常用Standard table
常用核酸和氨基酸代码
常用核酸和氨基酸代码Amino Acids TableHere is a list of the standard one-letter amino acid codes and their three-letter equivalents. The synonymous codons and their depiction in the IUB codes are shown. Y ou should recognize that the codons following semicolons ( are not sufficiently specific to define a single amino acid even though they represent the best possible backtranslation into the IUB codes!Symbol 3-letter Code Amino-acid CodonsA Ala Alanine GCT,GCC,GCA,GCGB Asp,Asn Aspartic, Asparagine GA T,GAC,AA T,AACC Cys Cysteine TGT,TGCD Asp Aspartic GA T,GACE Glu Glutamic GAA,GAGF Phe Phenylalanine TTT,TTCG Gly Glycine GGT,GGC,GGA,GGGH His Histidine CA T,CACI Ile Isoleucine A TT,A TC,A TAK Lys Lysine AAA,AAGL Leu Leucine TTG,TTA,CTT,CTC,CTA,CTGM Met Methionine A TGN Asn Asparagine AA T,AACP Pro Proline CCT,CCC,CCA,CCGQ Gln Glutamine CAA,CAGR Arg Arginine CGT,CGC,CGA,CGG,AGA,AGGS Ser Serine TCT,TCC,TCA,TCG,AGT,AGCT Thr Threonine ACT,ACC,ACA,ACGV V al V aline GTT,GTC,GTA,GTG W Trp Tryptophan TGGX Xxx UnknownY Tyr Tyrosine TA T,TACZ Glu,Gln Glutamic, Glutamine GAA,GAG,CAA,CAG* End Terminator TAA,TAG,TGAStandard Genetic CodeU C A GU UUU Phe FUUC Phe FUUA Leu LUUG Leu LUCU Ser SUCC Ser SUCA Ser SUCG Ser S UAU Tyr YUAC Tyr YUAA StopUAG StopUGU Cys CUGC Cys CUGA StopUGG Trp WCCUU Leu LCUC Leu LCUA Leu LCUG Leu LCCU Pro PCCC Pro PCCA Pro PCCG Pro PCAU His HCAC His HCAA Gln QCAG Gln QCGU Arg RCGC Arg RCGA Arg RCGG Arg RAAUU Ile IAUC Ile IAUA Ile IAUG Met MACU Thr TACC Thr TACA Thr TACG Thr TAAU Asn NAAC Asn NAAA Lys K AAG Lys KAGU Ser S AGC Ser S AGA Arg R AGG Arg RGGUU V al V GUC V al V GUA V al V GUG V al VGCU ALA A GCC ALA A GCA ALA A GCG ALA AGAU Asp D GAC Asp D GAA Glu E GAG Glu EGGU Gly G GGC Gly G GGA Gly G GGG Gly G Genome Size and DNA ContentGenome Size(base pairs x 109) Coding DNA (%)Bacterium (E. coli) 0.004 100Y east (Saccharomyces) 0.009 70Nematode (Caenorhabditis) 0.09 25Fruitfly (Drosophila) 0.18 33Newt (Triturus) 19.0 1.5 - 4.5Human 3.5 9 - 27Lungfish (Protopterus) 140.0 0.4 - 1.2Flowering plant (Arabidopsis) 0.2 31Flowering plant (Fritillaria) 130.0 0.02Cavalier-Smith, T. (ed.) The Evolution of Genome size(Wiley, Chichester, 1985).NucleotidesThe meaning of each symbol (GCG files), itscomplement, and the Staden file equivalents are shownbelow.IUB/GCG Meaning ComplementA A TC C GG G CT / U T AM A or C KR A or G YW A or T WS C or G SY C or T RK G or T MV A or C or G BH A or C or T DD A or G or T HB C or G or T VX / N G or A or T or Cnot G or A or T or C X2组三个极易混淆的氨基酸代码TrP色氨酸Tyr酪氨酸Thr苏氨酸江苏(苏氨酸）财主多，那叫Th(土豪）送一个绝色（色氨酸）美女给我，Trp(太人品，或者这个美女图片收到太多的热评Trp）托运人（Tyr)必须是老实人,Gly 甘氨酸干老爷Gln 谷氨酰胺给老娘Glu 谷氨酸（这个是人都知道）干老爷，给光鲜（谷氨酰胺）的老娘。
分析化学实验(英文)
Experiment 1PH standard solution preparation and concentration comparisonA Purpose of the experiment1.Learning to master the instrument commonly used in titration of washing and proper use.2.Titration analysis of practice operations through an initial grasp of methyl orange, phenolphthalein indicator end point determination.3.Grasp the pH standard solution preparation method.Two Experimental principle0.1 mol / L HCl solution (strong acid) and0.1 mol / L NaOH solution (alkaline) when each titration, pHsp 7.0, the pH titration jump range of 4.3- 9.7, select the color range in jump indicator ( such as methyl orange, phenolphthalein), can be measured to ensure sufficient accuracy.In the case of the same indicator, a certain concentration of HCl solution and NaOH solution each titration, the ratio of the volume consumed by V HCl / V NaOH should be certain, to, you can test titration technique and the ability to judge the end .Three Main reagents and instruments1. HCl solution of 6 mol / L.2.Saturated NaOH solution (concentration of about15-19 mol /L).3.Methyl orange solution1g / L.4.Phenolphthalein solution of 2 g / L ethanol.Four Experimental procedure1.Solution preparation(1) 0.1 mol / L HCl solution in a clean graduated cylinder to measure small-about8.3 mL 6 mol / L HCl solution was poured into480 mL of water containing about500 mL reagent bottle, add water, diluted to500 mL,covered with glass Cyprus, shaking.(2) 0.1 mol / L NaOH solution in a clean graduated cylinder to measure small about3.3 mL saturated NaOH,poured into480 mL of water containing about500 mL reagent bottle, add water, diluted to500 mL,covered with rubber plug, shake uniform.2.Titration between pH solution(1) with0.1 mol / L NaOH alkaline solution rinse buret2-3times, each time with 5-10 mL solution rinse.And then directly into the alkaline titrant buret in the buret liquid level adjusted to0.00scale.(2) with0.1 mol / L HCl solution, rinse Acid Burette2-3times, each time with5-10 mL solution rinse.And then directly into the acidic titrant in the buret, buret liquid level adjusted to0.00scale.(3)from the buret in the release of alkaline NaOH solution20.00 mL in250 mL conical flask, add2drops of methyl orange indicator, with0.1 mol / L HCl titration to change from yellow to orange.Note reading, parallel to the determination of three.Data record in Table 1, calculate the volume ratio V HCl / V NaOH.(4)from the buret in the release of acidic solution of20.00 mL HCl in250 mL conical flask, add2drops of phenolphthalein indicator, with0.1 mol / L NaOH solution titration to change from colorless to reddish, the red does not maintain the30s fade to end. Note reading, parallel to the determination of three.Data recorded in Table 2, calculate the volume ratio V HCl / V NaOH,and compare the Table1and Table 2, the volume ratio V HCl / V NaOH.Five Data ProcessingIn this study, the data recording and processing are shown in Table1and Table 2..Table 1 HCl NaOH solution titration(using methyl orange as indicator)Table 2 NaOH titration of HCl solution (phenolphthalein as indicator)Six Thinking problems1. HCl and NaOH solution concentration can be accurately prepared me directly?Why?2.Titration analysis in the experiment, buret, pipet titrator and why the need to take to move the solution washed several times Run?Titration flask used have to apply the titrant Run wash?Why?3.Why NaOH titration with HCl using methyl orange as an indicator when, while titration of HCl with NaOH using phenolphthalein as an indicator of when (or other appropriate indicator)?Experiment 2NaOH solution calibration and the determination of total acidity in vinegarA Purpose of the experiment1. To understand base material and potassium dihydrogen phthalate (KHP)the nature of its application.2.Master NaOH standard solution of the preparation, standardization and save points.3.Titration weak acid strong base titration to master the process of jump range and choice of indicator principle.4.To understand the analysis of total acidity of vinegar.Two Experimental principleAcetic acid is an organic weak acid(Ka = 1.8 × 10- 5), and NaOH in the reaction isHAc + NaOH = NaAc + H 2 OReaction product was weak alkali salt, alkaline titration jump in the context of such optional alkaline range of phenolphthalein indicator color.Consumption of acetic acid in vinegar is about30-50 g / L (3- 5%).NaOH standard solution prepared with the calibration method, commonly used potassium dihydrogen phthalate (KHP)as the base material and calibration of its concentration. Calibration reaction is:KHC 8 H 4 O 4 + NaOH = NaKC 8 H 4 O 4 + H 2 OThree Main reagents and instruments1.Saturated NaOH solution (concentration of about15-19 mol /L).2.Phenolphthalein solution of 2 g / L ethanol.3.Potassium dihydrogen phthalate (KHP) standard substance1h at100-125℃ after drying, placed in a desiccator spare.Four Experimental procedure1. 0.1 mol / L NaOH standard solution in the preparation and calibration(1) 0.1 mol / L NaOH solution prepared in a clean small graduated cylinder to measure about 3.3 mL saturated NaOH, poured into480 mL of water containing about500 mL reagent bottle, add water, diluted to500 mL,covered with rubber plug , shake well.(2) 0.1 mol / L NaOH solution to poor calibration of the weighing bottle, weighed KHP three subtraction, each0.4-0.6 g,were poured into250 mL conical flask, adding25-35 mL of water, heating to KHP to dissolve completely.Coolish after blowing flask with distilled water (why?).When completely cooled solution by adding2-3drops of phenolphthalein indicator, calibrated with NaOH solution to be titrated to maintain the30s reddish and shall end not fade.Note the reading, the data records shown in Table 1, calculate the concentration of NaOH solution.2.Determination of total acidity in vinegarPipet25.00 mL of vinegar solution in250 mL conical flask, add2drops of phenolphthalein indicator, titrated with NaOH standard solution changed from colorless to reddish, the red does not fade as the end to keep 30s.Note reading, parallel to the determination of three.Data recorded in Table 2, calculate the total acidity of vinegar, the result in g/100 mL said.Five Data ProcessingIn this study, the data recording and processing are shown in Table1and Table 2..Table 1 NaOH standard solution calibrationTable2Determination of total acidity in vinegarSix Thinking problems1.Calibration standard solution of NaOH the base material used is what?Compared with other benchmark materials, it has any significant advantage?2.Determination of vinegar content, why use phenolphthalein as the indicator? Whether the use of methyl orange or methyl red as indicator?3.Phenolphthalein indicator from colorless to reddish, the solution pH,how many?Red solution in the air, then placed into a colorless why?Experiment 3HCl solution, calibration and determination of total alkalinity of alkali dustA Purpose of the experiment1.Learn anhydrous sodium carbonate and borax base material and the nature of its application.2.Master HCl standard solution of the preparation and calibration procedure.3.To master the dual bases, titration acid titration process of jump range and choice of indicator principle.4.To master the basic elements of quantitative transfer operation.Two Experimental principleAlkaline ash (that is, industrial soda ash) is mainly composed of sodium carbonate, soda brand name, which may also contain a small amount of NaCl, Na 2 SO 4,NaOH and NaHCO and other ingredients.Often HCl standard solution for the determination of total 3alkalinity titrant to measure the quality of the product.Titration reactionNa 2 CO 3 + 2HCl = 2NaCl + H 2 CO 3H 2 CO 3 = H 2 O + CO 2↑Reaction H 2 CO 3is easy to form the supersaturated solution and decomposes to COand escape.Stoichiometric point,pH value of 3.8- 3.9, can be used methyl orange 2as indicator, titrated with HCl standard solution, the solution changed from yellow to orange to end.Sample of NaHCO 3were in the same time and.As the sample is easy to absorb moisture and CO 2,the sample should be dried at270-300℃ 2 h, to remove adsorbed water and to all of NaHCO 3into Na 2 CO 3,alkali dust of the total alkalinity is usually Or Said that as the poor uniformity of samples, moresamples should be weighed to make it more representative.Determination of allowable error may be relaxed.Calibration method using HCl standard solution preparation, often with methyl orange as indicator, with anhydrous Na 2 CO 3as the base material and calibration concentration. Calibration reaction is:Na 2 CO 3 + 2HCl = 2NaCl + H 2 CO 3Can also be used borax(Na 2 B 4 O 7 · 10H 2 O)as the base material, using methyl red as indicator, calibration standard solution of HCl concentration.Calibration reaction is:Na 2 B 4 O 7 · 10H 2 O + 2HCl = 2NaCl + 4H 3 BO 3 + H 2 OThree Main reagents and instruments1. HCl solution of 6 mol / L.2.Anhydrous Na 2 CO 3base material Drying at180℃ for2-3 h later, placed ina desiccator spare.3.Methyl orange solution1g / L.Four Experimental procedure1. 0.1 mol / L HCl standard solution for preparation and calibration(1) 0.1 mol / L HCl solution prepared in a clean graduated cylinder to measuresmall-about8.3 mL 6 mol / L HCl solution was poured into480 mL of water containing about500 mL reagent bottle, add water, diluted to500 mL,cover the glass stopper, shake.(2) 0.1 mol / L HCl solution to poor calibration of the weighing bottle, subtraction, said anhydrous Na 2 CO 3three, each of0.15-0.20 g,respectively, into250 mL conical flask, adding25-35 mL water, heated to completely dissolve Na 2 CO 3.Coolish after blowing flask with distilled water (why?).When completely cooled solution, add2drops of methyl orange indicator to be calibrated with HCl titration solution from yellow to orange as the end point exactly.Note the reading, the data records shown in Table 1, calculate the concentration of HCl solution.2.Alkaline ash Determination of total alkalinityAccurately weighed sample 1.8-2 g and the beaker, add appropriate amount of water, heated to dissolve the sample completely.After cooling, quantitatively transfer the solution to250 mL volumetric flask with water set to the mark, shake it well.Pipet25.00 mL test solution three in250 mL conical flask, adding20 mL water and2drops of methyl orange indicator, titrated with HCl standard solution from yellow to orange as the end point exactly.Note the reading.Data recorded in Table 2, calculate the total alkalinity of the sample, the results indicated by Na 2O%.Five Data ProcessingIn this study, the data recording and processing are shown in Table1and Table 2..Table 1 HCl standard solution for calibrationTable2Determination of total alkalinity of alkali dust (m alkali gray= g)Six Thinking problems1.Why are prepared0.1 mol / L HCl solution,500 mL requirements take 6 mol / L HCl solution of8.3 mL?Write a calculation formula.2.Anhydrous Na 2 CO 3kept properly, absorb the1%water, with this reference material and calibration of the concentration of HCl solution, what the impact on its results?3. When titrated with HCl solution, the use of methyl orange and phenolphthalein indicator to distinguish the two samples are from the Na 2 CO 3-NaOH or Na 2 CO 3-NaHCO 3 composition?4.Demarcation of the two reference substances HCl,Na 2 CO 3and anhydrous borax(NaB 4 O 7 · 10H 2 O)is what advantages and disadvantages of each?2Experiment 4EDTA solution calibration and determination of water hardnessA Purpose of the experimentplexometric titration study the theory and application.2.Grasp the complexometric titration of the direct titration.3.Master EDTA solution preparation and calibration.Two Experimental principleDetermination of water hardness and total hardness of water into calcium - magnesium hardness of the former is to measure the total calcium and magnesium, the latter were measured concentration of calcium and magnesium.Countries in the world that the method of water hardness varies, generally use the degrees (°) said,1°= 10 mg CaO / L.Less than16° for the soft water, greater than16° for the hard water.The total hardness of tap water generally is less than 16°.In addition, China also uses mmol / L or mg / L (CaCO 3)as the unit of water hardness.In this study EDTA complexometric titration of total water hardness.The ammonia in pH10buffer to chrome black T as indicator, with triethanolamine, and Na 2 S masking Fe 3 +, Al 3 +, Cu 2 +, Pb 2 +, Zn 2 +and other ions, with EDTA standard solution titration, can be directly measured total water hardness.Titration reactionCa 2 + + Mg 2 + +Y → CaY + MgYEDTA standard solution prepared with the calibration.In this experiment, chrome black T (EBT)as indicator, as the base material with CaCO 3concentration of calibration.Chrome black T indicator to improve the color of sensitivity, can be added to an appropriate amount of MgY.Calibration reaction is:CaCO 3 + 2HCl = 2CaCl + H 2 CO 3Ca 2 + + MgY +Y → CaY + MgYThree Main reagents and instruments1. EDTA solution0.01 mol / L.2. NH 3-NH 4 Cl buffer solution of pH = 10.CaCO 3reference material dried at110℃, 2 h,coolish placed in the desiccator 3.after cooling to room temperature and set aside.4.Eriochrome Black T indicator 5 g / L (containing 25%triethanolamine and20% Na 2 S).5. HCl solution6mol / L.Four Experimental procedure1. 0.01 mol / L EDTA standard solution for calibrationSubtraction Method in the weighing bottle to accurately weigh0.2-0.3 g CaCO 3,poured into250 mL beaker, add a little water before wetting, cover the surface of dish, from beaker to beaker mouth Department dropping about 5 mL 6 mol / L HCl solution, so that CaCO 3is completely dissolved.Water50 mL,micro boiling a few minutes to remove CO 2.After cooling, rinse the beaker and watch glass, quantitative transfer of CaCOsolution in250 mL volumetric flask with water set to the mark, shake well.Pipet 325.00 mL Ca 2 +solution in the250 mL conical flask, adding20-25 mL water and5-10 mL MgY(obtained from the experiment in step 2), and then adding10 mL NH 3-NHCl buffer solution ,3drops of Eriochrome Black T indicator, immediately EDTA4titration, when the solution stabilized by a wine red to blue purple and then just end shall be.Note reading, measured three times in parallel, the data record shown in Table 1, calculate the concentration of EDTA solution.2.Determination of water hardnessGraduated cylinder to measure water with100 mL in250 mL conical flask, (adding1 -2drops of acid to sample solution, boil a few minutes to remove CO 2.Cooling), by adding10 mL NH 3-NH 4 Cl buffer solution,3drops of Eriochrome Black T indicator, immediately with EDTA titration, when the solution stabilized by a wine red to blue purple and then just shall end.Note reading, measured three times in parallel, the data record shown in Table 2,calculate the total water hardness, results in (°) said. Five Data ProcessingIn this study, the data recording and processing are shown in Table1and Table 2.Table 1 EDTA standard solution for calibrationTable2Determination of water hardnessSix Thinking problems1. EDTA used in this experiment with what indicator should be calibrated? The most appropriate benchmark for material that?2.In the calibration process, adding MgY What is the role?MgY it should be accurate to join?3.In this study, the total hardness in tap water (°) that should be reserved several significant figures? A brief explanation.Five calibration experiments EDTA solution and Bi 3+, Pb2+ content of DeterminationA Purpose of the experiment1.Control the acidity increase by the control theory and application of selective EDTA.2.To master continuous titration with EDTA method.3.Master EDTA solution preparation and calibration.Two Experimental principleMixed ions were commonly used control acidity titration method, masking method can be demonstrated according to the side reaction coefficient of the possibility of their titration, respectively.Bi 3+,Pb2+and EDTA can form a stable1: 1complex,lgK 27.94and 18.04,respectively. Because of the difference lgK vary widely, it can make use of pH effect, control of different acidity, for each titration.At pH ≈ 1时titration Bi 3+, at pH ≈ 5-6时titration of Pb 2+.EDTA standard solution prepared with the calibration.In this experiment, xylenol orange (XO)as indicator, calibrated with ZnO as the base material and its concentration. Calibration reaction is:ZnO + 2HCl = ZnCl 2 + H 2 OZn 2 + +Y → ZnYThree Main reagents and instruments1. EDTA solution0.01 mol / L.2.Hexamethylenetetramine solution of200 g / L.3. ZnO base material and dried at300℃ for 2 h,coolish placed in the desiccator after cooling to room temperature and set aside.4.Xylenol orange (XO) indicator 2 g / L.5. HCl solution of 6 mol / L.Four Experimental procedure1. 0.01 mol / L EDTA standard solution for calibrationSubtraction Method in the weighing bottle to accurately weigh0.16-0.24 g ZnO,into 250 mL beaker, add a little water before wetting, cover the surface of dish, from beaker to beaker mouth Department dropping about5 mL 6 mol / L HCl solution to ZnO completely dissolved.Water20 mL,micro boiling a few minutes.After cooling, rinse the beaker and watch glass, quantitative transfer of Zn 2 +solution in250 mL volumetric flask with water set to the mark, shake well.Pipet25.00 mL solution of the Zn 2 +in250 mL conical flask, dropping hexamethylenetetramine solution to a stable red solution was then over3 mL,then add2drops of xylenol orange indicator immediately with EDTA titration, when the solution stabilized by the purple into a bright yellow orange and then just end shall be.Note reading, three parallel determination, calculated the concentration of EDTA solution.2. Bi 3+, Pb2+ content of DeterminationAccurately pipet Bi 3+,Pb2+test solution was10.0 mL in250 mL three conical flask, add2drops of xylenol orange indicator, titration with EDTA, (adding1-2drops to test solution acidification, boiling minutes to remove CO 2.cooling), by adding10 mL NH 3-NH 4 Cl buffer solution, when the solution from purple through orange and then just turned into a stable bright yellow shall be Bi 3+ in the end.Note reading, calculating mixture of Bi 3+ content results in g / L,said.In the titration of Bi 3+ solution after the adding hexamethylenetetramine solution to a stable red solution was then over3 mL,then add2drops of xylenol orange indicator, and immediately titrated with EDTA,when solution stabilized by the purple into a bright yellow orange and then just shall Pb2+in the end.Note reading, calculating mixture of Pb2+ content, results in g / L,said.Five Data ProcessingIn this study, data records and forms from the column.Six Thinking problems1. EDTA used in this experiment with what indicator should be calibrated? The most appropriate benchmark for material that?2.Why not NaOH, NaAc or ammonia, but with hexamethylenetetramine adjust pH to5 - 6?experiment six Back titration samples of aluminum content in aluminumA Purpose of the experiment1.Grasp the back titration.2.Learn replacement titration.3.Mental and physical, hands-on experimental design.Two Experimental principleAl 3 +is easy to form a series of polynuclear hydroxy complexes, the polynuclear hydroxyl complexes with EDTA complex and slow; the same time,Al 3 +closed indicator xylenol orange, it is usually determined by back titration of aluminum.Quantitative and adding excess EDTA standard solution, boil a few minutes at pH≈ 3.5,so that Al 3 +and EDTA complex completely, then at pH 5- 6, with xylenol orange as indicator, with Zn 2 +salt standard excess of EDTA solution and back titration of aluminum content.Reactive as follows:Al 3 + + Y = AlY (pH≈ 3.5)Zn 2 + + Y = ZnY (pH5- 6)(Indicator has just changed from yellow to purple XO)Three Main reagents and apparatusAluminum nitrate samples; ZnO; HCl (1 +1),(1+3); EDTA (0.01mol / L);xylenol orange(2 g / L);Hexamethylenetetramine(200 g / L);ammonia(1 +1).Four Experimental procedure1 Zn2 + salt standard solution preparationWeigh accurately0.20-0.21 g ZnO in a small beaker, dropping(1 +1) HCl to ZnO completely dissolved, then supplement of1drop (1 +1) HCl, heating, cooling, into250 mL volumetric flask , set the volume, shake and set aside.ZnO calculated according to the quality of the material in the amount of standard solution concentration (in Zn 2 +dollars).2 0.01mol / L EDTA standard solution for preparation and calibrationMeasure out50 mL EDTA solution(0.1mol / L)in the reagent bottle, diluted to500 mL with distilled water around, shake and set aside.Dispense25 mL Zn 2 +standard solution (three) in the conical flask, add2drops of xylenol orange, was added dropwise to the solution of hexamethylenetetramine just become purple, then over 3 mL;with homemade The EDTA titration to the solution just becomes bright yellow for the end, record the volume consumed EDTA solution.According to the data of the exact concentration of EDTA solution.3 Determination of aluminum in aluminum-containing samplesWeigh accurately0.53-0.55 g aluminum nitrate samples in small beaker, add3drops (1 +3) HCl, add the appropriate amount of water dissolved, transferred to a250 mL volumetric flask, volume, shaking.Dispense the Al test solution25 mL(three) in the conical flask, were added50 mL EDTA solution accuracy(about 0.01mol / L), 2drops of xylenol orange, then yellow test solution, add ammonia to the solution was purple, together with(1 +3) HCl solution, the solution yellow.Boiled 3 min,cooling.Add 20 mL of hexamethylenetetramine, then the solution should be yellow, red if the solution must also dropping (1 +3) HCl,to turn plement plus1drop of xylenol orange, Zn 2 +standard solution with flat to just drop into the purple to finish, recording the consumption of Zn 2 +standard solution volume.According to the experimental data of the content of aluminum in aluminum-containing samples (in percentage terms of quality).Five Data recording and processingTable1 EDTA standard solution for calibration(m ZnO = g, c ZnO = mol / L)Table2Determination of aluminum in aluminum-containing samples (G sample= g)The formula is:Six Thinking problems1.For complex alloy sample without replacement titration, while the use of back titration, the result is high or low?2.Back titration with the replacement of EDTA used in titration What is the difference?Experiment 7KMnO 4solution,H 2 O 2calibration and determinationA Purpose of the experiment1.Grasp the KMnO 4solution preparation and calibration process, understand the autocatalytic reaction.2.Master KMnO 4 H 2 O 2determination of the principles and methods.3.On the KMnO 4have experience of the characteristics of its own indicator.Two Experimental principleHydrogen peroxide in the industry, biology, medicine, have a wide range of applications, therefore, often required to determine its practical content.Determination by KMnO H 2 O 2content, often using KMnO 4in sulfuric acid solution standard solution direct 4titration.Titration reaction5H 2 O 2 +2 MnO 4-+ 6 H + =2Mn2+ + 5O2↑ + 8H2 OThe beginning of the slow reaction rate, reaction products to be generated after Mn 2 +, Mn 2 +as a catalyst to accelerate the reaction rate, it can be successfully titrated to a stable reddish presented to the end, so called auto-catalytic reaction.Slightly excessive titrant(2 × 10-6 mol / L)itself purple to display the end.KMnO 4standard solution prepared with the calibration method, often in dilute sulfuric acid solution, at75-85℃, using Na 2 C 2 O 4as the base material, calibration concentration.Calibration reaction is:5C 2 O 4 2-+2 MnO 4-+ 16 H + =2Mn2+ + 10CO2↑ + 8H2 OThe calibration response is autocatalytic reaction, the chemical reaction process should pay attention to acidity, temperature and titration rate.Three Main reagents and instruments1. H 2 SO 4solution of 3 mol / L.Na 2 C 2 O 4reference material Dried at105℃ for 2 h after the backup.2.3. KMnO 4solution of0.02 mol / L.Four Experimental procedure1. KMnO 4solution preparationWeigh KMnO 4solid1.6 g,dissolved in500 mL water, cover the surface of pan, heated to boiling and maintain micro-boiling state 1 h,after cooling, with a porous glass funnel (No.3or 4) filter.Filtrate stored in a brown reagent bottle.The solution at room temperature,2-3days after the filtration reserve.2. KMnO 4solution calibrationSubtraction Method in the weighing bottle to accurately weighed Na 2 C 2 O 4three, each of0.15-0.20 g,respectively, into250 mL conical flask, adding50-60 mL water and 15 mL H 2 SO 4, blowing a small amount of distilled water flask(Why?),heated to75-85℃, hot to be calibrated with a solution of KMnO 4titration.When the reaction began to slow titration, the solution had to be Mn 2 +,the titration speed may be faster, until the solution showed reddish and continued for half a minute does not fade shall end. Data record in Table 1, calculate the concentration of KMnO 4solution.3. H 2 O 2contentAccurate, pipet25.00 mL test solution in250 mL conical flask, three, by adding50 mL water and20 mL H 2 SO 4,KMnO 4standard solution with a titration solution and continued for half a minute showed reddish discoloration shall not end.When the reaction began to slow titration, the solution had to be Mn 2 +,the titration speed may be accelerated.Data recorded in Table 2,calculation of test solution in H 2 O 2content, results in g / L,said.Five Data ProcessingIn this study, the data recording and processing are shown in Table1and Table 2..Table 1 KMnO 4standard solution for calibrationTable2 H 2 O 2contentSix Thinking problems1. KMnO 4solution preparation process to use porous glass filter funnel, how can quantitative filter paper filter?Why?2.Prepared KMnO 4solution should pay attention to?With Na 2 C 2 O 4calibration KMnO 4solution, why start drops of KMnO 4purple disappear slowly?Then they disappear faster and faster, until the endpoint of stability of the purple?3.With KMnO 4 H 2 O 2determination, the ability to use HNO 3, HCl or HAc control of acidity?Why?4.Preparation of KMnO 4solution, the filtration after the filter on the adhesion of the material for that?What material should be used to clean?5. H 2 O 2What are the important properties, should pay attention to what use?Experiment 8CuSO 4 · 5H 2 O in the Cu contentA Purpose of the experiment1.Master Na 2 S 2 O 3solution preparation and calibration points.2.To understand the role of starch indicator principle.3.Indirect iodometric method for the determination to master the principle and operation of copper.4.To understand the decomposition of copper alloy samples.Two Experimental principleCopper alloy sample and CuSO 4 · 5H 2 O in the determination of copper, generally use the iodometric method.In weak acid solution,Cu 2 +and the role of excess KI to generate Cu I precipitation, while precipitation of I 2,titration reactionCu 2 + + 4 I-+ 6 H+= 2 Cu I↓+ I 22Precipitation of I 2,with starch as indicator, with Na 2 S 2 O 3standard solution titration:I 2 + 2 S 2 O 3 2-=2 I-+ S4O62-Cu 2 +and I- the reaction is reversible by adding excess KI, the reduction of Cu 2 + can become completely, but,CuI precipitate strongly adsorbed I 2,then the results will lower.The usual approach is to be incorporated in the near end of thiocyanate, the CuI (Ksp = 1.1 × 10-12)into the solubility of smaller CuSCN (Ksp = 4.8 × 10-15) precipitation, the adsorption of iodine released CuI to respond more fully.ThatCuI + SCN-= CuSCN + I-KSCN near the finish line should be added, or SCN- would restore the abundance of I 2,led to lower measured results.Solution pH should generally be controlled at3.0 -4.0between.Acidity is too low,Cu 2 +easily hydrolyzed, the reaction is not complete, the result is low, and slow reaction rate, the end extension; acidity is too high, then I- oxidation by oxygen in the air as I 2,so that the results high.Determination of copper in copper alloys, the samples of Fe 3 +oxidation of I-,affects the determination, but may be masked by adding NH 4 HF 2.NH 4 HF 2is a good buffer solution, can control the solution pH 3.0- 4.0between.Na 2 S 2 O 3standard solution prepared with the calibration method, often using K 2 CrO 7as the base material, calibration concentration.Calibration reaction is:2Cr 2 O 7 2-+ 6 I-+ 14 H + = 2 Cr 3 + + 3I 2 + 7H 2 OI 2 + 2 S 2 O 3 2-=2 I-+ S4O62-Three Main reagents and instruments1. KI solution of 4%.。
设备英语词汇
设备英语词汇DIN 德国标准ASTM美国标准GB中国标准BS英国标准CSA加拿大标准EN欧洲标准JIS日本标准NF法国标准以上是很常见的标准，所以在标准件前面加这些缩写，以后可别犯晕啊，也欢迎大家把自己经常用的标准也共享下。
接写来谈正题了。
管子如果是按标准规格制造的，那应用pipe,可如果是不按标准的称为tube.钢管（steel pipe)类别它分为合金钢管（alloy steel pipe)奥氏体不锈钢管(austenitic stainless steel pipe)铁合金钢管(ferritic alloy steel pipe)轧制钢管(wrought-steel pipe)无缝钢管(seamless (SMLS) steel pipe)焊接钢管(welded steel pipe)电阻焊钢管(electric-resistance welded steel pipe)螺旋焊接钢管spiral welded steel pipe镀锌钢管galvanized steel pipe热轧无缝钢管hot-rolling seamless pipe冷拔无缝钢管cold-drawing seamless pipe水煤气钢管water-gas steel pipe谈完了钢管的总类，再看看钢管中常用的英语吧。
钢弯头 Carbon Steel Elbow不锈钢弯头 Stainless Steel Elbow高压弯头 High-Pressure Elbow90°短半径弯头90°SS Elbow (SR)90°长半径弯头90°SS Elbow (LR)高压厚壁弯头 Thickness ElbowTee Equal 相等的三通请记 Tee 在钢管英语中指 T 形[管, 条] 三通管，直角枝管，可会经常用到的哦比如说接下来的等径三通 Straight T ee异径三通 Reducing Tee不锈钢等径三通 Stainless Straight Tee碳钢等径三通 Carbon Straight Tee高压三通 High-pressure Tee锻制三通 Forged Tee说到这，你肯定会问：那四通怎么说？呵呵，别急，请看等径四通 Straight Cross不锈钢等径四通 Stainless Straight Cross最后我们来说说标准钢管代号及中英文标准代号：standard code标准名称：standard name1)ASME SA-234 中、高温用钢制碳钢和合金钢管道配件Medium and high temperature used carbon and alloy steelpipe fittings2)ASME SA-420 低温用锻制碳钢和合金钢管配件Low temperature forged carbon and alloy steel pipe fittings3)ASME SA-403 锻制奥氏体不锈钢管配件Forged Durimet pipe fittings4)ASME B16.9 工厂制造的钢制对焊管件Factory-Made wrought steel pipe fittings5)ASME B16.11 承插焊和螺纹锻钢管件Socket-welding and Threaded forged fittings6)ASME B16.28 锻钢对焊小半径弯头和回弯头Wrought steel butt-welding short radius elbows and returns7)ISO 5251 不锈钢对焊管件Stainless steel butt-welding fittings8)MSS SP-43 锻制不锈钢对焊管件Wrought stainless steel butt-welding fittings9)MSS SP-75 锻钢制对焊管件Forging butt-welding fittings10)MSS SP-79 承插焊异径插入件Socket-welding reducing Inserts11)MSS SP-83 3000磅级的钢制承插焊和螺纹活接头Class 3000 steel socket-welding and threaded unions12) MSS SP-95 缩渐管和圆堵头Swaged nipples and round plugs13) MSS SP-97 承插焊、螺纹和对焊端的整体加强式管座SW 、TH and BW ends for integrally reinforced forged branch outlet14) JIS B2311 通用钢制对焊管件Universal steel butt-welding pipe fittings15) JIS B2312 钢制对焊管件Steel butt-welding pipe fittings16) JIS B2313 钢板制对焊管件Steel plate butt-welding pipe fittings17) JIS B2316 钢制承插焊管件Steel socket-welding pipe fittings18) DIN 2605 钢制对焊管件弯头和弯管Steel butt-welding pipe fittings.elbows and bends19) DIN 2615 钢制对焊管件三通Steel butt-welding pipe fittings.tees20) DIN 2616 钢制对焊管件异径管Steel butt-welding pipe fittings.reducers21) DIN 2617 钢制对焊管件管帽Steel butt-welding pipe fittings.caps22) GB/T 12459 钢制对焊无缝管件Steel butt-welding seamless fittings23) GB/T 13401 钢板制对焊管件Steel plate butt-welding pipe fittings24) GB/T 14383 锻钢制承插焊管件Forged steel socket-welding pipe fittings25) GB/T 14626 锻钢制螺纹管件Forged steel threaded pipe fittings26) SH 3065 石油化工管式炉急弯弯管技术标准Specification for tube fumace sharp bend for petrochemical industry27) SH 3406 石油化工钢制管法兰Steel pipe flanges for petrochemical industry28) SH 3408 钢制对焊无缝管件Steel butt-welding seamless fittings29) SH 3409 钢板制对焊管件Steel plate butt-welding pipe fittings30) SH 3410 锻钢承插焊管件Forged steel socket-welding fittings31) HGJ10 (HG/T21634) 锻钢承插焊管件Forged steel socket-welding fittings32) HGJ514 (HG/T21635) 碳钢、低合金钢无缝管件Carbon steel、low-alloy steel butt-welding seamless fittings 33) HGJ528 (HG/T21631) 钢制有缝对焊管件Steel plate butt-welding fittings34) GD87-1011 火力发电厂汽水管道零件及部件典型设计手册Typical design manual of pipe parts for steam power plant 35) DL/T515 电站弯管Bends for power plant36)DL/T695 电站钢制对焊管件Steel butt-welding fittings for power plant37)SY/T0510 钢制对焊管件Steel butt-welding pipe fittings38)SY5257 钢制弯管Steel bends39)ISO3419 非合金和合金钢对焊管件Non-alloy steel and alloy steel butt-welding fittings40)Q/320281AQD01-2000 钢制对焊高压带直段弯头Steel butt-welding elbow with a straight pipe section Assembly line组装线Layout布置图Conveyer流水线物料板Rivet table拉钉机Rivet gun拉钉枪Screw driver起子Electric screw driver电动起子Pneumatic screw driver气动起子worktable 工作桌OOBA开箱检查fit together组装在一起fasten锁紧(螺丝)fixture 夹具(治具)pallet栈板barcode条码barcode scanner条码扫描器fuse together熔合fuse machine热熔机repair修理operator作业员QC品管supervisor 课长ME制造工程师MT制造生技cosmetic inspect外观检查inner parts inspect内部检查thumb screw大头螺丝lbs. inch镑、英寸EMI gasket导电条front plate前板rear plate后板chassis 基座bezel panel面板power button电源按键reset button重置键Hi-pot test of SPS高源高压测试Voltage switch of SPS 电源电压接拉键sheet metal parts 冲件plastic parts塑胶件SOP制造作业程序material check list物料检查表work cell工作间trolley台车carton纸箱sub-line支线left fork叉车personnel resource department人力资源部production department生产部门planning department企划部QC Section品管科stamping factory冲压厂painting factory烤漆厂molding factory成型厂common equipment常用设备uncoiler and straightener整平机punching machine 冲床robot机械手hydraulic machine油压机lathe车床planer |'plein?|刨床miller铣床grinder磨床driller??床linear cutting线切割electrical sparkle电火花welder电焊机staker=reviting machine铆合机position职务president董事长general manager总经理special assistant manager特助factory director厂长department director部长deputy manager | =vice manager副理section supervisor课长deputy section supervisor =vice section superisor副课长group leader/supervisor组长line supervisor线长assistant manager助理to move, to carry, to handle搬运be put in storage入库pack packing包装to apply oil擦油to file burr 锉毛刺final inspection终检to connect material接料to reverse material 翻料wet station沾湿台Tiana天那水cleaning cloth抹布to load material上料to unload material卸料to return material/stock to退料scraped |'skr?pid|报废scrape ..v.刮;削deficient purchase来料不良manufacture procedure制程deficient manufacturing procedure制程不良oxidation |' ksi'dei?n|氧化scratch刮伤dents压痕defective upsiding down抽芽不良defective to staking铆合不良embedded lump镶块feeding is not in place送料不到位stamping-missing漏冲production capacity生产力education and training教育与训练proposal improvement提案改善spare parts=buffer备件forklift叉车trailer=long vehicle拖板车compound die合模die locker锁模器pressure plate=plate pinch压板bolt螺栓name of a department部门名称administration/general affairs dept总务部automatic screwdriver电动启子thickness gauge厚薄规gauge(or jig)治具power wire电源线buzzle蜂鸣器defective product label不良标签identifying sheet list标示单screwdriver holder起子插座pedal踩踏板stopper阻挡器flow board流水板hydraulic handjack油压板车forklift叉车pallet栈板glove(s)手套glove(s) with exposed fingers割手套thumb大拇指forefinger食指midfinger中指ring finger无名指little finger小指band-aid创可贴iudustrial alcohol工业酒精alcohol container沾湿台head of screwdriver起子头sweeper扫把mop拖把vaccum cleaner吸尘器rag 抹布garbage container灰箕garbage can垃圾箱garbage bag垃圾袋chain链条jack升降机production line流水线chain链条槽magnetizer加磁器lamp holder灯架to mop the floor拖地to clean the floor扫地to clean a table擦桌子air pipe 气管packaging tool打包机packaging打包missing part漏件wrong part错件excessive defects过多的缺陷critical defect极严重缺陷major defect主要缺陷minor defect次要缺陷not up to standard不合规格dimension/size is a little bigger尺寸偏大(小) cosmetic defect外观不良slipped screwhead/slippery screw head螺丝滑头slipped screwhead/shippery screw thread滑手speckle斑点mildewed=moldy=mouldy发霉rust生锈deformation变形burr(金属)flash(塑件)毛边poor staking铆合不良excesssive gap间隙过大grease/oil stains油污inclusion杂质painting peel off脏污shrinking/shrinkage缩水mixed color杂色scratch划伤poor processing 制程不良poor incoming part事件不良fold of pakaging belt打包带折皱painting make-up补漆discoloration羿色water spots水渍polishing/surface processing表面处理exposed metal/bare metal金属裸露lack of painting烤漆不到位safety安全quality品质delivery deadline交货期cost成本engineering工程die repair模修enterprise plan = enterprise expansion projects企划qc品管die worker模工production, to produce生产equipment设备to start a press开机stop/switch off a press关机classification整理regulation整顿cleanness清扫conservation清洁qualified products, up-to-grade products良品defective products, not up-to-grade products不良品waste废料board看板feeder送料机sliding rack滑料架defective product box不良品箱die change 换模to fix a die装模to take apart a die拆模to repair a die修模packing material包材basket蝴蝶竺plastic basket胶筐isolating plate baffle plate; barricade隔板carton box纸箱to pull and stretch拉深to put material in place, to cut material, to input落料to impose lines压线to compress, compressing压缩character die字模to feed, feeding送料transportation运输(be)qualfied, up to grade合格not up to grade, not qualified不合格material change, stock change材料变更feature change 特性变更evaluation评估prepare for, make preparations for 准备parameters参数rotating speed, revolution转速manufacture management制造管理abnormal handling异常处理production unit生产单位lots of production生产批量steel plate钢板roll material卷料manufacture procedure制程operation procedure作业流程to revise, modify修订to switch over to, switch---to throw--over switching over切换engineering, project difficulty工程瓶颈stage die工程模automation自动化to stake, staking, reviting铆合add lubricating oil加润滑油shut die架模shut height of a die架模高度analog-mode device类模器die lifter举模器argon welding氩焊vocabulary for stamping冲压常词汇stamping, press冲压punch press, dieing out press冲床uncoiler & strainghtener整平机feeder送料机rack, shelf, stack料架cylinder油缸robot机械手taker取料机conveyer belt输送带transmission rack输送架top stop上死点bottom stop下死点one stroke一行程inch寸动to continue, cont.连动to grip(material)吸料location lump, locating piece, block stop 定位块reset复位smoothly顺利dent压痕scratch刮伤deformation变形filings铁削to draw holes抽孔inquiry, search for查寻to stock, storage, in stock库存receive领取approval examine and verify审核processing, to process加工delivery, to deliver 交货to return delivenry to.to send delinery backto retrn of goods退货registration登记registration card登记卡to control管制to put forward and hand in提报safe stock安全库存acceptance = receive验收to notice通知application form for purchase请购单consume, consumption消耗to fill in填写abrasion磨损reverse angle = chamfer倒角character die字模to collect, to gather收集failure, trouble故障statistics统计demand and supply需求career card履历卡to take apart a die卸下模具to load a die装上模具to tight a bolt拧紧螺栓to looser a bolt拧松螺栓to move away a die plate移走模板easily damaged parts易损件standard parts标准件breaking.(be)broken,(be)cracked 断裂to lubricate润滑1 范围本标准界定了工业射线照相检测的术语。
管道材料英文代码
管道材料英文代码缩写符号中文英文B(in.or") 英寸InchBB 螺栓连接的阀盖Bolted BonnetBC 螺栓阀帽Bolted CapBE 坡口端Bevelled EndBW 对焊Butt WeldCA 腐蚀裕度Corroison AllowanceCAF 压缩石棉纤维Compressed Asbestos Fiber CALC 计算CalculateCS 碳钢Carbon SteelCST 铸钢Cast SteelDWG 图DrawingEC 外涂Exteral CoatingEFW 电熔焊Electric fusion WeldERW 电阻焊Elecric resistance WeldFF 平面Flat Face(Full Face), T+ G9 i$ I* }3 z) _9 A- ~ FLG 法兰FlangeFtoF 面至面Face to FaceGALV 镀锌的GalvanizedHEX.NUT 六角形螺母Hexagonal NutHF 钨铬钴（硬质）合金表面Hardened Facing(API ST'D 600Tadle3Trim No.5)ID 内径Inside DiameterLB 磅PoundLIFT 升降式Lift TypeLJ 翻边短管Lap JointM&F 凹面和凸面Male & FemaleMAX 最大MaximumMIN 最小MinimumNB 无阀帽Non-BonnetNo. 序号NumberNPS 管道公称直径Nominal Pipe SizeNPI 美国标准锥管螺纹American National Standard TaperPipe Thread OD 外径Outside DiameterOS&Y 外螺纹阀轭Outside Screw and Yoke TypeP&ID 工艺仪表流程图Piping&Instrument DrawingPE 平端Plain EndPTFE 聚四氟乙烯PolyterafluoroethylenePVC 聚氯乙烯Poly Vinyl ChlorideR 半径RadiusRF 突面Raised FaceRJ 环槽面Ring JointS.BOLT 双头螺栓Stud boltSCH 管表号ScheduleSCRD 螺纹的ScrewedSH 硬表面层Surface Hardened Steel(API ST'D600Table3Trim No.8or8A) SMLS 无缝钢管Seamless SteelSO 平焊Slip OnSS 不锈钢Stainless SteelST'D 标准StandardSW 承插焊Socket WeldSWING 旋启式Swing TypeT&G4 ^/ {' M3 O _9 r* x榫面和槽面T ongue＆GrooveTE 螺纹端Threaded EndTHD 螺纹的Threaded/ }) h: z+ G7 S8 g9 ?& oUFD 公用工程流程图Utility Flow DrawingWELD 焊接WeldWN 焊颈（对焊）Weld Neck BBP EL 底板底面标高B.L. 界区线BOP EL 管道底标高CL EL 中心线标高DIS 出口DR 导淋ECC 底平偏心异径管EL 标高F.P. 固定点FTF 管件对管件M.L. 接图线MI/SF 金属软管PF EL 平台标高PN 装置北POS EL 支撑点标高SUC 入口TOP ECC 顶平偏心异径管VENT 放空WP EL 工作点标高阀门种类VS 闸阀VB 球阀VC 止回阀VD 截止阀VF 蝶阀VG 隔膜阀VN 针形阀VR 旋塞阀端面型式F 法兰S 承插焊T 螺纹端W 对夹式压力等级A 150Lb（2.0MPa）B 300Lb（5.0MPa）C 600Lb（11.0MPa）D 800LbE 900Lb（15.0MPa）F 1500Lb（26.0MPa）G 2500Lb（42.0MPa）K 1.0MPa L 1.6MPaM 2.5MPaN 4.0MPaP 6.3MPaQ 10.0MPaR 16.0MPaT 25.0MPaW 特殊压力级阀体材质A 铸铁B 碳钢C 低合金钢D 合金钢E 不锈钢F 非金属G 衬里及内防腐H 有色金属K 特殊材料石油化工企业配管工程常用英语缩写大耳朵英语/doc/461613577.html, 2007-07-31 22:02:46 【打印】1 管子及管件编号缩写中文名称英文名称1.1 P 管子 Pipe1.2 EL 弯头 Elbow1.2.1 ELL 长半径弯头 Long radius elbow1.2.2 ELS 短半径弯头 Short radius elbow1.2.3 MEL 斜接弯头（虾米腰弯头） Mitre elbow1.2.4 REL 异径弯头 Reducing elbow1.3 T 三通 Tee1.3.1 LT 斜三通 Lateral tee1.3.2 RT 异径三通 Reducing tee1.4 R 异径管接头（大小头） Reducer1.4.1 CR 同心异径管接头（同心大小头）Concentric reducer 1.4.2 ER 偏心异径管接头（偏心大小头） Eccentric reducer 1.5 CPL 管箍 Coupling1.5.1 FCPL 双头管箍 Full coupling1.5.2 HCPL 单头管箍 Half coupling1.5.3 RCPL 异径管箍 Reducing coupling1.6 BU 内外螺纹接头 Bushing1.7 UN 活接头 Union1.8 HC 软管接头 Hose coupler1.9 SE 翻边短节 Stub end1.10 NIP 短节 Pipe nipple or straight nipple1.10.1 SNIP 异径短节 Swaged nipple1.11 CP 管帽（封头） Cap1.12 PL 管堵（丝堵） Plug1.13 BLK 盲板 Blank1.13.1 SB 8字盲板 Spectacle blind (blank)1.14 RP 补强板 Reinforcing pad2 法兰编号缩写中文名称英文名称2.1 PLG 法兰 Flange2.1.1 WNF 对焊法兰 Welding neck flange2.1.2 SOF 平焊法兰 Slip-on flange2.1.3 SWF 承插焊法兰 Socket-welding flange 2.1.4 T 螺纹法兰Threaded flange2.1.5 LJ 松套法兰 Lapped joint flange2.1.6 REDF 异径法兰 Reducing flange2.1.7 BF 法兰盖（日法兰） Blind flange2.2 FSF 法兰密封面 Flange scaling face2.2.1 FF 全平面 Flat face2.2.2 RF 凸台面 Raised face2.2.3 MFF 凹凸面 Male and female face2.2.4 LF 凹面 Female face2.2.5 LM 凸面 Male face2.2.6 RJ 环连接面 Ring joint face2.2.7 TG 榫槽面 Tongue and groove face2.2.8 TF 榫面 Tongue face2.2.9 GF 槽面 Groove face3 垫片编号缩写中文名称英文名称3.1 G 垫片 Gasket3.1.1 NMG 非金属垫片 Non-metallic gasket3.1.1.1 AG 石棉垫片 Asbestos gasket3.1.1.2 RG 橡胶垫片 Rubber gasket3.1.1.3 TEG 聚四氟乙烯包复垫片PTFE envelope gasket 3.1.2 SMG 半金属垫片 Semimetallic gasket3.1.2.1 MJG 金属包垫片 Meta-jacket gasket3.1.2.2 SWG 缠绕式垫片 Spiral wound gasket3.1.3 MG 金属垫片 Metallic gasket3.1.3.1 FMG 金属平垫片 Flat metallic gasket3.1.3.2 SMSG 齿形金属垫片 Solid metal serrated gasket 3.1.3.3 LER 透镜式金属环垫 Lens ring gasket3.1.3.4 OCR 八角形金属环垫 Octagonal ring gasket3.1.3.5 OVR 椭圆形金属环垫 Oval ring gakset3.1.3.6 IR/OR 内外定位环 Inner ring and outer ring 3.1.3.7 IR 内定位环 Inner ring3.1.3.8 OR 外定位环 Outer ring4 坚固件编号缩写中文名称英文名称4.1 B 螺栓 Bolt4.1.1 SB 螺柱 Stud bolt4.2 NU 螺母 Nut4.3 TB 花蓝螺母 Turnbuckle4.4 WSR 垫圈 Washer4.4.1 SWSR 弹簧垫圈 Spring washer5 阀门编号缩写中文名称英文名称5.1 GV 闸阀 Gate valve5.2 GLV 截止阀 Globe valve5.3 CHV 止回阀 Check valve5.4 BUV 蝶阀 Butterfly valve5.5 BAV 球阀 Ball valve5.6 PV 旋塞阀 Plug valve (cock)5.7 CV 调节阀 Control valve5.8 SV 安全阀 Safety valve5.9 RV 减压阀Pressure reducing valve 5.10 ST 蒸汽疏水阀Steam trap5.11 PRV 泄压阀 Pressur relief valve 5.12 BV 呼吸阀 Breather valve5.13 NV 针形阀 Needle valve5.14 AV 角阀5.15 DV 隔膜阀5.16 TWV 三通阀5.17 SGV 插板阀6 管道上用的小型设备编号缩写中文名称英文名称6.1 SPR 气液分离器 Separator6.2 FA 阻火器 Flame arrester6.3 SR 过滤器 Strainer6.3.1 SRY Y型过滤器 Y-type strainer6.3.2 SRT T型过滤器 T-type strainer6.3.3 SRB 桶式过滤器 Bucket type strainer 6.3.4 TSR 临时过滤器 Temporary strainer 6.4 SIL 消声器 Silencer6.5 SG 视镜 Slight glass6.6 SC 取样冷却器 Sample cooler6.7 DF 排液漏斗 Drain funnel6.8 LM 管道混合器 Line mixer6.9 RO 限流孔板 Restriction orifice6.9.1 MO 混合孔板 Mixing orifice6.1 RD 爆破片（爆破膜） Rupture disk6.11 EJ 补偿器 Expansion joint7 隔热、伴热编号缩写中文名称英文名称7.1 INS 隔热 Thermal insulation7.1.1 H 保温 Hot insulation7.1.2 C 保冷 Cold insulation7.1.3 P 防烫伤隔热 Personnel protection insulation 7.2 T&I 伴热 Tracing and insulation7.3 T 管道伴热（冷） Tracing7.3.1 EST 蒸汽外伴热 External steam tracing7.3.2 IST 蒸汽内伴热 Internal steam tracing7.3.3 SJT 蒸汽夹套伴热 Steam-jacket tracing7.3.4 ET 电伴热 Electric tracing8 配管材料和等级编号缩写中文名称英文名称8.1 M 金属材料 Metallic material8.1.1 CS 碳钢 Carbon steel8.1.2 CAS 铸钢 Cast steel8.1.3 FS 锻钢 Forged steel8.1.4 AS 合金钢 Alloy steel8.1.5 SS 不锈钢 Stainless steel8.1.6 AUSTSS 奥氏体不锈钢 Austenitic stainless-steel 8.1.7 CI 铸铁 Cast iron8.1.8 MI 可锻铸铁 Malleable iron8.1.9 DI 球墨铸铁 Ductile iron8.1.10 AL 铝 Aluminum8.1.11 BRS 黄铜 Brass8.1.12 BRZ 青铜 Bronze8.1.13 CU 紫铜 Copper8.1.14 LAS 低合金钢 Low alloy steel8.1.15 FLAS 低合金锻钢 Forged low alloy steel 8.1.16 CLAS 低合金铸钢 Cast low alloy steel 8.2 THK 壁厚 Thickness8.2.1 SCH 表号 Schedule number8.2.2 STD 标准 Standard8.2.3 XS 加强 Extra strong8.2.4 XXS 特强 Double extra strong9 装置布置编号缩写中文名称英文名称9.1 CN 建北 Construction north9.2 E 东 East9.3 W 西 West9.4 S 南 South9.5 N 北 North9.6 H 水平 Horizontal9.7 V 竖直、铅直、直立 Vertical9.8 GRD 地坪 Ground9.9 UG 地下 Underground9.10 BL 装置边界线 Battery limit line9.11 ESEW 事故沐浴洗眼器Emergency shower and eye washer 9.12 HS 软管站 Hose station9.13 ML 接续分界线 Match line9.14 PS 管道支架（管架） Piping support9.15 PR 管桥 Pipe rack9.16 STRU 构架（构筑物） Structure9.17 BLDG 建筑物 Building9.18 PD 清扫设施 Purge device9.19 PT 池 Pit9.20 SHLT 棚 Shelter9.21 COFF 围堰 Cofferdam9.22 FL 楼板 Floor9.23 PF 平台 Plateform10 尺寸标注编号缩写中文名称英文名称10.1 EL 标高 Elevation10.2 BOP 管底 Bottom of pipe10.3 COP 管中心 Center of pipe10.4 TOP 管顶 Top of pipe10.5 FOB 底平 Flat on bottom10.6 FOT 顶平 Flat on top10.7 CL(屯) 中心线 Center line10.8 TL 切线 Tangent line10.9 SYM 对称的 Symmetrical10.10 BOS 支架底 Bottom of support 10.11 TOS 支架顶 Top of support10.12 CL 净距（净空） Clearance10.13 CTC 中心至中心Center to center 10.14 CTF 中心至面Center to face 10.15 CTE 中心至端部 Center to end 10.16 ETE 端到端 End to end10.17 FEF 法兰端面 Flange and face 10.18 FTF 面到面 Face to face10.19 D 直径 Diameter10.20 DN 公称直径Nominal diameter 10.21 ID 内径Inside diameter10.22 OD 外径 Outside diameter10.23 DIM 尺寸 Dimension10.24 MAX 最大 Maximum10.25 MIN 最小 Minimum10.26 AVG 平均 Average10.27 APP 约、近似 Approximate10.28 PT.EL 点标高 Point elevation11 图表编号缩写中文名称英文名称11.1 PFD 工艺流程图 Process flow diagram11.2 PID 管道和仪表流程图 Piping & instrument diagram11.3 COD 接续图 Continued on drawing11.4 DTL 详图 Datail11.5 SPDWG(ISODWG) 管段图 Spool drawing (each line isometric drawing) 11.6 DWGNO 图号 Drawing number11.7 DWGI 所在图号 Drawing identification11.8 LOW 材料表 List of material11.9 MTO 汇料 Material take-off11.10 APPX 附录 Appendix11.11 JOB. No. 工号 Job Number11.12 BEDD 基础工程设计数据 Basic engineering design data 11.13 DEDD 详细工程设计数据Detail engineering design data 11.14 REV. No. 修改号 Recision number11.15 REFDWG 参考图 Reference drawing11.16 SC 采样接口 Sample connection12 操作方式及工作参数编号缩写中文名称英文名称12.1 AUT 自动 Automatic12.2 ML 手动 Manual control12.3 CHOP 链条操作 Chain operated12.4 CSC 铅封关 Car seal close12.5 CSO 铅封开 Car seal open12.6 LC 锁闭 Lock closed12.7 LO 锁开 Lock open12.8 NC 正常关 Normally close12.9 NO 正常开 Normally open12.10 ATM 大气压 Atmosphere12.11 PN 公称压力 Nominal pressure12.12 A 绝压12.13 G 表压12.14 (T) 温度 Temperature12.15 (P) 压力 Pressure13 施工编号缩写中文名称英文名称13.1 W 焊接 Welding13.1.1 AW 电弧焊 Arc welding13.1.2 GSAW 气体保护电弧焊 Gas shielded-acr welding 13.1.3 EFW 电熔焊 Elecric fusion welding13.1.4 ERW 电阻焊 Electric Resistance welding13.1.5 GW 气焊 Gas welding13.1.6 LW 搭接焊 Lap welding13.1.7 BW 对焊 Butt welding13.4.8 TW 定位焊 T ack welding13.1.9 SW 承插焊 Socket welding13.1.10 CW 连续焊 Continuous welding13.1.11 SEW 密封焊 Seal welding13.1.12 SFG 堆焊 Surfacing13.1.13 FW 现场焊接 Field welding13.2 HT 热处理 Heat treatment13.2.1 PH 预热 Preheating13.2.2 SR 应力消除 Stress relief13.2.3 PWHT 焊后热处理 Post weld heat treatment13.3 EIT 检查、探伤和实验 Examination, inspection & testing 13.3.1 VE 外观检查 Visual examination13.3.2 UI (UT) 超声探伤 Ultrasonic inspection (test)13.3.3 RI (RT) 射线探伤 Radiographic inspection (test)13.3.4 MPI (MT) 磁粉探伤 Magnetic particle inspection (test) 13.3.5 LPI (PT) 液体渗透检验Liquid penterant inspection (test) 13.3.6 HADT 硬度实验 Hardness testing13.3.7 HYDT 水压实验 Hydraulic testing13.3.8 PNET 气压实验 Pneumatic testing13.3.9 CE 焊条 Covered electrode13.3.10 WW 焊丝 Welding wire13.3.11 ASSY 装配、组合 Assembly13.3.12 F 现场 Field13.3.13 F/F 现场制造 Field faricated13.3.14 SF 现场决定 Suit in field13.3.15 CSP 冷紧 Cold spring13.3.16 BCT 螺栓冷紧 Bolt cold tightening 13.3.17 BHY 螺栓热紧 Bolt hot tightening 13.3.18 CO 清洗口 Clean out13.3.19 ANNY 退火 Annealed13.4 PE 平端面 Plain end13.5 BE 坡口端 Belelled end13.6 THR 螺纹 Thread13.7 HB 布氏硬度 Brinnel hardness13.8 RC 洛氏硬度14 其他编号缩写中文名称英文名称14.1 FDN 基础 Foundation14.2 INF 信息（资料） Information14.3 REF 参考 Reference14.4 REV 修改 Revision14.5 SEQ 序号（顺序） Sequence。
食品的质地评定与分类
-2-
中国科技论文在线
作用后嘴唇尚未闭合时，口腔和耳朵所感受到的感觉；酥性是在牙齿咀嚼食品的过程中，口
65 腔和耳朵所感受到的感觉 [8、9]。
项目 酥性
脆性
硬度 整体酥脆
性
表 2 感官评定标准
Table 2 Standard for sensory evalution
40×35×3
13
乐吧薯片
烘焙
天津凯涛奇食品有限公司
2.55
24.58
25×25×5
14
红薯片
真空油炸
实验室自制
1.28
33.10
40×30×6
15
酥脆香菇
真空油炸
实验室自制
3.78
38.85
40×16
16
鼎峰面包
烘焙
英联鼎峰烘焙食品有限公司 29.11
5.93
40×40×10
17
馒头
蒸制
华购自农糕点店
8
酒鬼花生
常压油炸 海宁市袁花康老大食品厂
1.50
38.89
12×8×5
9
花生-1
真空油炸
实验室自制
3.20
50.74
12×8×5
10
花生-2
真空油炸
实验室自制
2.98
48.82
12×8×5
11
旺旺仙贝
膨化
旺旺集团
1.71
25.20
60×30×8
12
乐事薯片
常压油炸
百事食品有限公司
1.90
28.47
Szczesniak 提出的质地多剖面分析法把对质地评价的概念按力学特性、几何特性和其他 性质分为三类，其中力学特性又可以分为一次特性和二次特性，一次力学特性主要有硬度、 35 强度、脆性和韧性等；二次力学特性主要用于描述食品的口感，如酥脆性、咀嚼性等，与一 次力学特性有关[4、5]。目前关于食品的酥脆性、酥性和脆性等质地用语，国内外的文献并没 有给出明确的定义和区别[1、6、7]，同时也由于各国文化的差异和语言翻译等原因，酥性、脆 性和酥脆性等词语的使用比较混乱。
液相色谱定量基础知识3
第三部分定量基础知识1定性方法色谱峰的定性鉴别通过保留值(通常是保留时间)进行定性需要指定保留时间误差范围（时间窗、时间带）在相同的分析条件下保留时间相同并不肯定是同样的组份保留时间不同肯定不是同样的组份2定性确证仅仅通过保留时间并不能完全确证该物质通过加入标准物确认通过改变色谱条件确认光谱和质谱信息也可以作为进一步确证手段其他仪器方法确证3定量分析的基本要求需要有纯物质作标准被定量组分峰要与其它峰达到基线分离符合定性参数要求选择合适的定量方法45定量分析基本公式C i = f i A i C i = f i H i在某些条件限定下，被测组分的浓度与检测器的响应值成正比的关系。
（蒸发光散射检测器浓度与峰面积不成线性，分别取对数后成线性）C i ：组分浓度,f i : 响应因子，与组分的物理化学性质和检测器的性质有关A i ：组分响应面积H i ：组分响应高度实际修饰公式：Y=aX+b常用定量方法面积归一化外标法内标法标准加入法67面积归一化法公式：%100%×=∑AiAiCi 特点：1.无需做校正，简便，快速2.进样量不严格要求3.要求所有组分都流出并且被检测到4.要求所有组分的响应因子相当不能作为准确定量的方法，仅在特定情况下使用8外标法浓度C 1C 4C 3C 2浓度面积A 1A 2A 3A 4C 1C 2C 3C 4A 1A 2A 3A 4峰面积标准曲线9外标法特点：1.不需所有峰都流出或被检测到，只对目标组分作校正2.需要标准样品3.进样量必须准确4.仪器必须有良好的稳定性是实验室最常用的定量方法，定量结果准确f i ——i 组分工作曲线的斜率ii i A f C =1010单点校正法当被测试样中各组分浓度变化范围不大时，可不必绘制多点的标准曲线，而用单点校正法（比较法）。
配制一个和被测组分含量接近的标准溶液，定量进样，根据被测组分和外标组分峰面积比或峰高比计算被测组分的含量。
stata笔记常用
stata笔记常用Stata: 输出regression table到word和excel1. 安装estout。
最简单的方式是在stata的指令输入：ssc install estout, replaceEST安装的指导网址是：2.跑你的regression3.写下这行指令esttab using test.rtf，然后就会出现个漂亮的表格给你（WORD文档）。
只要再小幅修改，就可以直接用了。
这个档案会存在my document\stata下。
如果你用打开的是一个stata do file，结果会保存到do文件所在文件夹中。
如果要得到excel文件，就把后缀改为.xls或者.csv就可以了4.跑多个其实也不难，只要每跑完一个regression，你把它取个名字存起来：est store m1。
m1是你要改的，第一个model所以我叫m1，第二个的话指令就变成est store m2，依次类推。
5.运行指令：esttab m1 m2 ... using test.rtf就行了。
异方差的检验：Breusch-Pagan test in STATA：其基本命令是：estat hettest var1 var2 var3其中，var1 var2 var3 分别为你认为导致异方差性的几个自变量。
是你自己设定的一个滞后项数量。
同样，如果输出的P-Value 显著小于0.05，则拒绝原假设，即不存在异方差性。
White检验：其基本命令是在完成基本的OLS 回归之后，输入imtest， white如果输出的P-Value 显著小于0.05，则拒绝原假设，即不存在异方差性处理异方差性问题的方法：方法一：WLSWLS是GLS（一般最小二乘法）的一种，也可以说在异方差情形下的GLS就是WLS。
在WLS下，我们设定扰动项的条件方差是某个解释变量子集的函数。
之所以被称为加权最小二乘法，是因为这个估计最小化的是残差的加权平方和，而上述函数的倒数恰为其权重。
质量英文缩写
缩写词英文词语术语ANSI America national standard institution 美国标准协会AQLA Cceptable qualitylevel 品质允收水准BOM Bill of material 物料清单BSI British standard institution 英国标准协会CAR Corrective action record 纠正措施要求单CL Center line 中心线Cp Capability indices 工程能力指数Cpk Capadility indices / bias 工程能力指数/有偏置DE Design engineering 设计工程ECN Engineering change note 工程更改通知EMS Environment managenent system 环境管理体系FQA Final quality assurance 最终品质保证FQC Final quality control 最终品质控制GB Guojia biaozhun 国家标准IE Industry engineering 工业工程IPQA Inprocess quality assurance 制程品质保证IPQC Inprocess quality control 制程品质控制IQA Inprocess quality assurance 来料品质保证IQC Inprocess quality control 来料品质控制IS International standard 国际标准ISO International standard organization 国际标准化组织JIT Just in time 必须时间JIS Japan industy standard 日本工业标准KFQ Korean foundation for quality 韩国质量财团LCL Low contral line 下控制线MRBM Aterial return bill 返纳物料清单OJT On job for training 岗位培训OQA Outgoing quality assurance 出货品质保证OQC Outgoing quality control 出货品质控制P/L Part list 物料清单P/N Part number 部品号P/O Purchase order 采购订单PE Production 生产工程PMC Production material control 生产物料控制P.P Pilot production 试验产品P.S Pilot sample 试验样品PPM Part per million 百万分率QA Quality assurance 品质保证QC Quality control 品质控制QE Quality engineering 品质工程QMS Quality managenent system 质量管理体系QS Quality system 质量体系QSA Quality system assess 质量体系评定QST Quality system team 质量体系小组SL Sperification low 规格下限SPC Statistical process control 统计过程控制STD Standard 标准SU Sperification up 规格上限TQC Total quality control 全面质量管理UCL Up control line1. PDCA: Plan.Do.Check.Action. 策划、实施、检查、处置2. PPAP: Production Part Approval Process 生产件批准程序3. APQP: Advanced Product Quality Planning 产品质量先期策划4. FMEA: Potential Failure Mode and Effects Analysis潜在失效模式及后果分析5. SPC: Statistical Process Control 统计过程控制6. MSA: Measurement System Analysis 测量系统控制7. CP: Control Plan 控制计划8. QSA: Quality System Assessment 质量体系评定9. PPM: Parts Per Million 每百万零件不合格数10. QM: Quality Manual 质量手册11. QP: Quality Procedure 质量程序文件Quality Planning 质量策划Quality Plan 质量计划12. CMK: 机器能力指数13. CPK: 过程能力指数14. CAD: Computer-Aided Design 计算机辅助能力设计15. OEE: Overall Equipment Effectiveness 设备总效率16. QFD: Quality Function Development 质量功能展开17. FIFO: First in. First out 先进先出18. COPS: Customer Oriented Processes 顾客导向过程19. TCQ: Time. Cost. Quality 时间、成本、质量20. MOS: Management Processes 管理性过程常用品质英语缩写 - Popular Professional languageFQC final quality control 終點品質管制IPQC inprocess quality control 制程中的品質管制IQC incoming quality control 進料品質管制FQA final quality assurance 出貨質量保証OQC output quality control 最終出貨品質管制PQC process quality control 制程检查管制SQM Supplier Quality Management 供应商品质管理CSC Customer Service Center 客服中心QA quality assurance 質量保証QC quality control 品質管理JQE Joint Quality Engineer 客服工程师QE quality engineering 品質工程TQC / M total quality control 全面質量管理3B 3B 模具正式投產前確認8D 8 disciplines 8項回復內容CAR corrective action report 改正行動報告CP capability index 准确度CPK capability index of process 模具制程能力參數FAI First article inspection 新品首件檢查CQA Customer Quality Assurance 客戶品質保証FMEA failure model effectiveness analysis 失效模式分析OBA out of box audit 開箱檢查QFD quality function deployment 品質機能展開CSA Customer Simulate Analysis 客戶模擬分析SQMS Supplier Quality Management System 供应商品质管理系统QIP Quality Improvement Plan 品质改善计划CIP Continual Improvement Plan 持续改善计划TVR tool verification report 模具確認報告CRA corrective action report 改正行動報告(改善報告) ACC Accept 允收AOQ Average Output Quality 平均出貨品質AOQL Average Output Quality Level 平均出货品質水平AQL Acceptable Quality Level 運作類允收品質水準FPIR First Piece Inspection Report 首件檢查報告ID identification 識別,鑒別,証明L/N Lot Number 批號MIL-STD Military-Standard 軍用標準CR Critical 極嚴重的MAJ Major 主要的MIN Minor 輕微的P/N Part Number 料號Q/R/S Quality/Reliability/Service 品質/可靠度/服務REJ Reject 拒收ACC Accept 允收CON Concession / Waive 特采S/S Sample size 抽樣檢驗樣本大小SI-SIV Special I-Special IV 特殊抽樣水準等級制程統計品管專類AR Averary Range 全距平均值DIA Diameter 直徑DIM Dimension 尺寸FREQ Frequency 頻率GRR Gauge Reproducibility & Repeatability 量具之再制性及重測性判斷量測可靠與否MAX Maximum 最大值MIN Minimum 最小值N Number 樣品數R Range 全距SPC Statistical Process Control 統計制程管制SQC Statistical Quality Control 統計品質管制LCL Lower Control Limit 管制下限UCL Upper Control Limit 管制上限7QCTools Seven Quality Controll Tools 品管七大手法Stratification 層別法Histogram 直方圖Plato Diagram 柏拉圖Check Sheet 查檢表Characteristic Diagram 特性要因圖Scatter Diagram 散布圖Control Chart 管制圖PPAP Production Parts Approval Procedure 生產件批準程序APQP Advanced Production Quality Plan 產品質量先期計劃QSA Quality System Audit 品質系統審核MSA Measurement System Analysis 量測系統分析SPC Statistical Process Control 統計制程管制FMEA Failure Model Effect Analysis 失效模式影響分析ADM Absolute Dimension Measuremat 全尺寸測量LQL Limiting Quality Level 最低品質水準MRB Material Reject Bill 退貨單PDCA Plan Do Check Action 計劃執行檢查總結QAN Quality Ameliorate Notice 品質改善活動QCC Quality Control Circle 品質圖QI Quality Improvement 品質改善QIT Quality Improvement Team 品質改善小組QP Quality Policy 目標方針QT Quality Target 品質目標RMA Return Material Authorization/Authority 退料認可ZD Zero Defect 零缺點BOM Bill Of Material 物料清單DWG Drawing 圖面ECN Engineering Change Notice 工程變更通知(供應商) ECO Engineering Change Order 工程改動要求(客戶)IS Inspection Specification 成品檢驗規范II Inspection Instruction 檢驗指導書PCN Process Change Notice 工序變更通知PMP Product Management Plan 生產管制計劃PS Package Specification 包裝規范SIP Specification Inspection Process 制程檢驗規格SOP Standard Operation Procedure 制造作業規范MTBF Mean Time Between Failure 平均故障間隔FTA Fault Tree Analysis 故障樹分析ES Engineering Standardization 工程標準GS General Specification 一般規格ISO International Organization for Standardization 國際標準化組織IWS International Workman Standard 工藝標準QS Quality System 品質系統部門類ADM Andyistration Department 行政部EXT Export Division 出口部PUR Purchaing Dept 採購部GAD General Affairs Dept 總務部HSD Human Source Dept 人力資源部P/A Personal & Andyistration 人事行政部MFG Manufacturing Dept 制造部A/D Accountant /Finance Dept 會計部DC Document Center 資料中心IE Industrial Engineering 工業工程LAB Laboratory 實驗室ME Manufacture Engineering 制造工程部PD Product Department 生產部PE Project Engineering or product engineering 項目工程部─ 產品工程部PMC Production&Material Control 生產和物料控制PC Production Control 生產計劃控制MC Material Control 物料控制QRA Quality Reliability Assurance 品質保証(處)QC Quality Control 品質管制(課)QE Quality Engineering 品質工程(部)R&D Research & Design Dept /Investigation & Development 設計開發部生產類Carton 卡通箱D/C Date Code 生產日期碼ID/C Identification Code (供應商)識別碼MO Manafacture Order 生產單PAL Pallet (skid) 棧板PCS Piece 個(根.塊等)PO Purchasing Order 採購訂單PRS Pairs 雙(對等)SWR Special Work Request 特殊工作需求其它3C Computer ,Communication , Consumer electronic 消費性電子4MIE Man,Material,Machine,Method,Environment 人力,物力,財務,技術,時間(資源)5M Man , Machine , Material , Method , Measurement 人,機器,材料,方法,測量5S 希臘語整理.整頓,清掃,清潔,教養5W1H When , Where , Who , What , Why , How7M1I Manpower , Machine , Material , Method 人力，機器，材料，方法7M1I Market , Management , Money , Information 市場，管理，資金，資訊A.S.A.P As Soon As Possible 書可能快的ABIOS Advanced Basic input/output system 先進的基本輸入/輸出系統ASS'Y Assembly 裝配,組裝ATIN Attention 知會BS Brain storming 腦力激盪Cycle Time 制程周期CAD Computer Aid Design 計算機輔助設計CAV Cavity 模穴CC Carbon Copy 副本復印相關人員CD Compact Disk 光碟CD-ROM Compact Disk Read-Only Memory 隻讀光碟CMOS Complementary Metol Oxide Semiconductor 互補金屬氧化物半導體CONN Connector 連接器CPU Central Processing Unit 中央處理器DIMM Dual in-line Memory Module 雙項導通匯流組件DQA Desigh Quality Assurance 設計品質保証DT Desk Top 臥式(機箱)EISA Extended Industry Standard Architecture 擴充的工業標準結構E-MAIL Electrical-Mail 電子郵件EMI Electro Magnetic Interference 電磁幹擾EMC Electro Magnetic Compatibility 電磁兼容ESD Electro Static Discharge 靜電排放F/C Flat Cable 排線FMI Frequency Modulation Inspect 高頻測試DVD Digital Visual Disk 數字化視頻光盤FDD Floppy Disk Drive 軟碟機HDD Hard Disk Drive 硬碟機ADSL Asymmetrical Digital Subscriber Loop 非對稱數字用戶環線或用戶系統I/O Input/Output 輸入/輸出IC Integrated Circuit 集成電路ISA Industry Standard Architecture 工業標準體制結構JIT Just In Time 零庫存 (or 交貨準時）L/T Lead Time 前置時間(生產前準備時間)LED Light-Emitting Dilde 發光二級管LRR Lot Rejeet Rate 批退率MAT'S Material 材料MCA Microchannel Architecture 微通道結構MQA Manufacture Quality Assurance 制造品質保証MRP Material Requirement Planning 物料需求計劃MRB Material Review Board 物料評審委員會MT Mini-Tower 立式(機箱)N/A Not Applicable 不適用NG Not Good 不行,不合格NHK North of Hongkong 中國大陸OC Operation System 作業系統OEM Original Equipment Manufacture 原設備制造P/M Product Market 產品市場PC Personal Computer 個人電腦PCB Printed Circuit Board 印刷電路板PCE Personal Computer Enclosure 個人電腦外設PDA Personal Digital Assistant 個人數字助理PBC Personal Business Commitments 個人業績承諾CDT Commercial Desk Top 商用電腦PPM Parts Per Million 百萬分之一PRC People's Republic of China 中國大陸RYI / R For Your Information / Reference 僅供參考REV Revision 版本S/T Standard Time 標準時間SPEC Specification 規格SMPS Switch Mode Power Supply 電腦開關電源供應器SQA Strategy Quality Assurance 策略品質保証SSQA Sales and service Quality Assurance 銷售及服務品質保証T/P True Position 真位度TBA To Be Decide 待定,定缺TPM Total Production Maintenance 全面生產保養TYP Type 類型U.S.A the United States of America 美國WDR Weekly Delivery Requirement 周出貨需求QCP Quality Control Procedures 品管程序ILAC International laboratory AccreditationConference 國際實驗室認証會議ESD Wrist Strap 靜電環SMD Surface Mount Device 表面粘貼裝置SMT Surface Mount Technology 表面粘貼技術IQ Intelligence Quotient 智商EQ Emotional Quotient 情商AC Alternating Current 交流電DC Direct Current 直流電IT Information Technology 信息技術，資訊科學CEO Chief Executive Officer 執行總裁COO Chief Operaring Officer 首席業務總裁SWOT Strength,Weakness,Opportunity,Threat 優勢﹐弱點﹐機會﹐威脅Competence 專業能力3C人之3C Communication 有效溝通Cooperation 統御融合Management Courses 行政管理Vibration Testing 振動測試Thermal Testing 熱流測試Time To Market 快速開發Time To Volume 快速投入批量生產Time To Money 快速收回銷貨款TFT Thin Film Transistor 液晶顯示器ICT Initial Circuit Testing ICT靜態測試ATE Automatic Test Equipment 自動測試設備IDP Individual Development Plan 個人發展計劃ERP Enterprise Resource Planning 企業資源規劃ISO International Organization for Standardization 國際標準化組織。
Delphi XE主要控件列表
Delphi主要控件列表Standard类Frames框架TActionList统一管理事件Tlang实现多语言的切换TStyleBook皮肤Tbutton按钮TCheckBox复选框TRadioButton单选框TGroupBox容器TPopupBox右键菜单Tpanel容器控件TCalloutPanel容器控件Tlabel静态文本TImageControl放图片TPathLabel路径的静态文本TProgressBar进度条TScrollBar滚动条TSmallScrollBar滚动条Texpander下拉列表TTrackBar控制大小Tswitch开关Tsplitter分隔符TMenuBar菜单栏TStatusBar状态栏TToolBar工具栏TSizeGrip重定义画图TListBox列显示控件TComboBox选择下拉框Tmemo多行文本Tedit编辑文本TTreeView不同目录切换TListView显示带图标列表Tpopup右击菜单Additional类TSpeedButton多用于放置到工具栏上TCornerButton容器按钮TArcDial进度圈TMediaPlayer播放音乐TMediaPlayerControl控制音乐播放TCameraComponent播放视频Tcalendar日历TDateEdit日期TTimeEdit时间TNumberBox数字输入框TSpinBox调整数字大小TComboEdit可编辑的下拉菜单TComboTrackBar下拉调整数字大小TClearingEdit清空输入框DBExpress类TSQLConnection连接数据库TSQLDataSet操作数据集TSQLQuery执行一条SQL语句TSQLStoreproc可以调用数据库的存储过程TSQLTable操作数据库里的数据表TSqlServerMethod客户端调用服务器上的自定义方法TSQLMonitor数据库监视器TSimpleDataSet简化的建立本地可更新数据集方法ADO TADOConnection连接数据库TADOCommand向数据库发送SQL指令并返回请求的数据集TADODataSat获取并代表任何其他ADO组件从数据库返回的数据集合TADOTable对数据库中的表进行操作TADOQuery执行一条SQL语句TADOStoreProc调用数据库存储过程TRDSConnection连接数据库，常用于多层应用程序。
QPT功能及使用介绍
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什么情况适合使用QTP
模块经过手动测试后比较稳定 模块/功能点重用性比较高 预先安排一定的时间录制和维护脚本
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The End
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standard checkpoint
添加检查点可以在录制过程中添加，也可 以录制后再添加
在Active Screen 上右键点击要设置 CheckPoint的对象，选择“Insert standard checkpoint”
选择要设置的CheckPoint type,点击确定按 钮
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Reusable
– You can reuse tests on different versions of a Web site or application, even if the user interface changes.
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使用QTP需要哪几个步骤
1. Preparing to record 2. Recording a session on your application 3. Enhancing your test 4. Debugging your test 5. Running your test 6. Analyzing the test results 7. Reporting defects
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Web Event Configuration
1、点击Tools/web event configuration
2、点击Custom Settings 进入custom web event
Recording configuration
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Run and analyzing
第一步打开已录制的脚本