国内近15年CARS体裁模式综述
中英文公司简介的体裁对比分析

第22卷 第2期 牡丹江大学学报 Vol.22 No.2 2013年2月 Journal of Mudanjiang University Feb. 2013107文章编号:1008-8717(2013)02-0107-03中英文公司简介的体裁对比分析吴 安 卿(浙江师范大学, 浙江 金华 321004)摘 要:公司简介的功能在于通过介绍公司概况以吸引潜在客户。
本文根据Swales 和 Bhatia 的体裁分析理论,对选自2012年《财富》杂志世界500强中的30家公司的简介进行体裁对比分析,发现中英文简介在语篇结构和语言特征上都存在异同点。
关键词:公司简介;体裁分析;对比分析 中图分类号:H315.9 文献标识码:A 一、 引言“体裁”一词通常用于文学研究,但自从John Swales 将它引入ESP(专门用途英语)后,这一概念在语言学研究中频繁出现,随之产生了体裁分析。
作为语篇分析的重要分支,体裁分析不同于传统意义上的分析,它既涉及语篇分析,又涉及文本分析。
具体来说有四层含义:对语篇体裁的结构解释、语篇结构分析、词汇语法分析、语用分析,其根本宗旨是研究语篇的交际目的和语言使用策略。
[1]体裁分析产生后,引起了学者的广泛关注。
国外学者主要分三大流派:Miller 代表的北美新修辞学派;Swales 和Bhatia 代表的专门用途英语学派;以及Martin 代表的澳大利亚系统功能语言学学派。
[2]前者关注体裁产生的背景,而后两者更倾向用功能语法与语篇分析理论分析如何在语篇的词汇语法层面以及结构层面体现交际目的。
[3]尽管各流派的理论侧重点不同,但都承认交际目的决定体裁的存在。
国内对体裁分析的研究始于秦秀白和方琰。
至今为止,已经涉及了学术语篇[4] [5] [6]、写作教学[7] [8]、信函撰写[9] [10]等。
虽然体裁分析范围广泛,但对公司简介这一体裁的关注却为之甚少。
作为一种自我推销文体,公司简介和所有的推销语篇(promoting discourse)一样具有鲜明的特征,因此颇具研究价值。
体裁教学法论文六篇

体裁教学法论文六篇体裁教学法论文范文11.使同学的理解力量得到了有效的提高。
大家都知道,在每场篮球竞赛中都有裁判员,裁判员不但是竞赛的管理者和服务者,更重要的是执法者。
所以要想做一名合格优秀的裁判员不但要娴熟把握相关的竞赛规章,还要能够在实际的现场执裁中对其进行敏捷的运用,对现场消失的状况要敏捷处理,以次来保证竞赛公正、有序、精彩、激烈地进行。
以上这些都是在建立在裁判员合理的把握和利用篮球裁判学问的前提下,通过对不同的现场执裁的实践案例所取得的,只有这样,才能才能对篮球运动背后的有关裁判方面学问进行充分的理解和学习。
在教学的过程中,可以对多种方式加以利用,像分组来讨论争论,或者是可以让同学进行分角色演习等,这样可以让同学深化实地的了解学习所要把握的裁判规章以及相关的法规。
不论什么样的竞赛就可以很快的做出反应。
案例教学法与传统教学相比,其优势在于能真正有效的去对实际中消失的问题进行解决。
2.使同学的听课效率有了很大的提高。
我们都知道,有效的教学方法能够提高同学的学习效率,从而达到很好的教学效果。
通过对案例教学法的使用,可以让同学在实际的学习过程中,结合不同类型的"案例'进行有效地分析和学习,从而使一些问题得到有效的解决。
这样有利于同学深化案例跟亲临现场差不多,有一个身临其境的感觉,从而激发了同学对裁判教学的学习爱好,从而使同学主动地去学习,主动地参加和课堂有关的活动。
这样不但使同学的听课效率有了很大的提高,也让篮球裁判教学达到了很好的教学效果。
3.使教学质量得到有效提高。
由于篮球裁判教学从专业上看,其专业性相对来说强一些,所以对任课老师的整体素养有一个很高的要求,也就是说篮球裁判教学不是任凭一个体育老师就能上好的。
通过了解我们知道,要想使篮球裁判课达到一个很好的效果,对于任课老师来说,就需要把自己的教学阅历和同学的详细状况相结合,对教学案例进行设计,案例的设计不仅要让同学感爱好,而且还要达到很好的教学效果。
2015年4月上海车展

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汽车外形设计的发展历程

如,1957年凯迪拉克生产的埃尔多拉多尾鳍,已经发展 到令人吃惊的地步。高翘起的尾鳍大大超过了行李舱的高 度,看上去像火箭的尾鳍。
1959年,凯迪拉克公司采用喷气发动机航空器原理对 埃尔多拉多(Cadillac Eldorado)设计了最后版本,使 它具有纪念和收藏价值。负责设计该车的哈利 厄尔为了 追求车身的造型样式,将流线型设计推向了极致。成为 了那是时代风靡一时的文化标志,代表了尊贵、豪迈和 权威,体现了半个世纪以来美国人狂热追求的“美国梦”。
高速、安全、舒适地行驶是汽车的重要性能。汽车造型 为了以更理想的形式发挥这一性能,进行了种种演变,直 至今天,可以说,汽车外形的历史就是追求性能上理想造 型的历史。可以说楔形对于目前所考虑到的高速汽车已接 近于最理想的造型。
1988年意大利博通(Bertone)公司研制出比特Bitter 全开蓬概念跑车。外形酷似装甲车一样厚实的车身,被 誉为是楔形造型牌汽车以后的鱼形汽车( Fish Body); 五是1963年美国斯蒂培克(Studebaker)公司的阿 本提牌汽车以后的楔形汽车。
一、箱型汽车
从19世纪末到20世纪初,世界上相继出现了一批汽车 公司,如戴姆勒和奔驰,还有福特、劳斯莱斯、雪铁龙和 菲亚特等。当时人们的主要精力是在汽车的机械原理方面, 只要求汽车能够平稳的开动起来,在车身造型方面,还没 有专门的人去研究开发,汽车的外形基本沿用了马车的造 型。 为了进一步改善乘坐的条件,美国福特公司在1915年 生产出一种新型的福特T型车。这种车的车身部分很像一 只大箱子,并装有门和窗,人们把它称为箱型汽车。
流线型车身的大量生产是从德国的大众开始的。波尔舍 博士设计了一种类似甲壳虫外形的汽车。经过自然淘汰而 生存下来的甲壳虫不但能在地上走,还能在空中飞,其形 体阻力很小,波尔舍最大限度地发挥了甲壳虫外形的优势, 并把它作为一种设计要素创造性地使用在汽车造型上,成 为同类车之经典,其风格整整影响了一代人,甲壳虫也成 了德国大众的代名词。
_体裁分析_简析

2003年4月第24卷 第4期韶关学院学报(社会科学版)Journal of Shaoguan University (S ocial Science )Apr.2003V ol.24 N o.4收稿日期:2002-10-09作者简介:熊金菊(1971-),女,湖南桃江人,宁波大学初等教育分院讲师,硕士,主要从事英语教学与语篇分析研究。
“体裁分析”简析熊金菊(宁波大学初等教育分院,浙江宁波315000)摘要:从体裁的概念分析得出:体裁具有社会交际目的特征和特定宏观结构模式;而具体分析某一体裁的宏观结构时,可参照体裁分析理论提出的七个步骤和五种语篇模式的特定结构进行分析,从而达到理解和写作某一体裁的目的。
体裁分析理论对第二语言教学有全新的启示。
关键词:体裁;体裁分析;语篇模式中图分类号:H315 文献标识码:A 文章编号:1007-5348(2003)04-0097-04 从20世纪70年代以来,话语分析的研究已从对语篇的语言片面的表层描述转向对语篇的宏观结构和交际功能的深层解释,并试图从语篇的体裁角度解析特定语篇所具有的特定认知结构,这便构成了语篇分析中的一个新课题,称作“体裁分析”。
它已成为应用语言学领域用来达到形式与功能相互联系的强有力的工具,国外关于体裁分析理论的研究已经非常热门。
本文旨在向国内同行介绍体裁分析的概念和方法,从而给第二语言教学以启示。
一、体裁概述语篇体裁的概念来源于genre 一词。
G enre 这个文学和修辞学常用的术语,最早是被人种学家正式引进语言学研究领域的。
它的概念不再局限于文学体裁,而是包括了诸如谈天说地、商业购物、新闻报道、烹饪菜谱、旅游手册、法律条文、商业信函等诸多类型的语篇体裁。
对于体裁的概念,迄今为止,语言学界并无统一的认识。
美国密执安大学的John M.S wales [1](P45-57)阐述如下:(1)体裁是交际事件的分类。
交际事件是指“语言(和/或副语言)中起重要而不可缺少作用的交际事件”。
ARCS动机模式国内研究综述

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CH I N A C0 L C TI V E E C ONOMY
汽车营销中国汽车流通体制的发展趋势毕业论文中英文资料对照外文翻译文献综述
中英文资料对照外文翻译文献综述附录China's automobile development trend of the circulation systemFirst, brands and brand marketingBrand is the business of sustainable development one of the most important resource. In the Chinese automotive market development and the process of development, the concept of brand is being more and more attention, but, for many vehicle operators, the brand concept is very vague, they often attach great importance to corporate image of the shape, attention Product promotion, to the neglect of the brand value and role. On a business, the corporate image in the first level, at the second level of brand image, product image in a third level. A brand must exist in the enterprise, must depend on the tangible products (services), but the brand can be independent of the companies it represents, independent of the products it relies on the outside. Because enterprises can be mergers, joint or reorganization, bankruptcy may, for type or products can be updated, but the value of brands is eternal, is the value-added. With a product, for a brand can be worth 100 times, which fully demonstrates the important value of the brand. "Lamborghini" sports car in both the public by the German company acquired before or after the acquisition, brand image of the core values and not because of inter-enterprise mergers and change. Therefore, development, shape and brand management, corporate image is the fundamental, is the personification of product value.In the car with a strong personality of the car, the brand means that the market position means that the product quality, performance, technology, equipment and services and the value of its ultimate manifestation of the company's business philosophy. Brand recognition from its consumers, "are being added," the value chain and not "Canada is negative." This value chain by the people "reputation spread" and "the effect of" double drive. If consumers do not establish communication channels, can not obtain the trust of consumers, brand value is equal to zero.Brand is a soul, personality, environmental characteristics, is alive. Brand and the end result is the core of customer satisfaction. User satisfaction with the largest direct driving force comes from the use of the product results were satisfactory level. Products derived from the value of location and thus generate the feelings of value for money, it is these factors prompted enterprises have continuously develop new products, increase the technology content of technology and equipment, and continuously reduce costs, in other words continue to technological progress. The car is different from general merchandise, it has high prices, re-use, repeatedly put characteristics. Therefore, the user satisfaction of a more important drivers of marketing system is the level of services and functions of diversity, that is, dealer branding is a concrete manifestation, not only with the sale of products and achieve the interests of a single Function, should also have the market development, supply of spare parts, maintenance, vehicle beauty, insurance, licensing, leasing, hire purchase, old cars by then the whole transaction, information feedback, and many other features. Marketing channels is to build brand users to communicate directly with the bridge is to improve customer satisfaction in important areas.The traditional marketing system can not improve customer satisfaction and create brand image. Because they are horizontal, pluralistic, non-integrated. On the dealers, no brand or brands must be the result of the horizontal development of a single function, extended to other areas of business management, this way, the risks are great, difficult to manage, no image.The importance of vehicle brand marketing is the brand value chain from the decision, it must guide the distributors to develop in depth, through multi-functional integration and integration services to create more value and interest. The car companies, brand marketing, to concentrate manpower and energy market research, market development and is conducive to the planning, development and management of sales and marketing networks and distributors to increase the service functions and is conducive to market with product development and production of Convergence and cooperation is conducive to the market for forward-looking planning, to develop flexible marketing policy, and so on. It can stabilize the market, the development of the market, can be divided into regional, control prices, dealers can become a powerful helper competition in the market.Currently, Buick, Honda, Audi's sales and marketing networks are developing in depth. Their basic characteristic is the exclusive distributor operating on it, that is, specific franchise brand products, with independent distributors or independent legal person status,with independent financial accounting function, multi-function integrated, unified image of the entire network System showed a flat structure, directly facing the ultimate user sales.Second, China's automobile distribution system - from non-brand marketing brandmanagement to changeOne. China's automobile circulation system generally has experienced four stages of development:The first stage is planned economy period (1953-1979), during this period the basic characteristics of the automobile market is highly centralized management. State vehicle for centralized allocation of resources.The second stage is two-pronged period (1979-1985), and sales of motor vehicles into the management of the guidance and market regulation scheme of combining the operation system, the allocation of resources of "national market regulation, market guidance of the" model.The third stage is market-oriented period (1985-1997), enterprises will gradually become market-oriented production and operation, showed regional market demand, a buyer's market began to emerge. This phase is divided into two periods, the early cars is a seller's market, the latter part of a buyer's market.Several stages over the most essential characteristic of all non-brand management, especially market-oriented period, dealers, institutions are not independent, accounts unclear, features a single, market confusion, the layers of the wholesale market when the strong rush headlong into mass action , For resources, market weakness,competition.The fourth stage is to brand management transition period (1997-present), China's car market has started to brand management people into the initial stage, especially in 1999 to Shanghai GM Buick, Guangzhou Honda Accord, FAW - the public, such as Audi City people brand marketing system after the building as the hallmark, China's car market to accelerate the pace of development of brand marketing. Their dealer network from the appearance of the image to the internal layout, and input from hardware to software management, pre-market sale of after-sales service and a series of procedures, have a unified standard, uniform logo, the image of unity, unified management and Strict implementation of the training. Brand management can not only regulate the market order, strengthen market management, to avoid over-or vicious competition is more important to establish a brand image.FAW Group Corporation is China's largest automobile manufacturer of. 1997, the Jetta as a pilot, started a brand marketing attempt. Taste sweetness, the red flag, liberation and Audi have also started marketing brands, has achieved very good results. Jetta sedans to as an example, in the implementation of brand management asked the previous five years, always in annual sales from 10,000 to 20,000 between wandering, the establishment of the FAW in 1997 - after the public sale of the company, was on the more than 40,000 Vehicles, after an annual rate of 20,000 increase in 1999 from January to October, has sold 62,896 Jetta sedans, the market share of 13.51 percent, while brand management in 1997 before the market share of only about 5%. Especially over the past few years, the car market is completely transferred to a buyer's market, increasingly competitive, the results achieved this more difficult, that the great role of brand marketing.Of course, the FAW Group Corporation of brand management is still in its initial stage, in the process of development there are still various historical burden and the many contradictions and problems. This is the future to overcome the difficulties. The Jetta sedan, the network operators to brand marketing has just begun, the next to go a long way to go.From the results of brand management, compared with non-brand management, marketing, quality improved markedly. Specific performance in the following areas:1. To solve the previous after-sales service and spare parts supply and sale of the state of separation, on the other service functions such as licensing, insurance, beauty, and other vehicles to be strengthened. Separation of these links is the result of interest difficult to coordinate, through different sectors of the lack of a smooth channel for feedback, the lack of specific brands of concern.2. Delineation of the regional scope of the operation, unified price policy, and is conducive to the depth of its business development. The past in a region scattered with many dealers, leading to price, service and other disorder, not on specific brands to market development.3. By the end of the multi-layers of wholesale sales sectors, directly to the people of the ultimate user-oriented sales, reducing the supply chain, lower transaction costs.4. The end of a "small window dressing" and "stall" mode of operation, steering procedures, high input of the business. This is undoubtedly the tangible car market has posed a challenge.5. Cash transaction or a guarantee that the pledge, to avoid the risk.6. The end of a single new car sales, hire purchase, on the 1st car replacement, leasing and other financing vehicles began attention.7. Initially set up customer management systems, track users, improve customer satisfaction.China's automobile industry faces the challenges of the next century, the car market in constant change of the division and trespassing. We believe that the structure of a brand marketing at the core of the vehicle circulation system framework, the cross-century China's auto market is the basic marketing model and the inevitable choice. Brand management is based on the establishment of the new Trade and Industry, Trade and Industry to form an appropriate division of labor between the positioning of the vehicle turned into enterprises under the leadership of the participation of financial institutions to brand marketing at the core of the circulation system. Trade and Industry should be between a bite very close gear, the car companies is an active round, and the dealers are driven round and round it should take the initiative driven by a stable and harmonious functioning.Two. China's car sales managementCar manufacturers of domestic marketing network management, many from foreign parent companies or technology transfer from the copy, but, because of the domestic car market some of particularity, copies began aliasing, which makes car sales and marketing network confusion. At present the domestic car manufacturers sales management problems are basically the same, because of marketing and management methods and policies for the car market caused by the confusion and car dealers in speculation, dealers and intensified the contradictions and production enterprises so that users The decline in product satisfaction.1. Distribution centres and regional centres and the construction site manager. SAIC Sales Corporation, the country gradually built 24 distribution centers, its intention is to strengthen the management of local dealers to promote sales. Shenlong company's regional centres (business offices) is Shenlong companies throughout the country a regional management center, but because too few officers in each region, in particular the lack of after-sales service professionals, makes too much work span, but also because of management Function is not clear, the task had passed Wuhan headquarters, leading to poor coordination with the dealer, not really a big area of management functions.In addition, the current domestic car production enterprises with specialized regional manager of the site, devoted to tour the scene, such as Shanghai Volkswagen, FAW-Volkswagen, the Shenlong Company. However, the survey found that most managers at the scene because the scene could not solve the problem, coupled with the sitemanager and the issue of coordination between headquarters, sales and service network makes the problem can not be resolved in time, causing the backlog problem, thus increasing the network management Difficult.2. The support of dealers and evaluation. For a long time, production enterprises with the support of the dealers are mainly embodied on the end of the year, sales of major distributors of assessment criteria, making dealers do not pay attention, focus only on sales, many dealers at a low price Sales, thanks to more sales, they often look to the huge annual sales corporation, a loss of even out, once the company not to sell, most dealers will be a huge loss, resulting in the loss of sales force and Competitors into the sales network. After sales management policy changes, all enterprises and the loss of basic sales channels to stop, but the profit cycle only about 500 to 2,000 yuan, far less than the sales network of foreign profits.At present, aware of the shortcomings of the end of Fan Li policy, domestic car manufacturers basically have all abolished the end of Fan Li policy and a comprehensive index of small-scale examination after the award. Enterprises for comprehensive examination including sales, financial return, feedback and hardware facilities. However, its core content and in terms of sales and capital returns, the hardware facilities of the assessment did not change to the planning and encourage dealers to invest, such as Dragon's Award is the most important indicators of monthly sales evaluation is completed, the extent of the return of funds. FAW-Volkswagen examination indices, in addition to the assessment of sales, also increased the feedback on the evaluation (mainly referring to new users file feedback), failed the examination of the maintenance stations to cancel their sales commission. The introduction of these policies, to a certain extent, improve the assessment indicators, but the intensity of this examination norms for the conduct and dealers are still not enough direction.In 1999, SAIC Sales Corporation in learning the German public sales network management methods, introduced a system of franchisees and the "three Maori" policy. Shanghai Automotive Industry Sales Corporation brand franchise through the idea of transforming the traditional distributor for the franchisees, through "three Maori" policy to promote the transformation of dealers. Apart from considering the franchisees sales Maori, but also in accordance with its investment in hardware and services in the corresponding gross margin and investment services to Maori. Although this policy comprehensively on the various dealers and investment to the guide, however, due to the lack of detailed study, launched the "three Maori" policy of the lack of other supporting management policies,will not be able to contain a good distributor, And the speculative dealers will soon find the existence of speculative opportunities.3. Of after-sales service management. Domestic car manufacturers are faced with after-sales service network management difficulties. The main problems: the supply department of spare parts and after-sales service sector manufacturing enterprises can not control the outflow of accessories, especially the system of supporting parts enterprises. In many parts production enterprises without the permission, accessories will be sold directly to the maintenance business, coupled with the impact of counterfeit parts, maintenance service stations operating conditions deteriorate. At present, Shanghai Volkswagen, FAW Volkswagen and ShenLong companies such as after-sales service companies are facing these problems, thus also means that the maintenance of the control points lower.4. Of dealers and repair stations intelligence management. Domestic car manufacturers marketing departments began to attach importance to the management of intelligence, such as FAW-Volkswagen dealers will require all new car sales to return to the user files, and as an incentive assessment of one of the key indicators. SAIC sold the company to all authorized dealers in a unified software system planning,it also requires dealers will sell new cars to return to the user files. Shanghai Volkswagen in the maintenance stations across the country to promote reunification of the computer management system, then you can repair station repairs, claims, the user files, and accessories sales, inventory and other information for all, maintenance and analysis of the situation and stop the operation of the market Situation.Although the domestic car manufacturers to begin sales and service network of information management, but many of these systems or just started, many enterprises in urgent need of basic database have not yet completed, the computer management is still in its initial stage, and so on. In addition, intelligence collection and transmission of the dealer is a huge cost, the effect of slow business, the majority of dealers in China do not attach importance to this, there are a lot of raw data big problem.5. Franchise brand awareness. Since the domestic car manufacturers and dealer network's overall environmental situation determines the domestic car sales method is relatively backward, and foreign brands compared the current concept of the concept of brand competition and did not form, making manufacturers, retailers and service stations operating without a unified Planning, not standardized, so all sales outlets fragmentation, irrelevant, and bidding each other, leading to confusion in business scope, quality ofservice decline, increased costs and falling profits, this situation is all the car factory there are problems.Third, marketing and management analysis concluded1. The level of management is not clear. Regional management and maintenance of the retailers at the lack of control efforts, this makes the level of retailers, most retailers and wholesalers are a retailer, but because the results of the auction each other, making great profits fell.2. Retailers on the assessment is not comprehensive enough. At present, domestic car manufacturers to focus on the assessment indicator sales volume, but not revenue from sales and profitability of the two areas to conduct a comprehensive evaluation, especially quality of service for assessment, guide retailers to improve service quality is negative.3. Brand the concept of the poor. Manufacturers and retailers are not the business of brand planning, manufacturers and retailers are not under the name of the scale, it is an increase of the internal friction among retailers.4. Retailer's intelligence network is not perfect. At present, China's car manufacturers to retailers intelligence network has not been perfect, but retailers were not seriously, this will affect manufacturers to retailers were operating as intelligence.中国汽车流通体制的发展趋势1 品牌与品牌营销品牌是企业可持续发展的最重要资源之一。
国内近五年产出导向法研究综述
考试与评价·大学英语教研版二语习得General Serial No.1062020No.31刘亚,女,山东济宁人,在读研究生,研究方向:学科教学(英语)2邢加新,男,山东临沂人,博士,副教授,研究方向:应用语言学国内近五年产出导向法研究综述刘亚1邢加新2(曲阜师范大学,山东曲阜273100)摘要:产出导向法(Production-oriented Approach ,简称POA)是由我国文秋芳教授提出的具有中国特色的外语教学理论体系。
文章以文献研究为线索,对2015-2019年国内“产出导向法”的相关文献进行了梳理,在统计分析的基础上总结了国内产出导向法的研究成果,指出了存在的主要问题,同时也对“产出导向法”的研究发展方向做出了预测。
关键词:产出导向法;文献研究;外语教学理论1.引言产出导向法是由我国文秋芳教授提出的具有中国特色的外语教学理论体系,该理论的发展历经10余年,针对教学中学用分离的状况,把传统的“输入-输出”顺序改为“输出驱动-输入促成-输出评价”的新流程,提出了学用一体的教学理念(文秋芳,2015;2016)。
产出导向法主要针对中高级英语学者,以输出为主要目的,设计以学生为中心的多种形式的学习任务,引导学生完成驱动、促成、评价三个教学环节,提高英语课堂的教学效率,提升学生英语应用能力。
产出导向法自提出以来,国内有关该理论的研究不断增多。
本文采用文献分析的方法,对2015-2019年国内产出导向法相关文献进行系统的整理,总结研究成果,展望发展趋势,提出不足和问题,以便进一步推动产出导向法的研究、发展与应用。
2.相关研究综述本文以中国知网数据库为数据来源,运用高级检索功能,将文献类型选择为期刊,以“产出导向法”为主题进行检索,文献查询节点为2019年12月30日,检索到文献523篇。
之后将文献类型选择为博硕士,检索主题与文献查询节点相同,检索到文献54篇。
由图1可见,自2015年文秋芳教授正式提出产出导向法,期刊发文量自2016年开始大幅上升,2017-2018年关于产出导向法的文章数量增幅最大,总体呈上升趋势。
sirs-cars-mars综合征
SIRS-CARS-MARS全身炎症反应综合征(system inflammatory response syndrome ,SIRS)、代偿性抗炎症反应综合征(compensated anti—inflammatory response syndrome ,CARS)及混合性拮抗反应综合征(mixed antagonist response syndrome ,MARS)是近年出现的医学新概念和医学术语。
人们对感染和炎症反应曾有过不同的认识,也提出过很多的概念,如上所述的菌血症、败血症、脓毒症等等,但均没有很好地反映炎症反应的本质。
随着近年来对炎症反应研究的深入,人们逐渐提出了SIRS、CARS及MARS,并在研究中不断深化这几个概念。
(一)SIRSSIRS的提出是基于对炎症反应和感染的研究。
从20世纪70~80年代中期,人们将严重的全身炎症反应归咎于未能控制的严重感染,但这种以严重感染为全身炎症发病基础的观点却受到随后一系列现象的质疑:①临床上约半数,尸检中近l/3的MODS病人并无明确的感染灶;②有效地控制感染并不能完全遏制全身炎症反应的发展;③酵母聚糖可以在实验动物模拟出与人类相似的脓毒症或MODS;④实验中使用抗炎治疗可以减轻脓毒症和MODS,并改善动物的存活率。
20世纪80年代中期,人类发现大量的促炎症细胞因子参与SIRS和脓毒症,以TNF与IL-l、IL—6最为突出。
另外还确认,不仅感染可以启动炎症反应,休克、创伤等其他损伤也均是常见的致炎因素。
更为重要的是,消除启动炎症反应的因素未必能阻止病程的发展,机体免疫功能紊乱及促炎介质的级联反应可以导致病情进一步恶化。
基于上述原因,美国胸科医师学会和危重病学会联席会议(ACCP/SCCM)在1991年提出废除“败血症”等容易造成概念模糊的名称,创造性地使用了SIRS这一新词来描述全身炎症表现,并保留了“脓毒症"用词。
脓毒症是特指具有细菌学证据的SIRS。
关于新能源汽车的文献综述_林维奇
工作研究摘要:我国政府将新能源汽车列入“十二”五国家发展计划以来,对有关新能源汽车技术、市场发展、消费者购买意愿等相关研究越来越多,本文通过对新能源汽车的相关研究进行综述,希望能为相关学者的进一步研究有所启示和帮助。
关键词:新能源汽车;购买意愿;消费者购买行为;文献综述Abstract:Since the China government includes new energy automobile into its“12th Five-Year Plan",there are more and more researches for the new energy automo-bile on the topics of technology,market development, consumers'purchasing intention etc.The paper makes a literature review for the relative researches did on the new energy automobile,which hopefully brings in-spiration and help for the relevant scholars’further research.Keywords:New energy automobile;Purchasing inten-tion;Consumer purchasing behavior;Literature review新能源汽车的发展理念获得我国政府大力支持和推广后,产业发展犹如雨后春笋般的在全国形成一股爆发式的投资浪潮。
电动汽车具有“零废气排放”的优点,得到了世界各国政府对新能源汽车开发的推崇。
电动汽车,这个曾经在汽车发展史上作为人类第一部“汽车”,在其尘封70多年后再度被搬上汽车舞台是否能获得现代消费者的青睐呢?同时,从政府协助产业研发到提供购车补贴的各种利好消息,多大程度上使我国消费者最终接受电动汽车呢?正是这样的一些问题,本文将对我国目前在新能源汽车有关消费者和产业发展的研究情况进行综述。
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・117・ 哈尔滨职业技术学院学报 2012年第1期 Journal of Harbin Vocational & Technical College自从“体裁”(genre)一词被人种学家正式引入到语言学领域,语言学家们便对体裁和体裁分析产生了浓厚的兴趣。
国外对体裁的研究主要有两个学派:以John M. Swales和V. K. Bhatia为代表的斯威尔斯学派(the Swalesian School)以及以J. R. Martin为代表的澳大利亚学派(the Australian School)。
[1]Swales被称为是体裁分析之父,他的CARS(创建研究空间)模式被许多学者应用于分析不同领域,不同语言的语篇,并且被认为是描述篇章结构最有效的方法之一。
一、 C A R S 模式的提出和发展CARS模式的全称是Create a Research SpaceModel(创建研究空间模式)。
该模式是Swales 在1990年对“四语步”(4-move)模式修订的基础上提出来的。
早在1981年,Swales通过对多个领域的48篇英文学术论文引言部分的研究,提出了一种用语步分析语篇的方法,即“四语步”(4-move)模式。
该模式第一次从宏观上把科研论文引言部分的写作方式分为四大“语步”,每个语步又包含几个数量不等的“步骤”(steps)。
该模式一经提出,立即引起了语篇研究者和学术写作教师的极大兴趣,同时,也有部分学者对此模式提出异议。
1990年,Swales[2]对他的模式作了修订,提出了被称为CARS(Create a Research Space)的论文开头模式。
[1]CARS模式对ESP的体裁分析,对国际学生和L1学生的学术写作教学及希望在国际期刊上发表论文的学者都产生了巨大影响。
随后,很多学者便开始应用语步分析的模式来研究学术论文和硕/博士论文的其它部分。
这些研究或者对Swales[2]的经典模式在不同学科领域和不同语言的语篇中进行验证,或者对这一模式加以修正和补充。
如Bunton[3]发现在博士论文引言的第一语步中普遍含有一个新的步骤,即“定义术语”。
Samraj[4]也提出“第一语步中的步骤2和步骤3有时很难区分开来”,并且指出,除了用到CARS模式中提到的步骤来实现第二语步的功能外,还可以用正面理由(positive justification)来证明自己的观点。
为了让CARS模式更好地反映语步分析中遇到的变化,2004年Swales再次对它进行调整和修订。
2004版的CARS模式与1990版相比最大的不同在第三语步,由三个步骤变成七个步骤。
由此可见:Swales的CARS模式不是一成不变的,而是处于动态发展中。
我们在今后应用该模式进行语篇分析时,应该做到不要被该模式所禁锢,要根据所分析的语篇的具体情况灵活运用该模式。
二、C A R S 模式在国外研究的现状Swales的CARS模式是在研究科研论文“引言”部分的认知结构时提出来的,但是它同样适用于各类科研论文的其它部分及通篇结构的分析。
英文科研论文一般由四个部分组成:引言、方法、结果、讨论。
国外学者对这些部分都进行了大量研究,如引言部分(Swales,1990; Bhatia,1997)、结果部分(Brett,1994;Williams,1999)和讨论部分 (Holmes,1997)。
除此之外,还有研究科研论文摘要(Hyland,2000;Samraj,2005)的研究,以及这些部分的集合 (Yang and Allison, 2003)研究。
总的来说,国外的语步研究表现为两个主要的发展趋势:一是对具体学科英语篇章结构的探讨,如Anderson & Maclean对医学语篇和Santos对应用语言学国际会议语篇的研究。
另一个发展趋势是对非英语语篇和英语语篇的对比研究。
Eliana[5]采用CARS模式对比研究了用巴西葡萄牙语所撰写的学术论文引言部分和英语本族语作者所写的论文引言部分,发现两种学术论文引言部分在结构上存在明显的差异:英语本族语作者所撰写的学术论文引言部分与CARS模式很接近,90%的语篇含有三个语步,而70%的巴西葡萄牙语撰写的学术论文引言部分不包含第二个语步。
三、C A R S 模式在国内研究的现状为了更好地掌握CARS模式在国内的研究现状,本文从中国知网学术文献总库中检索了1997-2011年15年间发表在外语类期刊上的有关语步分析的文章和相关的硕博论文共47篇,分别从发表年份和数量、研[收稿日期]2011-12-16[作者简介]1.李芳萍(1980—),女,哈尔滨工程大学外语系研究生,黑龙江八一农垦大学英语系讲师;2.邓晓明(1968—),女,哈尔滨工程大学外语系教授,硕士生导师,研究方向:应用语言学及外语教学。
中图分类号:G712 文献标识码:A 文章编号:1008—8970—(2012)01—0117—02国内近15年CARS体裁分析模式研究综述李芳萍1,2,邓晓明1(1.哈尔滨工程大学, 黑龙江 哈尔滨 150001; 2.黑龙江八一农垦大学, 黑龙江 大庆 163319)摘要:本文介绍了CARS模式及其在国内外的发展现状,并从发表年份和数量、研究方法和研究内容三个方面对国内近15年有关CARS模式的研究的论文进行分析,研究方法以实证性研究为主,研究内容集中在学术论文的语篇分析上,最后讨论了存在的问题以及今后的发展前景。
关键词:CARS模式;发表年份数量;现状;前景・118・ 哈尔滨职业技术学院学报 2012年第1期 Journal of Harbin Vocational & Technical College究方法和研究内容三方面进行了定量和定性的分析。
(一)发表年份和数量在这47篇文章中,硕博论文有15篇,其余32篇均来自各种外语类期刊,如表1所示。
从发表年份的分布看,前10年对CARS体裁分析模式的研究数量还很少,总共只有8篇,而有些年份如1998、1999和2002年则没有该类文章发表,因此没有列在表中。
后5年总共有39篇相关的文章和硕博论文出现,其中硕博论文有15篇,而2008年和2010年处于研究的高峰期分别有10篇和11篇相关论文出现。
总体来说,在国内对CARS体裁分析模式的研究是在近5年才刚刚开始,但是尚未引起语言学界的关注,因为从笔者对这类的文章检索中发现,发表在中文核心期刊的文章寥寥无几。
表1 1997-2011年研究CARS体裁分析模式的分布情况(二)研究方法在研究方法方面,本文借鉴文秋芳[6]的分类标准将对CARS模式的研究分为实证性和非实证性研究两大类。
按照这一标准,这47篇论文可分类如下:表2 1997-2011年研究CARS体裁分析模式的方法类型由表2得出,对CARS模式分析研究方法主要以实证性研究为主,非实证性研究为辅。
47篇论文中实证性研究有41篇,占总数的87.2%,而非实证的研究只有6篇,仅占12.8%。
在6篇非实证的研究论文中有4篇是对Swales的CARS模式的介绍,另外2篇是应用Swales体裁分析法来指导大学英语阅读和科技英语写作。
在统计时,笔者发现非实证性研究的论文多出现在前10年,从2007年开始实证性研究的论文数量几乎与当年的论文发表数量相同。
除了2007年和2011年各有一篇论文是非实证性的研究,其它全部都是实证性的研究。
这可能与CARS分析模式主要用于分析学术论文的功能有关。
(三)研究内容除了从发表年份和研究方法来看CARS模式在国内的研究状况,笔者还从研究内容方面对15年间发表的论文进行归类。
根据论文研究的内容,笔者将这些论文归为三大类:理论介绍、应用性研究和比较研究。
如表3所示:表3 1997-2011年研究CARS体裁分析模式的研究内容分类由表3中可以得出,在47篇论文中涉及对CARS模式理论介绍类的文章只有6篇,这些文章并没有直接介绍CARS模式,而是在介绍体裁分析和体裁教学法时,提到了Swales的CARS模式。
如秦秀白在介绍体裁分析和体裁教学法时,提及CARS模式,但专门对Swales的CARS模式进行介绍的文章却没有。
而CARS模式应用性的论文却有41篇,占87.2%,这一数字与实证研究的数量一致。
其中,将CARS模式应用教学中的论文只有4篇,而应用这一模式分析学术论文的文章有35篇,占全部论文总数的74.5%,说明在国内CARS模式主要用于分析学术论文。
在应用该模式对学术论文进行分析时,对通篇进行分析的论文只有1篇,其它大多数是对学术论文某一部分进行分析,少量对某两个部分的分析。
其中应用该模式对学术论文摘要部分分析的论文最多(19篇),其次是对引言部分的分析(8篇)。
说明国内应用CARS模式分析学术论文时对某些部分的研究重复进行,而对另一些部分的研究,如方法部分、结论部分和文献综述部分,却进行的不够充分和深入。
在国内CARS模式除了应用于教学和学术论文的分析之外,还用于其它体裁的分析,如英文海事声明和新闻的体裁分析,但数量不多(2篇)。
这里需要说明的是,在分类中,比较研究与应用性的研究有重叠。
应用CARS模式进行对比的研究主要体现在对学术论文及其某个部分的对比。
在35篇学术论文中,应用CARS模式比较英汉两种语言的学术论文及某一部分的论文仅有6篇,说明在国内将CARS模式应用到汉语语篇分析的研究并不多。
四、存在问题与发展前景以上分析表明,我国近15年尤其是近5年来对Swales的CARS模式的研究取得了一定的成果,为外语界对语篇的研究增添了新的研究视角,尤其是在对学术论文的研究方面取得了一定的成绩。
但是,仍然存在一些问题需要我们在今后的研究中加以注意:一是,Swales的CARS模式及体裁教学法没有引起语言界专家学者的足够重视,这一点从论文发表的数量可见一斑。
二是,出现重复研究现象。
某些研究只是重述前人的研究,缺乏创新性。
这一点在对学术论文摘要的研究中表现最为突出。
三是,从研究内容看,CARS模式在国内的研究范围比较狭窄,只是在学术论文的体裁分析方面应用的较多,在教学、比较研究及其它领域应用的很少,还有待于进一步研究。
Swales创建的体裁分析法和体裁教学法在国外已经研究了30多年,取得了丰硕的成果,但是,在国内对其理论真正意义上的研究和应用才刚刚开始,需要我们今后不仅在学术论文体裁分析方面更深入的研究,还要加强在教学、翻译以及英汉语篇对比分析等方面的研究。
总之,在国内对Swales的CARS体裁分析模式的真正意义上的研究才刚刚起步,有着广阔的发展前景,需要广大同仁们的共同努力。
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