金融危机对全球经济的影响中英文对照外文翻译文献
Financial Crisis金融危机英文介绍

• Main reason: the Federal Reserve’s interest rate policy.
Interest rate rose—demand for the house decreased—price of the real estate dropped—banks’ asset lost
• Root reason: The investment strategy of the world's top traders( the bankers’ scheme to get more money ). The economy crisis is necessary for a country and also for the bankers.
Financial ຫໍສະໝຸດ risisWhat is financial crisis?
• A financial crisis is a disruption to financial markets in which adverse selection and moral hazard problems become much worse, so that financial markets are unable to efficiently channel funds to those who have the most productive investment opportunities. As a result, a financial crisis can drive the economy away from an equilibrium with high output in which financial markets perform well to one in which output declines sharply.
金融危机对全球经济的影响

金融危机对全球经济的影响金融危机是指发生在金融市场中的一系列严重问题和事件,包括股市崩盘、金融机构破产、信贷紧缩等。
这些事件会对全球经济产生广泛而深远的影响。
本文将探讨金融危机对全球经济的具体影响,涵盖了经济增长、贸易、就业、政府财政以及全球金融体系等方面。
一、经济增长金融危机通常会导致全球经济增长的放缓甚至衰退。
当金融市场面临困境时,投资者的信心会受到严重打击,导致投资和消费需求下降。
这会对经济活动造成冲击,导致产出减少和失业率上升。
二、贸易金融危机对全球贸易产生负面影响。
危机会导致信贷紧缩和经济衰退,使得企业难以获得融资,从而减少对外贸易的活动。
此外,危机还可能引发保护主义情绪,导致贸易壁垒的出现,进一步限制全球贸易的发展。
三、就业金融危机对全球就业形势造成巨大冲击。
公司面临经济困境时,往往会采取裁员措施以削减成本。
这会导致大量人员失业,加剧社会就业压力。
同时,经济放缓也会使得新的就业机会减少,进一步加剧就业市场的紧张局势。
四、政府财政金融危机对全球政府财政状况造成沉重压力。
危机导致税收减少,同时政府需要增加支出以刺激经济。
这使得政府的财政赤字扩大,债务水平上升,增加了未来财政可持续性的风险。
五、全球金融体系金融危机揭示了全球金融体系的脆弱性。
危机时期,金融机构面临破产风险,投资者的信心崩溃,金融市场动荡不安。
这表明全球金融体系的监管和风险管理存在着严重缺陷。
危机事件促使各国加强金融监管和监管合作,以减少未来金融危机的发生。
六、应对措施面对金融危机的威胁,各国采取了一系列政策措施以缓解危机带来的冲击。
主要应对措施包括货币政策的宽松、财政政策的刺激、金融机构的救助和监管改革等。
通过这些措施,各国努力恢复市场信心、刺激经济增长、保护就业岗位,并改善金融体系的韧性。
综上所述,金融危机对全球经济产生了广泛的影响。
这些影响不仅限于经济增长、贸易、就业和政府财政等方面,还揭示了全球金融体系的漏洞和风险。
关于金融经济的英文文章

关于金融经济的英文文章命融英语文章Finanial ManagementManagement of funds is aritial aspet of finanial management. Management of funds at as the foremost onern hether it is ina busineunder-taking or in an eduationalinstitution. Finanial management, hih is simpl meantdealing ith management of mone matters.Meaning of Finanial ManagementB Finanial Management e mean effiient use of eonomi resoures namel apital funds. Finanial management is onerned iththe managerial deisions that result in the aquisitionand finaning of short term and long term redits for the firm. Here it deals ith the situations that require seletion ofspeifi assets, or a bination of assets and the seletion ofspeifi problem of size and groth of an enterprise. Hereinthe analsis deals ith the expeted inflos and outflos of fundsand their effet on managerial objetives. In short, Finanial Management deals ith Prourement of funds and their effetive utilization in the busine ss.So the analsis simpl states to main aspets of finanial management like prourement of funds and an effetiveuse of funds to ahieve busineobjetives.Prourement of funds :As funds an be proured from multiple soures so prourement of funds is onsidered an important problem of busineonerns. Funds obtained from different soures have differentharateristis in terms of potential risk, ost and ontrol.Funds issued b the issue of equit shares are the best fromrisk point of vie for the pan as there is no question of' repament of equit apital exept hen the pan is liquidated.From the ost point of vie equit apital is the mostexpensive soure of funds as dividend expetations of shareho lders are normall higher than that of prevailing interestrates .Finanial management onstitutes risk, ost and ontrol. The ustof funds should be at rninirnum for a proper balaning of risk and on trol.In the globalised petitive senario, mobilization uf' f'unds plasa ver signifiant role. Funds an be raised either through the domesti market or from abruad. Foreign Diret Investment as ell as Foreign Institutional Investorsare to major soures ofraising funds. The mehanism uf prourement uf fundshas to be modified in the light of requirements of foreigninve sturs.Utilization of Funds :Effetive utilization of f'unds as an important aspet of finanial management avoids the situations herei funds are either keptidle or proper uses are not being made. Funds pruured involvea ertain ost and risk. If the funds are not used properlthen running busineill be too diffiult. Inase of dividend deisions e alsoonsider this. So it is ruial to emplo the f'unds properl and profitabl.Sope of Finanial ManagementSound f'inanial management is essential in all tpes of organizations hether it be profit or non-prof'it. Finanial management is essential in a planned Eonom as ell as ina apitalist set-up as it involves ef'fiient use of the resoures.From time to time it is observed that man firms havebeen liquidated not beause their tehnolog as obsolete or beause their produts ere nut in demand or their labuur as not skilledand motivated, but that there as amismanagement of finanial affairs. Even in a boom period, hen a pan make high profits there is also a fear of' liquidation beauseof bad finanial management.Finanial management optimizes the output from the given input of funds. In a ountr like India here resoures are sare and the demand for funds are man, the need of proper finanial management is required. In ase of nel started panies ith a high groth rate it is more importa.nt tohave souiid finanial management sine finane alone guarantees their surviva.l.Finanial management is ver important in ase ofnon-profit organizations, hih do not pa adequate attentions to f inanial management .Ho ever a sound sstem of finanial manaLyement has to be ultivated among bure aur ats, adminis t rat ors, engineers, eduationalists and publi at a large.Objetives of Finanial ManagementEffiient Finanial management requires the existene ofsome objetives, hih are as follos1) Profit Maximization:The objetive of finanial management is the same asthe objetive of a pan hih is to earn profit. But profit maximization alone annot be the sole objetive of a pan. It is a limited objetive. If profits are given undue importane then problems ma arise as disussed belo.The term profit is vague and it involves muh more ontraditions. Profit maxirnizatiun must be attempted ith a realization of risks involved. A positive relationship exists beteen risk and profits. So both risk and profit objetives shuuld be balaned. Profit Maximization fails to take into aount the timepattern of returnsProfit maxirnizatiun does not take into aount the suialonsi derations .。
经济全球化弊端中英对照

经济全球化弊端1经济全球化加剧了世界经济的不平衡,使贫富差距拉大1 economic globalization intensifies the world economic imbalances, makes the wealth gaps wider经济全球化首先带来的是对发展中国家民族经济的冲击,而且这种冲击是建立在不平等关系基础之上的。
一方面,国际经济组织(世界贸易组织、国际货币基金组织、世界银行等)都掌握在发达国家手中,为世界经济运转所制定的各种原则、制度和秩序都是由他们制定的。
另一方面,西方发达国家所拥有的经济、技术和管理优势,是发展中国家远不可及的。
因而经济全球化中获益最大的当然是社会生产力高度发展的发达国家,而经济和技术相对落后的发展中国家尽管具有一定的中长期利益,但在近期或较长的时间内,是很少或很难受益的,甚至可能受到很大的损害和冲击,如许多民族企业亏损或倒闭等。
Economic globalization brought shock to national economy of developing country, and the impact of this is built on inequal relationship basics. On the one hand, international economic organizations (the world trade organisation, international monetary fund, the world bank, etc.) are mastered by developed countries, they enacts various principles, systems and orders for economy running. On the other hand, the western developed countries have advantages on economy, technologyand management, in which the developing country is left far behind. So the economic globalization benefited the social productivity high developed countries , while despite the certain long-term interests,the economic and technical relatively backward developing countries is seldom or difficult to be benefited in the near future or longer time.they even may suffer a lot of damages such as many national enterprise was bankrupt.,竞争,创造高效率的同时,必然导致财富越来越向少数国家或利益集团集中,导致贫富差距的扩大。
受经济的影响英文作文

受经济的影响英文作文English:Economic fluctuations have always had a profound impact on people's lives, and I'm no exception. The ups and downsof the economy can affect everything from job security to everyday expenses, and I've certainly felt the pinch during tough times.During economic downturns, it's not uncommon to see businesses tightening their belts, which can lead tolayoffs or reduced hours. I remember a time when I was working for a small tech startup, and when the economy took a hit, the company had to let go of several employees, including me. It was a tough blow, especially since I had bills to pay and couldn't afford to be out of work for long.Financial instability also affects personal spending habits. When money is tight, I find myself cutting back on non-essential purchases and looking for ways to save.Instead of dining out at restaurants, I cook meals at home more often. I also become more conscious of energy usage to lower utility bills.However, it's not all doom and gloom. Economic downturns can also lead to opportunities for growth and innovation. For instance, during the last recession, many people turned to online freelancing as a way to supplement their income. I know several friends who started their own small businesses during tough economic times and found success.Despite the challenges, I've learned to adapt and become more resilient in the face of economic uncertainty. Whether it's picking up new skills to stay competitive in the job market or finding creative ways to stretch my budget, I've come to understand that resilience is key to weathering the storms of economic fluctuations.中文:经济的波动总是对人们的生活产生深远影响,我也不例外。
金融危机下的公允价值会计——会计类毕业论文中英文翻译、外文翻译

附件9:XXX科技学院学生毕业设计(论文)外文译文院(系)专业班级学生姓名XXX学号XXX文章来源:玛利亚卡门惠安库扎大学,亚历山大雅西,罗马尼亚金融危机下的公允价值会计摘要:2008年9月的金融风暴直击美国经济核心,并且迅速蔓延到世界各地,引发了对使用外来衍生金融工具和公允价值会计的激烈辩论。
或多或少受此次危机影响的银行﹑保险管理人员,审计师和政界人士就这一主题多次在新闻头版发表不同意见,本文的目的是审查金融市场的现状,使我们了解到公允价值会计及衍生品在预防这些巨大的丑闻时的重要性,制定准则。
同时阐述支持或反对使用公允价值和信用衍生产品的意见并提出应对未来金融危机的解决办法。
关键词:次贷危机金融衍生产品公允价值一、引言安然危机震撼了美国经济的核心。
监管机构在2000年初发行规则,以方便投资者了解公司资产的价值,并减少(至少部分减少)结构性融资的复杂性。
当时,一个最佳的解决方案似乎是合理价值会计,它旨在披露更具相关性和有价值的报告。
监管机构认为,鼓励公平价值的透明度和可比性,将有助于恢复投资者对金融市场及其机构的信任。
安然事件之后,美国的标准制定者-财务会计标准委员会( FASB )已行使任务,发出的公允价值测量标准(联邦反垄断局第157条)。
根据这一标准,资产必须属于这三类之一,如何分类取决于其相对流动性:1级,包括最流动资产,其价值源于在活跃市场的价格;2级,包括使用可观察市场的市场数据;3级,包括最难计量的资产的公允价值计量不可观察,只有通过以内部模式和估算为基础的价格。
正是这个第三级别提高了在没有市场参考价时有关强制使用市场价值为交易或金融资产/负债的计价模式。
关于公允价值会计的争论再度引发了新闻界把责任归咎于彻底崩溃的住房抵押贷款证券的市场和住房信贷市场1由于缺乏市场流动性产生了上述银行家,责任再次放在公允价值会计,但奇怪的1因为没有流动性的市场,这里第三级最具争议,它有关强制使用以市场价值为交易、金融资产或负债。
1997年金融危机(英文)
The reasons of the outbreak
2. Effects of American economic interests and policy;
3. Factors of George Soros's personal and some support his group of capitalism;
(中央坚持人民币不贬值)
The IMF created a series of bailouts
* structural adjustment package" (SAP).(结构调整计划) *There were to be adequate government controls set up to supervise all financial activities, ones that were to be independent, in theory, of private interest.(私人利益) *IMF and high interest rates(国际货币基金组织和高利率)
Background
The impacts of the Asian financial in Hong Kong
Methords
Effects
Background
1. In the second half of 1997, Soros(索罗斯), an American financial expert used his hedge fund to launch repeated attacks of Asian countries and regions, and he got a great success.
Measures of China and HongKong government resisting crisis
金融危机对全球经济的影响
金融危机对全球经济的影响近年来,金融危机已成为全球经济中的一大隐患。
无论是亚洲金融危机还是2008年的全球金融危机,都给全球经济带来了较大的冲击。
金融危机不仅对相关国家和地区经济造成了巨大的破坏,也对全球经济系统产生了深远的影响。
首先,金融危机会对全球贸易产生直接的冲击。
金融危机爆发前,全球经济紧密相连,贸易往来频繁。
然而,由于金融危机导致部分国家和地区经济衰退,需求减弱,贸易下滑。
全球各国的出口市场受到冲击,制造业开始减产,失业率上升。
同时,全球流动性也受到威胁,金融市场的不稳定使得跨国贸易受到限制,导致全球经济增长放缓。
其次,金融危机还会影响全球金融市场的稳定。
金融危机期间,股市和货币市场波动剧烈,投资者信心受到极大的打击。
人们纷纷抛售股票和追求避险资产,导致股市暴跌和货币贬值。
此外,金融机构的倒闭和信任的破裂也加剧了金融市场的动荡。
全球金融市场的不稳定性会进一步挫伤消费者信心,阻碍投资和消费的恢复,对全球经济产生长期的负面影响。
第三,金融危机还会对全球经济的金融体系带来重大挑战。
由于金融危机暴露出金融监管和风险管理不完善的问题,国际社会开始对全球金融体系进行调整和改革。
金融监管机构的改革提上议程,金融制度的稳定性和可靠性成为关注的焦点。
此外,金融危机还对金融体系的创新和发展产生了新的挑战。
过度的金融创新会导致风险不断增加,而金融稳定和可持续发展应该成为全球经济的重要目标。
第四,金融危机还对全球经济的减贫工作造成了阻碍。
金融危机导致许多国家和地区的经济减速,国内生产总值下滑,失业率上升,社会福利减少。
这些因素都将对减贫工作产生负面影响。
贫困人口的数量可能会增加,原本脱贫步伐可能会被推迟,全球经济的不平等问题也会加剧。
综上所述,金融危机对全球经济产生了广泛而深远的影响。
金融危机直接冲击了全球贸易,导致了全球经济增长放缓。
与此同时,金融市场的不稳定性和金融体系面临的挑战也使得全球金融市场陷入动荡。
金融危机英语作文对大学生的影响
金融危机英语作文对大学生的影响English:The global financial crisis has had a profound impact on college students. Many students have seen their parents lose jobs or struggle with financial instability, leading to increased stress and anxiety about their own future prospects. Student loans have become more difficult to secure, and the uncertainty about the job market has left many graduates unsure about their ability to pay off their debts. The crisis has also led to reduced funding for scholarships and financial aid, making it even more challenging for students to afford their education. Additionally, the economic downturn has resulted in a decrease in job opportunities, leaving many graduates with limited options for securing employment after graduation. Overall, the financial crisis has created a more challenging and uncertain environment for college students, impacting their education and future career prospects.中文翻译:全球金融危机对大学生产生了深远的影响。
英文论文关于金融危机对房地产的影响的论文英文版完美版
ChapterⅠ Introduction1.1 Brief Introduction of the Financial CrisisThe sub-loan crisis is also called as the subprime mortgage crisis and translated as the subprime lending crisis. It refers to a financial storm that occurred in the United States due to the bankruptcy of the sub-mortgage agencies, the forced closing of the investment funds, and the severe turbulence of the stock market. It led to the crisis in lack of liquidity at the world's major financial markets. The U.S. "Sub-Loan Crisis" began to emerge from the spring of 2006. From August of 2007, it started to sweep through the United States, the European Union, Japan, and other major financial markets in the world.Sub-loan means "subprime mortgage loan". “Sub” means the poor side corresponding to “high” and “excellent”, while in the "sub-loan crisis" it refers to the low credit and low debt-repaying capacity.Subprime mortgage loan is a high-risk and high-yield industry, which refers to the loans offered by a number of lending institutions to the borrowers with poor credit and low income. Comparing to the traditional standard mortgage loans, the subprime mortgage loans demand low levels on the borrowers’ credit history and repaying ability, but its corresponding lending rate is much higher than the normal mortgage loans. Those who are refused on high-grade mortgage loans by the bank for their bad credit history or weak repaying ability may apply for the subprime mortgage loans to buy houses.When the house price is going up, the subprime mortgage loans business is booming. Even if the borrower’s cash flow can not repay the loan, they may obtain re-loans from the value-added real estate to fill the gap. However, when the house price maintains or goes down, there will be a funding gap and then the bad debts.The subprime mortgage loan is a kind of housing mortgages abroad, to supply loans to the people with less income or lower-level credit history. The reason for supplying loans to these people is that the lending institutions can receive a mortgage interesthigher than the good credit mortgage. When the house prices rise, the loans will have no problems as a result of adequate value in pledge; but when the house prices fall, value in pledge is no longer sufficient, while the mortgager has less income, thus the loan contract may be breached and the house may be returned to the bank. It will cause the increase in the bad debts of the mortgager, the collapsed cases of the mortgage providers and the risks in the financial markets.1.2 Importance of Real Estate Industry on Beijing's GDP(Proportion)The added value of real estate industry accounts for more than 5% of the gross domestic product (GDP) in our country. As a pillar industry, it has played an important role in the national economy.Yu Xiuqin, the spokeswoman of Beijing Municipal Bureau of Statistics said on October 14, 2004, that Beijing’s GDP in the first quarter increased 13% over the same period of the previous year. The released Real Estate Investment Report by the Fixed Assets Investment Division of Beijing Municipal Development and Reform Commission on October 15 indicated that the investment growth rate in the first three quarters reduced to 20.3% from 40.6% in the first quarter, "ranking in a more reasonable range." But the Report also pointed out that the great dropping in the real estate investment "leading indicators (land development, etc.)” undoubtedly affected the potential growth of investment in real estate. The delayed impact from macro-control measures shall be paid attentions to." This Report obviously reminded that the development and investment in real estate may maintain the downward trend due to the impact of macro-control, and it may further have a certain impact on Beijing’s economic growth.What impact can macro-control br ing on Beijing’s GDP? Ding Xiangyang, Director of Beijing Municipal Development and Reform Commission, said when he reported to Beijing People's Congress Standing Committee on the implementation of nationaleconomic and social development plan during the first half year, that a series of land policies in Beijing such as the moratorium on agricultural land requisition, the ceasing of agreed land transfer, and the clean-up of investment projects in development zones, as well as the macro-control, had probably effected an investment of about RMB 120 billion yuan, with about 2-3 percentage points on affecting the annual economic growth in the next few years. The Report of the Fixed Assets Investment Division finally showed that from the investment in recent years, the proportion of real estate investment had always been maintained at above 55%, which did not match the direction of industrial restructuring on developing high-tech industries and modern manufacturing sectors. In order to maintain the consecutive and stable economic growth of the city and optimize the industrial structure, it is necessary to intensify the investment structure adjustment and increase the proportion of industrial investment, especially under the circumstances that the potentials in the real estate industry are affected."We can see such a logic relationship: the real estate investment maintains a high proportion in recent years, while the macro-control reduces the real estate investment growth rate, which will annually decrease several p ercentage points of Beijing’s GDP in the next few years. Real estate has an extraordinary impact on Beijing's economy. The proportion of real estate investment is too large? According to the planning of National Development and Reform Commission, Beijing City has cleaned up the fixed assets projects in the city. From the information of Beijing Municipal Development and Reform Commission, there are more than 6000 projects being cleaned up, in which more than 600 projects involved in violations. Among them, there are 53 projects being stopped the construction or cancelled and 554 projects being suspended the construction for rectification, with a total investment amount of RMB 164 billion yuan, accounting for 1/5 of the total number in our country. From the project clean-up situation, there is still more than 50% of investment concentrated in the real estate field among all the city's investment projects being constructed or planned for construction. Figures show that the real estate investment in Beijingaccounts for 56.5% of the total investment in the entire society, far exceeding the national average level of 18%. The Report of the Fixed Assets Investment Division of Beijing Municipal Development and Reform Commission suggests that the proportion of real estate investment is too large, "and this does not match the direction of industrial restructuring on developing high-tech industries and modern manufacturing sectors."However, Ren Zhiqiang, President of Huayuan Group who researches much on the economic indexes said, "Beijing originally has a lot of lands for use, but the Capital has not implemented constructions for a long time, and now the construction develops after conquering great difficulties, a higher proportion of real estate investment is normal." Professor Y e Jianping, Head of the Land Management Division of Renmin University of China, considered that demands for housing and the supply in Beijing in recent years had promoted the proportion growth of investment, although this proportion of 56.5% was much higher than the international average level. However, it is very difficult to evaluate whether it is right or not at special stages in a specific period." Nevertheless, there must be problems if such proportion maintains in a long period." Someone in the Fixed Assets Investment Division of Beijing Municipal Development and Reform Commission said that a higher proportion in real estate investment has certain rationality at the present stage on accelerating urban transformation, urbanization and economic growth. And now all aspects of the real estate industry are still within the safety line in general. A large number of bubble phenomenon such as housing vacancy or price skyrocketing have not occurred. But he also pointed out at the same time that it was very easy to emerge bubbles as the real estate industry was greatly affected by the policy. Therefore Beijing, as a large-sized city, if the proportion of real estate investment is too large, the city’s whole economy will accordingly become more vulnerable.Who is the largest contributor to GDP? The official data from Beijing Municipal Development and Reform Commission show that the direct pulling role of real estate on Beijing’s GDP is between 5% and 10%. Experts believe that the direct contributionof the real estate industry to GDP completely results from the demand growth in the real estate market. It is reported that the volume of demolition in Beijing reduces at the annual rate of 20% for 5 consecutive years. There were about 100,000 removing households in Beijing 5 years ago, but in 2004 there were only 20,000. In the past a considerable portion of the demand in Beijing real estate market consists of urban renewal, infrastructure construction as well as a large number of demolitions invested by the government. Now although the government demolitions decline a lot, the consumption amount has not reduced, thus the real estate market remains a strong demand. "With this demand, the relatively high proportion of real estate in GDP is quite normal, because Beijing's real estate is not for Beijing City only, but for the whole country and even the world."In addition to the pulling role of the strong demands in real estate market on Beijing’s GDP, it is well known that the real estate industry drives its upstream and downstream industries. Someone in Beijing Municipal Development and Reform Commission disclosed: "According to the sales estimation, the proportion of real estate and the relevant industries such as its driven raw materials and service industry is about 1:1.2." "Real estate investment can drive a dozen of or a hundred of related industries." Ren Zhiqiang had his personal experience. He considered that from an investment view, the real estate industry could stimulate many affiliated industries, thus it had a great impact on the whole GDP. But he also said that the current method of calculating GDP was on the basis of the net investment amount, excluding the consumption, whereas the related consumption of real estate such as second-hand housing transaction was a very important part of the real estate industry. Therefore he thought that the statistical methods on GDP was not entirely correct, which could not calculate accurately the specific contribution value of the real estate industry. What he implicated was that: the present statistics were incomplete, and the polling function of the real estate industry on GDP had been underestimated.Macro-control on the balance beam: more than one expert warned that the long-term development of a city could not rely on continuous investment though real estateplayed an important role in driving the fixed assets investment and GDP. It should develop more industries. Only the driving industries can bring sustainable development, no matter what it is the first, second or third industry. Someone in the Investment Division of Beijing Municipal Development and Reform Commission introduced that for the adjustment of investment structure, the Municipal Development and Reform Commission at present had established a long-term guideline aiming at reducing the proportion of real estate in the fixed assets investment in Beijing: to change the structure with so large real estate investment at present by increasing the investment on other industries and fields, rather than limiting the current real estate projects, in order to increase the growth points of the city and avoid large effects on the whole economy resulted from the changing real estate industry. At the same time, we shall strengthen market monitoring and analysis, guide the restructuring of real estate products, focus on developing the mid-priced residential houses, and expand the size of second-hand housing market etc. "But the government has the responsibility to control the real estate for avoiding major fluctuations." The staff in the Investment Division of the Development and Reform Commission said that people in the real estate industry were more psychologically vulnerable to the effects of the outside world. Therefore the misconduct may result in insufficient investment in real estate, declining engineering volume, effecting the development of the relevant service and raw material industries, and finally directly or indirectly affecting the entire GDP growth." So the real estate investment, no matter it is up or down, should be a smooth process. It shall follow the principle of ensuring a smooth and stable development in real estate, to prevent the sharp ups and downs." The information on our country’s real estate and construction of 2007 shows that there are 63,000 real estate development enterprises in 2007, with a total employment of 1,720,000 people; the completed investment on real estate development is RMB 2.5289 trillion yuan, with an increase rate of 30. 2%.Statistics show that the asset-liability ratio of China's real estate development enterprise in 2007 was 74.4%; the real estate development enterprises realized a totalprofit of RMB 290 billion yuan, with an increase rate of 48.4%.The released information also shows that China's real estate industry in 2007 still has problems such as irrational housing supply structure, high housing prices and so on. Statistics show that in 2007 the affordable housing investment accounts for 4.6% in the commercial residential investment, reducing 0.5 percentage points; residential housing under 90 square meters only accounts for 23.3% in the commercial residential housing; the real estate sales areas reduced a lot at the end of the year.ChapterⅡ Financial CrisisThe real estate industry is the leading industry of China's national economy, which ranks a decisive position in the modern social and economic life. After more than ten years of development, China's real estate industry is in the transition period towards to a large-scaled, branding and standardized operation. The growth means of the real estate industry is changing the focus on from speed and scale to benefit and market segmentation, and the relied aspects from the government’s policy c ontrol to market regulation and corporate self-regulation. In the first half of 2006, the rigid housing demand in Beijing released a lot, and the supply in the commercial forward delivery housing market turned on a recovering trend. There were four features showed in Beijing’s real estate market in 2006: the investment growth in real estate recovered and the residential investment increased a lot; new construction area increased fast, but the completion area of residential buildings reduced; the sales in the housing market boomed, but the vacant space lessened; the residential price index continued to increase, but at a stable rate.Beijing’s investment in real estate increases rapidly. From January to June in 2006, the completed investment in real estate development in Beijing was RMB 64.01 billion yuan, increasing 20.8% over the same period in the previous year, with an increased rate of 12.7 percentage points. From January to June in 2006, the completedland development area of the real estate development enterprises in Beijing reached 1,964,000 square meters, increasing 130% over the same period in the previous year; the vacancy space decreased for the flourishing market demand and supply reduction. At the end of June in 2006, the vacancy space of commercial housing in Beijing covered an area of 9,652,000 square meters, with 4,090,000 square meters less than that at the beginning of the year, with a decreasing rate of 29.8%. From January to June in 2006, the fund in place of Beijing’s real estate developmen t enterprises was RMB 126.52 billion yuan, increasing 20.3% over the same period in the previous year, in which the financial loans was RMB 33.95 billion yuan, increasing 40.1% over the same period in the previous year. It accounted for 26.8% of the fund in place that year, raising 3.8 percentage points.Since 2006, the housing sales price index in Beijing City showed a slight upward trend. From January to June in 2006, the total price index of newly-built commercial houses accumulated at 107.7%, increasing 0.6 percentage points than that of the previous month, and increasing 1 percentage point than that at the same period of the previous year; of which the residential price index accumulated at 108.5%, increasing 0.5 percentage points than that of the previous month, and increasing 1.3 percentage points than that at the same period of the previous year; the second-hand residential price index accumulated at 109.5%, almost the same as that of the previous month, and increasing 3 percentage points than that at the same period of the previous year. The price increasing rate of ordinary residential housing exceeded that of the high-grade residential houses. From January to June in 2006, the average residential price index in Beijing’s newly-built residential houses accumulated at 110%, exceeding 4.2 percentage points than that of the high-grade residential houses.The competition in Beijing’s real estate industry has become increasingly fierce and white-hot. As for the developers, Sunco’s entry into Beijing, the establishment of Beijing Capital Development Holding Group, together with the macro-control policy of the past two years, the rising interest rates, 8.31 Land Revolution (The agreed land transfer was prohibited since August 31, 2004), the introductions of the State’s 8Articles and 6 Measures on controlling the real estate market, the entry of overseas real estate funds, all of these made the competition war even more interesting. Accompanied by the clank of horns, the developers are making every effort to win in the real estate market. The agency industry has also begun the price war. In the future the industries will be fully integrated, which is a general trend.ChapterⅢ Overall Conditions of Beijing Real Estate after theFinancial CrisisComparing with the previous two years, Beijing’s real estate market in 2008 had much more challenges. The Olympic opportunity existed with the financial crisis and the real estate market advanced slowly in the year. In the first half of the year, the theory of the turning point in real estate market was very popular, "the concept of the Olympic Games" deeply rooted in people’s hearts did not bring about the active transactions in the real estate market. "Wait-and-see" has become the pronoun of the real estate market. In the second half after the Olympic Games, the real estate transactions had not fully warmed up, and the global financial crisis came. Thus the second-hand housing prices began to fall, and the government decreased the deposit and lending rates to stimulate the market consumption. The redemption and reform policies in the second-hand housing transaction taxes and fees came out, but they had no obvious effects on the one-year sluggish real estate market. In a word, the Olympic Games opportunity and the financial crisis existed together in 2008, and Beijing’s second-hand housing market was on the fence.In 2009, the global economy may appear the first negative growth after the Second World War. In addition, the economic recession, low inflation, the release of potential risks in the economic and financial fields and so on, reveal that the world’s economic recession and risk are amplifying step by step. In order to stabilize the financialmarkets and stimulate the economic growth, each country has introduced measures. However, the economic recovering signs in major economic unions are still rare. From the latest data of 2009, the economic recession of major developed economies is deepening, and the financial crisis is sweeping rapidly from the developed countries to the developing countries with a growing impact on the global real economy. Confronted with the changing economic situation and the unprecedented challenges brought about by the international financial crisis, China has begun a new round of macro-controls with unprecedented efforts. The implementation of an active fiscal policy and an appropriately loose monetary policy conveys a clear signal: the macro-controlling measures on expanding domestic demand, maintaining the growth and adjusting the structure will help China's economy come out of the woods and enter into the new stage of development. On September 15, 2008 the central bank announced that the lending rate was firstly down after 6 years. In November of 2008, ten measures to expand domestic demand were made out. The Central Economic Work Conference reaffirmed the goal of guaranteeing the growth. The revitalization policies on ten industries policy were intensely approved. Facing the crisis, China is taking a decisive and strong action.ChapterⅣ The Real Estate Industry in Beijing the FinancialCrisis4.1 The Impact on House Prices and Sales V olume4.1.1 People’s Living StandardsBeijing residents have a proximate RMB20, 000 average total incomes for household, specially speaking, it is RMB19, 533.3, which goes up 14.1% than the previous year. The working salaries are the major one in household income, and it has a RMB13,666.3 working salaries per capita.4.1.2 Macro-ControlHere comes on the "inviting, auction, and nominating" policy from government, all the land should be through the inviting public bidding, auction and nominal quotation before joining the market in the "831 the end".1). 2004 in land policy, there are two forms of constructional land, one is allocation, and the other is making agreement to sell.From August 31st, 2004, all the operational land must be sold by public auction. In other words, before in August 31st, 2004, every provinces, regions and municipalities are banned to use the historical legacy issues to sell the usufruct of the national land in the agreement way, protocol selling the land is prevailing once, but it was prohibited by the government. The document also stipulates that after 31 August, 2004, developers are required to pay the land transfer payments in time, and if the lands are not developed within two years, the government will withdraw it. “8.31" is also treated by the public opinion in China as "the real estate sector of the agrarian revolution" and "Sunshine of Lands".2).Financial policy: the People's Bank put into practice the purposes of including raising deposit and loan rates, increasing the statutory reserve rate as well as other industry-specific credit policy and other means to tighten the flexibility of the market, and also reducing the monetary supply thereby curbing inflation so as to achieve the purpose of tightening monetary policy.3). Sales policy: the pre-sale system is practicableThe overall circumstances of macro-manipulation:<1>.The circumstance is squeezing at the two ends: the standards of land and thepurchase of houses are undergoing the compression, for example, less than 70 percent houses are constructed under 90 m2 according to the requirements.<2>. Middle-squeeze: For example, tightening monetary policy.4.1.3 Developers:The prices of commercial houses are formed by land, construction and raw materials. After 2007, it costs RMB10, 000 to buy 1m2 of lands, which give rise to4.2 The Effect of Financial Crisis to Consumers, Policies and Developers:4.2.1 Consumers:The restriction of people who purchase the economically affordable houses. The listed trades, however, have a limit of the autonomy of more than five years, in the past, the original real estate is treated as an investment, but now it can be only used as personal residences.4.2.2 The Current Policy (After the Financial Crisis)1).Land policy: reducing the land supply, majority of them are policy-based houses (both affordable housing and limited room)2).Financial policy: which is used to control the loan. Facing the outbreak of the serious financial crisis, the financial sectors should try their best to reduce the risk and preserve their original property.3). Sales policies: which is aimed at the developers, they are not allowed to sale inadvance. After 2008, if meeting the demand of the national pre-sale conditions, which is, obtaining the evidence of the land, land permits, planning permits and construction permits are qualify to apply for the pre-sale permit.Secondly, restrictions on second-hand housing market are indispensible, such as, people should own the affordable housing more than five years before they can conduct transactions, which controls of the market, the phenomenon of real estate speculation and building speculation, and thus prices will decline.4.2.3 Aiming for Developers:After the outbreak of the financial crisis, great changes have taken place in consumers’ mind, they unconsciously develop a minds et of waiting to buy with cash in hand, developers are also holding a breath and waiting for the rise of the prices by rare sale, because if the original land cannot be sold, it will certainly have the impact on the return of funds, thereby they are unable to develop new properties, which results in a vicious circle. That is, the originally land bought from the market with a price will not be able to develop, which caused cash flow difficulties. Since October, with the financial crisis becomes increasingly intense, the consumers have more seriously wait-and-see attitude to the real estate market, meanwhile, the government, however, lowers the loan interest rate twice, moreover, it simultaneously issued a policy about the reform of taxation expenses of second-hand houses, which, to some extents, stimulates the recovery of property market.ChapterⅤ Conclusion5.1 Consequences and T endencyThere are three years that Beijing housing sale market has been undergoing declining. Nevertheless, thanks to the consecutive reduction of the interest for five times last second half year and a series of provoking house-purchase policies from government, the growth of the first-quarter appears this year.In 2008, the Wall Street crisis in the United States was not only quickly spread to the global financial markets, but also extended from the virtual economy to the real economy. What is worse, the unprecedented financial crisis was most likely to expand into the American dollar crisis and the economic recession, the worst pa rt is that the risks, which the global economy may get caught into a severe recession, are skyrocketing day by day. With the huge effect of the American Financial Crisis, on the one hand, the global financial markets were fiercely shaken, one the other hand, the primary stocks were overwhelmed in a vast scale, fear and a crisis of confidence over the whole market. Although the United States carried out a large-scale rescue package, it might still failed to prevent the slump the global stock markets. Under the U.S. financial crisis, the world's major financial institutions have experienced several consecutive quarters of declining profits and growing for asset write-downs and credit losses. More seriously, the current major economies decline in extremely high speed, signing the obvious economic recession over the world.Because of the effects of the global financial crisis, Chinese economy was decelerating the growth rate. Besides, there are still some factors, such as increasing cost and decreasing profit etc., have already have impact on the investment willingness and ability of some enterprises, thus restrict the rising consuming. As far as now, some essential Chinese industries are running down, just like steel, electric power, vehicle industries. In order to resist the adverse effect of international。
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金融危机对全球经济的影响中英文对照外文翻译文献 金融危机对全球经济的影响中英文对照外文翻译文献 (文档含英文原文和中文翻译)
金融危机对全球商业的影响 目前,新的经济只是在部分工业化经济高度发达的国家初露端倪,在全球范围还属于萌芽状态。不过这种经济的发展肯定对于世界政治和经济将产生越来越大的影响。日本经济审议会1999年向日本政府提出对未来十年日本新经济计划的建议时说:“当前,世界文明正在发生变化,这一变化不是一般的‘进步’与“高度化”,而是要创造新的历史发展阶段的变化。一直支撑战后增长的现代工业社会的规范已跟不上人类文明的巨大潮流。在今后存在多种智慧的社会中,必须通过不断创造出新的智慧来搞活经济与文化。为此,就必须能够更加容易地吸收世界的信息和知识,还要有更加容易向世界传递信息的环境。同时,还必须拥有能够培养富于个性和创造性的组织和人才的计划和社会气氛”。 如果把上面所说的世界经济的变化加以概括,似乎可以说,未来经济有两大趋势:一个是经济知识化,表现为知识和信息成为经济发展最活跃、最重要的因素;另一个是金融危机对全球经济的影响中英文对照外文翻译文献 经济全球化,表现为商品、劳务、资本、技术和人才在全球流动的加速。这两大趋势相互联系、互相影响。也可以说,新的经济将是以知识与技术创新为基础,以全球为市场的时代。它将促使各国的增长模式、产业构成、经济体制、社会结构、教育制度、文化取向等产生深刻的变化,也将对各国的对内、对外政策提出新课题。三、经济全球化的大趋势及其两重性经济全球化的发端似可溯源到二次世界大战后期布雷顿森林体制的创建。世界银行、国际货币基金组织和关贸总协定三大机构的建立与发展,给全球金融、贸易与投资活动以极大的推动。美元与黄金挂钩使美元成为国际流通与储备的手段,首先便利了美国企业向全球的拓展。不过,冷战时期两个世界市场的划分又使经济全球化受到一定限制。冷战结束后,经济全球化得到进一步发展。主要有两股力量推动:一股力量是信息技术革命和高新技术成长的大大促进了商品、劳务、资本、人才、技术的全球交流。另一股力量是广大发展中国家、社会主义和转轨国家加入市场经济行列,给世界大市场提供了更广阔的空间。然而,也要看到由于存在不合理的国际政治、经济秩序,特别是超级大国在经济全球化中推行损人利己的贸易与金融政策,1997年爆发的东亚金融危机迅速演变为全球金融动荡和南北两极分化,充分显示了经济全球化的两重性。 经济全球化的主要表现为: 第一,由跨国公司带头推行的生产国际化走向生产要素配置的全球化。战后美国在资本主义世界居于统治地位。美国的大企业抓住欧、亚的战后重建机遇开展了海外扩张。汽车、石油、化工等行业的大公司带头进行跨国生产以战领世界市场。欧、日的经济得到恢复后,他们的大公司也纷纷进行海外投资。跨国公司成为生产国际化的主导力量。当时的生产国际化主要的发达国家之间进行,因为那里政局较稳定、市场引对广阔、基础设施较完善、投资软环境较健全。七十年代,生产国际化扩展到发展中世界。到了九十年代,跨国公司又把生产国际化发展为生产要素配置的全球化。这一特点表现在三方面:一个方面是跨国公司展开大规模的企业重组与兼并,着眼于全球市场、资源、技术、人才的利用,重点是控制高新技术产业和高附加值服务业的海外市场。以1997年美国波音公司兼并麦道垄断美航空工业开始,跨国公司重组与合并的狂潮席卷了电子、电信、航空、金融等行业。1997年美国企业兼并的协议金额是1991年的7倍。1998年德国奔驰与美国克莱斯勒公司合并成世界最大的汽车集团;1999年日本的银行三巨头――第一劝业银行、富士银行的日本兴业银行组建全球规模最大的金融集团。这些表明跨国公司在全球的重组正方兴未艾。第二个方面是跨国公司的海外投资由发达国家逐步向发展中国家转移。这一方面是因为发达达国家的市场相对饱和,另一方面是因为发展中国家投资环境的日益改善,为发达国家的跨国公司提供获得丰厚利润的机会。第三个方面是发展中国家的一批大企业开始走出国门,进行海外生产与销售。在世纪末美国《财富》杂志公布的全球500家大企业中,一些发展中国家的公司初露头角,反映了发展中国家正在为成为生产全球化新星。 第二,发达国家带动的流通国际化走向贸易自由化与区域集团化。战后发达国家的生产国际化推动了流通的国际化。国际市场的放大和流通国际化反过来又成为促进发达达国家经济增长的越来越重要的因素。据统计,全球贸易增长速度高于全球经济增长速度,1950年――1994年的四十五年间,全球GDP增长率为年均4%,全球贸易年均增长率则为6%。这说明全球生产的商品和劳务越来越依靠国际市场交换来得到价值实现。1970年美国经济对国际市场的储存存度为11%,1997年升为25%。其中高新技术产品对国际市场的依存度更高。根据世界银行的统计,1970年为25.9%,1993年达到37.3%。就是说美国的高新技术产品有三分之一以上要依靠海外销售。其他发达国家也是大体如此。发达国家经济对国际市场依存度的加大产生了两个趋势:一个趋势是谋求相互削减关税,促进贸易自由化。从1947年关贸总协定成立以来,经过四个回合的谈判,发达国金融危机对全球经济的影响中英文对照外文翻译文献 家关税的平均税率已由约40%降到降到低于5%,发展中国家的平均税率降到12%。世界贸易组织成立后,发达国家正在发起新一轮的多边贸易谈判,为他们的高新技术产品和高附加值服务业向全球自由拓展服务。但是在贸易自由化问题上,发达国家搞双重标准。他们通过各种措施,主要是非关税垒和单边主义措施来限制外来商品进口,还以某些政治借口实施歧视或制裁,受害者主要是发展中国家和社会主义国家。因此,贸易自由化同贸易保护主义是发达国家贸易政策的孪生兄弟。另一趋势是经济贸易区域集团化。二十世纪五十年代初,西欧中小国家为对付苏美,也为了适应贸易自由化趋,由煤钢联营起步,建立了欧洲共同体。欧共体实行关税同盟,在成员国之间稿自由贸易,给各成员国开辟了广阔的区域市场。同时为了缩小成员国的经济不平衡,实行共同农业政策、区域政策和结构政策,授助经济较落后的国家和地区以促进共同发展。到了九十年代,美国、欧盟和日本一方面继续高唱贸易自由化;另一方面苦心营造以自己为中心,囊括本地区南北国家共同组成的区域经济集团。贸易自由化和区域集团化看似‘相互矛盾,其实相辅相成。贸易自由化不可能消除发达国家的贸易保护主义和双重标准行为,区域集团化也不可能扭转便利球贸易走向自由化的趋势。 第三,全球金融市场联网和各国货币国际化形成金融市场一体化。虚拟经济与实体经济的分离便利了国际筹资,也加大了全球金融风险。国际金融是国际经济活动的神经中枢。战后国际金融以美元的金本位制为基准,各国货币与美元挂钩。当时国际汇率的稳定对促进战后国际贸易与投资活动起过积极作用。但是二十世纪七十年代以后,国际金融活动农渐从为贸易和投资服务分离出来成为独活动。造成这种情况的因素有:1973年美元与黄金脱钩,形成国际货币浮动汇率制:发达国家社会财富的多年积累,在国际金融市场上出现数以万亿计的巨额资金;经济全球化促使各国货币在不同程度上可兑抽象;信息革命把各国金融市场联成网络。于是,国际金融活动的主要任务不再是为便利国际交易与投资进行资金融通,而是为巨额国际游资寻找增值的途径。据分析,每天在全球外汇市场上的交易最高达1.5万亿美元,只有2%是为正常的贸易与投资服务。金融市场的全球一体化和巨额国际金融资本的存在为筹措国际资金提供了方便,但更便利了国际金融投机。金融安全成为国家经济安全、特别是发展中国家经济安全的首要课题。金融动荡是促使各国经济不平衡发展的重要原因。汇率战是发达国家之间进行经济较量的重要手段。日本就曾从泯率战中成为金融大国,又从泡沫经济破灭中陷入长期萧条。从全球范围看,国际金融动荡和国际金融投机的最大受害者是发展中国家。原因很简单,一是发展中国家金融机构和机制不完善;二是金融实力薄弱而且往往是外国的债务奴隶。一旦国际金融市场风云突变,发达国家就将恶果尽量转嫁给发展中国家。在1997―1998年的全球金融动荡中,东亚、拉美、非洲都受到沉重打击。世界银行发表的《世界经济展望》说,“在发展中世界,世界至少有36个国家1998年人均产出将出现负增长……1998年―1999年发展中国家的总产出将是八十年代初债务危机以来最低的”。 第四,世界经济增长中心走向多元化。战后初期,世界经济的两大增长中心分别是美国和苏联。他们两家的表现和经济政策决定了世界经济变化的走向。到了九十年代苏联不复存在。俄罗斯在经济转轨中因采取“休克疗法”,陷入了深得的经济灾难,短期内难望对世界经济有多大影响。然而俄罗斯的资源、人才、科技潜能依然存在,本世纪仍会成为世界经济的一个中心。美国虽仍在世界经济中雄踞首位,但它主导资本主义世界市场的局面已由美、欧、日本足鼎立所取代,美国的相对分额虽然可能有短期的上下波动,但下隆已成趋势。与此同时,发展中国家在世界经济中所占有份额却呈上升之势。上世纪末,中国是世界第七大经济,巴西是第八大经济。由发展中国家组成的经济集团如东盟、南方共同市场的地位也在上升。本世纪还将有更多的发展中国家如印度、巴基斯坦、金融危机对全球经济的影响中英文对照外文翻译文献 印尼、尼日利亚、南非、墨西哥、阿极廷等等成为世界或地区经济的明星。南南合作与南北合作将会有新的发展。经济增长中心的多元化将给世界经济发展提供更大的动力和更广阔的成长空间。同时,也可能会引起新的经济矛盾和经济变数。 综上所述,到上世纪末,经济知识化和经济全球化已汇合成为一股不可逆转的潮流。它之成为不可逆转,是战后科技发展、经济发展和政治发展三股力量共同推动的结果。首先,战后的科技发展,已不间一般的科技进步,不但有量的发展,还有质的突破。科学研究在继续深化和分化的同时,出现学科的交叉与综合,使人类对微微观世界和宏观世界的认识都达到一个新的高度。以往的技术创新基本局限珩加强或替代人的体力劳动,现在的技术创新则开阔了提高或替代人的脑力劳动的途径。科技成果转化为生产力的进度大大加快。高科技的发展要求超国界的合作,高新技术产业要求有超越国界的广阔市场。其次,从经济领域来看,推动市场经济向全球扩展的,不仅有发达国家的跨国公司和政府,更重要的是,占世界人口将近四分之三的发展中国家正在摆脱农业业经济,成为市场经济的新生力量。社会主义国家和转轨国家也放弃了计划经济,发展市场经济。再从政治层面来看,二次世界大战后,虽然发生过多次局部战争,但没有酿成新的世界战争。冷战结束后,尽管国际政治形势时紧时松,天下并不太平,但总体趋趟向缓和,多数国家把振兴经济放在第一位。这一切为市场经济相对顺利地向全球扩展提供了条件。历史表明,经济全球化具有促进各国经济相互依存,又加深各国经济竞争的两重性。由于经济的相互依存加大,发达国家同发达国家之间,发达国家同发展中国家之间有可能彼此长补短,在平等互利基础上加强协调与合作,实现共同发展。西欧国家的战后发展为此提供了实例。德法曾经是百年世仇,战后却由势不两立的仇敌变为协调与合作伙伴共同推动西欧各国的联合,并且同前殖民地一种相对平等互助关系。这样欧洲国家在战后通过和平发展而不是军事扩张实现了经济振兴,欧盟的经济实力到上世纪未已同美国相当,其国际政治地位也将随之得到提高。然而市场经济是竞争的经济,经济全球化还有加剧各国经济竞争的一面。这就有可能导致各国经发展失衡,不但可能引起经济和政治动荡,还有可能导致战争。北约发动南联盟的侵略战争,也可看作是国际经济发展失衡和霸权主义野心膨胀的结果。本文分析了现代信息技术对城市发展如城市规划、城市产业结构、城市空间布局结构、城市职能、城市交通、城市建筑、城市管理、城市居民生活方式的正面影响,同时也分析了现代信息技术对城市发展所带来的一些负面影响。 技术的重大进步往往会给城市的发展带来巨大的影响。蒸汽机的发明,导致了最初的产业革命和城市化发展;汽车的普及,则引起了城市郊区化。以计算机及其网络技术和现代通信技术等为代表的现代信息技术是当代科学技术发展的主导领域。现代信息技术正以其它技术从未有过的速度向前发展,并以其它任何一种技术从未有过的深度和广度介入到社会的方方面面。"20世纪,尤其是二次大战以来的大事记,无论多么简略,都不会忽视信息技术的巨大进步和它所产生的广泛经济、社会影响。" 那么,现代信息技术对城市的发展有何影响呢?一、现代信息技术对城市发展的正面影响。当今世界正在向信息时代迈进,信息已经成为社会、经济发展的"血液"、"润滑剂";现代信息技术广泛地渗透到和改变着人们的生活学习和工作;信息产业正逐步成为全球最大的产业。在这股席卷全球的信息化浪潮的冲击下,城市规划、城市建设、城市管理、城市的传统形态与功能等城市发展的诸多方面也无一例外地受到了现代信息技术的强大影响,城市正面临着新的发展契机。 1 提高了城市规划的效率与科学性。城市规划是城市建设⑶"智能城市"是一种不同于以往任何时代的城市空间结构的重组;必须以地球信息科学、人居环境科学、区域可持续发展为理论与方法基础,以体现城市规划: 1 理想、理性、综合 整体 、系统、动态、生态的思想; 2 以区域为主体的多层次的人居环境为重点; 3 决策支持的方法。