部分语言学术语对照
absolute universals 绝对共性[廖328] absolute case 通格[廖204]
abstract construct 抽象结构[廖235] accessibility hierachy 辨认度[廖27] acceptability 可接受性[廖373] accommodation 让步，适应[陶] accompaniment adverb 交与副词[吕239] accomplishment 结束[陈147 159] accusative 受事格[廖346]
accusative object 受事宾语[吕240] achievement 成就[陈147]
act 行为[廖236]
act sequence 信息内容与形式[陶] actional predicate 动作谓语[吕240] activated 被激发的[廖396 402]
active 主动格[陈108]
activity 活动[陈147 157]
actual 实际[廖375]
adequacy 切应性[陈51]
adjacency 邻接关系[吕240]
adjacency pairs 语对[陶]
adjective 形容词[吕240]
adjunct string 附加语符列[陈45] adjuncts 修饰语[廖27]
adjusment model 调整模式[陈41] adposition 介词[吕240]
advanced 高等[陶]
adverb 副词[吕240]
adverb-fronting 副词前移[吕240] adverb-lowering 副词下降[吕240] affective 表情(作用)[陈9]
affix 词缀[吕240]
Afrikanns 阿富堪斯[陶]
age grading 年龄级差[陶]
agent 施事[吕240]
agglutinating 粘着型[廖331] agglutinative 粘着型[陈107] agreement 一致[吕240]
agreement maxim 同意的准则[廖369]
AI(artificial intelligence) 人工智能[廖235] allocation of function 功能的分配[陶] allocation of use 用途的分配[陶] ambiguity 歧义[吕240]
ambiguity maxim 歧义准则[廖370]
American Council on Teaching Foreign Languages (ACTFL) 美国外语教学委员会[陶] American Institutes of Research 美国研究所[陶]
analogues 模拟词[廖408]
analytic 分析型[陈107]
analytic causative 分析式使成式[廖345]
anaphor 回指对象[陈182]
anaphora 指称替代[廖236] 回指形式[陈182]
anaphoric reference 回指[陈121 181][吕240]
animacy 生命度[廖326 332 347 352]
antecedent 先行词[陈182] 被代词[吕240]
anterior 先事时[陈173]
anterior future 先事将来时[陈174]
anterior past 先事过去时[陈174]
anterior present 先事现在时[陈174]
anthropological 人类学的[廖235]
anthropology 人类学[陶]
Antigua 西印度群岛上的安梯瓜[陶]
antipodals 对跖词[廖413]
antonym 两极词[廖412]
antonymy 两极关系[廖417]
apparent time 显象时间[陶]
appositive clause 同位小句[吕240]
approbation maxim 表扬的准则[廖369]
appropriateness 合适性[廖374]得体性[陶]
arbitrary 任意的[陶]
archiphoneme 原音位[陈10]
argument 论元[陈84 196] 参与者[吕240]
argument position 论元位[陈104]
argumentation 论辩体[廖124]
argumentative 论证[廖236]
argumentative structure 论证结构[廖237]
Aroucanians 智利的阿劳卡尼人[陶]
article 冠词[吕240]
aspect 时态[陈143] 态[吕240] 体[陶]
assert 肯定[吕240]
assertion 肯定[吕240]
assertive 断言的[廖425]
assign 分配[吕240]
associated typology 关联类型学[廖331]
atomic structure of sentences 句子的原始结构[吕240]
attach to 系附于[吕240]
attenuated 较单薄的[廖61]
attributes 属性[廖435 449]
attributive relative clause 修饰性关系小句[吕240]
audience design 听众设计[陶]
augmented transition network 扩展的转移网络[廖379] authentic 真实材料[陶]
automatic translation 自动翻译[陈96]
autonomous syntax 自主的句法[廖236] Autosegmental Phonology 自分音系理论[陶] auxiliary verb 助动词[吕240]
B
Baby Talk娃娃腔[陶]
back-channel 衬托型反馈形式[陶]
backgrounding 抑退[吕240]
Bahasa Indonesia 巴萨印尼话[陶]
ballooning(of rules) (规则)膨胀[吕240]
banter principle 逗乐原则[廖369]
bare noun 光杆名词[陈129]
basic level 基本层次[廖417]
basic level terms 典型层次词[廖436]
Basque 巴斯克语[陶]
Bazaar Malay 集市马来话[陶]
begging 乞求[陶]
behavioral norm 行为规范[陈106]
Berber 柏柏尔语[陶]
beyond sentence grammar 超句语法[廖234]
bi-cultural 双文化[陶]
bidialectalism 双方言[陶]
bilingual 说双语的人[陶]
bilingualism 双语[陶]
biunique 一一对应[陈11]
bounded 有界的[陈168]
boundedness 封闭性[廖438]
bracketing 加括[吕241]
brand new 全新的[廖399]
bundle of features 特征束[陈10]
C
camaraderie 同志式的[陶]
cardinal reference-point 主要元音参考点[廖318] case-marker 格标记[吕241]
case marking 格标记[廖340]
Catalan 加泰窿语[陶]
cataphoric reference 反指[陈206]
catastrophic change 剧变，灾变[陶] catastrophism 剧变说，灾变说[陶]
categorize 类化[陈103]
categorization 范畴化[廖449]
category 范畴[廖449][吕241]
causal 因果性[陈117]
causative construction 使成结构[廖326 344]
cause adverb 原因副词[吕241]
causee 使成者[廖345]
causer 肇事者[廖345]
center string 中心语符列[陈45]
change in progress 进行中的变化[陶]
chunk 信息块[陈89]
circumstantial role 附带成分[陈183] circumstantials 随遇成分[廖27]
citation 引用[廖359]
clarity principle 清楚原则[廖370]
class 类[陈128]
classical 古语[陶]
class-inclusion 类包括[吕241]
classes of words 词类[吕241]
classification 分类体[廖124]
clause 小句[廖236][吕241]
clause-internal rules 小句内部规则[吕241]
cleft sentence 分裂句[陈240]
clefting 分裂[吕241]
closed network 封闭网络[陶]
cluster 词群[廖408]
code 代码[吕241]
code norm 代码规范[陈105]
code-switching 语码转换[陶]
codification 标准的健全[陶]
coding 表现[陈163]
coding device 编码手段[吕241]
cognitive content 认识内容[吕241]
cognitive correspondence 认知对应原则[陈104] cognitive function 认识功能[吕241]
cognitive information 认知信息[陶]
cognitive representation theory 认知表现理论[陈104] cognitive science 认知科学[廖380]
cognitive synonymy 认知同义关系[廖406] coherence 意义连贯[廖373]
cohesion 形式连贯[廖373]
cohesive relationship 连贯关系[廖399]
collaborative finish 合作完成式[陶]
collocational restrictions 习惯性搭配限制[廖408] command 统御[陈68]
comment 论述,陈述[廖333 396][陈187] 说明[吕241] commissives 承诺[廖423]
common focus 共喻圈[吕242]
common knowledge 共同知识[吕242]
communication 传信[廖379]
communication accommodation theory, CAT 交际适应理论[陶] communicative competence 交际能力[廖278] communicative force 实际用义[廖357]
communicative language teaching 交际语言教学[陶] compactness 简洁[吕242]
comparative 比较[吕242]
compatibility 并存关系[廖407]
competence 语言能力[陈18] 能耐[吕242] complementaries 互补词[廖411]
complements 补足成分[廖27] 补语[吕242] complementizer 成形剂[吕242]
complex change 复变[陈160]
complex-NP-shift 复杂NP移位[吕242]
complex sentence 复杂句[吕242]
componentialist 要素分析者[廖438]
compound interdependent 合成型[陶]
compression rules 压缩规则[吕242]
conative function 使动功能[廖313]
conceptual dependency 概念从属(语法)[陈101]
concord 一致[吕242]
conditional adverb 条件副词[吕242]
conditional coherence 条件连贯[陈83]
configuration 构型[廖438]
configurationality 组合性[陈108]
congruence relations 一致关系[廖406]
congruent 一致性[陶]
congruent meronym 一致部件[廖407]
conjoinability 可连接性[廖27]
conjunction 连词/联合[吕242]
conjunction-reduction 省并[吕242]
connectivers 连接成分[廖451]
constituency rules 组成成分规则[廖314]
constituent class 成分类别[陈41]
constituent ellipsis 成分省略[廖14]
constituent insertion 成分插入[陶]
constituent order 结构成分顺序[廖334]
constitutive principles 构成原则[廖373]
constant 常量[吕242]
constraints 限制[廖328] 约束[吕242]
construction grammar 结构语法[廖281]
containment 包含[廖483]
contemporary 当代[陶]
content form 内容形式[陈9]
content mode 内容表达式[廖359]
content substance 内容实体[陈9]
context 语境,上文[廖236 395]
context of situation 言语情景；情景的上下文[陶]
context-dependent structure/system 依靠语境的结构/系统[廖236] context-free rule 不受上下文约束的规则[吕242]
context of situation 语境[廖319]
context-sensitive rule 受上下文约束的规则[吕242]
contextual relations 语境关系[廖404]
contextual style 场合语体[陶]
contextualization cues 语境线索[陶]
continuity 连续性[陈187]
continuous variable 连续变量[陶]
continuum 连续体[陈64 162]
contraction 语音省缩[吕242]
contrary 指反[陈217]
contrastive prominence 对比重音[吕242]
control 自控力[廖332]
convergence 靠近[陶]
conversation 会话[廖236]
conversational analysis,CA 对话分析[廖235] 会话分析[陶] conversational implicatures 话语蕴含[陶]
conversational postulates 对话原则[廖361]
converse 逆反词[廖413]
co-occurrence constraint 共现约束[吕242]
cooperative principle 合作原则[廖179 357]
co-ordinate independent 并存型[陶]
coordinate structure 并列结构[吕242]
copula verb 系词[吕242]
coreference 同一性关系[陈182]
corpus planning 语型规划[陶]
corrected mean 修正均值[陶]
correspondence 对应[廖365]
co-taxonyms 同类分类词[廖409]
counteractive 反动关系[廖412]
counterparts 对应词[廖413]
covert prestige 隐威信[陶]
creole 克里奥语,混合语[陶]
criterial 判别性的[廖404]
cross-cultural communication 跨文化的交际[陶]
crossover 超越[陶]
cultivation 培养[陶]
current 邻接的[廖399]
cycle 轮转[吕243]
cyclic application 循环使用[廖317]
contrastive features 区别特征[陶]
D
data 数据[廖236]
dative 与格[廖346]
Davidian 达罗毗荼[陶]
declaratives 宣告句[廖420]
declarative sentence 陈述句[吕243]
de-creolization 克里奥尔脱化[陶]
de-creolization continuum 克里奥尔脱化连续体[陶]
deep structure 深层结构[吕243]
default 常规选择[廖373]
deferent 敬重[陶]
Deficit Hypothesis 语言缺陷论[陶]
definite 有定[廖40]
definiteness 定指度[廖342]
definiteness of subject and object 主语和宾语的限定[廖237] degree-terms 程度词[廖411]
deictic 指示词[吕243]
deixis 指示词[廖195]
deletion rules 消除规则[吕243]
delicacy 精细度[廖319]
demonstrative structure 论证结构[廖451]
deontic modality 义务情态[廖419]
dependency relation 依赖关系[吕243]
derivational morphology 衍生构词[廖316] 构词形态[吕243] derived sentence 派生句[吕243]
derived structure 派生结构[吕243]
description 描写体[廖124]
descriptive structuer 描写结构[廖237]
descriptivists 描写学派[廖308 322][陈11 35]
design features 图案成分[廖309]
destressing 轻音化[吕243]
determiner 区别词[吕243]
deviation 偏离[陶]
diachronic derivability 历时可导性[陈116]
diagram 图解[吕243]
dialect 方言[陶]
dialect geography 方言地理学[廖264]
dialectology 方言学[廖262]
dialogic 对话性[陶]
dialogue 对话[廖234 236]
differentiable 可区分的[廖408]
diglossia 双言制[陶]
dimension 标度[廖211]
dimensional model 层面模式[陈109]
direct illocutions 直接表达式[廖361]
direct object 直接宾语[吕243]
directional adverb 趋向副词[吕243]
directives 指令[廖423]
direct speech 直接句[廖360]
discourse 对话[廖379] 言谈[吕243]
discourse analysis 篇章分析[廖181 234 310][陈25 55] discourse connectedness 篇章连贯[廖236]
discourse connectives 篇章连接[廖236 237]
discourse for special occasions 特别场合的篇章[廖236] discourse-functional syntax 篇章-功能句法[廖236] discourse-functionally motivated structure/system
有篇章-功能理据的结构/系统[廖237]
discourse genres 篇章类型[廖236]
discourse intonation 篇章语调[廖236]
discourse organization 篇章结构[廖236]
discourse particles 篇章词[廖236]
discourse perspective on syntax 篇章观点看句法[廖237] discourse predicate 篇章谓词[廖236 237]
discourse scope 篇章管界[廖236 237]
discourse units 篇章单位[廖236]
discovery procedure 发现过程[廖309] 发现程序[陈11 43] discrete 离散的[廖332]
displaced 间隔的[廖399]
dissonance 不和谐[廖416]
distant 距离，保持距离[陶]
distinctive features 区别成分[廖317]
distinctive feature theory 区别成分理论[廖313] distributionalists 分布学派[陈11]
distribution universals 分布共性[廖338]
divergence 分离[陶]
Document Design Project, DDP 文献设计计划[陶]
doing 做事[陶]
domain 认知领域[廖438]
domain of predication 表述界域[吕243]
domain of transformations 转换界域[吕243]
domain theory 语域理论[陶]
dominances 处理中心[廖373]
dominant 显性[陈115]
double articulation 双重分节[陈113]
doublet 词对[廖408]
dummy filler 傀儡成分[吕244]
durative 持续[陈152]
dynamic process 动态过程[陈64]
E
early modern 现代早期[陶]
ease of processing 循索的便利[吕244]
eclectic 折中调和[陈70]
economy principle 简练原则[廖370]
effectiveness 有效性[廖374]
efficiency 简易性[廖373]
efficient 高效性[陈40]
elaborated code 复杂语码[陶]
elaboration 标准的扩建[陶]
elementary sentence 初级句[陈45]
ellipsis 省略[廖14 236]
ellipsis of arguments and frams 主目和框架的省略[廖237] embed sentence 嵌入句[吕244]
embedded construction 嵌套结构[陶]
empirical evidence 立论依据[陈16]
empty category 空语类[陈17]
encode 表现[陈22]
end-focus maxim 焦点在尾准则[廖359 370] endocentric 内中心[吕244]
endoglossic 本土的[陶]
endonym 被包含词[廖408]
ends 目标与效果[陶]
end-scope maxim 辖域在尾准则[廖370]
end-weight maxim 重心在尾准则[廖359 370]
entail 包含[廖194]
entailment 包含关系[廖404]
entity 实体[廖435][陈120]
episodic memory 情节记忆[廖376]
epistemic modality 知识情态[廖419]
equi-NP-deletion 等名消除[吕244]
equipollent antonyms 均等词[廖412]
ergative-absolutive system 施-受格系统[廖333]
ergative case 作格[廖204][陈108]
ergativity 作格格局[廖196]
ethnicity 民族[陶]
ethno- 民族，民俗[陶]
ethnographical 人群学的[廖235]
ethnography of communication 交际民族志学[陶] ethnography of speaking 言语民族志学；交际人种志学[陶] ethnomethodological 民族学的[廖235] ethnomethodology 民俗方法论[陶]
European Community 欧洲共同体[陶]
evaluated participation, EP 参与估价[陶]
evaluation 评价体[廖124] 评价[陶]
evaluatives 评价[廖423]
event 事件[廖236]
evidence 验证[吕244]
evoked 激发的[廖399 402]
exchange 交换[廖236]
excluded 排斥的[廖404]
exemplar 样本[廖435]
existential sentence 存在句,呈现句[吕244]
exocentric 外中心[吕244]
exoglossic 外来的[陶]
exonym 包含词[廖408]
expansion rule 扩展规则[吕244]
expected 预期的[廖404]
experiencer 感受者[廖332]
expert category 专业范畴[廖437]
explicit 明确[陈37]
expository 说明,说明体[124 236]
exposition 说明体[廖124]
expression form 表达形式[陈9]
expression substance 表达实体[陈9]
expressive discourse 抒情体[廖124]
expressive function 表情功能[廖313]
expressity principle 表达力原则[廖370]
extended performative hypothesis 扩展表述句式假说[廖361] extraposition 外位[吕244]
F
factive 叙实[吕244]
factivity 实事性[吕244]
falsification 证伪[陈26]
family resemblance 家庭成员相似性[廖434]
family resemblance category 家庭成员相似范畴[廖439] family tree theory 家族树理论[陈5]
feature 特征[廖449]
feature norm 特征规范[陈106]
feedback 反馈[陶]
field 场域[陈79] 范围[陶]
figure 人物[廖161]
finished product 成品[陈86]
finite-state grammar 有限状态语法[陈49]
first pair part 上联[陶]
flagged 插旗式，标记性[陶]
flectional 融合性[廖331]
Flemish 荷兰语的佛来米语[陶]
focus 焦点[廖332][陈65]
focus of information 信息焦点[陈235]
focusing rules 聚焦规则[吕244]
folk category 通俗范畴[廖437]
folk taxonomy 民俗分类结构[廖409]
force 动力,用意[廖332 357 360]
foregrounding 突出[吕244]
Foreign Service Institute美国外交学院[陶]
foreigner talk 外国人腔[陶]
formalism 形式主义[廖452]
formalist 形式主义学派[陈14]
formalist functionalism 形式功能主义[廖357]
formal universals 形式共性[廖327]
formation rules 成形规则[吕244]
formulaic 套语性[陈112]
forms of communication 交际形式[陶]
forms of speech 言语形式[陶]
fossilize 僵化[陶]
frame 框架[廖400 438 451][陈82] 交际框架[陶] framing 框架[陶]
frequency adverb 频次副词[吕245]
fronting 前化[陈6]
fronting rules 移前规则[吕245]
full turn 正式的话轮[陶]
function assignment 功能分配[陈96]
function of communication 交际功能[陶]
functional coherence 功能连贯[廖236][陈83] functional communicative activities 功能性交流活动[陶] functionalism 功能主义[廖452]
functionalist 功能主义学派[陈14]
functional sentence perspective 功能的句子透视[廖374][陈56] function yield 功能值[廖313]
functor-content hierarchy 虚-实词等级[廖338]
future 将来时[陈173]
G
gapping 缺略[吕245]
gender 性[吕245]
general 普遍性[陈40]
general linguistics 普通语言学[廖274 320]
general linguistic theory 普通/遍语言理论[廖275]
general pragmatis 普通语用法[廖365]
Generalized Phrase Structure Grammar 普遍短语结构语法[陈14] generate 概括,定义,规范[廖314 322] 生成[吕245] generation difference 代差[陶]
generative grammar 生成语法[廖322]
generative phonology 生成音系学[廖318]
generative sementics 生成语义学[廖345][陈19 59] generative syntax 生成句法学[廖318]
genres 言语体裁[陶]
generic 通指[陈119 167]
generic level 属层[廖409]
generosity maxim 宽宏的准则[廖369]
genetic 起源性[陈116]
genetic linguistics 谱系语言学[陈109]
gerund formation 动名词形成[吕245]
gerundivization 动名词化[吕245]
given information 已知信息[陈78 187 234]
global coherence 总体连贯[陈83]
globally 总的[廖359]
glossematics 语符学[廖316 322]
glosseme 语符[陈9]
goal 对象[吕245]
Government and Binding 支配与约束理论[陈14]
grade-terms 渐变词/成分[廖411][陈162]
gradualism 均变说[陶]
grammar 语法[廖357 371]
grammaticality 合乎语法[廖314]
grammaticality judgement 语法判别能力[陶] grammaticalization 语法化[陈23]
grammaticalness 合语法性[吕245]
Great V owel Shift 元音大换位[陶]
H
Hausa 豪萨语[陶]
head 中心语[陈45]
hearsay 听说[廖421]
heavier element principle 大块头原则[吕245] hedge 模棱话[陶]
hedges 边界词[廖437]
heterogeneity 复杂性或异质性[陶] heterogeneous 异质的[陈152]
hierarchical structure 层次构造/结构[陈28 39] hierarchy 等级结构[廖328 408]
hierarchy of accessibility to relativization
关系子句化的可即度等级[廖343] hierarchy of individuation 个体化等级[廖348] hierarchy of saliency 显著性等级[廖348] high key 高音[廖441]
high variety 高变体[陶]
higher mental function 高级智力功能[陶] higher-order predicate 高次位词[陈196] Hindi 印地语[陶]
historical linguistics 历史语言学[廖349] holistic typology 整体类型[廖331] homogeneous 均质的[陈152] 同质的[陶] hortatory 规劝/诱导体[廖124 236] hypercorrection 矫枉过正[陶] hypoconverse 下逆反词[廖407]
hyponymy 下义关系[廖406]
I
ICAO 国际民航组织[陶]
idea unit 思想单位[陈102]
ideal speaker 理想的说话人[廖308] ideational 表义部分[廖358] 意念成分[陈78] ideational function 表义功能[廖364] identical deletion 承前删除[廖14] identifiable 定指[陈119]
identifying function 鉴别功能[吕246] idiolect 个人语言[陈26]
idiomaticity 惯用性质[陈111]
ill-formed 非完美形式[陈48] 不协调[吕246] illocutions 行事作用[陈96]
immediate constituents 直接成分[陈36]
imperative sentence 命令句[吕246]
imperfective 不完全态[陈177] 未完成态[吕246] Implementation 标准的实施[陶]
implicate 蕴含[陶]
implicational hierarchy 蕴含层级[廖433]
implicational universals 蕴含共性[廖327 328][陈108] implicature 会话蕴含,含义,蕴含义[廖195 365 395][陈65] improbability 不可能[廖416]
inappropriateness 不合适[廖408]
inceptive 始事态[吕246]
inclusive 包容性[陈40]
incompatibility 排斥关系[廖407]
incongruence 不调合[廖408]
incongruent非一致性[陶]
incoroporating 聚合型[廖331]
incrementation 增长[吕246]
indefinite-agent-deletion 无定施事消除[吕246] indefinite article 无定冠词[吕246]
indefinite-NP-deletion 无定名词短语消除[吕246]
in-depth 深探式[陈27]
index 指标[陶]
index of fusion 融合度[廖331]
index of status characteristics, ISC地位特征指数[陶] index of synthesis 合成度[廖331]
indexical information 特征信息[陶]
indexical meaning 检索意义[陶]
indexicality of sign 符号的引得属性[陶]
indicative 直陈语气[吕246]
indicator 指示项[陶]
indirect converse 间接逆反词[廖413]
indirect illocutions 间接表达式[廖361]
indirect speech 间接句[廖360]
indirect speech act 间接讲话行为[廖361]
individual 单指[陈119] 个体[陈128]
inference 推论[廖395]
inferrable 可推导的[廖399]
inflected 曲折型[陈107]
inflection 构形变化[吕246]
inflectional morphology 构形形态[吕246]
information structure 信息结构[陈66]
information theory 信息论[陶]
information unit 信息单位[陈66 78]
informativity 信息度[廖373]
inherent 固有的[陶]
inner city 内城[陶]
innateness 天赋论[廖328]
insertion rules 插入规则[吕246]
instantiate 例示[廖435]
instrumental adverb 工具副词[吕246] instrumentalities 交际工具[陶]
instantiation 体现[陈77]
intellectual revolution 知识革命[陶] intelligibility 可懂度[陶]
intensifier 强度副词[吕246]
intensional verb 愿望副词[吕246]
intention 意图[吕246]
intentionality 有目的性[廖373]
interaction 相互影响[廖236] 交流，互动[陶] interactional 相互作用的[廖394] 交流大纲[陶] interactive 互动关系[廖412]
interest principle 有趣原则[廖369] interjection 叹词[吕246]
interlanguage 中介语[陶]
interlinguistics 语际语言学[陈96] intermediate 中等[陶]
interpersonal 人际成分[陈78]
interpersonal rhetoric 人际修辞[廖358 363] inter-personal variation 个人之间的变异[陶] interpretive semanticists 解释语义学派[陈19] interr
英语语言学名词
现代语言学 一绪论 1 Linguisitics: 语言学Linguistics is generally defined as the scientific study of language 2 Phonetics: 语音学The study of sounds which are used in linguistics communication is called phonetics. For example, vowels and consonants 元音、辅音、声调、重音以及节奏、音变 3 Phonology: 音韵学The study of how sounds are put together and used in communication is called phonology. For example, phone, phoneme, and allophone. 4 Morphology: 形态学The study of the way in which morphemes are arranged to form words is called morphology. For example, boy and “ish”---boyish, teach---teacher. 5 Syntax: 句法学The study of how morphemes and words are combined to form sentences is called syntax. For example, ”John like linguistics.” 6 Semantics: 语义学The study of meaning in language is called semantics. For example: “The seal could not be found. The zoo keeper became worried. The seal could not be found, The king became worried.” Here the word seal means different things. 同义词、反义词，同音词 7 Pragmatics: 语用学The study of meaning in context of use is called pragmatics. For example, “I do” The word do means different context.在特定情景中的特定话语，研究如何通过语境来理解和使用语言。 8 Sociolinguistics: 社会语言The study of language with reference to society is called sociolinguistics. For example:regional dialects, social variation in language.
英汉语言学词汇对照表
英汉语言学词汇对照表 abbreviation ablative abrupt accent accusative acoustic phonetics acquisition action verb active active chart parser active knowledge active verb actor-action-goal actualization acute address adequacy adjacency pair adjective adjunct adjunction adverb adverbial idiom affective affirmative affix affixation affricate agent agentive-action verb agglutinative agreement AI (artificial intelligence) AI language Algebraic Linguistics algorithm alienable alignment allo- allomorph allophone alpha notation alphabetic writing alternation 缩写[省略语 ] 夺格 (的) 突发音 口音 /{Phonetics} 重音 受格（的） 声学语音学 习得 动作动词 主动语态 活动图句法剖析程序 主动知识 主动动词 施事 (者)-动作 -目标 实现 (化) 锐音 地址 { 信息科学 }/ 称呼（语） { 语言学 } 妥善性 邻对 形容词 附加语[ 附加修饰语 ] 加接 副词 副词词组 影响的 肯定（的；式） 词缀 加缀 塞擦音 施事 施事动作动词 胶着（性） 对谐 人工智能[人工智能 ] 人工智能语言[人工智能语言 ] 代数语言学 算法[算法 ] 可分割的 对照 [多国语言文章词；词组；句子翻译的 ] 同位 - 同位语素 同位音位 alpha 标记 拼音文字 交替
语言学术语
acronym: is made up from the first letters of the name of an organization, which has a heavily modified headword. affix: the collective term for the type of formative that can be used only when added to another morpheme (the root or stem). Allophone: any of the different forms of a phoneme(e g. [t h] is an allophone of /t/ in English. When /t/ occurs in words like step, it is unaspirated [t]. Both [t h] and t] are allophones of the phoneme /t/. applied linguistics: applications of linguistics to the study of second and foreign language learning and teaching, and other areas such as translation, the compiling of dictionaries, etc. arbitrariness: one design feature of human language, which refers to the face that the forms of linguistic signs bear no natural relationship to their meaning. articulatory phonetics: the study of production of speech sounds. assimilation: the change of a sound as a result of the influence of an adjacent sound, which is more specifically called “contact”or “contiguous” assimilation. assimilation theory: language (sound, word, syntax, etc) change or process by which features of one element change to match those of another that precedes or follows. back-formation: an abnormal type of word-formation where a shorter word is derived by deleting an imagined affix from a longer form already in the language. blending: a relatively complex form of compounding, in which two words are blended by joining the initial part of the first word and the final part of the second word, or by joining the initial pars of the two words. bound morpheme: an element of meaning which is structurally dependent on the world it is added to, e. g. the plural morpheme in dogˊ s. broad and narrow transcription: the use of a simple set of symbols in transcription is called broad transcription; the use of a simple set of symbols in transcription is called broad transcription; while, the use of more specific symbols to show more phonetic detail is referred to as narrow transcription. category: parts of speech and function, such as the classification of words in terms of parts of speech, the identification of terms of parts of speech, the identification of functions of words in term of subject, predicate, etc. creativity:by creativity we mean language is resourceful because of its duality and its recursiveness. One of the reasons why language is actually a far more complicated entity than traffic lights is that we can use it to create new meanings. concord: also known as agreement, is the requirement that the forms of two or more words in a syntaetic relationship should agree with each other in terms of some categories. coarticulation: a kind of phonetic process in which simultaneous or overlapping articulations are involved. Coarticulation can be further divided into anticipatory coarticulation and perseverative coarticulation. compound: Polymorphemic words which consist wholly of free morphemes, such as classroom, blackboard, snowwhite, etc. complementary
系统功能语言学英汉对照术语表
系统功能语言学英汉术语对照表 作者：翁素贤提供 转贴自：摘自《系统功能语言学多维思考》 您要打印的文件是：系统功能语言学英汉术语对照表 打印本文 系统功能语言学英汉术语对照表 ―――摘自《系统功能语言学多维思考》 A Abitliy 能力 Actor 施动者 Addressee 受话者 Addresser 发话者 Agent 施事 Anaphoric 指前的 Antonym 反义词 Antonymy 反义意义 Autonomy 自治性 B Behavior 行为 Behavioral process 行为过程 Beneficiary 受益者 C Cataphoric 指后的 Categorical 绝对的 Categorization 范畴化 Central token 中心标志 Chain 链 Channel 渠道 Choice 选择 Clause 小句 Clause as theme 句项主位 Cleft sentence 分裂句 Closed system 封闭系统 Coclassisfication 相互区分
Coextension相互扩展Coherence连贯 Cohesion链接 Cohesive chain链接链Cohesive tie链接纽带Cohyponym共同下义词Collocation搭配Collocational chain搭配链Comeronym共同局部关系词Command命令 Comment述题 Competence（语言）能力Complementarity互补性Congruence一致性Conjunction连接，连词Consonant辅音 Consonant grammar协和语法Constructivism构建主义Context语境，上下文Context of culture文化语境Context of situation情境语境Continuity连续体Continuum连续体Conventional meaning常规意义Coocurrence同现Cooperative principle合作原则Coordination并列Coreference相互对应Correspondence对应 Critical linguistics批评语言学Cross-coupling交互匹配 D Decategorization非范畴化Declarative陈述的 Delicacy精密度 Dialect方言 Dialectal variety方言变体Diatypic variety功能变体Didactic教导性的 Direct speech act直接言语行为Discontinuity脱节，间断性Discourse话语 Discourse analysis话语分析
胡壮麟语言学术语英汉对照翻译表-(1)(DOC)
胡壮麟语言学术语英汉对照翻译表 1. 语言的普遍特征： 任意性arbitrariness 双层结构duality 既由声音和意义结构 多产性productivity 移位性displacement:我们能用语言可以表达许多不在场的东西 文化传播性cultural transmission 2。语言的功能： 传达信息功能informative 人济功能：interpersonal 行事功能：Performative 表情功能：Emotive 寒暄功能：Phatic 娱乐功能recreatinal 元语言功能metalingual 3. 语言学linguistics：包括六个分支 语音学Phonetics 音位学phonology 形态学Morphology 句法学syntax 语义学semantics 语用学pragmatics 4. 现代结构主义语言学创始人：Ferdinand de saussure 提出语言学中最重要的概念对之一：语言与言语language and parole ，语言之语言系统的整体，言语则只待某个个体在实际语言使用环境中说出的具体话语 5. 语法创始人：Noam Chomsky 提出概念语言能力与语言运用competence and performance 1. Which of the following statements can be used to describe displacement. one of the unique properties of language: a. we can easily teach our children to learn a certain language b. we can use both 'shu' and 'tree' to describe the same thing. c. we can u se language to refer to something not present d. we can produce sentences that have never been heard befor e. 2.What is the most important function of language? a. interpersonal b. phatic c. informative d.metallingual 3.The function of the sentence "A nice day, isn't it ?"is __ a informative b. phatic c. directive d. performative
语言学术语.
《语言学》术语及英文解释 Define the following terms: 1. design feature:are features that define our human languages,such as arbitrariness,duality,creativity,displacement,cultural transmission,etc. 2. function: the use of language tocommunicate,to think ,https://www.360docs.net/doc/a311704687.html,nguage functions inclucle imformative function,interpersonal function,performative function,interpersonal function,performative function,emotive function,phatic communion,recreational function and metalingual function. 3. etic: a term in contr ast with emic which originates from American linguist Pike’distinction of phonetics and phonemics.Being etic mans making far too many, as well as behaviously inconsequential,differentiations,just as was ofter the case with phonetic vx.phonemic analysis in linguistics proper. 4. emic: a term in contrast with etic which originates from American linguist Pike distinction of phonetics and phonemics.An emic set of speech acts and events must be one that is validated as meaningful via final resource to the native members of a speech communith rather than via qppeal to the investigator’s ingenuith or intuition alone. 5. synchronic: a kind of description which takes a fixed instant(usually,but not necessarily,the present),as its point of observation.Most grammars are of this kind. 6. diachronic:study of a language is carried through the course of its history. 7. prescriptive: the study of a language is carried through the course of its history. 8. prescriptive: a kind of linguistic study in which things are prescribed how ought to be,https://www.360docs.net/doc/a311704687.html,ying down rules for language use. 9. descriptive: a kind of linguistic study in which things are just described. 10. arbitrariness: one design feature of human language,which refers to the face that the forms of linguistic signs bear no natural relationship to their meaning. 11. duality: one design feature of human language,which refers to the property of having two levels of are composed of elements of the secondary.level and each of the two levels has its own principles of organization. 12. displacement: one design feature of human language,which means human language enable their users to symbolize objects,events and concepts which are not present c in time and space,at the moment of communication. 13. phatic communion: one function of human language,which refers to the social interaction of language. 14. metalanguage: certain kinds of linguistic signs or terms for the analysis and description of particular studies. 15. macrolinguistics: he interacting study between language and language-related disciplines such as psychology,sociology,ethnograph,science of law and artificial intelligence etc.Branches of macrolinguistics include psycholinguistics,sociolinguistics, a nthropological linguistics,et 16. competence: language user’s underlying knowledge about the system of rules. 17. performance: the actual use of language in concrete situation. 18. langue: the linguistic competence of the speaker. 19. parole: the actual phenomena or data of linguistics(utterances).
《英语语言学》术语(英汉对照)表
语言学术语（英-汉对照）表 Glossary and Index (备注：因教材改版，部分章节标注等内容有出入。) A abbreviation 缩写词，略语3.3.1 Abercrombie 10.3.2 ablative 夺格，离格4.1.1 abstractness 抽象性1.3.2 accent 重音（符）2.4.4；2.4.5 accuracy 正确性11.6.4 accusative 宾格4.1.1 achievement test 成绩测试11.6.3 acoustic phonetics 声学语音学1.7.1；2.1 acquisition 习得6.1.2 acronym 缩略语3.3.1 action process 动作过程12.2.3 actor 动作者4.4.2；12.2.3 addition 添加3.3.2 address form 称呼形式7.2.3 addressee 受话人1.4；9.4.1 addresser 发话人1.4；9.4.1 adjective 形容词3.1.2；4.1.1；5.5.2 adjunct 修饰成分；附加语12.2.3 adverb 副词3.1.2 affix 词缀3.2.1 affix hopping 词缀跳跃4.3.1 affixation词缀附加法7.1.4 affricate 塞擦音2.4.3；2.4.5；2.9.1 agreement 一致关系4.1.3 airstream 气流2 alliteration 头韵9.3.2；9.3.6 allomorph 词/语素变体3.2.4；4.3.1 allophone 音位变体2.8
100个最常用的语言学术语(欧美语言学)
100个最常用的语言学术语（“欧美语言学”课） 1.语言language 2.语言学linguistics 3.语言学家linguist；philologist 4.语法grammar 5.语法单位grammatical unit 6.语法形式grammatical form 7.语法意义grammatical meaning 8.语法手段grammatical device 9.语法范畴grammatical category 10.元音vowel 11.辅音consonant 12.语文学philology 13.传统语法traditional grammar 14.历史比较语言学historical comparative linguistics 15.转换生成语法transformational generative grammar 16.结构主义语言学structural linguistics 17.应用语言学applied linguistic 18.方言dialect 19.语言教学language teaching 20.语言规划language planning 21.语言政策language policy 22.语言学习策略language learning strategy 23.发现程序discovery procedure 24.语境context；language environment 25.中介语interlanguage 26.音位phoneme 27.音节syllable 28.语素morpheme 29.词法morphology 30.句法syntax 31.交际法communicative approach 32.认知cognition 33.习得acquisition 34.第二语言second language 35.第二语言习得second language acquisition （SLA） 36.自由语素free morpheme 37.黏着语素bound morpheme 38.复合词compound word 39.普遍语法universal grammar，UG 40.词类part of speech
语言学名词解释
Define the following terms: 1. Linguistics: Linguistics is generally defined as the scientific study of language. 2. Phonology: The study of how sounds are put together and used in communication is called phonology. 3. Syntax: The study of how morphemes and words are combined to form sentences is called syntax. . 4. Pragmatics: The study of meaning in context of use is called pragmatics. 5. Psycholinguistics: The study of language with reference to the workings of mind is called psycholinguistics. 6. Language: Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication. 7. Phonetics: The study of sounds which are used in linguistic communication is called phonetics. 8. Morphology: The study of the way in which morphemes are arranged to form words is called morphology. 9. Semantics: The study of meaning in language is called semantics. 10. Sociolinguistics: The study of language with reference to society is called sociolinguistics. 11. Applied linguistics: In a narrow sense, applied linguistics refers to the application of linguistic principles and theories to language teaching and learning, especially the teaching of foreign and second languages. In a broad sense, it refers to the application of linguistic findings to the solution of practical problems such as the recovery of speech ability. 12. Arbitrariness: It is one of the design features of language. It means that there is no logical connection between meanings and sounds 13. Productivity: Language is productive or creative in that it makes possible the construction and interpretation of new signals by its users. 14. Displacement: Displacement means that language can be used to refer to things which are present or not present, real or imagined matters in the past, present, or future, or in far-away places. In other words, language can be used to refer to contexts removed from the immediate situations of the speaker 15. Duality: The duality nature of language means that language is a system, which consists of two sets of structure, or two levels, one of sounds and the other of meanings. 16. Design features: Design features refer to the defining properties of human language that distinguish it from any animal system of communication 17. Competence: Chomsky defines competence as the ideal user's knowledge of the rules of his language, 18. Performance: performance is the actual realization of the knowledge of the rules in linguistic communication. 19. Langue : Langue refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community; Langue is the set of conventions and rules which language users all have to follow; Langue is relatively stable, it does not change frequently 20. Parole: Parole refers to the realization of langue in actual use; parole is the concrete use of the conventions and the application of the rules; parole varies from person to person, and from situation to situation.45. phonology: Phonology studies the system of sounds of a particular language; it aims to discover how speech sounds in a language form patterns and how these sounds are used to convey meaning in linguistic communication. 21. phoneme: The basic unit in phonology is called phoneme; it is a unit of distinctive value. But
胡壮麟语言学术语表
第一章语言学导论 phonology音系学grammar语法学morphology形态学syntax句法学lexicology词汇学general linguistics普通语言学theoretical linguistics 理论语言学historical linguistics历史语言学descriptive linguistics描写语言学empirical linguistics经验语言学dialectology方言学anthropology人类学stylistics文体学signifier能指signified所指morphs形素morphotactics语素结构学/形态配列学syntactic categories 句法范畴syntactic classes句法类别序列sub-structure低层结构super-structure上层结构open syllable开音节closed syllable闭音节checked syllable成阻音节rank 等级level层次ding-dong theory/nativistic theory本能论sing-song theory唱歌说yo-he-ho theory 劳动喊声说pooh-pooh theory感叹说ta-ta theory模仿说animal cry theory/bow-wow theory模声说Prague school布拉格学派Bilateral opposition双边对立Mutilateral opposition多边对立Proportional opposition部分对立Isolated opposition孤立对立Private opposition表缺对立Graded opposition渐次对立Equipollent opposition均等对立Neutralizable opposition可中立对立Constant opposition恒定对立Systemic-functional grammar系统功能语法Meaning potential意义潜势Conversational implicature会话含义Deictics指示词Presupposition预设Speech acts言语行为Discourse analysis话语分析Contetualism语境论Phatic communion寒暄交谈Metalanguage原语言Applied linguistics 应用语言学Nominalism唯名学派Psychosomatics身学 第二章语音 trachea/windpipe气管tip舌尖blade舌叶/舌面front舌前部center舌中部top舌顶back舌后部dorsum舌背root舌跟pharynx喉/咽腔laryngeals喉音laryngealization喉化音vocal cords声带vocal tract声腔initiator启动部分pulmonic airstream mechanism肺气流机制glottalic airstream mechanism喉气流机制velaric airstream mechanism腭气流机制Adam’s apple喉结Voiceless sound清音Voiceless consonant请辅音Voiced sound浊音Voiced consonant浊辅音Glottal stop喉塞音Breath state呼吸状态Voice state带音状态Whisper state耳语状态Closed state 封闭状态Alveolar ride齿龈隆骨Dorsum舌背Ejective呼气音Glottalised stop喉塞音Impossive内爆破音Click/ingressive吸气音Segmental phonology音段音系学Segmental phonemes音段音位
语言学概论名词解释
自考语言学概论名词解释: 1、口语：口语是语言的有声客观存在形式，是书面语产生的基础，相对于书面语是第一性的。 2、书面语：书面语是语言的客观存在形式之一，在口语的基础上产生，相对于口语是第二性的，是经过加工、提炼和发展了的口语的书面形式。 3、语言：语言是从言语中概括出来的，为社会所公认的词语和规则的总和。 4、言语：是个人说的行为（说话）和结果（所说的话）。 5、符号：是根据社会的约定俗成使用某种特定的物质实体来表示某种特定的意义而形成的这种实体和意义的结合体。 6、能指：是语言符号的物质实体。 7、所指：是符号所指的意义内容。 8、语言符号的任意性：是指语言符号的物质实体和意义内容之间没有必然的理据关系。 9、语言符号的强制性：指语言符号在同一社会、同一时代，对使用同一种语言的每一个社会成员来说，是不能任意改变的。 10、聚合关系：在同一个位置上可以互相替换出现的各个语言单位处在互相可以联想起来的关系中，因而聚合成为一个类。 11、组合关系：在语言结构的同一层级上组合起来的各个单位之间所形成的关系。 12、普通语言学：指从理论上研究人类各种语言所共有的规律以及各种语言在结构上的共同特点的一门语言学分支学科。 13、理论语言学：指从理论上研究人类语言的性质、功能、结构等的语言学分支学科。以研究对象的不同，可分为个别语言学和一般语言学。 14、应用语言学：指运用语言学的理论知识来解决其他学科领域的各种问题的语言学分支学科，可分为狭义应用语言学和广义应用语言学。 15、传统语言学：一般泛指20世纪以前的语言学，特别是指索绪尔开创的结构主义语言学以前的语言学。 16、结构主义语言学：指索绪尔创立的语言学，它旨在语言系统本身的规律。 17、语音的生理属性：指发音器官发音动作、发音部位和发音方法。 18、语音的物理属性：指物体受外力的作用，发生振动，从而使周围的空气也发生震荡，形成一种音波。音波传到人的耳朵里，使鼓膜发生相应的振动，刺激听觉神经，于是人们就产生了声音的感觉。语音的物理属性可从音高、音长、音强、音质四个方面分析。 19、音位：就是从社会功能的角度划分出来的语音单位，它是特定语言或方言中具有区别意义作用的最小的语音单位。20、音质音位：以音素为材料，通过音质的差别来起辨义作用的音位。 21、非音质音位：通过音高、音强、音长的差别来起辨义作用的音位。 22、音位的条件变体：指出现的语音环境各不相同而又同属一个音位的两个或几个音素。 23、音位的自由变体：指可以在同一语音环境里出现而又不能区别意义的两个或几个音素。 24、区别特征：具有区别音位的作用的语音特征。 25、调位：利用音高差别来区别意义的非音质音位。 26、重位：利用音强等方面的差别来区别意义的非音质音位。 27、时位：利用发音长短来区别意义的非音质音位。 28、音渡：语音单元在前后过渡、相互联接时，会因为自身性质的不同而采取不同的过渡和联接方式，这些方式叫做音渡，又叫音联。 29、元辅音分析法：以元辅音为基本分析单位，如把以元音作为核心的音节他为V、C —V、V—C、C—V—C四种基本类型，所采用的就是这种分析方法。 30、声韵调分析法：以“声母”，“韵母”、“声调”为基本分析单位，按照这种分析法，汉语的音节可以分为声母、韵母、声调三个部分。 31、同化：语流里两个不同的音，其中一个因受另一个影响而变得跟它相同或相似的现象。 32、异化：语流中两个相同或相近的音，其中一个因受另一个的影响而变得不相同或不相近的现象。 33、语流音变：在连续的语流中，一个音可能由于邻近音的影响，或自身所处地位的不同，或说话的快慢、高低、强弱的不同而在发音上产生一些变化的现象。 34、韵律特征：又叫做“超音质特征”或“超音段特征”，指的是语音中除音质特征之外的音高、音长和音强方面的变化。 35、连续变调：声调语言的两个或两个以上的音节组合在一起时，音节的调值有时会发生变化而与单念时不同的现象。 36、语汇的任意性：指任何语言的词语，特别是意义单一的词，发什么音表什么义在初始阶段大多是任意的。如汉语管某一种东西叫“书”（shu），英语管书叫“book”这都是任意的。词语和命名的事物之间没有必然联系。 37、语汇的理据性：指语言中有相当多词语，其音义之间也有一定的联系，特别是“同源词”和“复合词”。同源词如“帐”“涨”“胀”等与“张”不但语音近似，且意义有某种联系。复合词如汉语的“雨衣”是“下雨时穿的衣服”，英语的“raincoat”就是“rain”“coat”组合的意义。它们都是可以论证的。