USA DoE Electric Vehicle Presentation (April 5, 2011)

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美国电动汽车的现状及发展（四）

美国电动汽车的现状及发展(四)◆文/美国KerenOr咨询公司 Karen Fierst 译/本刊记者张淑珍马哈（北京）贸易有限公司网址： www.maha.de (English)地址：北京市东城区新怡商务楼B座626室德国马哈公司成立于1968年，位于德国风景秀丽的巴伐利亚州，阿尔卑斯山脚下，是一家专注设计、制造、销售汽车检测设备的公司。

马哈公司的检测设备已经广泛的应用于全球各大汽车厂家、检测机构、科研机构、教育机构以及汽车改装部门。

检测线系列产品制动台（含重型车举升加载制动台）、速度台、侧滑台、灯光仪、底盘间隙仪、底盘测功机双滚筒底盘测功机、单滚筒底盘测功机、发动机测功机、工业级转鼓测功机举升机地藏举升机、剪式举升机、立柱举升机、移动式举升机、地沟举升机整车行驶试验平台轮胎花纹深度检测仪、振动台、声级计、尾气仪尾气仪 MET 6汽车检测设备专业制造商德国马哈五气、烟度、颗粒三合一检测仪五气检测仪烟度、颗粒检测仪◆ 体积小，重量轻，大概5千克，坚固耐用。

◆ 支持移动式操作，可用无线与OBD、尾气排放检测设备（可选）及手机（可选）相连。

◆ 当过滤器或氧气传感器需要更换时会自动报警。

◆ 具有水蒸气过滤专利技术。

◆ 菜单引导操作，测试过程非常简单。

◆ 能耗低，节能环保。

◆ 可检测汽油车尾气中的HC、CO 、CO 、O 浓度、氮氧化物浓度和柴油车尾气不透光度、颗粒物浓度。

了一套非常有效的“培训技师”项目，并且能够最大限度地把培训在为期16周的培训中，学员们通过教员讲座及动手实践的方学习掌握电动汽车领域的理论知识及专业技术，课程结束将获得电动汽车技师资质，培训项目的主要内容涉及以下方面。

电动汽车、混合动力车英文简介 DOT-EV-powerpoint

yes
What does an EV look and sound like?
Looks
like a normal car
Sounds
silent when running as has less moving parts
Normal cars produce greenhouse gases
Are EVs better for the environment?
EV School presents:
An introduction to EVs An introduction to EVs EV School presents:
What is an electric vehicle (EV?)
A car that runs on electricity
Types of EVs?
• produce 27 per cent less CO2 than petrol cars • help to reduce greenhouse gas emissions • Produce no carbon emissions when powered using renewable energy
What are some disadvantages of EVs?
• currently more expensive than normal cars • not many places to charge your car • can only travel 100-160km between charges • Charging can take hours • Silent operation – potentially dangerous for pedestrianse electricity not petrol • Energy comes from a power outlet via a cord to the car • Energy stored in a battery • Energy powers the electric motor, moving the car.

美国组织开发电动汽车

美国组织开发电动汽车
佚名
【期刊名称】《交通节能与环保》
【年(卷),期】1995(000)002
【摘要】据报道,由于对城市环保问题的规定日益严格,加利福尼亚州和纽约州都先后规定1998年在该州销售的汽车中必需有2%的电动汽车,随着时间的临近,美国
各行业均组织起来,加速有关电动汽车关键的科技攻关和开发工作,以便早日实用化。

1.美化工大户3M 公司,加拿大哈依道罗·开拜克公司,美国立阿拉贡研究所和
【总页数】1页(P26-26)
【正文语种】中文
【中图分类】U469.72
【相关文献】
1.美国能源部组织开发高TC电动机和限流器 [J], 汪京荣
2.电动汽车:从油到电的百年跨越——评美国电动汽车发展政策 [J], 李志青
3.美国将钻石用作超宽带隙半导体可高效为电网、电动汽车等供电 [J], 张菁
4.美国汽车工业联合会承诺电动汽车普及率达到50％ [J],
5.电动汽车策略对碳排放的影响评估——以美国马里兰州一体化模型应用为例 [J], 王振报
因版权原因，仅展示原文概要，查看原文内容请购买。

毕业设计电动车电池参考文献英文

IntroductionElectric vehicles (EVs) have gained significant attention in recent years due to their potential to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and dependence on fossil fuels. The battery is a crucial component of an electric vehicle, as it provides the energy required for propulsion. A well-designed and efficient battery system is essential for the success of an EV.This research paper aims to explore the various aspects of electric vehicle batteries for a graduation project on electric vehicle battery design. The paper discusses the different types of batteries used in electric vehicles, their characteristics, advantages, and challenges. Additionally, it touches upon the battery management system, charging infrastructure, and future advancements in electric vehicle batteries.Types of Electric Vehicle Batteries1.Lithium-ion Batteries: Lithium-ion batteries are the mostcommonly used batteries in electric vehicles due to their highenergy density, long cycle life, and lightweight characteristics.They provide a good balance between performance, cost, and safety.A comprehensive investigation of the structure, working principle,and limitations of lithium-ion batteries is essential fordesigning an optimized battery system.2.Nickel-Metal Hydride (Ni-MH) Batteries: Ni-MH batteries werewidely used in electric vehicles before the emergence of lithium-ion batteries. They offer a relatively lower energy density thanlithium-ion batteries but have better thermal stability, whichensures safer operation. A comparative analysis between lithium-ion and Ni-MH batteries can aid in choosing the appropriatebattery for the design project.3.Solid-State Batteries: Solid-state batteries are a promisingalternative to traditional lithium-ion batteries. They utilizesolid electrolytes instead of liquid electrolytes, providinghigher energy density, improved safety, and faster chargingcapabilities. Although still under development, solid-statebatteries hold great potential for the future of electric vehicles.Battery Management System (BMS)The Battery Management System (BMS) is responsible for monitoring and controlling the battery’s performance, safety, and lifespan. A well-designed BMS ensures the optimal operation of the battery system, preventing overcharging, undercharging, and excessive discharge. It provides accurate state-of-charge (SOC) and state-of-health (SOH) estimations, which are crucial for maximizing the battery’s efficiency.The BMS consists of various components, including sensors, control algorithms, and battery balancing circuits. In-depth research on BMS architecture, functionality, and control strategies is necessary to design an effective battery management system for the electric vehicle.Charging InfrastructureThe availability of a robust charging infrastructure is essential for widespread adoption and convenience of electric vehicles. The research project should explore the different types of charging stations, including:1.Level 1 Charging: Level 1 charging refers to standard householdoutlets (120V), which provide a slow charging rate but are widely accessible.2.Level 2 Charging: Level 2 charging utilizes dedicated chargingstations (240V). It offers a faster charging rate compared toLevel 1 and is commonly found in residential areas, workplaces,and public charging stations.3.DC Fast Charging: DC Fast Charging, also known as Level 3charging, provides rapid charging capabilities by directlydelivering DC power to the vehicle’s battery. These chargingstations are typically located along highways and major routes.The paper should discuss the importance of a well-established charging infrastructure and address potential challenges and solutions to the deployment of charging stations.Future AdvancementsThe field of electric vehicle batteries is continuously evolving, with ongoing research and advancements. It is crucial for the researchproject to explore future developments, such as:1.Advanced Lithium-ion Batteries: Researchers are constantlyworking on improving the energy density, charging speed, andsafety of lithium-ion batteries. Advancements in materials,electrode designs, and electrolytes are expected to result in more efficient and long-lasting batteries.2.Solid-State Batteries: As mentioned earlier, solid-statebatteries hold immense potential for the future of electricvehicles. The research should discuss the current challenges faced in commercializing solid-state batteries and potentialbreakthroughs that can lead to their widespread adoption.3.Beyond Lithium-ion: Besides solid-state batteries, alternativebattery chemistries like lithium-sulfur (Li-S) and lithium-air(Li-Air) batteries are being explored for their high energydensities. Understanding these emerging battery technologies canpave the way for future advancements in EV batteries.ConclusionDesigning an efficient and reliable battery system is crucial for the success of an electric vehicle. This research paper provides a comprehensive and detailed analysis of different types of electric vehicle batteries, their characteristics, and the importance of a well-designed battery management system and charging infrastructure. Furthermore, it explores future advancements in electric vehicle battery technologies. By understanding these aspects, the research project can aim to design an optimized electric vehicle battery system that contributes to a sustainable and greener transportation future.Note: The content provided above is a suggested structure for the research paper related to the topic of “Graduation Project - Electric Vehicle Battery”. Please add relevan t and specific details from appropriate academic references to complete the paper.。

getPDF.jsp

Manuscript received August 3 1, 1992; revised June 1 1, 1993. The author is with the Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong. IEEE Log Number 92 1 1745.
I. INTRODUCTION Electric vehicles (EV’s) have been around since before the tum of the century. They were very popular and sold reasonably well until about 1918. However, the use of EV’s for transportation died out as the gasoline powered intemal combustion engine (ICE) continued to improve [ 11. By 1933, the number of EV’s was reduced to nearly zero because the EV was slower and more expensive than its ICE counterpart. The shortcomings which caused the EV to lose its early competitive edge have not yet been totally overcome. Significant advances in power electronics and microelectronics have been utilized to make EV powertrains that provide performance competitive with ICE powertrains. Although there have been no similar advances in battery energy storage, the evolution of materials and production technologies provide means to achieve the optimistic battery system goals. Significant factors which stimulate the revival of EV’s are energy cost, energy independence, and environmental protection. Because of the upcoming shortage of gasoline products, their cost and limitations in supply have encouraged people to look at EV’s as a possible alternative mode of transportation.As electricity can be generated from many alternate energy resources, EV’s are the ultimate flexible fuel vehicle. Moreover, they are generally recharged when power utilities have excess energy available. The major reason for the rekindling of interest in EV’s are environmental considerationsthat electricity is superior to gasoline. EV’s can dramatically reduce air pollution in congested

美国通用汽车公司“大冲击”电动汽车

美国通用汽车公司“大冲击”电动汽车
杨瑞峰
【期刊名称】《汽车运输节能技术》
【年(卷),期】1995(000)001
【总页数】3页(P48-50)
【作者】杨瑞峰
【作者单位】无
【正文语种】中文
【中图分类】U469.72
【相关文献】
1.美国通用汽车公司的EV1型电动汽车 [J], 荣远盛
2.为美国通用,福特,克莱斯勒三大汽车公司供货汽车紧固件 [J], 渥.,克R;汤慧群
3.纯电动汽车的成功之道--美国特斯拉汽车公司案例研究 [J], 张彩虹;马一方;江雪;夏芳;潘阳
4.通用扫瞄中国——访美国通用汽车公司研究部主任研究员陈以龙 [J], 胡骁
5.中国投资者支持的电动汽车公司投资10亿美元建造美国工厂 [J],
因版权原因，仅展示原文概要，查看原文内容请购买。

3-TienDuong-DOE

7
High Energy Battery Development
In FY 2007 Request of $6.172 Million Increase for Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicle (PHEV) Battery Development
(An addition to funding levels and R&D efforts of previous years)
USABC deliverables tested and analyzed against performance targets using standardized test procedures
6
High Power Energy Storage Applied Research
A multi-laboratory effort assisting battery developers to overcome performance barriers associated with high-power Li-ion battery technology Focus
Fade Rate: 0.0277 W/kg per cycle
400
Specific Power (W/kg)
350 Specific Power, W/kg
300
Cell 2 Cell 3 Cell 4 Cell 5
Power
250
80% DOD Power < 216 W/kg or energy < 112 Wh/kg (C/3 rate)
8
Focused Fundamental Research

电动汽车发展：过去、现在与未来外文文献翻译、中英文翻译、外文翻译

原文：
Abstract
A vehicle is consider Green when it moreenvironmentally friendly than the traditional petroleumcombustion engine, in which includes any nontraditionalvehicle like, HEV, Plug In, EV, Fuel Cell, Bio fuel etc. thatimproves fuel economy. The development of electric vehiclehas been over a hundred years but failure to gain the publicacceptance in various stages due to various reasons whichexplained. While EV was never mass produced, Hybridelectric vehicle gains the momentum in recent years. Fordhas launched its second generation of HEV and GM alsoannounced the debut of the Volt in 2010. Comparing to theregular HEV, Plug in is the new trend in hybrid autodevelopment due to extend travel range in electrical modeand a possibility of a zero emission as long as travel distanceis less than charging threshold. However, more recently, anelectrification trend in automotive industry has been evolvedand will revolutionize the industry. With the correct policyand government help and advancement of electric vehicletechnology, the prospect of Electric Vehicle will be brightand the focus point of future development.

高三英语三轮复习课件语法填空阅读之经济及学术、工作类课件

___股__份____ 17. economy
经__济__;__节__约_
___股__份____ _贷__款__利__息__ (房__屋__等__)_财__产
18. account 19. bankrupt
_财__政__收__入__ 20. trade
账__户__;__账__目_ adj.破_产__的___n_.破__产者
8. soar
n._高__扬__v_i_._往_ 上飞舞 19. venture 冒险__；__风__险__；__投机
9. squeeze 挤压__；__使__经__济_ 困难 20. monetary 金融__的__;_货__币__的
10. exceed 超过_；__胜__过__；__超出界限 21. capitalism 资本__主__义_____
___预__算_____
13. department
__部__门_____ 25. profit
___利__润____
Topic-related words and expressions 1 (advanced version)
1. accelerate ___加__速____
12. slash 大幅削减_；__猛__砍__；__尖_ 锐抨击
2. boost
推__进__；__提__高_
13. distribute
_分__配__；__散__布_
3. mushroom n_. _蘑__菇__v_i_.迅_ 速增加 14. prosperity
_繁__荣__；__兴__旺_
4. flourish 繁荣__；__茂__盛__；_ 兴旺 15. recession 后退；凹__入__的__地__方__；不景气

ICM_2011翻译

1.Would the widespread use of electric vehicles actually save fossil fuels orwould we merely be trading one use of fossil fuel for another given that electricity is currently mostly produced by burning fossil fuels? Whatconditions would need to be put in place to maximize the savings through use of electric vehicles?广泛使用电动车真的节油吗？或者我们仅仅是将一种使用石油的方式变成了另外一种，因为当前多数电还是通过石油来产生的。

通过使用电动车来节省资源，什么情况需要被取代？2.Consider how much the amount of electricity generated by alternativessuch as wind and solar would need to climb during the twenty-first century to make the widespread use of electric vehicles feasible andenvironmentally beneficial. Assess whether or not the needed growth of these alternate sources of electricity is likely and possible.21世纪，其他能源（如风能，太阳能）的产量需要被提高多少来使广泛使用电动车这个方案可行并且对环境有利吗？评价其他能源产量的提高是可能的吗？3.Would charging batteries at off-peak times be beneficial and increase thefeasibility of widespread use of electric vehicles? How quickly wouldbatteries need to charge to maximize the efficiency and practicality ofelectric vehicles? How would progress in these areas change the equation regarding the environmental savings and practicality of widespread use of electric vehicles?在非用电高峰期充电是有利的吗？这提高了电动车广泛使用的可能性吗？电动车的电池充电需要多长时间？4.What method of basic transportation is most efficient? Is the efficiency ofdifferent methods dependent of the nation or region in which it is used?什么样的运输方式是最有效率的？不同形式的运输方式的效率与它所适用的国家或地区的不同有关系吗？5.Pollution caused directly by electric vehicles is low, but are there hiddensources of pollutants associated with electric vehicles? Gasoline and diesel fuel burned in internal combustion engines for transportation account for nitrites of oxygen, vehicle-born monoxide and carbon dioxide pollution but are these bi-products something we really should worry about? What are the short and long term effects of these substances on the climate and our health?由电动车直接引起的污染是很少的，但是存在一些与电动车有关的隐性的污染源吗？汽油与柴油在有氧环境下在内燃机内燃烧并且产生能量，但是是不是电动车产生的一氧化物和二氧化碳所带来的污染才是我们真正需要担心的问题？这些物质给我们的环境与健康所带来的短期与长期的影响是什么？6.How would the pollution caused by the increasing need to dispose ofincreasing numbers of large batteries effect the comparison between the environmental effects of electric vehicles versus the effects of fossilfuel-burning vehicles?7.You also should consider economic and human issues such as theconvenience of electric vehicles. Can batteries be recharged or replacedfast enough to meet most transportation needs or would their ranges be limited? Would electric vehicles have only a limited role in transportation, good only for short hauls (commuters or light vehicles on short trips) or could they practically be used for heavier and longer-range transportation and shipping? Should governments give subsidies to developers of electric vehicle technologies and if so, why, how much, and in what form?你也需要考虑经济和电动车给人类所带来的便利。

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China charge couplers (not standard yet) have unique control signals and overall physical shape
JARI/ChADeMO standard has unique control signals and overall physical shape

Charge Coupler (aka plug and receptacle)
AC Level 1 RESIDENTIAL 5 mi/hour @ 1.7 kW
120v/20A (15A continuous)
SAE J1772TM
AC Level 2 RESIDENTIAL 10 mi/hour @ 3.4 kW COMMERCIAL 20 mi/hour @ 7.2 kW Non-residential AC L2, DC L2
3 | Vehicle Technologies

Focus on Charge Couplers (US)
Charge Method Typical charge rates Residential AC L1, AC L2
Nominal Voltage/ Branch Circuit Rating
– As a means to identify and address ‘in-use’ issues associated with proposed (multiple) communications methods and requirements for sub-metering
6 | Vehicle Technologies
‐ Energy information portal; gateway for demand reduction settings ‐ Communication between smart meter and EVSE/vehicle/consumer
3) Electric Vehicle Supply Equipment (EVSE)
PEV
Emulated/Physical Vehicle
Connected to J1772 or (BMS, Pseudo Batt, Charger, CAN network/converter to DUT
Test Fixtures to Verify Compliance with SAE J2953 – Interoperability Between Key Elements of Vehicle Charging Infrastructure
Proposed SAE J1772TM ‘Hybrid’
4 | Vehicle Technologies

Global Differences and Similarities
US
AC Charging
SinglePhase (1Ø) SAE J1772TM
EU
CHINA
REV1: Custom board, off-the-shelf sensors, Xbee radio
REV2: Integrated FGM current sensors and PLC communication
Software-Defined Radio
■ Lab/field test at ANL, DTE Energy and SCE ■ Field test at ORNL solar EV charge station
‐ Distributes power to community grid
‐ Integrates vehicles in smart grid (load balancing, automated demand response, etc.)
2)
Home Energy Management/Home Area Network (HAN)
Safety J2344 – Electric, HEV & PEV Safety J1766 – Crash Integrity Testing J2578 – FCV Safety J1772TM – PEV Conductive Charge Coupler J2954 – PEV Wireless Charge J2836TM – General Information (use cases) …/1 – interface with utilities …/2 – off‐board charger communications …/3 – reverse energy flow …/4 – diagnostics …/5 – customer/HAN …/6 – wireless charging/discharging J2847TM – Detailed Information (messages) (same sub‐categories as J2836) J2931 – Protocol (requirements) J2953 – Interoperability ISO 6469 – EV Safety ISO 23273 – FCV Safety IEC 62196 – Industrial plugs and socket‐outlets IEC 61980‐1 – Inductive charging safety coupler supply equipment similar to ISO/IEC 15118‐1 – Vehicle to grid communication interface (Part 1: General information and use‐case definition)
* SAE J1772TM AC connector has also been adopted by Korea and Australia
5 | Vehicle Technologies

Opportunities for Cooperation
• Joint development or implementation of tools to verify (or refine) connectivity standards
EVSE
EVSE w/Compact Metrology
and Vehicle-EVSE Router Pass through HAN-Zigbee/ethernet Device Under Test (DUT): 1 – PLC/Echelon 2 – Pilot/In Band PSOC 3 – Wireless – SDR_UMAN 4 – Arianne analog/PLC
Initial Operation
Demo
Utility
Utility Messages
900MHz to back haul 2.4GHz Zigbee to HAN (Itron or SilverSpring)
HAN
Home Gateway
HAN-Zigbee/ethernet (Digi, Greenwave)

Tools for Standards Verification
FY 2011-Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 FY 2012
EVSE‐EUMD‐HAN Connectivity (SAE J2836/2847)
Initial Operation
Demo
Vehicle‐Grid Interoperability (SAE J2953)
JAPAN
IEC 62196-2 Type 1
SAE and IEC AC standards have common control signals
Type 2
SAE J1772TM *
Singleor Three-Phase (1Ø or 3Ø)
IEC 62196-2 Type 2
IEC 62196-2 Type 3
7 | Vehicle Technologies

EUMD with Universal Communication
FY 2011-Q1
Q2
Q3
Q4
FY 2012
End-Use-Measurement Device (EUMD)
Flux gate magnetometer sensor proof-of-concept
– Test fixtures to evaluate communication and interoperability between key nodes in the vehicle charging infrastructure
• Joint field evaluation of universal communication and metering technology
‐ Communicates with vehicle/battery and provides recharge power ‐ Could include revenue‐grade energy meter ‐ Communicates with HAN and consumer
4) Plug‐In Electric/Hybrid Vehicle (PEV)
DC Charging
SAE and IEC working toward harmonization of DC ‘Hybrid’ charge couplers
SAE J1772TM ‘Hybrid’
IEC 62196-2 Type 2 ‘Hybrid’
Mode 3
JEVS G105-1993 (ChADeMO)