云南师范大学教育硕士专业学位研究生学位英语考试试卷(2015年)
2015年考研英语一真题及答案(精校版)
2015年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题Section I Use of English :Directions:Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B,C or D on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)Though not biologically related, friends are as “related” as fourth cousins, sharing about 1% of genes. That is (1) a study, published from the University of California and Yale University in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, has (2) .The study is a genome-wide analysis conducted (3) 1,932 unique subjects which (4) pairs of unrelated friends and unrelated strangers. The same people were used in both (5) .While 1% may seem (6) ,it is not so to a geneticist. As James Fowler, professor of medical genetics at UC San Diego, says, “Most people do not even (7) their fourth cousins but somehow manage to select as friends the people who (8) our kin.”The study (9) found that the genes for smell were something shared in friends but not genes for immunity .Why this similarity exists in smell genes is difficult to explain, for now, (10) ,as the team suggests, it draws us to similar environments but there is more (11) it. There could be many mechanisms working together that (12) us in choosing genetically similar friends (13) ”functional Kinship” of being friends with(14) !One of the remarkable findings of the study was the similar genes seem to be evolution (15) than other genes Studying this could help (16) why human evolution picked pace in the last 30,000 years, with social environment being a major (17) factor.The findings do not simply explain people’s (18) to befriend those of similar (19) backgrounds, say the researchers. Though all the subjects were drawn from a population of European extraction, care was taken to (20) that all subjects, friends and strangers, were taken from the same population.1. [A] when [B] why [C] how [D] what2. [A] defended [B] concluded [C] withdrawn [D] advised3. [A] for [B] with [C] on [D] by4. [A] compared [B] sought [C] separated [D] connected5. [A] tests [B] objects [C] samples [D] examples6. [A] insignificant [B] unexpected [C] unbelievable [D] incredible7. [A] visit [B] miss [C] seek [D] know8. [A] resemble [B] influence [C] favor [D] surpass9. [A] again [B] also [C] instead [D] thus10. [A] meanwhile [B] furthermore [C] likewise [D] perhaps11. [A] about [B] to [C] from [D] like12. [A] drive [B] observe [C] confuse [D] limit13. [A] According to [B] rather than [C] regardless of [D] along with14. [A] chances [B] responses [C] missions [D] benefits15. [A] later [B] slower [C] faster [D] earlier16. [A] forecast [B] remember [C] understand [D] express17. [A] unpredictable [B] contributory [C] controllable [D] disruptive18. [A] endeavor [B] decision [C] arrangement [D] tendency19. [A] political [B] religious [C] ethnic [D] economic20. [A] see [B] show [C] prove [D] tellSection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET. (40 points)Text 1King Juan Carlos of Spain once insisted “kings don’t abdicate, they dare in their sleep.” But embarrassing scandals and the popularity of the republican left in the recent Euro-elections have forced him to eat his words and stand down. So, does the Spanish crisis suggest that monarchy is seeing its last days? Does that mean the writing is on the wall for all European royals, with their magnificent uniforms and majestic lifestyle?The Spanish case provides arguments both for and against monarchy. When public opinion is particularly polarised, as it was following the end of the Franco regime, monarchs can rise above “mere” politics and “embody” a spirit of national unity.It is this apparent transcendence of politics that explains monarchs’ continuing popularity polarized. And also, the Middle East excepted, Europe is the most monarch-infested region in the world, with 10 kingdoms (not counting Vatican City and Andorra). But unlike their absolutist counterparts in the Gulf and Asia, most royal families have survived because they allow voters to avoid the difficult search for a non-controversial but respected public figure.Even so, kings and queens undoubtedly have a downside. Symbolic of national unity as they claim to be, their very history—and sometimes the way they behave today –embodies outdated and indefensible privileges and inequalities. At a time when Thomas Piketty and other economists are warning of rising inequality and the increasing power of inherited wealth, it is bizarre that wealthy aristocratic families should still be the symbolic heart of modern democratic states.The most successful monarchies strive to abandon or hide their old aristocratic ways. Princes and princesses have day-jobs and ride bicycles, not horses (or helicopters). Even so, these are wealthy families who party with the international 1%, and media intrusiveness makesit increasingly difficult to maintain the right image.While Europe’s mona rchies will no doubt be smart enough to survive for some time to come, it is the British royals who have most to fear from the Spanish example.It is only the Queen who has preserved the monarchy’s reputation with her rather ordinary (if well-heeled) granny style. The danger will come with Charles, who has both an expensive taste of lifestyle and a pretty hierarchical view of the world. He has failed to understand that monarchies have largely survived because they provide a service – as non-controversial and non-political heads of state. Charles ought to know that as English history shows, it is kings, not republicans, who are the monarchy’s worst enemies.21. According to the first two Paragraphs, King Juan Carlos of Spain[A] used turn enjoy high public support[B] was unpopular among European royals[C] cased his relationship with his rivals[D]ended his reign in embarrassment22. Monarchs are kept as heads of state in Europe mostly[A] owing to their undoubted and respectable status[B] to achieve a balance between tradition and reality[C] to give voter more public figures to look up to[D]due to their everlasting political embodiment23. Which of the following is shown to be odd, according to Paragraph 4?[A] Aristocrats’ excessive reliance on inherited wealth[B] The role of the nobility in modern democracies[C] The simple lifestyle of the aristocratic families[D]The nobility’s adherence to their privileges24. The British royals “have most to fear” because Charles[A] takes a rough line on political issues[B] fails to change his lifestyle as advised[C] takes republicans as his potential allies[D] fails to adapt himself to his future role25. Which of the following is the best title of the text?[A] Carlos, Glory and Disgrace Combined[B] Charles, Anxious to Succeed to the Throne[C] Carlos, a Lesson for All European Monarchs[D]Charles, Slow to React to the Coming ThreatsText 2Just how much does the Constitution protect your digital data? The Supreme Court will now consider whether police can search the contents of a mobile phone without a warrant if the phone is on or around a person during an arrest.California has asked the justices to refrain from a sweeping ruling particularly one that upsets the old assumption that authorities may search through the possessions of suspects at the time of their arrest. It is hard, the state argues, for judges to assess the implications of new and rapidly changing technologies.The court would be recklessly modest if it followed California’s advice. Enough of the implications are discernable, even obvious, so that the justices can and should provide updated guidelines to police, lawyers and defendants.They should start by discar ding California’s lame argument that exploring the contents of a smart phone — a vast storehouse of digital information — is similar to, say, rifling through a suspect’s purse. The court has ruled that police don’t violate the Fourth Amendment when they si ft through the wallet or pocketbook of an arrestee without a warrant. But exploring one’s smart phone is more like entering his or her home. A smart phone may contain an arrestee’s reading history, financial history, medical history and comprehensive records of recent correspondence. The development of “cloud computing,” meanwhile, has made that exploration so much the easier.Americans should take steps to protect their digital privacy. But keeping sensitive information on these devices is increasingly a requirement of normal life. Citizens still have a right to expect private documents to remain private and protected by the Constitution’s prohibition on unreasonable searches.As so often is the case, stating that principle doesn’t ease the challenge of lin e-drawing. In many cases, it would not be overly onerous for authorities to obtain a warrant to search through phone contents. They could still invalidate Fourth Amendment protections when facing severe, urgent circumstances, and they could take reasonable measures to ensure that phone data are not erased or altered while a warrant is pending. The court, though, may want to allow room for police to cite situations where they are entitled to more freedom.But the justices should not swallow California’s argu ment whole. New, disruptive technology sometimes demands novel applications of the Constitution’s protections. Orin Kerr, a law professor, compares the explosion and accessibility of digital information in the 21st century with the establishment of automobile use as a virtual necessity of life in the 20th: The justices had to specify novel rules for the new personal domain of the passenger car then; they must sort out how the Fourth Amendment applies to digital information now.26. The Supreme Court will work out whether, during an arrest, it is legitimate to[A] prevent suspects from deleting their phone contents.[B] search for suspects’ mobile phones without a warrant.[C] check suspects’ phone contents without being authorized.[D]prohibit suspects from using their mobile phones.27. The author’s attitude toward California’s argument is one of[A] disapproval.[B] indifference.[C] tolerance.[D]cautiousness.28. The author believes that exploring one’s phone contents is comparable to[A] getting into one’s residence.[B] handling one’s historical records.[C] scanning one’s correspondences.[D] going through one’s wallet.29. In Paragraph 5 and 6, the author shows his concern that[A] principles are hard to be clearly expressed.[B] the court is giving police less room for action.[C] citizens’ privacy is not effectively protected.[D] phones are used to store sensitive information.30. Orin Kerr’s comparison is quoted to indicate that[A] the Constitution should be implemented flexibly.[B] new technology requires reinterpretation of the Constitution.[C]California’s argument violates principles of the Constitution.[D]principles of the Constitution should never be alteredText 3The journal Science is adding an extra round of statistical checks to its peer-review process, editor-in-chief Marcia McNutt announced today. The policy follows similar efforts from other journals, after widespread concern that basic mistakes in data analysis are contributing to the irreproducibility of many published research findings.“Readers must have confidence in the conclusions published in our journal,” writes McNutt in an editorial. Working with the American Statistical Association, the journal has appointed seven experts to a statistics board of reviewing editors(SBoRE). Manuscript will be flagged up for additional scrutiny by the journal’s internal editors, or by its existing Board of Reviewing Editors or by outside peer reviewers. The SBoRE panel will then find external statisticians to review these manuscripts.Asked whether any particular papers had impelled the change, McNutt said: “The creation of the ‘statistics board’ was motivated by concerns broadly with the application of statistics and data analysis in scientific research and is part of Science’s overall drive to increase reproducibility in the research we publish.”Giovanni Parmigiani, a biostatistician at the Harvard School of Public Health, a member of the SBoRE group. He says he expects the board to “play primarily an advisory role.” He agreed to join because he “found the foresight behind the establishment of the SBoRE to be novel, unique and likely to have a lasting impact. This impact will not only be through the publications in Science itself, but hopefully through a larger group of publishing places that may want to model their approach after Science.”John Ioannidis, a physician who studies research methodology, says that the policy is “amost welcome step forward” and “long overdue.” “Most jour nals are weak in statistical review, and this damages the quality of what they publish. I think that, for the majority of scientific papers nowadays, statistical review is more essential than expert review,” he says. But he noted that biomedical journals such as Annals of Internal Medicine, the Journal of the American Medical Association and The Lancet pay strong attention to statistical review.Professional scientists are expected to know how to analyze data, but statistical errors are alarmingly common in published research, according to David Vaux, a cell biologist. Researchers should improve their standards, he wrote in 2012, but journals should also take a tougher line, “engaging reviewers who are statistically literate and editors who can verify the pr ocess”. Vaux says that Science’s idea to pass some papers to statisticians “has some merit, but a weakness is that it relies on the board of reviewing editors to identify ‘the papers that need scrutiny’ in the first place”.31. It can be learned from Paragraph 1 that[A] Science intends to simplify their peer-review process.[B] journals are strengthening their statistical checks.[C] few journals are blamed for mistakes in data analysis.[D] lack of data analysis is common in research projects.32. The phrase “flagged up” (Para. 2) is the closest in meaning to[A] found.[B] marked.[C] revised.[D] stored.33. Giovanni Parmigiani believes that the establishment of the SBoRE may[A] pose a threat to all its peers.[B] meet with strong opposition.[C] increase Science’s circulation.[D]set an example for other journals.34. David Vaux holds that what Science is doing now[A] adds to researchers’ workload.[B] diminishes the role of reviewers.[C] has room for further improvement.[D]is to fail in the foreseeable future35. Which of the following is the best title of the text?[A] Science Joins Push to Screen Statistics in Papers.[B] Professional Statisticians Deserve More Respect[C] Data Analysis Finds Its Way onto Editors’ Desks[D] Statisticians Are Coming Back with ScienceText 4Two years ago, Rupert Murdoch’s daughter ,Elisabeth ,spoke of the “unsettling dearth of integrity across so many of our institutions” Integrity had collapsed, she argued, because of a c ollective acceptance that the only “sorting mechanism ”in society should be profit and the market .But “it’s us ,human beings ,we the people who create the society we want ,not profit ”.Driving her point home, she continued: “It’s increasingly apparent that the absence of purpose, of a moral language within government, media or business could become one of the most dangerous foals for capitalism and freedom.” This same absence of moral purpose was wounding companies such as News International ,shield thought ,making it more likely that it would lose its way as it had with widespread illegal telephone hacking .As the hacking trial concludes –finding guilty ones-editor of the News of the World, Andy Coulson, for conspiring to hack phones ,and finding his predecessor, Rebekah Brooks, innocent of the same charge –the winder issue of dearth of integrity still standstill, Journalists are known to have hacked the phones of up to 5,500 people .This is hacking on an industrial scale ,as was acknowledged by Glenn Mulcaire, the man hired by the News of the World in 2001 to be the point person for phone hacking. Others await trial. This long story still unfolds.In many respects, the dearth of moral purpose frames not only the fact of such widespread phone hacking but the terms on which the trial took place .One of the astonishing revelations was how little Rebekah Brooks knew of what went on in her newsroom, wow little she thought to ask and the fact that she never inquired wow the stories arrived. The core of her successful defence was that she knew nothing.In today’s world, title has become normal that well—paid executives should not be accountable for what happens in the organizations that they run perhaps we should not be so surprised. For a generation, the collective doctrine has been that the sorting mechanism of society should be profit. The words that have mattered are efficiency, flexibility, shareholder value, business–friendly, wealth generation, sales, impact and, in newspapers, circulation. Words degraded to the margin have been justice fairness, tolerance, proportionality and accountability.The purpose of editing the News of the World was not to promote reader understanding to be fair in what was written or to betray any common humanity. It was to ruin lives in the quest for circulation and impact. Ms Brooks may or may not have had suspicions about how her journalists got their stories, but she asked no questions, gave no instructions—nor received traceable, recorded answers.36. According to the first two paragraphs, Elisabeth was upset by[A] the consequences of the current sorting mechanism[B] companies’ financial loss due to immoral practices.[C] governmental ineffectiveness on moral issues.[D]the wide misuse of integrity among institutions.37. It can be inferred from Paragraph 3 that[A] Glem Mulcaire may deny phone hacking as a crime[B] more journalists may be found guilty of phone hacking.[C] Andy Coulson should be held innocent of the charge.[D] phone hacking will be accepted on certain occasions.38. The author believes the Rebekah Books’s deference[A] revealed a cunning personality[B] centered on trivial issues[C] was hardly convincing[D] was part of a conspiracy39. The author holds that the current collective doctrine shows[A] generally distorted values[B] unfair wealth distribution[C] a marginalized lifestyle[D] a rigid moral cote40. Which of the following is suggested in the last paragraph?[A] The quality of writing is of primary importance.[B] Common humanity is central news reporting.[C] Moral awareness matters in exciting a newspaper.[D] Journalists need stricter industrial regulations.Part BDirections:In the following text, some sentences have been removed. For Questions 41-45, choose the most suitable one from the fist A-G to fit into each of the numbered blanks. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)How does your reading proceed? Clearly you try to comprehend, in the sense of identifying meanings for individual words and working out relationships between them, drawing on your explicit knowledge of English grammar (41) you begin to infer a context for the text, for instance, by making decisions about what kind of speech event is involved: who is making the utterance, to whom, when and where.The ways of reading indicated here are without doubt kinds of of comprehension. But they show comprehension to consist not just passive assimilation but of active engagement inference and problem-solving. You infer information you feel the writer has invited you to grasp by presenting you with specific evidence and cues (42)Conceived in this way, comprehension will not follow exactly the same track for each reader. What is in question is not the retrieval of an absolute, f ixed or “true” meaning that can be read off and clocked for accuracy, or some timeless relation of the text to the world. (43) Such background material inevitably reflects who we are, (44) This doesn’t, however, make interpretation merely relative or even pointless. Precisely because readers from different historical periods, places and social experiences produce different but overlapping readings ofthe same words on the page-including for texts that engage with fundamental human concerns-debates about texts can play an important role in social discussion of beliefs and values.How we read a given text also depends to some extent on our particular interest in reading it. (45) such dimensions of read suggest-as others introduced later in the book will also do-that we bring an implicit (often unacknowledged) agenda to any act of reading. It doesn’t then necessarily follow that one kind of reading is fuller, more advanced or more worthwhile than another. Ideally, different kinds of reading inform each other, and act as useful reference points for and counterbalances to one another. Together, they make up the reading component of your overall literacy or relationship to your surrounding textual environment.[A] Are we studying that text and trying to respond in a way that fulfils the requirement of a given course? Reading it simply for pleasure? Skimming it for information? Ways of reading on a train or in bed are likely to differ considerably from reading in a seminar room.[B] Factors such as the place and period in which we are reading, our gender ethnicity, age and social class will encourage us towards certain interpretation but at the same time obscure or even close off others.[C] If you are unfamiliar with words or idioms, you guess at their meaning, using clues presented in the contest. On the assumption that they will become relevant later, you make a mental note of discourse entities as well as possible links between them.[D]In effect, you try to reconstruct the likely meanings or effects that any given sentence, image or reference might have had: These might be the ones the author intended.[E]You make further inferences, for instance, about how the test may be significant to you, or about its validity—inferences that form the basis of a personal response for which the author will inevitably be far less responsible.[F]In plays，novels and narrative poems, characters speak as constructs created by the author, not necessarily as mouthpieces for the author’s own thoughts.[G]Rather, we ascribe meanings to test on the basis of interaction between what we might call textual and contextual material: between kinds of organization or patterning we perceive in a text’s formal structures (so especially its language structures) and various kinds of background, social knowledge, belief and attitude that we bring to the text.Section III TranslationDirections:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)Within the span of a hundred years, in the seventeenth and early eighteenth centuries, a tide of emigration—one of the great folk wanderings of history—swept from Europe toAmerica. 46) This movement, driven by powerful and diverse motivations, built a nation out of a wilderness and, by its nature, shaped the character and destiny of an uncharted continent.47) The United States is the product of two principal forces-the immigration of European peoples with their varied ideas, customs, and national characteristics and the impact of a new country which modified these traits. Of necessity, colonial America was a projection of Europe. Across the Atlantic came successive groups of Englishmen, Frenchmen, Germans, Scots, Irishmen, Dutchmen, Swedes, and many others who attempted to transplant their habits and traditions to the new world.48) But, the force of geographic conditions peculiar to America, the interplay of the varied national groups upon one another, and the sheer difficulty of maintaining old-world ways in a raw, new continent caused significant changes. These changes were gradual and at first scarcely visible. But the result was a new social pattern which, although it resembled European society in many ways, had a character that was distinctly American.49) The first shiploads of immigrants bound for the territory which is now the United States crossed the Atlantic more than a hundred years after the 15th- and 16th-century explorations of North America. In the meantime, thriving Spanish colonies had been established in Mexico, the West Indies, and South America. These travelers to North America came in small, unmercifully overcrowded craft. During their six- to twelve-week voyage, they subsisted on barely enough food allotted to them. Many of the ship were lost in storms, many passengers died of disease, and infants rarely survived the journey. Sometimes storms blew the vessels far off their course, and often calm brought unbearably long delay.“To the anxious travelers the sight of the American shore brought almost inexpressible relief.” said one recorder of events, “The air at twelve leagues’ distance smelt as sweet as a new-blown garden.” The colonists’ first glimpse of the new land was a sight of dense woods.50) The virgin forest with its richness and variety of trees was a veritable real treasure-house which extended from Maine all the way down to Georgia. Here was abundant fuel and lumber. Here was the raw material of houses and furniture, ships and potash, dyes and naval stores.Section IV WritingPart A51. Directions:You are going to host a club reading session. Write an email of about 100 words recommending a book to the club members.You should state reasons for your recommendation.You should write neatly on the ANSWER SHEET.Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter. Use Li Ming instead.Do not write the address. (10 points)Part B52. Directions:Write an essay of 160-200 words based on the following drawing. In your essay you should1) describe the drawing briefly2) explain its intended meaning, and3) give your commentsYou should write neatly on ANSWER SHEET. (20 points)手机时代的聚会参考答案及详细解析I cloze1. [A] when [B] why [C] how [D] what【答案】[D] what【解析】该题考查的是语法知识。
2015年考研英语一真题(完整版)
2015年考研英语一真题（完整版）来源：中国教育在线Section 1 Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark [A], [B], [C] or [D] on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)Though not biologically related, friends are as "related" as fourth cousins, sharing about 1% of genes. That is 1 a study published from the University of California and Yale University in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, has 2 .The study is a genome-wide analysis conducted 3 1932 unique subjectswhich 4 pairs of unrelated friends and unrelated strangers. The same people were used in both 5 .While 1% may seem 6 , it is not so to a geneticist. As James Fowler, professor of medical genetics at UC San Diego, says, "Most people do noteven 7 their fourth cousins but somehow manage to select as friends the people who 8 our kin."The study 9 found that the genes for smell were something shared in friends but not genes for immunity. Why this similarity in olfactory genes is difficult to explain, for now.10 Perhaps, as the team suggests, it draws us to similar environments but there ismore 11 it. There could be many mechanisms working in tandem that 12 us in choosing genetically similar friends 13 than "functional kinship" of being friendswith 14 !One of the remarkable findings of the study was that the similar genes seem to be evolving 15 than other genes. Studying this could help 16 why human evolution picked pace in the last 30,000 years, with social environment being a major 17 factor.The findings do not simply corroborate people's 18 to befriend those of similar19 backgrounds, say the researchers. Though all the subjects were drawn from a population of European extraction, care was taken to 20 that all subjects, friends and strangers were taken from the same population. The team also controlled the data to check ancestry of subjects.Section II Reading Comprehension1、What2、Concluded3、On4、Compared5、Samples6、Insignificant7、Know8、Resemble9、Also10、Perhaps11、To12、Drive13、Ratherthan14、Benefits15、Faster16、understand17、Contributory18、Tendency19、Ethnic20、seePart ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing [A], [B], [C] or [D]. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points)TEXT 1King Juan Carlos of Spain once insisted"kings don't abdicate, they die in their sleep." But embarrassing scandals and the popularity of the republicans left in the recentEuro-elections have forced him to eat his words and stand down. So, does the Spanish crisis suggest that monarchy is seeing its last days? Does that mean the writing is on the wall for all European royals, with their magnificent uniforms and majestic lifestyles?The Spanish case provides arguments both for and against monarchy. When public opinion is particularly polarized, as it was following the end of the France regime, monarchs can rise above "mere" polities and "embody" a spirit of national unity.It is this apparent transcendence of polities that explains monarchy's continuing popularity as heads of state. And so, the Middle East expected, Europe is the most monarch-infested region in the world, with 10 kingdoms (not counting Vatican City and Andorra). But unlike their absolutist counterparts in the Gulf and Asia, most royal families have survived because they allow voters to avoid the difficult search for anon-controversial but respected public figure.Even so, kings and queens undoubtedly have a downside. Symbolic of national unity as they claim to be, their very history-and sometimes the way they behavetoday-embodies outdated and indefensible privileges and inequalities. At a time when Thomas Piketty and other economists are warming of rising inequality and the increasing power of inherited wealth, it is bizarre that wealthy aristocratic families should still be the symbolic heart of modern democratic states.The most successful monarchies strive to abandon or hide their old aristocratic ways. Princes and princesses have day-jobs and ride bicycles, not horses (or helicopters). Even so, these are wealthy families who party with the international 1%, and media intrusiveness makes it increasingly difficult to maintain the right image.While Europe's monarchies will no doubt be smart enough to survive for some time to come, it is the British royals who have most to fear from the Spanish example.It is only the Queen who has preserved the monarchy's reputation with her rather ordinary (if well-heeled) granny style. The danger will come with Charles, who has both an expensive taste of lifestyle and a pretty hierarchical view of the world. He has failed to understand that monarchies have largely survived because they provide a service-as non-controversial and non-political heads of state. Charles ought to know that as English history shows, it is kings, not republicans, who are the monarchy's worst enemies.21. According to the first two paragraphs, King Juan Carlos of Spain[A]eased his relationship with his rivals.[B]used to enjoy high public support.[C]was unpopular among European royals.[D]ended his reign in embarrassment.22. Monarchs are kept as head of state in Europe mostly[A]to give voters more public figures to look up to.[B]to achieve a balance between tradition and reality.[C]owing to their undoubted and respectable status.[D]due to their everlasting political embodiment.23. Which of the following is shown to be odd, according to Paragraph 4?[A] The role of the nobility in modern democracies.[B] Aristocrats' excessive reliance on inherited wealth.[C] The simple lifestyle of the aristocratic families.[D] The nobility's adherence to their privileges.24. The British royals "have most to fear" because Charles[A]takes a tough line on political issues.[B]fails to change his lifestyle as advised.[C]takes republicans as his potential allies.[D]fails to adapt himself to his future role.25. Which of the following is the best title of the text?[A]Carlos, Glory and Disgrace Combined[B]Charles, Anxious to Succeed to the Throne[C]Charles, Slow to React to the Coming Threats[D]Carlos, a Lesson for All European Monarchs21.Dended his reign in embarrassment.22. C owing to the undoubted and respectable status23. A the role of the nobility in modern democracy24. B fails to change his lifestyle as advised.25. D Carlos, a lesson for all MonarchiesTEXT 2Just how much does the Constitution protect your digital data? The Supreme Court will now consider whether police can search the contents of a mobile phone without a warrant if the phone is on or around a person during an arrest.California has asked the justices to refrain from a sweeping ruling, particularly one that upsets the old assumptions that authorities may search through the possessions of suspects at the time of their arrest. It is hard, the state argues, for judges to assess the implications of new and rapidly changing technologies.The court would be recklessly modest if it followed California's advice. Enough of the implications are discernable, even obvious, so that the justice can and should provide updated guidelines to police, lawyers and defendants.They should start by discarding California's lame argument that exploring the contents of a smartphone- a vast storehouse of digital information is similar to say, going through a suspect's purse .The court has ruled that police don't violate the Fourth Amendment when they go through the wallet or pocketbook, of an arrestee without a warrant. But exploring one's smartphone is more like entering his or her home. A smartphone may contain an arrestee's reading history, financial history, medical history and comprehensive records of recent correspondence. The development of "cloud computing." meanwhile, has made that exploration so much the easier.But the justices should not swallow California's argument whole. New, disruptive technology sometimes demands novel applications of the Constitution's protections. Orin Kerr, a law professor, compares the explosion and accessibility of digital information in the 21st century with the establishment of automobile use as a digital necessity of life in the 20th: The justices had to specify novel rules for the new personal domain of the passenger car then; they must sort out how the Fourth Amendment applies to digital information now.26. The Supreme court, will work out whether, during an arrest, it is legitimate to[A] search for suspects' mobile phones without a warrant.[B] check suspects' phone contents without being authorized.[C] prevent suspects from deleting their phone contents.[D] prohibit suspects from using their mobile phones.27. The author's attitude toward California's argument is one of[A] tolerance.[B] indifference.[C] disapproval.[D] cautiousness.28. The author believes that exploring one's phone content is comparable to[A] getting into one's residence.[B] handing one's historical records.[C] scanning one's correspondences.[D] going through one's wallet.29. In Paragraph 5 and 6, the author shows his concern that[A] principles are hard to be clearly expressed.[B] the court is giving police less room for action.[C] phones are used to store sensitive information.[D] citizens' privacy is not effective protected.30.Orin Kerr's comparison is quoted to indicate that(A)the Constitution should be implemented flexibly.(B)New technology requires reinterpretation of the Constitution.(C)California's argument violates principles of the Constitution.(D)Principles of the Constitution should never be altered.26. Bcheck suspect's phone contents without being authorized.27.Cdisapproval28.A getting into one's residence29. D citizens' privacy is not effectively protected30.B new technology requires reinterpretation of the constitutionText 3The journal Science is adding an extra source at Peer-review process, editor-in-chief Marcia McNott announced today. The Follows similar efforts from other journals, after widespread concern that Mistakes in data analysis are contributing to the Published research findings."Readers must have confidence in the conclusions published in our journal,"writes McNutt in an editorial. Working with the American Statistical Association, the Journal has appointed seven experts to a statistics board of reviewing Manuscript will be flagged up for additional scrutiny by the Journal's editors, or by its existing Board of Reviewing Editors or by outside peer The SBoRE panel will then find external statisticians to review theseAsked whether any particular papers had impelled the change, McNutt said,"The creation of the'statistics board'was motivated by concerns broadly with the application of statistics and data analysis in scientific research and is part of Science's overall drive to increase reproducibility in the research we publish."Giovanni Parmigiani，a biostatistician at the Harvard School of Public Health, a member of the SBoRE group, says he expects the board to "play primarily on advisory role." He agreed to join because he "found the foresight behind the establishment of the SBoRE to be novel, unique and likely to have a lasting impact. This impact will not only be through the publications in Science itself, but hopefully through a larger group of publishing places that may want to model their approach after Science."John Ioannidis, a physician who studies research methodology, says that the policy is "a most welcome step forward"and "long overdue,""Most journals are weak in statistical review，and this damages the quality of what they publish. I think that, for the majority of scientific papers nowadays, statistical review is more essential than expert review,"he says. But he noted that biomedical journals such as Annals of Internal Medicine, the Journal of the American Medical Association and The Lancet pay strong attention to statistical review.Professional scientists are expected to know how to analyze data, but statistical errors are alarmingly common in published research，according to David Vaux，a cell biologist. Researchers should improve their standards, he wrote in 2012，but journals should also take a tougher line，"engaging reviewers who are statistically literate and editors who can verify the process."Vaux says that Science's idea to pass some papers to statisticians "has some merit，but a weakness is that it relies on the board of reviewing editors to identify'the papers that need scrutiny'in the first place."31. It can be learned from Paragraph I that[A] Science intends to simplify its peer-review process.[B]journals are strengthening their statistical checks.[C]few journals are blamed for mistakes in data analysis.[D]lack of data analysis is common in research projects.32. The phrase "flagged up "(Para.2)is the closest in meaning to[A]found.[B]revised.[C]marked[D]stored33. Giovanni Parmigiani believes that the establishment of the SBoRE may[A]pose a threat to all its peers[B]meet with strong opposition[C]increase Science's circulation.[D]set an example for other journals34. David Vaux holds that what Science is doing nowA. adds to researchers' worklosd.B. diminishes the role of reviewers.C. has room for further improvement.D. is to fail in the foreseeable future.35. Which of the following is the best title of the text?A. Science Joins Push to Screen Statistics in PapersB. Professional Statisticians Deserve More RespectC. Data Analysis Finds Its Way onto Editors' DesksD. Statisticians Are Coming Back with Science31.B journals are strengthening their statistical checks32.B marked33. D set an example for other journals34. C has room for further improvement35.A science joins Push to screen statistics in papersText4Two years ago. Rupert Murdoch's daughter, spoke at the "unsettling dearth of integrity across so many of our collapsed, she argued, because of a collective acceptance that the mechanism"in society should be profit and the market we the people who create the society we want, not profit."Driving her point home, she continued"It's increasingly absence of purpose，of a moral language with in government, could become one of the most dangerous goals for capitalism and freedom." This same absence of moral purpose was wounding companies, such as International, she thought, making it more likely that it would fore had with widespread illegal telephone hacking.As the hacking trial concludes-finding guilty one ex-editor of the News of the World, Andy Coulson, for conspiring to hack phones, and finding the predecessor, Rebekah Brooks, innocent of the same charge-the wide dearth of integrity still stands. Journalists are known to have hacked the phones of up to 5,500 people. This is hacking on an industrial scale, as was acknowledged by Glenn Mulcaire, the man hired by the News of the World in 2001 to be the point person for phone hacking. Others await trial. This long story still unfolds.In many respects, the dearth of moral purpose frames not only the fact of such widespread phone hacking but the terms on which the trial took place. One of the astonishing revelations was how little Rebekah Brooks knew of what went on in her newsroom, how little she thought to ask and the fact that she never inquired how the stories arrived. The core of her successful defence was that she knew nothing.In today's world, it has become normal that well-paid executives should not be accountable for what happens in the organizations that they run. Perhaps we should not be so surprised. For a generation, the collective doctrine has been that the sorting mechanism of society should be profit. The words that have mattered are efficiency,flexibility, shareholder value, business-friendly, wealth generation, sales, impact and, in newspapers, circulation. Words degraded to the margin have been justice, fairness, tolerance, proportionality and accountability.The purpose of editing the News of the World was not to promote reader understanding, to be fair in what was written or to betray any common humanity. It was to ruin lives in the quest for circulation and impact. Ms Brooks may or may not have had suspicions about how her journalists got their stories, but she asked no questions, gave no instructions-nor received traceable, recorded answers.36. Accordign to the first two paragraphs, Elisabeth was upset by(A) the consequences of the current sorting mechanism.(B) companies' financial loss due to immoral practices(C) governmental ineffectiveness on moral issues.(D) the wide misuse of integrity among institutions.37. It can be inferred from Paragraph 3 that(A) Glenn Mulcaire may deny phone hacking as a crime.(B) more journalists may be found guilty of phone hacking.(C) Andy Coulson should be held innocent of the charge.(D) phone hacking will be accepted on certain occasions.38. The author believes that Rebekah Brooks's defence(A) revealed a cunning personality.(B) centered on trivial issues.(C) was hardly convincing.(D) was part of a conspiracy.39. The author holds that the current collective doctrine shows(A) generally distorted values.(B) unfair wealth distribution.(C) a marginalized lifestyle.(D) a rigid moral code.40 Which of the following is suggested in the last paragraph?(A) The quality of writings is of primary importance.(B) Common humanity is central to news reporting.(C) Moral awareness matters in editing a newspaper.(D) Journalists need stricter industrial regulations.36. A the consequences of the current sorting mechanism37. Bmore journalists may be found guilty of phone hacking38. C was hardly convincing39. A generally distorted values40. C moral awareness matters in editing a newspaperPart BDirections:In the following text, some sentences have been removed. For Questions 41-45, choose the most suitable one from the list A- G to fit into each of numbered blanks. There are two extra choices, which do not fit in any of the blanks. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)How does your reading proceed? Clearly you try to comprehend, in the sense of identifying meanings for individual words and working out relationships between them, drawing on your implicit knowledge of English grammar.(41)______________ You begin to infer a context for the text, for instance, by making decisions about what kind of speech event is involved.Who is making the utterance, to whom, when and where.The ways of reading indicated here are without doubt kinds of comprehension. But they show comprehension to consist not just of passive assimilation but of active engagement in inference and problem-solving. You infer information you feel the writer has invited you to grasp by presenting you with specific evidence andclues.(42)_________________Conceived in this way, comprehension will not follow exactly the same track for each reader. What is in question is not the retrieval of an absolute, fixed or "true" meaning that can be read off and checked for accuracy, or some timeless relation of the text to theworld.(43)___________Such background material inevitably reflects who we are.(44)________________________This doesn't, however, make interpretation merely relative or even pointless. Precisely because readers from different historical periods, places and social experiences produce different but overlapping readings of the same words on the page-including for texts that engage with fundamental human concerns-debates about texts can play an important role in social discussion of beliefs and values.How we read a given text also depends to some extent on our particular interest in reading it.(45)_______________________Such dimensions of reading suggest-as others introduced later in the book will also do-that we bring an implicit(often unacknowledged)agenda to any act of reading. It doesn't then necessarily follow that one kind of reading is fuller, more advanced or more worthwhile than another. Ideally, different minds of reading inform each other, and act as useful reference points for and counterbalances to one another. Together, they make up the reading component of your overall literacy, or relationship to your surrounding textual environment.[A] Are we studying that text and trying to respond in a way that fulfills the requirement of a given course? Reading it simply for pleasure? Skimming it forinformation? Ways of reading on a train or in bed are likely to differ considerably from reading in a seminar room.[B] Factors such as the place and period in which we are reading, our gender, ethnicity, age and social class will encourage us towards certain interpretations but at the same time obscure or even close off others.[C] If you are unfamiliar with words or idioms, you guess at theirmeaning, using clues presented in the context. On the assumption that they will become relevant later, you make a mental note of discourse entities as well as possible links between them.[D] In effect, you try to reconstruct the likely meanings or effects that any given sentence, image or reference might have had: These might be the ones the author intended.[E] You make further inferences, for instance, about how the text may be significant to you, or about its validity-inferences that form the basis of a personal response for which the author will inevitably be far less responsible.[F] In plays, novels and narrative poems, characters speak as constructs created by the author, not necessarily as mouthpieces for the author's own thoughts.[G] Rather, we ascribe meanings to texts on the basis of interaction between what we might call textual and contextual material:between kinds of organization or patterning we perceive in a text's formal structures(so especially its language structures) and various kinds of background, social knowledge, belief and attitude that we bring to the text.41.C 42.E 43.G 44.B 45.APart CDirections:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined sentences into Chinese. Your translation should be written neatly on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points) Within the span of a hundred years, in the seventeenth and early eighteenth centuries, a tide of emigration-one the great folk wanderings of history-swept from Europe to America. (46) This movement, driven by powerful and diverse motivations, built a nation out of a wilderness and, by its nature, shaped the character and destiny of an uncharted continent.(47) The United States is the product of two principal forces-the immigration of European peoples with their varied ideas,customs and national characteristics and the impact of a new country which modified these traits. Of necessity, colonial America was a projection of Europe. Across the Atlantic came successive groups of Englishmen, Frenchmen, Germans, Scots, Irishmen, Dutchmen, Swedes, and many others who attempted to transplant their habits and traditions to the new world. (48) But the force of geographic conditions peculiar to America, the interplay of the varied national groupsupon one another, and the sheer difficulty of maintaining old-world ways in a raw, new continent caused significant changes. These changes were gradual and at first scarcely visible. But the result was a new social pattern which, although it resembled European society in many ways, had a character that was distinctly American.(49) The first shiploads of immigrants bound for the territory which is now the United States crossed the Atlantic more than a hundred years after the 15th-and-16th-century explorations of North America. In the meantime, thriving Spanish colonies had been established in Mexico, the West Indies, and South America. These travelers to North America came in small, unmercifully overcrowded craft. During their six-to twelve-week voyage, they survived on barely enough food allotted to them. Many of the ships were lost in storms, many passengers died of disease, and infants rarely survived the journey. Sometimes storms blew the vessels far off their course, and often calm brought unbearably long delay.To the anxious travelers the sight of the American shore brought almost inexpressible relief. Said one recorder of events, "The air at twelve leagues' distance smelt as sweet as a new-blown garden." Thecolonists' first glimpse of the new land was a sight of dense woods.(50)The virgin forest with its richness and variety of trees was a realtreasure-house which extended from Maine all the way down to Georgia. Here was abundant fuel and lumber. Here was the raw material of houses and furniture, ships and potash, dyes and naval stores.46）在多种强大的动机驱动下，这次运动在一片荒野上建起了一个国家，其本身塑造了一个未知大陆的性格和命运。
2015考研英语一真题及答案解析.doc
2015 年考研英语 (一 )真题完整版Directions:Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)Though not biologically related, friends are as cousins, sharing about 1%of genes. That is _(1)_a University of California and Yale University in“ related” as fourth study, published from the the Proceedings of theNational Academy of Sciences, has__(2)_.The study is a genome-wide analysis conducted _(3)__1,932 unique subjects which __(4)__pairs of unrelated friends and unrelated strangers. The same people were used in both_(5)_.While 1% may seem_(6)_,it is not so to a geneticist. As James Fowler,professor of medical genetics at UC San Diego, says,“Most people do not even _(7)_their fourth cousins but somehow manage to select as friendsthe people who_(8)_our kin. ”The study_(9)_found that the genes for smell were something shared infriends but not genes for immunity .Why this similarity exists in smell genes is difficult to explain, for now,_(10)_,as the team suggests, it draws usto similar environments but there is more_(11)_it. There could be many mechanisms working together that _(12)_us in choosing genetically similar friends_(13)_ ”functional Kinship ” of being friends with_(14)_!One of the remarkable findings of the study was the similar genes seemto be evolution_(15)_than other genes Studying this could help_(16)_why human evolution picked pace in the last 30,000 years, with social environment being a major_(17)_factor.The findings do not simply explain people’s_(18)_to befriend those of similar_(19)_backgrounds,say the researchers. Though all the subjects were drawn from a population of European extraction, care was taken to_(20)_thatall subjects, friends and strangers, were taken from the same population.1.[A] when [B] why [C] how [D] what2.[A] defended [B] concluded [C] withdrawn [D] advised3.[A] for [B] with [C] on [D] by4.[A] compared [B] sought [C] separated [D] connected5.[A] tests [B] s [C]samples [D] examples6.[A] insignificant [B] unexpected [C]unbelievable [D] incredible7.[A] visit [B] miss [C] seek [D] know8.[A] resemble [B] influence [C] favor [D] surpass9.[A] again [B] also [C] instead [D] thus10.[A] Meanwhile [B] Furthermore [C] Likewise [D] Perhaps11. [A] about [B] to [C]from [D]like12.[A] drive [B] observe [C] confuse [D]limit13.[A] according to [B] rather than [C] regardless of [D] along with14.[A] chances [B]responses [C]missions [D]benefits15.[A] later [B]slower [C] faster [D] earlier16.[A]forecast [B]remember [C]understand [D]express17.[A] unpredictable [B]contributory [C] controllable [D] disruptive18.[A] endeavor [B]decision [C]arrangement [D] tendency19.[A] political [B] religious [C] ethnic [D] economic20.[A] see [B] show [C] prove [D] tellSection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET. (40 points) Text 1King Juan Carlos of Spain once insisted “kings don ’t abdicate, theydare in their sleep. republican left in”But embarrassing scandals and the popularity of thethe recent Euro-elections have forced him to eat his wordsand stand down. So, does the Spanish crisis suggest that monarchy isseeing its last days? Does that mean the writing is on the wall for allEuropean royals, with their magnificent uniforms and majestic lifestyle?The Spanish case provides arguments both for and against monarchy. When public opinion is particularly polarised, as it was following the end of the Franco regime, monarchs can rise above “mere”politics and “embody”a spiritof national unity.It is this apparent transcendence of politics that explains monarchs’continuing popularity polarized. And also, the Middle East excepted, Europe is the most monarch-infested region in the world, with 10 kingdoms (notcounting Vatican City and Andorra). But unlike their absolutist counterparts in the Gulf and Asia, most royal families have survived because they allowvoters to avoid the difficult search for a non-controversial butrespected public figure.Even so, kings and queens undoubtedly have a downside. Symbolic of national unity as they claim to be, their very history—and sometimes the way they behave today–embodies outdated and indefensible privileges and inequalities.At a time when ThomasPiketty and other economists are warning of rising inequality and the increasing power of inherited wealth, it isbizarre that wealthy aristocratic families should still be the symbolic heart of modern democratic states.The most successful monarchies strive to abandon or hide their oldaristocratic ways. Princes and princesses have day-jobs and ride bicycles,not horses (or helicopters). Even so, these are wealthy families who partywith the international 1%, and media intrusiveness makes it increasinglydifficult to maintain the right image.While Europe ’s monarchies will no doubt be smart enough to survive forsome time to come, it is the British royals who have most to fear from theSpanish example.It is only the Queen who has preserved the monarchy’s reputation withher rather ordinary (if well-heeled) granny style. The danger will come with Charles, who has both an expensive taste of lifestyle and a pretty hierarchical view of the world. He has failed to understand that monarchieshave largely survived because they provide a service–as non-controversial and non-political heads of state. Charles ought to know that as Englishhistory shows, it is kings, not republicans, who are the monarchy’s worst enemies.21.According to the first two Paragraphs, King Juan Carlos of Spain[A] used turn enjoy high public support[B] was unpopular among European royals[C] cased his relationship with his rivals[D]ended his reign in embarrassment22.Monarchs are kept as heads of state in Europe mostly[A] owing to their undoubted and respectable status[B] to achieve a balance between tradition and reality[C] to give voter more public figures to look up to[D]due to their everlasting political embodiment23.Which of the following is shown to be odd, according to Paragraph 4?[A]Aristocrats’excessive reliance on inherited wealth[B]The role of the nobility in modern democracies[C]The simple lifestyle of the aristocratic families[D]The nobility’s adherence to their privileges24. The British royals“have most to fear” because Charles[A]takes a rough line on political issues[B]fails to change his lifestyle as advised[C]takes republicans as his potential allies[D]fails to adapt himself to his future role25. Which of the following is the best title of the text?[A]Carlos, Glory and Disgrace Combined[B]Charles, Anxious to Succeed to the Throne[C]Carlos, a Lesson for All European Monarchs[D]Charles, Slow to React to the ComingThreats TEXT 2Just how much does the Constitution protect your digital data? The Supreme Cpurt will now consider whether police can search the contents of a mobilephone without a warrant if the phone is on or around a person during an arrest.California has asked the justices to refrain from a sweeping ruling,particularly one that upsets the old assumptions that authorities through the possessions of suspects at the time of their arrest. the state argues, for judges to assess the implications of new and rapidly changing technologies.may search It is hard,The court would be recklessly modest if Enough of the implications are discernable, can and should provide updated guidelinesit followed California ’s advice. even obvious, so that the justice to police, lawyers and defendants.They should start by discarding California ’s lame argument that exploring the contents of a smartphone- a vast storehouse of digital information issimilar to say, going through a suspect’s purse .The court has ruled that police don't violate the Fourth Amendment when they go through the walletor porcketbook, of an arrestee without a warrant.But exploring one’ s smartphone is more like entering his or her home. A smartphone may containan arrestee’ s reading history ,financial history,medical history and comprehensive records of recent correspondence. The development of“ cloud computing. ” meanwhile, has made that exploration so much the easier.But the justices should not swallow California’s argument whole. New, disruptive technology sometimes demands novel applications of the Constitution’ s protections.Orin Kerr, a law professor,compares the explosion and accessibility of digital information in the 21st century withthe establishment of automobile use as a digital necessity of life in the20th: The justices had to specify novel rules for the new personal domainof the passenger car then; they must sort out how the Fourth Amendmentapplies to digital information now.26.The Supreme court, will work out whether, during an arrest, itis legitimate to[A]search for suspects’mobile phones without a warrant.[B]check suspects ’phone contents without being authorized.[C]prevent suspects from deleting their phone contents.[D]prohibit suspects from using their mobile phones.27. The author’s attitude toward California’s argument is one of[A]tolerance.[B]indifference.[C]disapproval.[D]cautiousness.28. The author believes that exploring one’s phone content is comparable to[A] getting into one’s residence.[B]handing one ’s historical records.[C]scanning one ’s correspondences.[D] going through one’s wallet.29.In Paragraph 5 and 6, the author shows his concernthat [A] principles are hard to be clearly expressed.[B] the court is giving police less room for action. [C]phones are used to store sensitive information.[D] citizens ’privacy is not effective protected.30.Orin Kerr ’s comparison is quoted to indicate that(A)the Constitution should be implemented flexibly.(B)New technology requires reinterpretation of the Constitution.(C)California’s argument violates principles of the Constitution.(D)Principles of the Constitution should never be altered.Text 3The journal Science is adding an extra round of statistical checks toits peer-review process, editor-in-chief Marcia McNutt announced today.The policy follows similar efforts from other journals, after widespread concern that basic mistakes in data analysis are contributing to the irreproducibility of many published research findings.“ Readers must have confidence in the conclusions published in our journal,”writes McNutt in an editorial.Working with the American Statistical Association, the journal has appointed seven experts to a statistics boardof reviewing editors (SBoRE). Manuwill be flagged up for additional scrutiny by the journal ’s internal editors, or by its existing Board of Reviewing Editorsexternal or by outside peer reviewers. The SBoREpanel will then find statisticians toreview these manus.Asked whether any particular papers had impelled the change, McNutt said: “The creation of the ‘statistics board ’was motivated by concerns broadly with the application of statistics and data analysis in scientific researchand is part of Science’s overall drive to increase reproducibility in theresearch we publish.”Giovanni Parmigiani, a biostatistician at the Harvard School of PublicHealth, a member of the SBoRE group, says he expects the board to“ play primarily an advisory role. ”He agreed to join because he “found the foresight behind the establishment of the SBoREto be novel, unique and likely to have a lasting impact. This impact will not only be through the publications inScience itself, but hopefully through a larger group of publishing placesthat may want to model their approach after Science.”31、It can be learned from Paragraph I that[A]Science intends to simplify its peer-review process.[B]journals are strengthening their statistical checks.[C]few journals are blamed for mistakes in data analysis.[D]lack of data analysis is common in research projects.32、The phrase“flagged up”(Para.2)is the closest in meaning to[A]found.[B]revised.[C]marked[D]stored33、Giovanni Parmigiani believes that the establishment of the SBoREmay[A]pose a threat to all its peers[B]meet with strong opposition[C]increase Science’s circulation.[D]set an example for other journals34、David Vaux holds that what Science is doing nowA. adds to researchers’worklosd.B. diminishes the role of reviewers.C. has room for further improvement.D. is to fail in the foreseeable future.35.Which of the following is the best title of the text?A. Science Joins Push to Screen Statistics in PapersB. Professional Statisticians Deserve More RespectC. Data Analysis Finds Its Way onto Editors’DesksD. Statisticians Are Coming Back with ScienceText 4Two years ago, Rupert Murdoch ’ s daughter ,Elisabeth ,spoke of the”Integrity “unsettling dearth of integrity across so manyof our institutions hadcollapsed, she argued, because of a collective acceptance that the only“sorting mechanism ”in society should be profit and the market .But “it ’s us ,human beings ,we the people who create the society we want ,not profit”.Driving her point home, she continued: “It ’s increasingly apparent that the absence of purpose, of a moral language within government, media or business could become one of the most dangerous foals for capitalism andfreedom. ”This same absence of moral purpose was wounding companies such as News International ,shield thought ,making it more likely that it would lose its way as it had with widespread illegal telephone hacking .As the hacking trial concludes–finding guilty ones-editor of the News of the World, Andy Coulson, for conspiring to hack phones ,and finding his predecessor, Rebekah Brooks, innocent of the same charge –the winder issueof dearth of integrity still standstill,Journalists are known to have hacked the phones of up to 5,500 people .This is hacking on an industrial scale ,aswas acknowledged by Glenn Mulcaire, the man hired by the News of theWorld in 2001 to be the point person for phone hacking. Others await trial. Thislong story still unfolds.In many respects, the dearth of moral purpose frames not only the factof such widespread phone hacking but the terms on which the trial took place .One of the astonishing revelations was how little Rebekah Brooks knew of what went on in her newsroom, wow little she thought to ask and thefact that she never inquired wow the stories arrived. The core of hersuccessful defence was that she knew nothing.In today ’s world, title has become normal that well—paid executivesshould not be accountable for what happens in the organizations that theyrun perhaps we should not be so surprised. For a generation, the collectivedoctrine has been that the sorting mechanism of society should be profit.The words that have mattered are efficiency,flexibility,shareholder value, business – friendly, wealth generation, sales, impact and, in newspapers, circulation.Words degraded to the margin have been justice fairness, tolerance, proportionality and accountability.The purpose of editing the News of the World was not to promote reader understanding to be fair in what was written or to betray any commonhumanity. It was to ruin lives in the quest for circulation and impact. Ms Brooks may or may not have had suspicions about how her journalists got their stories,but she asked no questions, gave no instructions—nor received traceable, recorded answers.36.According to the first two paragraphs, Elisabeth was upsetby [A] the consequences of the current sorting mechanism[B] companies ’financial loss due to immoral practices.[C] governmental ineffectiveness on moral issues.[D]the wide misuse of integrity among institutions.37.It can be inferred from Paragraph 3 that[A] Glem Mulcaire may deny phone hacking as a crime[B]more journalists may be found guilty of phone hacking.[C]Andy Coulson should be held innocent of the charge.[D]phone hacking will be accepted on certain occasions.38. The author believes the Rebekah Books’s deference[A]revealed a cunning personality[B]centered on trivial issues[C]was hardly convincing[D]was part of a conspiracy39.The author holds that the current collective doctrine shows[A] generally distorted values[B] unfair wealth distribution[C] a marginalized lifestyle[D] a rigid moral cote40.Which of the following is suggested in the last paragraph?[A] The quality of writing is of primary importance.[B] Common humanity is central news reporting.[C] Moral awareness matters in exciting a newspaper.[D]Journalists need stricter industrial regulations.Part BDirectionsIn the following text, some sentences have been removed. ForQuestions 41-45, choose the most suitable one from the list A-G to fit intoeach of numbered blanks. There are two extra choices, which do not fit in anyof the blanks .Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)Howdoes your reading proceed? Clearly you try to comprehend, in the sense of identifying meanings for individual words and working out relationshipsbetween them drawing on your? implicit knowledge of English grammar.(41)________You begin to infer a context for the text, for instance, by making decisions about? what kind of speech event is involved. Whois making the utterance, to whom, when and where.The ways of reading indicated here are without doubt kinds of comprehension. But they show comprehension to consist not just of passive assimilation but of active engagement in? inference and problem-solving.You infer information you feel the writer has invited you to grasp by presenting you with specific evidence and clues.(42)_________Conceived in this way, comprehension will not follow exactly the sametrack for each reader. What is in question is not the retrieval of an absolute, fixed or "true" meaning that can be read off and checked for accuracy, orsome timeless relation of text to the world.(43)_________Such background material inevitably reflects who we are.(44)_______This doesn`t, however, make interpretation merely relative or even pointless.Precisely because readers from different historical periods, places and social experiences produce different but overlapping readings of the same words on the page--including for texts that engage with fundamental human concerns--debates about texts can play an important role in socialdiscussion of beliefs and values.How we read a given text also depends to some extent on our particularinterest in reading it,(45)________Such dimensions of reading suggest-asothers introduced later in the book will also do-that we bring an implicit(often unacknowledged)agenda to any act of reading. It doesn`t then necessarily follow that one kind of reading is fuller, more advanced or more worthwhile than another. Ideally, different minds of reading inform eachother, and act as useful reference points for and counterbalances to oneanother. Together, they makeup the reading component of your overall literacy, or relationship to your surrounding textual environment.[A] Are we studying that text and trying to respond in a way that fulfillsthe requirement of a given course? Reading it simply for pleasure? Skimmingit for information? Waysof reading on a train or in bed are likely to differ considerably from reading in a seminar room.[B] Factors such as the place and period in which we are reading ,ourgender, ethnicity, age and social class will encourage us towards certaininterpretations but at the same time obscure or even close off others.[C] If you unfamiliar with words or idioms, you guess at their meaning,using clues presented in the context. On the assumption that they will become relevant later, you make a mental note of discourse entities as well as possible links between them.[D] In effect, you try to reconstruct the likely meanings or effects that any given sentence, image or reference might have had: These might be theones the author intended.[E] You makefurther inferences that form the basis of a personal response for which the author will inevitably be far less responsible.Section III TranslationDirections:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlinedsegments into Chinese. Your translation should be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)Within the span of a hundred years, in the seventeenth and early eighteenth centuries, a tide of emigration —one of the great folk wanderings of history—swept from Europe to America. 46) This movement, driven by powerful and diverse motivations, built a nation out of a wilderness and, byits nature, shaped the character and destiny of an uncharted continent.47) The United States is the product of two principal forces-the immigration of European peoples with their varied ideas, customs,and national characteristics and the impact of a new country which modified these traits. Of necessity, colonial America was a projection of Europe. Acrossthe Atlantic came successive groups of Englishmen, Frenchmen, Germans, Scots, Irishmen, Dutchmen, Swedes, and many others who attempted to transplant their habits and traditions to the new world.48)But, the force of geographic conditions peculiar to America, theinterplay of the varied national groups upon one another, and the sheerdifficulty of maintaining old-world ways in a raw, new continent causedsignificant changes. These changes were gradual and at first scarcely visible. But the result was a new social pattern which, although it resembled European society in many ways, had a character that was distinctly American.49)The first shiploads of immigrants bound for the territory which is nowthe United States crossed the Atlantic more than a hundred years after the15th- and 16th-century explorations of North America. In the meantime,thriving Spanish colonies had been established in Mexico, the West Indies,and South America. These travelers to North America came in small, unmercifully overcrowded craft. During their six- to twelve-week voyage, they subsisted on barely enough food allotted to them. Many of the ship were lostin storms, many passengers died of disease, and infants rarely survivedthe journey. Sometimes storms blew the vessels far off their course, andoften calm brought unbearably long delay.“To the anxious travelers the sight of the American shore brought almost inexpressible relief.” said one recorder of events,“The air at twelve leagues ’ distance smelt as sweet as a new-blown garden.”The colonists’first glimpse of the new land was a sight of dense woods. 50) The virgin forest with its richness and variety of trees was a veritable real treasure-housewhich extended from Maine all the way down to Georgia. Here was abundant fuel and lumber. Here was the raw material of houses and furniture,ships and potash, dyes and naval stores.Section IV WritingPart A51. Directions:You are going to host a club reading session. Write an email of about100 words recommending a book to the club members.You should state reasons for your recommendation.You should write neatly on the ANSWER SHEET.Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter. Use Li Ming instead.Do not write the address. (10 points)Part B52. Directions:Write an essay of 160-200 words based on the following drawing. In your essay you should1)describe the drawing briefly2)explain its intended meaning, and3)give your commentsYou should write neatly on ANSWER SHEET. (20 points)一.Close test1、What2、Concluded3、On4、Compared5、Samples6、Insignificant7、Know8、Resemble9、Also10、Perhaps11、To12、Drive13、Ratherthan14、Benefits15、Faster16、understand17、Contributory18、Tendency19、Ethnic20、seeII Readingcomprehension Part AText 121. C ended his regin in embarrassment22. A owing to their undoubted and respectable status23. C the role of the nobility in modern democracy24. D fails to adapt himsself to his future role25.B Carlos, a lesson for all European MonarchiesText 226.B check suspect's phone contents without being authorized.27.C disapproval28.A getting into one's residence29.D citizens' privacy is not effectively protected30.B new technology requires reinterpretation of the constitution Text 331.B journals are strengthening their statistical checks32.C marked33.D set an example for other journals34.C has room for further improvement35.A science joins Push to screen statistics in papersText 436.A the consequences of the current sorting mechanism37.B more journalists may be found guilty of phone hacking38.C was hardly convincing39.A generally distorted values40.C moral awareness matters in editing a newspaperPart B41.C if you are unfamiliar...42.E you make further inferences...43.D Rather ,we ascribe meanings to...44.B factors such as...45.A are we studying that ...Part C46)在多种强大的动机驱动下，这次运动在一片荒野上建起了一个国家，其本身塑造了一个未知大陆的性格和命运。
2015年全国硕士研究生入学考试英语(一)真题(完整版)
2015年全国硕士研究生入学考试英语（一）Directions:Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)Though not biologically related, friends are as ―related‖ as fourth cousins, sharing about 1% of genes. That is _(1)_a study, published from the University of California and Yale University in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, has__(2)_.The study is a genome-wide analysis conducted _(3)__1,932 unique subjects which __(4)__pairs of unrelated friends and unrelated strangers. The same people were used in both_(5)_.While 1% may seem_(6)_,it is not so to a geneticist. As James Fowler, professor of medical genet ics at UC San Diego, says, ―Most people do not even _(7)_their fourth cousins but somehow manage to select as friends the people who_(8)_our kin.‖The study_(9)_found that the genes for smell were something shared in friends but not genes for immunity .Why this similarity exists in smell genes is difficult to explain, for now,_(10)_,as the team suggests, it draws us to similar environments but there is more_(11)_it. There could be many mechanisms working together that_(12)_us in choosing genetically simi lar friends_(13)_‖functional Kinship‖ of being friends with_(14)_!One of the remarkable findings of the study was the similar genes seem to be evolution_(15)_than other genes Studying this could help_(16)_why human evolution picked pace in the last 30,000 years, with social environment being amajor_(17)_factor.The findings do not simply explain people‘s_(18)_to befriend those of similar_(19)_backgrounds, say the researchers. Though all the subjects were drawn from a population of European extraction, care was taken to_(20)_that all subjects, friends and strangers, were taken from the same population.1. [A] when [B] why [C] how [D] what2. [A] defended [B] concluded [C] withdrawn [D] advised3. [A] for [B] with [C] on [D] by4. [A] compared [B] sought [C] separated [D] connected5. [A] tests [B] objects [C]samples [D] examples6. [A] insignificant [B] unexpected [C]unbelievable [D] incredible7. [A] visit [B] miss [C] seek [D] know8. [A] resemble [B] influence [C] favor [D] surpass9. [A] again [B] also [C] instead [D] thus10. [A] Meanwhile [B] Furthermore [C] Likewise [D] Perhaps11. [A] about [B] to [C]from [D]like12. [A] drive [B] observe [C] confuse [D]limit13. [A] according to [B] rather than [C] regardless of [D] along with14. [A] chances [B]responses [C]missions [D]benefits15. [A] later [B]slower [C] faster [D] earlier16. [A]forecast [B]remember [C]understand [D]express17. [A] unpredictable [B]contributory [C] controllable [D] disruptive18. [A] endeavor [B]decision [C]arrangement [D] tendency19. [A] political [B] religious [C] ethnic [D] economic20. [A] see [B] show [C] prove [D] tellSection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET. (40 points)Text 1King Juan Carlos of Spain once insisted ―kings don‘t abdicate, they dare in their sleep.‖ But embarrassing scandals and the popularity of the republican lef t in the recent Euro-elections have forced him to eat his words and stand down. So, does the Spanish crisis suggest that monarchy is seeing its last days? Does that mean the writing is on the wall for all European royals, with their magnificent uniforms and majestic lifestyle?The Spanish case provides arguments both for and against monarchy. When public opinion is particularly polarised, as it was following the end of the Franco regime, monarchs can rise above ―mere‖ politics and ―embody‖ a spirit of nat ional unity.It is this apparent transcendence of politics that explains monarchs‘ continuing popularity polarized. And also, the Middle East excepted, Europe is the most monarch-infested region in the world, with 10 kingdoms (not counting Vatican Cityand Andorra). But unlike their absolutist counterparts in the Gulf and Asia, most royal families have survived because they allow voters to avoid the difficult search for a non-controversial but respected public figure.Even so, kings and queens undoubtedly have a downside. Symbolic of national unity as they claim to be, their very history—and sometimes the way they behave today – embodies outdated and indefensible privileges and inequalities. At a time when Thomas Piketty and other economists are warning of rising inequality and the increasing power of inherited wealth, it is bizarre that wealthy aristocratic families should still be the symbolic heart of modern democratic states.The most successful monarchies strive to abandon or hide their old aristocratic ways. Princes and princesses have day-jobs and ride bicycles, not horses (or helicopters). Even so, these are wealthy families who party with the international 1%, and media intrusiveness makes it increasingly difficult to maintain the right image.While Europe‘s monarchies will no doubt be smart enough to survive for some time to come, it is the British royals who have most to fear from the Spanish example.It is only the Queen who has preserved the monarchy‘s reputation with her rather ordinary (if well-heeled) granny style. The danger will come with Charles, who has both an expensive taste of lifestyle and a pretty hierarchical view of the world. He has failed to understand that monarchies have largely survived because they provide a service – as non-controversial and non-political heads of state. Charles ought to know that as English history shows, it is kings, not republicans, who are the monarchy‘s worst enemies.21. According to the first two Paragraphs, King Juan Carlos of Spain[A] used turn enjoy high public support[B] was unpopular among European royals[C] cased his relationship with his rivals[D]ended his reign in embarrassment22. Monarchs are kept as heads of state in Europe mostly[A] owing to their undoubted and respectable status[B] to achieve a balance between tradition and reality[C] to give voter more public figures to look up to[D]due to their everlasting political embodiment23. Which of the following is shown to be odd, according to Paragraph 4?[A] Aristocrats‘ excessive reliance on inherited wealth[B] The role of the nobility in modern democracies[C] The simple lifestyle of the aristocratic families[D]The nobility‘s adherence to their privileges24. The British royals ―have most to fear‖ because Charles[A] takes a rough line on political issues[B] fails to change his lifestyle as advised[C] takes republicans as his potential allies[D] fails to adapt himself to his future role25. Which of the following is the best title of the text?[A] Carlos, Glory and Disgrace Combined[B] Charles, Anxious to Succeed to the Throne[C] Carlos, a Lesson for All European Monarchs[D]Charles, Slow to React to the Coming ThreatsText 2Just how much does the Constitution protect your digital data? The Supreme Court will now consider whether police can search the contents of a mobile phone without a warrant if the phone is on or around a person during an arrest.California has asked the justices to refrain from a sweeping ruling particularly one that upsets the old assumption that authorities may search through the possessions of suspects at the time of their arrest. It is hard, the state argues, for judges to assess the implications of new and rapidly changing technologies.The cour t would be recklessly modest if it followed California‘s advice. Enough of the implications are discernable, even obvious, so that the justices can and should provide updated guidelines to police, lawyers and defendants.They should start by discarding C alifornia‘s lame argument that exploring the contents of a smart phone — a vast storehouse of digital information — is similar to, say, rifling through a suspect‘s purse. The court has ruled that police don‘t violate the Fourth Amendment when they sift through the wallet or pocketbook of an arrestee without a warrant. But exploring one‘s smart phone is more like entering his or her home. A smart phone may contain an arrestee‘s reading history, financial history, medical history and comprehensive records of recent correspondence. The development of ―cloud computing,‖ meanwhile, has made that exploration so much the easier.Americans should take steps to protect their digital privacy. But keeping sensitive information on these devices is increasingly a requirement of normal life.Citizens still have a right to expect private documents to remain private and protected by the Constitution‘s prohibition on unreasonable searches.As so often is the case, stating that principle doesn‘t ease the challenge ofline-drawing. In many cases, it would not be overly onerous for authorities to obtain a warrant to search through phone contents. They could still invalidate Fourth Amendment protections when facing severe, urgent circumstances, and they could take reasonable measures to ensure that phone data are not erased or altered while a warrant is pending. The court, though, may want to allow room for police to cite situations where they are entitled to more freedom.But the justices should not swallow California‘s argu ment whole. New, disruptive technology sometimes demands novel applications of the Constitution‘s protections. Orin Kerr, a law professor, compares the explosion and accessibility of digital information in the 21st century with the establishment of automobile use as a virtual necessity of life in the 20th: The justices had to specify novel rules for the new personal domain of the passenger car then; they must sort out how the Fourth Amendment applies to digital information now.26. The Supreme Court will work out whether, during an arrest, it is legitimate to[A] prevent suspects from deleting their phone contents.[B] search for suspects‘ mobile phones without a warrant.[C] check suspects‘ phone contents without being authorized.[D]prohibit suspects from using their mobile phones.27. The author‘s attitude toward California‘s argument is one of[A] disapproval.[B] indifference.[C] tolerance.[D]cautiousness.28. The author believes that exploring one‘s phone contents is comparable to[A] getting into one‘s residence.[B] handling one‘s historical records.[C] scanning one‘s correspondences.[D] going through one‘s wallet.29. In Paragraph 5 and 6, the author shows his concern that[A] principles are hard to be clearly expressed.[B] the court is giving police less room for action.[C] citizens‘ privacy is not effectively protected.[D] phones are used to store sensitive information.30. Orin Kerr‘s comparison is quoted to indicate that[A] the Constitution should be implemented flexibly.[B] new technology requires reinterpretation of the Constitution.[C]California‘s argument violates principles of the Constitution.[D]principles of the Constitution should never be alteredText 3The journal Science is adding an extra round of statistical checks to itspeer-review process, editor-in-chief Marcia McNutt announced today. The policy follows similar efforts from other journals, after widespread concern that basic mistakes in data analysis are contributing to the irreproducibility of many published research findings.―Readers must have confidence in the conclusions published in our journal,‖ writes McNutt in an editorial. Working with the American Statistical Association, the journal has appointed seven experts to a statistics board of reviewing editors(SBoRE). Manuscript will be flagged up for additional scrutiny by the journal‘s internal editors, or by its existing Board of Reviewing Editors or by outside peer reviewers. The SBoRE panel will then find external statisticians to review these manuscripts.Asked whether any particular papers had impelled the change, McNutt said:―The creation of the ‗statistics board‘ was motivated by concerns broadly with the application of statistics and data analysis in scientific research and is part of Science‘s overall drive to increase reproducibility in the research we publish.‖Giovanni Parmigiani, a biostatistician at the Harvard School of Public Health, a member of the SBoRE group. He says he expects the board to ―play primarily an advisory role.‖ He agreed to join because he ―found the foresight behind the establishment of the SBoRE to be novel, unique and likely to have a lasting impact. This impact will not only be through the publications in Science itself, but hopefully through a larger group of publishing places that may want to model their approach after Science.‖John Ioannidis, a physician who studies research methodology, says that the policy is ―a most welcome step forward‖ and ―long overdue.‖ ―Most journals are weak in statistical review, and this damages the quality of what they publish. I think that, for the majority of scientific papers nowadays, statistical review is more essential than expert review,‖ he says. But he noted that biomed ical journals such as Annals ofInternal Medicine, the Journal of the American Medical Association and The Lancet pay strong attention to statistical review.Professional scientists are expected to know how to analyze data, but statistical errors are alarmingly common in published research, according to David Vaux, a cell biologist. Researchers should improve their standards, he wrote in 2012, but journals should also take a tougher line, ―engaging reviewers who are statistically literate and editors who can verify the process‖. Vaux says that Science‘s idea to pass some papers to statisticians ―has some merit, but a weakness is that it relies on the board of reviewing editors to identify ‗the papers that need scrutiny‘ in the first place‖.31. It can be learned from Paragraph 1 that[A] Science intends to simplify their peer-review process.[B] journals are strengthening their statistical checks.[C] few journals are blamed for mistakes in data analysis.[D] lack of data analysis is common in research projects.32. The phrase ―flagged up‖ (Para. 2) is the closest in meaning to[A] found.[B] marked.[C] revised.[D] stored.33. Giovanni Parmigiani believes that the establishment of the SBoRE may[A] pose a threat to all its peers.[B] meet with strong opposition.[C] increase Science‘s circulation.[D]set an example for other journals.34. David Vaux holds that what Science is doing now[A] adds to researchers‘ workload.[B] diminishes the role of reviewers.[C] has room for further improvement.[D]is to fail in the foreseeable future35. Which of the following is the best title of the text?[A] Science Joins Push to Screen Statistics in Papers.[B] Professional Statisticians Deserve More Respect[C] Data Analysis Finds Its Way onto Editors‘ Desks[D] Statisticians Are Coming Back with ScienceText 4Two years ago, Rupert Murdoch‘s daughter ,Elisabeth ,spoke of the ―unsettling dearth of integrity across so many of our institutions‖ Integrity had collaps ed, she argued, because of a collective acceptance that the only ―sorting mechanism ‖in society should be profit and the market .But ―it‘s us ,human beings ,we the people who create the society we want ,not profit ‖.Driving her point home, she continued: ―It‘s increasingly apparent that the absence of purpose, of a moral language within government, media or business couldbecome one of the most dangerous foals for capitalism and freedom.‖ This same absence of moral purpose was wounding companies such as NewsInternational ,shield thought ,making it more likely that it would lose its way as it had with widespread illegal telephone hacking .As the hacking trial concludes – finding guilty ones-editor of the News of the World, Andy Coulson, for conspiring to hack phones ,and finding his predecessor, Rebekah Brooks, innocent of the same charge –the winder issue of dearth of integrity still standstill, Journalists are known to have hacked the phones of up to 5,500 people .This is hacking on an industrial scale ,as was acknowledged by Glenn Mulcaire, the man hired by the News of the World in 2001 to be the point person for phone hacking. Others await trial. This long story still unfolds.In many respects, the dearth of moral purpose frames not only the fact of such widespread phone hacking but the terms on which the trial took place .One of the astonishing revelations was how little Rebekah Brooks knew of what went on in her newsroom, wow little she thought to ask and the fact that she never inquired wow the stories arrived. The core of her successful defence was that she knew nothing.In today‘s world, title has become normal that well—paid executives should not be accountable for what happens in the organizations that they run perhaps we should not be so surprised. For a generation, the collective doctrine has been that the sorting mechanism of society should be profit. The words that have mattered are efficiency, flexibility, shareholder value, business–friendly, wealth generation, sales, impact and, in newspapers, circulation. Words degraded to the margin have been justice fairness, tolerance, proportionality and accountability.The purpose of editing the News of the World was not to promote reader understanding to be fair in what was written or to betray any common humanity. It was to ruin lives in the quest for circulation and impact. Ms Brooks may or may nothave had suspicions about how her journalists got their stories, but she asked no questions, gave no instructions—nor received traceable, recorded answers.36. According to the first two paragraphs, Elisabeth was upset by[A] the consequences of the current sorting mechanism[B] companies‘ financial loss due to immoral practices.[C] governmental ineffectiveness on moral issues.[D]the wide misuse of integrity among institutions.37. It can be inferred from Paragraph 3 that[A] Glem Mulcaire may deny phone hacking as a crime[B] more journalists may be found guilty of phone hacking.[C] Andy Coulson should be held innocent of the charge.[D] phone hacking will be accepted on certain occasions.38. The author believes the Rebekah Books‘s deference[A] revealed a cunning personality[B] centered on trivial issues[C] was hardly convincing[D] was part of a conspiracy39. The author holds that the current collective doctrine shows[A] generally distorted values[B] unfair wealth distribution[C] a marginalized lifestyle[D] a rigid moral cote40. Which of the following is suggested in the last paragraph?[A] The quality of writing is of primary importance.[B] Common humanity is central news reporting.[C] Moral awareness matters in exciting a newspaper.[D] Journalists need stricter industrial regulations.Part BDirections:In the following text, some sentences have been removed. For Questions 41-45, choose the most suitable one from the fist A-G to fit into each of the numbered blanks. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)How does your reading proceed? Clearly you try to comprehend, in the sense of identifying meanings for individual words and working out relationships between them, drawing on your explicit knowledge of English grammar (41) ______you begin to infer a context for the text, for instance, by making decisions about what kind of speech event is involved: who is making the utterance, to whom, when and where.The ways of reading indicated here are without doubt kinds of of comprehension. But they show comprehension to consist not just passive assimilation but of active engagement inference and problem-solving. You infer information you feel the writerhas invited you to grasp by presenting you with specific evidence and cues (42)_______Conceived in this way, comprehension will not follow exactly the same track for each reader. What is in question is not the retrieval of an absolute, fixed or ―true‖ meaning that can be read off and clocked for accuracy, or some timeless relation of the text to the world. (43) _______Such background material inevitably reflects who we are, (44) _______This doesn‘t, however, make interpretation merely relative or even pointless. Precisely because readers from different historical periods, places and social experiences produce different but overlapping readings of the same words on the page-including for texts that engage with fundamental human concerns-debates about texts can play an important role in social discussion of beliefs and values.How we read a given text also depends to some extent on our particular interest in reading it. (45)_______such dimensions of read suggest-as others introduced later in the book will also do-that we bring an implicit (often unacknowledged) agenda to any act of reading. It doesn‘t then necessarily follow that one kind of reading is fuller, more advanced or more worthwhile than another. Ideally, different kinds of reading inform each other, and act as useful reference points for and counterbalances to one another. Together, they make up the reading component of your overall literacy or relationship to your surrounding textual environment.[A] Are we studying that text and trying to respond in a way that fulfils the requirement of a given course? Reading it simply for pleasure? Skimming it for information? Ways of reading on a train or in bed are likely to differ considerably from reading in a seminar room.[B] Factors such as the place and period in which we are reading, our gender ethnicity, age and social class will encourage us towards certain interpretation but at the same time obscure or even close off others.[C] If you are unfamiliar with words or idioms, you guess at their meaning, using clues presented in the contest. On the assumption that they will become relevant later, you make a mental note of discourse entities as well as possible links between them.[D]In effect, you try to reconstruct the likely meanings or effects that any given sentence, image or reference might have had: These might be the ones the author intended.[E]You make further inferences, for instance, about how the test may be significant to you, or about its validity—inferences that form the basis of a personal response for which the author will inevitably be far less responsible.[F]In plays，novels and narrative poems, characters speak as constructs created by the author, no t necessarily as mouthpieces for the author‘s own thoughts.[G]Rather, we ascribe meanings to test on the basis of interaction between what we might call textual and contextual material: between kinds of organization or patterning we perceive in a text‘s formal structures (so especially its language structures) and various kinds of background, social knowledge, belief and attitude that we bring to the text.Section III TranslationDirections:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)Within the span of a hundred years, in the seventeenth and early eighteenth centuries, a tide of emigration—one of the great folk wanderings of history—swept from Europe to America. 46) This movement, driven by powerful and diverse motivations, built a nation out of a wilderness and, by its nature, shaped the character and destiny of an uncharted continent.47) The United States is the product of two principal forces-the immigration of European peoples with their varied ideas, customs, and national characteristics and the impact of a new country which modified these traits. Of necessity, colonial America was a projection of Europe. Across the Atlantic came successive groups of Englishmen, Frenchmen, Germans, Scots, Irishmen, Dutchmen, Swedes, and many others who attempted to transplant their habits and traditions to the new world.48) But, the force of geographic conditions peculiar to America, the interplay of the varied national groups upon one another, and the sheer difficulty of maintaining old-world ways in a raw, new continent caused significant changes. These changes were gradual and at first scarcely visible. But the result was a new social pattern which, although it resembled European society in many ways, had a character that was distinctly American.49) The first shiploads of immigrants bound for the territory which is now the United States crossed the Atlantic more than a hundred years after the 15th- and16th-century explorations of North America. In the meantime, thriving Spanish colonies had been established in Mexico, the West Indies, and South America. These travelers to North America came in small, unmercifully overcrowded craft. During their six- to twelve-week voyage, they subsisted on barely enough food allotted to them. Many of the ship were lost in storms, many passengers died of disease, and infants rarely survived the journey. Sometimes storms blew the vessels far off their course, and often calm brought unbearably long delay.―To the anxious travelers the sight of the American shore brought almost inexpressible relief.‖ said one recorder of events, ―The air at twelve leagues‘ distance smelt as sweet as a new-blown garden.‖ The colonists‘ first glimpse of the new land was a sight of dense woods. 50) The virgin forest with its richness and variety of trees was a veritable real treasure-house which extended from Maine all the way down to Georgia. Here was abundant fuel and lumber. Here was the raw material of houses and furniture, ships and potash, dyes and naval stores.Section IV WritingPart A51. Directions:You are going to host a club reading session. Write an email of about 100 words recommending a book to the club members.You should state reasons for your recommendation.You should write neatly on the ANSWER SHEET.Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter. Use Li Ming instead.Do not write the address. (10 points)Part B52. Directions:Write an essay of 160-200 words based on the following drawing. In your essay you should1) describe the drawing briefly2) explain its intended meaning, and3) give your commentsYou should write neatly on ANSWER SHEET. (20 points)手机时代的聚会。
云南师范大学线上学位英语真题及答案
云南师范大学线上学位英语真题及答案1、Mary's watch is more expensive than _____. [单选题] *A. Susan's(正确答案)B. that of Susan'sC. that of SusanD. Susan2、Our teacher was very happy because _______ failed the exam. [单选题] *A. somebodyB. anybodyC. nobody(正确答案)D. everybody3、—_____ will the bus arrive? —In four minutes. [单选题] *A. How longB. How oftenC. How soon(正确答案)D. How far4、The huntsman caught only a（）of the deer before it ran into the woods. [单选题] *A. gazeB. glareC. glimpse(正确答案)D. stare5、On Easter children _______ eggs around the house. [单选题] *A. hunt for(正确答案)B. send forC. prepare forD. ask for6、He held his（）when the results were read out. [单选题] *A. breath(正确答案)B. voiceC. soundD. thought7、She is a girl, _______ name is Lily. [单选题] *A. whose(正确答案)B. whoC. whichD. that8、81．Some birds are flying ________ the lake. What a beautiful picture! [单选题] * A．forB．underC．inD．above(正确答案)9、( ) My mother told me _____ in bed. [单选题] *A. not readB. not readingC. don’t readD. not to read(正确答案)10、There are still some wild tigers alive. [单选题] *A. 聪明的B. 凶恶的C. 野生的(正确答案)D. 珍贵的11、Don’t read in bed. It’s _______ your eyes. [单选题] *A. good atB. good forC. bad atD. bad for(正确答案)12、John is fond of playing _____ basketball and Jack is keen on playing _____ piano. [单选题] * A．/…the(正确答案)B．the…/C．/…/D．the…the13、I’ve _______ a job interview today. [单选题] *A. haveB. had(正确答案)C. hasD. have gone to14、Jim wants to hang out with his friends at night, but his parents don’t allow him ______ so. （）[单选题] *A. doB. doneC. to do(正确答案)D. doing15、If we want to keep fit, we should try to _______ bad habits. [单选题] *A. keepB. haveC. getD. get rid of(正确答案)16、____ father is a worker. [单选题] *A.Mike's and Mary'sB. Mike and Mary's(正确答案)C. Mike's and MaryD. Mike and Marys'17、86．—? ? ? ? ? ? ?will it take me to get to the Golden Street?—About half an hour. [单选题]* A．How farB．How long(正确答案)C．How oftenD．How much18、My mother and my aunt are both _______. They work in a big supermarket. [单选题] *A. actressesB. doctorsC. salesmenD. saleswomen(正确答案)19、I should like to rent a house which is modern, comfortable and _____, in a quiet neighborhood. [单选题] *A.in allB. after allC. above all(正确答案)D. over all20、You should _______ fighting with your parents although you may have different ideas from time to time. [单选题] *A. suggestB. enjoyC. avoid(正确答案)D. practice21、I think you should buy this novel. It is really worth _____. [单选题] *A. reading(正确答案)B. being readC. readD. to read22、_______ a busy afternoon! [单选题] *A. HowB. What(正确答案)C. WhichD. Wish23、I live a very quiet and peaceful life. [单选题] *A. 宁静的(正确答案)B. 舒适的C. 和平的D. 浪漫的24、I _______ play the game well. [单选题] *A. mustB. can(正确答案)C. wouldD. will25、You have been sitting on my hat and now it is badly out of（）. [单选题] *A. dateB. shape(正确答案)C. orderD. balance26、I have seldom seen my father（）pleased with my progress as he is now. [单选题] *A. so(正确答案)B. veryC. tooD. rather27、The famous writer, _____ writings for China Daily I appreciate a lot , is invited to give a speech in our university. [单选题] *A. thatB. whose(正确答案)C. whomD. who28、The Internet is an important means of（）[单选题] *A. conversationB. communication(正确答案)C. speechD. language29、He _______ walks to school, because he lives near school. [单选题] *A. sometimes(正确答案)B. neverC. doesn’tD. don’t30、I _______ to the tape yesterday evening. [单选题] *A. lookB. listenC. listened(正确答案)D. hear。
2015年考研英语一真题与解析
2015 年考研英语一真题原文及答案解析完整版Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or Don ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)Though not biologically related, friends are as “ related ” as fourth cousins, sharing about That is _(1)_a study, published from the University of California and Yale University in the Proceedings ofthe National Academy of Sciences, has__(2)_.The study is a genome-wide analysis conducted _(3)__1,932 unique subjects which __(4)__pairsof unrelated friends and unrelated strangers. The same people were used in both_(5)_.While 1% may seem_(6)_,it is not so to a geneticist. As James Fowler, professor of medical genetics atUC San Diego, says,“ Most people do not even _(7)_their fourth cousins but somehow manage to select as friends the people who_(8)_our kin.”The study_(9)_found that the genes for smell were something shared in friends but not genes forimmunity .Why this similarity exists in smell genes is difficult to explain, for now,_(10)_,as the team suggests,it draws us to similar environments but there is more_(11)_it. There could be many mechanismsworking together that _(12)_us in choosing genetically similar friends_(13)_ ” functional Kin friends with_(14)_!One of the remarkable findings of the study was the similar genes seem to be evolution_(15)_thanother genes Studying this could help_(16)_why human evolution picked pace in the last 30,000 years,with social environment being a major_(17)_factor.The findings do not simply explain people’ s_(18)_to befriend those of similar_(19)_backgrounds the researchers. Though all the subjects were drawn from a population of European extraction, carewas taken to_(20)_that all subjects, friends and strangers, were taken from the same population.1. [A] when [B] why [C] how [D] what【答案】 [D] what【解析】该题考查的是语法知识。
2015年考研英语一真题与解析
2015 年考研英语一真题原文及答案解析完整版Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or Don ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)Though not biologically related, friends are as “ related ” as fourth cousins, sharing about That is _(1)_a study, published from the University of California and Yale University in the Proceedings ofthe National Academy of Sciences, has__(2)_.The study is a genome-wide analysis conducted _(3)__1,932 unique subjects which __(4)__pairsof unrelated friends and unrelated strangers. The same people were used in both_(5)_.While 1% may seem_(6)_,it is not so to a geneticist. As James Fowler, professor of medical genetics atUC San Diego, says,“ Most people do not even _(7)_their fourth cousins but somehow manage to select as friends the people who_(8)_our kin.”The study_(9)_found that the genes for smell were something shared in friends but not genes forimmunity .Why this similarity exists in smell genes is difficult to explain, for now,_(10)_,as the team suggests,it draws us to similar environments but there is more_(11)_it. There could be many mechanismsworking together that _(12)_us in choosing genetically similar friends_(13)_ ” functional Kin friends with_(14)_!One of the remarkable findings of the study was the similar genes seem to be evolution_(15)_thanother genes Studying this could help_(16)_why human evolution picked pace in the last 30,000 years,with social environment being a major_(17)_factor.The findings do not simply explain people’ s_(18)_to befriend those of similar_(19)_backgrounds the researchers. Though all the subjects were drawn from a population of European extraction, carewas taken to_(20)_that all subjects, friends and strangers, were taken from the same population.1. [A] when [B] why [C] how [D] what【答案】 [D] what【解析】该题考查的是语法知识。
2015年考研英语一真题与解析
2015 年考研英语一真题原文及答案解析完整版Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D onANSWER SHEET. (10 points)Though not biologically related, friends are as “related ”as fourth cousins, sharing aboutThat is _(1)_a study, published from the University of California and Yale University in the Proceedings ofthe National Academy of Sciences, has__(2)_.The study is a genome-wide analysis conducted _(3)__1,932 unique subjects which __(4)__pairs ofunrelated friends and unrelated strangers. The same people were used in both_(5)_.While 1% may seem_(6)_,it is not so to a geneticist. As James Fowler, professor of medical genetics atUC San Diego, says, “Most people do not even _(7)_their fourth cousins but somehow manage to select asfriends the people who_(8)_our kin. ”The study_(9)_found that the genes for smell were something shared in friends but not genes forimmunity .Why this similarity exists in smell genes is difficult to explain, for now,_(10)_,as the teamsuggests, it draws us to similar environments but there is more_(11)_it. There could be many mechanismsworking together that _(12)_us in choosing genetically similar friends_(13)_ ”functional Kinfriends with_(14)_!One of the remarkable findings of the study was the similar genes seem to be evolution_(15)_thanother genes Studying this could help_(16)_why human evolution picked pace in the last 30,000 years, withsocial environment being a major_(17)_factor.The findings do not simply explain people ’s_(18)_to befriend those of similar_(19)_backgrounds,the researchers. Though all the subjects were drawn from a population of European extraction, care wastaken to_(20)_that all subjects, friends and strangers, were taken from the same population.1. [A] when [B] why [C] how [D] what【答案】[D] what【解析】该题考查的是语法知识。
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云南师范大学教育硕士专业学位研究生学位英语考试试卷（2015年2月12日）（考生须知）1请考生在机读卡的“学号”一栏填写学号，并在相应的数字上用2B铅笔划线。
2.选择题（第1-60）的答案必须用2B铅笔涂在机读答题卡上，做在试卷上无效！3．选择答案选出后，必须用2B铅笔在机读答题卡上相应的选项上划一横线, 划线要粗，要有一定浓度。
修改时，必须用橡皮擦净后，再填涂其它选项。
4．翻译和写作一律用钢笔或圆珠笔在答题纸II上按要求作答，做在试卷上无效！5．考试时间为150分钟。
6．交卷时，请配合监考人员验收。
7．请监考人员收回试卷册和两份答题纸，并把答题纸按座位序号理好。
Part I Vocabulary (15 points))Directions:There are 30 incomplete sentences in this part. For each sentence there are four choices marked A), B), C) and D). Choose the ONE answer that best completes the sentence. Then mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet witha single line through the center.1.He was one of the greatest writers _____ had ever lived.A. whoB. whichC. thatD. as2.Nobody _____ that something was wrong at that time.A. commentedB. committedC. noticedD. expressed3.Her address made a great _____ on the audience.A. expressionB. explanationC. suggestionD. impression4.He appeared _____ with our team's performance.A. satisfyingB. to be satisfyingC. to satisfyD. satisfied5.His companions have threatened to _____ his crimes to the police.A. imposeB. expressC. encloseD. expose6.His extravagance reduced him _____ for his living.A. to begB. from beggingC. to beggingD. into begging7.His death _____ with age.A. deterioratedB. determinedC. detectedD. detained8.His long service with the company was _____ with a present.A. admittedB. acknowledgedC. attributedD. accepted9.His novel _____ some light on life in China in Ming Dynasty.A. sendsB. providesC. throwsD. puts10. His tastes and habits _____ with those of his wife.A. combineB. competeC. coincideD. compromise11. Does brain power _____ as we get older? Scientists now have some surprisinganswers.A. descendB. declineC. deduceD. collapse12. In that country, guests tend to feel they are not highly _____ if the invitation to adinner party is extended only three or four days before the party date.A. admiredB. regardedC. expectedD. worshipped13. ____ the whole, early American city planning was excellent.A. InB. FromC. OnD. Above14. ____ we are having these days!A. What a lovely weatherB. What lovely weathersC. What lovely weatherD. What lovely a weather15. ____, a man who expresses himself effectively is sure to succeed more rapidlythan a man whose command of language is poor.A. Other things being equalB. Were other things equalC. To be equal to other thingsD. Other things to be equal16. ____, he does not love her.A. As he likes her very muchB. Though much he likes herC. Much although he likes herD. Much as he likes her17 Experts say walking is one of the best ways for a person to ______ healthy.A. preserveB. stayC. maintainD. reserve18. A good many houses ____ knocked down by the earthquake.A. wasB. wereC. isD. are19. A good teacher must know how to ____ his ideas.A. conveyB. displayC. consultD. confront20. A large part of human activity, particularly in relation to the environment, is____ conditions or events.A. in response toB. in favor ofC. in contrast toD. in excess of21. I can _____ some noise while I'm studying, but I can't stand loud noises.A. come up withB. catch up withC. put up withD. keep up with22. I cannot give you _____ for the type of car you sell because there is no demandfor it in the market.A. an expenseB. a chargeC. a purchaseD. an order23. I didn't quite _____ to what you had said. Would you mind repeating it?A. catch onB. get holdC. catch upD. go on24. I didn't say anything like that at all. You are purposely _____ my idea to proveyour point.A. revisingB. contradictingC. distortingD. distracting25. I felt somewhat disappointed and was about to leave, _____ something occurredwhich attracted my attention.A. unlessB. untilC. whenD. while26. I have the honor of introducing to you Mr. Alan, who will _____ you on his recenttour abroad.A. addressB. speakC. talkD. converse27. He has failed me so many times that I no longer place any _____ on what hepromises.A. faithB. beliefC. creditD. reliance28. Of the thousands of known volcanoes in the world, the _____ majority areinactive.A. tremendousB. demandingC. intensiveD. overwhelming29. I regret _____ so much time and money on stamps.A. to wasteB. for wastingC. having wastedD. at wasting30. I was greatly disappointed _____ that affair.A. outB. inC. toD. towardPart II Reading Comprehension （40 points）Directions:There are four passages in this part. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A), B), C) and D). You should decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letteron the Answer Sheet with a single line through the center.Passage OneWhen companies do business overseas, they come in contact with people from different cultures. These individuals often speak a different language and have their own particular custom and manners. These differences can create problems.For example, in France, business meetings begin promptly at the designated time and everyone is expected to be there. Foreign business people who are tardy (迟到的) are often left outside to cool their heels as a means of letting them know the importance of promptness. Unless one is aware of such expected behaviors he may end up insulting the people with whom he hopes to establish trade relations.A second traditional problem is that of monetary conversions （兑换）. For example, if a transaction is conducted with Russia, payment may be made in rubles （卢布）. Of course, this currency is of little value to the American firm. It is, therefore, necessary to convert the foreign currency to American dollars. How much are these Russian rubles worth in terms of dollars? This conversion rate is determined by every market, where the currencies of countries are bought and sold. Thus there is an established rate, although it will often fluctuate from day to day. For example, the ruble may be worth '0.75 on Monday and '0.72 on Tuesday because of an announced wheat shortage in Russia. In addition, there is the dilemma associated with converting at '0.72. Some financial institutions may be unwilling to pay this price, feeling that the ruble will sink much lower over the next week. As a result, conversion may finally come at '0.69. These "losses" must be accepted by the company as one of the costs of doing business overseas.A third unique problem is trade barriers. For one reason or another, all countries impose trade barriers on certain goods crossing their borders. Some trade barriers are directly related to exports. For example, the United States permits strategic military material to be shipped abroad only after government permission has been obtained. Most trade barriers, however, are designed to restrict import. Two of the most common import barriers are quotas（配额）and tariffs.31. The best title for the passage would be ___.A. How to Succeed in International TradeB. Monetary ConversionC. Trade BarriersD. Unique Problems in International Trade32. In France, tardy business people ___.A. are often insultedB. often suffer from coldnessC. are often left outdoors waitingD. are often asked to polish their shoes33. According to the passage, conversion rates ___.A. are always changingB. are determined by financial institutionsC. are agreed upon by two trading countriesD. vary from day to day34. The intended audience of this passage are ______.A. professors of economicsB. postgraduate students of international tradeC. beginners of businessD. business people35. Which of the following is likely to be discussed in the next paragraph?A. Export trade barriers.B. Quotas and tariffs.C. Reasons for imposing trading barriers.D. Measures to break down trade barriers.Passage TwoAmong all cancers, lung cancer is the biggest killer; more than 100,100 Americans die of the disease each year. Giving up smoking is one way to reduce the risk, but another answer may lie in the kitchen, according to a report in the British medical journal The lancet.Since 1957, a team of researcher has mentioned the dietary habits and medical histories of 2, 000 middle-aged men employed by the Western Electric Co. in Chicago. Led by Dr. Richard Shekelle of Chicago’s Rush—Presbyterian—St. Luke’s medical Center, the team recently began to sort out the links between the subjects dietary patterns and cancers. Other animal and human studies have suggested that vitamin A might offer some protection against lung cancer, but did not distinguish vitamin A made in the body from that in carotene（胡萝卜素）, which is abundant in a variety of vegetables and fruits, including carrots, spinach, broccoli, squash, tomatoes and apples.The Western Electric study showed little correlation between the incidence of lung cancer and the consumption of foods containing performed vitamin A. But the date on carotene intake revealed a significant relationship. Among the 488 men who had the lowest carotene consumption, there were 14 cases of lung cancer; in a group of the same size that ate the most carotene, only two cases developed. The apparent protective effect of carotene helps up even for longtime smokers.Further studies will be necessary before the link between lung cancer and carotene can be firmly established. Meanwhile, researchers warn against taking large amounts of vitamin A supplements, which can be extremely toxic in high doses. Instead, they advise a well- balanced diet that includes foods rich in carotene.36. The researchers carried out their studies _____.A. in the kitchenB.in BritainC.by investigating people’s habits and their medical historyD. by working together with the Western Electric Co37. Dr Richard Shekelle was _____.A.a journalist of “The Lancet”B.the head of the research teamC.the director of St. Luke’s CenterD.a British scientist38.According to the passage, which of the following contains less carotene?A. milkB. carrotsC. tomatoesD. broccoli39.The study revealed that if a person eats more food containing carotene, he ____ .A.is more likely to get lung cancerB.has the least possibility of getting lung cancerC.should take large amount vitamin A supplementsD.is advised to have a well-balanced diet40.The passage makes it clear that _____.A.the study has established the relationship of Vitamin A and cancerB.high doses of vitamin A supplements can greatly reduce danger of sufferingfrom lung cancerC.a lung cancer patient should eat less foods rich in caroteneD.the study has revealed the protective effect of carotenePassage ThreeOne thing we know about the brain is that it is vulnerable to the power ofsuggestion. There is a plenty of evidence that when young women are motivated and encouraged, they excel at science. For most of the 1800s, for example, physics,astronomy, chemistry and botany were considered gender-appropriate subjects formiddle -and upper-class American girls. Records from top school in Boston show thatgirls outperformed boys in physics in the mid-19th century. Latin and Greek,meanwhile, were considered the province of gentlemen – until the 20th century, whenlucrative（赚钱的）opportunities began to open up in the sciences.Today, in Iceland and Sweden, girls consistently outperform boys in math andphysics. In Sweden the gap is widest in the remote regions in the north. That may bebecause women want to move to the big cities farther south, where they need tocompete in high-tech economies, while men are focused on local hunting, fishing andforestry opportunities, says Niels Egelund, a professor of educational psychology atthe Danish University of Education. The phenomenon even has a name, the Jokkmokkeffect, a reference to an isolated town in Swedish Lapland.Back in the US, female professors have been catching up with the male professorsin their publishing output. Today, half of the chemistry and almost 60% of biologybachelors of science degrees go to females. Patience is required. And next, Summersmay want to take up the male question. In all seriousness. Why do so many more boysthan girls have learning disorders, autism（孤独症）, attention-deficit（注意力集中障碍）problems and schizophrenia（精神分裂症）? Why are young men less likelyto go to universities than women are? And what to make of a 2003 survey that foundeighth-grade girls outperforming boys in algebra in 22 countries, with boys outscoringgirls in only three nations? If we are not careful, The next Einstein could find herselfworking as a high-powered lawyer who does wonders with estate-tax calculations instead of discovering what the universe is made of.41. Before the 20th century, ______ .A.a lot of girls from middle-and upper-class studied scienceB.girls were attracted to study science for it was profitableC.boys did better in science than girlsD.in addition to science, boys studied Latin and Greek to become gentlemen42. Why do girls outperform boys at school in math and physics in Sweden?A.Because they live in remote regions in the north.B.Because they are not satisfied with their traditional way of life and hope toseek opportunities in the southC.Because they cannot do fishing, hunting and seek forestry opportunitiesD.Because they are smarter than boys in the region43. According to the passage, which of the following statement is not true?A.The power of suggestion can change the way brain works.B.Physics, astronomy, chemistry and botany were once considered appropriatesubjects for girls.C.Jokkmokk is a remote town in SwedenD.Female professors have as many academic achievements as their malecounterparts44. What does the author imply about American females?A.They will do as well as or even better in science.B.They may take up male status.C.Half of the chemistry and almost 60% of biology science degrees go tofemales.D.There are fewer females in American universities than males.45. What is the main idea of the passage?A.Women outperform men in science when motivated and encouraged.B.Today, in Iceland and Sweden, girls consistently outperform boys in math andphysics.C.Young men less likely to go to universities than women are.D.In 20th century, when lucrative opportunities began to open up in the sciences,men began to take interest in science.Passage FourThe fitness（有氧健身）movement that began in late 1960s and early 1970s centered around aerobic（有氧的）exercise. Millions of individuals became engaged in a variety of aerobic activities, and literally thousands of health spas developed around the country to capitalize on this emerging interest in fitness, particularly aerobic dancing for females. A number of fitness spas existed prior to this fitness movement, even a national chain with spas in most major cities. However, their focus was not on aerobics, but rather on weight-training programs designed to develop muscular（肌肉的）mass, strength, and endurance in their primarily male enthusiasts. These fitness spas did not seem to benefit financially from the aerobic fitnessmovement to better health, since medical option suggested that weight-training programs offered few, if any, health benefits. In recent years, however, weight training has again become increasingly popular for males and for females. Many current programs focus not only on developing muscular strength and endurance but on aerobic fitness as well.Historically, most physical fitness tests have usually included measures of muscular strength and endurance, not for health-related reasons, primarily because such fitness components have been related to performance in athletics. However, in recent years, evidence has shown that training programs designed primarily to improve muscular strength and endurance might also offer some health benefits as well. The American College of Sports Medicine now recommends that weight training be part of a total fitness program for healthy Americans. Increased participation in such training is one of the specific physical activity and fitness objectives of Healthy People 2000: National Health Promotion and Disease Prevention Objectives.46. The word “ spas” (line 3, Para. 1) most probably refers to ______.A. sports activitiesB. recreation centerC. places for exercisesD. athletic training program47. Early fitness spas were intended mainly for _______.A. the promotion of aerobic exerciseB. the improvement of women’s figuresC. endurance and muscular developmentD. better performance in aerobic dancing48. What was the attitude of doctors towards weight training in health improvement?A. NegativeB. CautiousC. PositiveD. Indifferent49. Historically, people were given physical fitness tests in order to find out _______.A. what kind of fitness center was suitable for themB. whether they were fit for aerobic exerciseC. what their health condition was likeD.their muscular strength and endurance50. Recent studies have suggested that weight training ________.A. has become an essential part of people’s lifeB. will attract more people in the days to comeC. contributes to health improvement as wellD. may well affect that the health of the traineesPart III Cloze (10 points)Directions: There are 10 blanks in the following passage. For each blank there are four choices marked A), B), C) and D). You should choose the ONE that best fits into the passage. Then mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a single line through the center.If you look at science departments in U.S. universities, you will probably observefewer women professors than men. Several studies have proven 51 this is so. There are much 52 women in science departments than men today. And for the women 53 there now, it was not easy for them to get there.Why are there few women in science departments today? Some scientists believe that there are biological differences 54 males and females. They say that young boys and men can learn science more easily than girls and women. Others say that in school, girls have 55 self- confidence than boys. Teachers ask girls fewer questions in class 56 they ask boys. In addition, teachers do not often tell girls that they could become 57 . Later on, women do not see other women teaching science at the university. Finally, 58 there are not as many women _ 59 men in science departments, women may be afraid to be the first in their department. They believe that they will have to cope 60 more problems than the men in their departments.51. A. that B. what C. which D. how52. A. more B. fewer C. few D. less53. A. teach B. taught C. teaching D. had taught54. A. between B. among C. in D. for55. A. less B. fewer C. more D. much56. A. what B.than C. that D. where57. A. artists B. teachers C. scientists D. managers58. A. if B. though C. where D. since59. A. as B. so C. than D. that60. A. in B. with C. to D. forPart IV TranslationSection A ( 10 points)Directions: Read the following paragraph and then translate it into Chinese. Nowadays, a standard for measuring power has changed. These changes foretell a new standard for measuring power. No longer will a nation’s political influence be based solely on the strength of its military forces. Of course, military effectiveness will remain a primary measure of power. But political influence is also closely tied to industrial competitiveness. The new standard of power and influence that is evolving now places more emphasis on the ability of a country to compete effectively in the economic markets of the world. The competitiveness of America’s industrial base is an issue bigger than the Department of Defense and is going to require the efforts of the major institutional forces in our society – government, industry, and education. Section B (10 points)Directions: Translate the following passage into English中国要走向现代化，最大的障碍，并不是资源问题，也不是资金问题，更不是技术问题，而是十几亿人口的素质问题。