国际音标(完整版)

音标复习

1．英语字母----英语（English）所基于的字母，共26个。分为元音字母和辅音字母。其中a, e, i, o, u为元音字母，其它为辅音字母；

*元音字母不一定是元音发音，如字母u,它发/?/时，是元音，但发/j u：/时，是辅音/ j /和元音/ u：/的组合。所以我们会说a usual day, an unusual day, 所以单词发音对我们英语学习还有不少影响。

2．音标---词的语音形式，是用来标记每一个词或字母的读音的书面符号。

国际音标----国际语音学协会拟定的一套全世界各族语言都适用的标音符号。

英语国际音标共48个，分元音和辅音。

按基本分法，元音分单元音和双元音。

3．什么叫音节？

英语的单词至少包含一个音节。

音节一般以元音为主进行划分，每个音节一般由一个元音字母或一个元音字母组合加上一个或几个辅音构成。

如：dog [d?g], head [hed]等，这些单词只有一个音节，叫做单音节词。

含有两个音节的词叫做双音节词，如：student[′stju:d?nt]。

含有三个或三个以上的音节叫做多音节词，如：medical [′medik?l]。

4．什么叫重音？

在双音节词和多音节词中有一个音节读得特别重而强，其他音节读得相对轻

一些或弱一些，这种读音强弱现象合在一起叫做单词重音。

5．什么叫重读闭音节？

先了解什么是“闭音节”，要满足两个条件：

条件1）——以一个辅音字母（r除外）结尾，而中间只有一个元音字母的音节

成为闭音节，如：desk [desk], big [big]。这里元音字母不是发它本身的字母音。

或者这样来记：闭音节------辅音+元音+辅音，如：sit， bed， bad， bag，hot， hop， let， mad， map， head

条件2）——元音字母在闭音节中读它们的短音。

如：a读作[? ]，e读作[e]，i读作[ i ], o读作[?]，u读作[u]或[ ? ]等。

如果闭音节重读，就叫重读闭音节。或者说：

（1）. 必须是重读音节；

（2）. 中间只有一个元音字母，而最后只有一个辅音字母；

（3）. 元音字母发短元音。

单词变形要特别注意的几点

6．什么时候双写末字母加ed或ing? ——重读闭音节。

注意：以-r音节结尾的词，虽然不是闭音节，但如果是重读音节，也要双写r字母，再加-ed ，如prefer--- preferred；refer---referred；

7．什么时候去e加ing?------以不发音字母e结尾的动词，去e，再加ing

另外：

1) 以不发音的e结尾的动词，直接加—d。例如：

live—lived, hope—hoped

2) 以“辅音字母+y”结尾的动词，变y为i再加— ed。例如：study—studied, cry—cried

3) 以元音字母加y结尾的词，直接加-ed

played, enjoyed , stayed, destroyed

动词ing形式双写的有：sit, put, get, stop, begin, swim, prefer, travel, run，set, shut, spit, split, dig, cut, win等

动词加ed双写的有：stop ，drop ，fit， prefer， permit, travel（travel 可双写也可不双写），还有

beg ---- begged ---- begging drip ---- dripped ---- dripping prefer---preferred refer---referring fit ---- fitted ---- fitting hug ---- hugged ---- hugged equip-equipped---equipping plan ---- planned ---- planning rid ---- ridded ---- ridding rob ---- robbed ---- robbing regret ---- regretted ---- regretting rub ---- rubbed ---- rubbing submit----submitted等

常见字母组合的音标

[ ei ]

ay—way, say, play, pay, may, lay

ai—rain, tail, pain, nail, paint

ey—they, grey

ei—eight

ea—break

[ i: ]

ea—eat, clean, sea, tea, pea, teacher, leave, please, peach, meat, leaf, weak ee—bee, see，jeep, teeth, feet, green, street, sheep, week, meet

[ e ]

ea—bread, head, headmaster, sweater, sweat

[ ai ]

ie—tie, pie, lie, die

ei—either，write （开音节）

igh—light, fight, night, tight, high, right, sight

y—sky, fly, dry, cry, try, my, type, spy

[ ou ]

ow—yellow, low, bowl, window, show, know, row

oa—boat

[ ju: ]

ui—suit

ew—few, new

[ u: ]

ue—Sue, blue, glue

ui—fruit, juice, suit，two

oo—moon, zoo, food, room, classroom, rooster, too, boots, roof

[ u ]

oo—book, foot, wool, cook, look, tool

u—put, full, pull

[ a: ]

ar—car, arm, card, park, garden, are, class, hard, farm, cart

[ ?:]

or—morning, fork, horse, or, orange, short, for

al—small

our—four

oor—door

au—August, naughty, autumn

aw—paw, draw, strawberry

[ ?]

oi—coin, oil, point, noise, noisy, poison

oy—boy, toy, destroy

[ ?: ]

er—her

ir—birthday, dirty, bird, girl, sir

ur—turn, fur, hurt, nurse, turtle, purse

or—work

ear—learn

[ ?]

er—sister, brother, under, winter, marker, mother, rubber, perhaps or—actor

[ au ]

ou—house, mouth, out, count, out, round, playground, our, shout, mouse ow—towel, cow, how, brown, flower, tower, down, now

[ i?]

ere—here

ear—hear, dear, ear

eer—deer

[ε?]

air—chair, pair, , hair, upstairs

are—care, share, hare

ear—pear, bear, wear

eir—their

ere—there, where

oor[ u?]—poor

all [ ?:l ]—call, tall, fall, ball, wall, all

bl [ bl ]—blue, black, blouse, block

pl [ pl ]—plane, play, plus

gl [ gl ]—glue, glass, glove, globe

cl [ kl ]—clock, , class, cloud, clean, climb, close, clap

fl [ fl ]—fly, floor, flower, flay, flat, flu

ble [ bl ] —table

dle [ dl ]—needle

kle [ kl ]—sickle

ple / pil [ pl ]—apple, people, pupil

tle [ tl ]—turtle, kettle, bottle

cil [ sl ]—pencil

sc [ sk ]—school, scale, scarf

sk [ sk ]—skip, skate, skin

sp [ sp ]—spoon, speak, spend, spell, spaceship

st [ st ]—stamp ,upstairs, still, instead, store, stand, student, stay, start, stick

sl [ sl ]—slow, sleep, slice, slot, slippery

sm [ sm ]—smile, small, snake, smell

sn [ sn ]—snowman, snow, snake

sw [ sw ]—sweet, swim, swallow

br [ br ]—bright, brown, bread, brother, Briggs

pr [ pr ]—price, prize

cr [ kr ]—cream, cry, Crisp

gr [ gr ]—grey, grow, grass, ground, green, grandma

fr [ fr ]—friend, fruit, front, French, frog

tr [ tr ]—try, traffic, tree, train, truck, street

dr [ dr ]—dream, dry, drop, draw, drive, dress, drink, drum, bedroom, wardrobe wr [ r ]—write, wrist

ck [ k ]—back, packet

ch [ t∫]—chair, chicken, cheese, church, bunch, bench, beach

sh [∫]—she, sheep, shirt, ship, fish, dish, push

th [θ]—three, thin, thumb, thirsty, thank, thick, bath

th [ e ]—this, that, then, these, those, brother, father, mother, with

ng [ ?]—sing, thing, English, hungry, long

ph [ f ]—photo, elephant, telephone

wh [ w ]—white, when, which, sandwich, wheat, where

wh [ h ]—who, whose, whom

kn [ n ]—know, knee, knife, knock

mb [ m ]—thumb, bomb, lamb

ew [ ju: ]—few, view, new, newspaper

qu [ kw ]—quickly, quiet, question

ture [t∫]—picture

tion [∫]—nationality

ge[d?]—German, bridge, orange

j [d?]—jeep, jump, jam, Jane, January, jar, Jim, jug, June, July, join, jack, just ts [ ts ]—boats, hats

ds [ dz ]—hands

sure [ ?]—pleasure, measure

u [ ?]—bus, cup, sun, funny, duster, umbrella,

o [ ?] —colour, come, son

ven [vn]—evening

sten [sn]—listen

s [ z ] :—tails, was, boxes, sandwiches