然后接到电路中,我们说这两个灯泡串联”和“两个小灯泡的两端分别连在一起,然后接到电路中,我们说这两个灯泡是并联”,原老教材第二册第57页也有类似的叙述。

我们从上述关于串联和并联的定义中不难看出串、并联电路的特点,串联电路只有一条通路,各用电器通则都通,断则都断,互相影响,无论开关接在何处均控制整个电路,而并联电路有两条或多条支路,各用电器独立工作,干路的开关控制整个电路,支路的开关只控制其所在的那一路。

二、串、并联电路的判断方法

1.用电器连接法分析电路中用电器的连接法,逐个顺次连接的是串联,并列接在电路两点间的是并联。

2.电流法在串联电路中电流没有分支,在并联电路中干路的电流在分支处分成了几部分。

3.共同接点数法在串联中,某一用电器与另一用电器只有一个共同的连接点,而在并联中,某一用电器与另一用电器有两个共同的连接点。

4.在分析电路连接情况时,从电源正极开始,顺着电流的方向,一直到电源的负极。

5.由于在初中阶段多个用电器的连接不涉及混联,因而对于初中生来说,电路连接的最终结果只能是电路两种基本连接方式──串联和并联之一。

6.由于电路图画法的多样性,也造成学生不习惯而难以辨认,此时只须将原电路图整理改画成常见的标准形式,透过现象看本质。如图1的标准形式是图2,图3的标准形式是图4,图5的标准形式是图6,另外图7、图8都可把它画成标准形式的。

图1 图2

图3 图4

图5 图6

图7 图8

三、几个常见电路元件的特殊处理

我们在分析电路连接情况时,往往是针对用电器而言的,其它元件如开关、电压表、电流表等这些“拦路虎”,对我们分析比较复杂的电路来说负面影响很大,如果既可将有些元件从电路图中拆掉,又能保证那些元件拆掉后不影响用电器的原连接情况的的话,原电路图就可以得到简化,以便揭开“庐山真面目”。为此,我们完全可以依据所拆元件的特性进行简化,其方法是:1.开关若是开关闭合,就在原开关处画一导线连通,若是开关断开,就将此路完全去掉不要。

2.电压表由于电压表的电阻很大,因此可把连电压表处当成开路,只须把电压表拆掉即可。

3.电流表由于电流表的电阻很小,因此可把连电流表处当成短路,电流表拆下处要用导线连通。

通过上述方法所得的简化图表示出的用电器连接情况即为原电路中用电器连接情况。此步最好在草稿纸上,用铅笔先画出原电路图后,从电源正极开始,逐一依序增删,直到电源负极为止。例如,我们要判断图9中当开关S和S都断开时,电阻R、R和R的连接情况,对开关、电压表、电流表依序进行简化后的电路图分别如图10、11和12所示。我们从图12不难看出电阻R和R 串联。

图9 图10

图11 图12

四、关于电表示数问题

首先弄清楚各电表是测的什么物理量,电流表测的是通过哪个的电流就是看它串在哪一路上,电压表测的是谁的电压就看电压表直接接在谁的两端(注意:电源电压是总电压即最高电压,如在图10中,不能说电压表测的是电源与R1的总电压,而只能说是R3的电压)。有时对比较复杂的电路,还需要结合上述第三条将电路简化后,再将电表依照原电路图逐一还原到电路中去判断,以降低难度。

五、滑动变阻器的变化

首先弄清楚滑动变阻器的连接情况。由于滑动变阻器的使用是“一上一下,各用一个”,连入电路的就是滑片与下接线柱间

的这部分,很多人在电路图上看不懂滑动变阻器的连接情况,就是没懂其实物连接与元件符号是完全一致的道理,其实,当滑片滑动时我们就可在电路图上直接看这部分是变长了还是缩短了,从而确定其连入电路的阻值是增大了还是减小了,只有真正弄清楚了这个问题才能进一步弄清楚其电流、电压变化的情况,以及整个电路的电阻变化,电流、电压变化的情况。如图13中滑动变阻器的元件符号上画有斜线部分为连入电路部分。

图13 图14

图15 图16

上述电路分析的分解方法,仅为“山穷水尽”者提供一个化难为易扎牢基本功的辅助策略,应用之可有“柳暗花明”之欣喜。实际上,我们对电路的分析是一个复杂的综合体,必须全盘考虑且要求思维的流畅性和闪电性,无须受上述方法的羁绊,只有在必要时才有选择地灵活地综合地变通地运用,要注意将各方法视为参与化学反应的反应物,我们所希望的是这些反应物参与化学反应生成新物质,发生质变,发散中有求异,否则将会弄巧成拙而事倍功半的。下面看看20003年中考题中计算题的电路吧。图14(广州市图8)中,要立刻看出,当S1、S2断开时,电阻R1与R2串联,电压表测的是R2的电压,电流表测的是通过R1或R2的电流;对当S1、S2都闭合时,电阻R2被短路,R1和R3并联,电流表测的是干路电流,电压表的示数为0,等等情况,应了如指掌。图15(兰州市图23)中,当S1和S2断开时,L和R1串联,当S1和S2闭合时,R1和R2并联;各种情况下,变阻器R1是将Pb部分连入电路,滑片P向a端滑动时,其连入电路的阻值是增大,若滑片P向b端滑动时其连入电路的阻值是减小,电压表的示数不变,均为电源电压,等等,要胸有成竹。图16(青海省图11)中的情况又如何呢?对有良好的知识、技能和心理素质的来说,这问题也只不过是一戳就穿的纸老虎哟!

值得一提的是,很多人对开关的通断、滑动变阻器的滑片滑动等这些动态的情况,产生畏惧心理,一头雾水,不知所措,其实我们只需保持头脑清醒,分清各种情况最重要,混杂不清孤立地静止地看问题是常见病,记住各个击破是上策,操之过急和知难而退不可取!学习患无疑,疑则有进,大胆尝试,注重自身案例分析,反思过错,只要不犯重复性错误,一次次错误不正一步步逼近正确吗?人非圣贤,孰能无错,知错就改吧,没有人能随随便便成功,“所有坚韧不拔的努力迟早会取得报酬的”,彩虹总在风雨后。

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