(完整word版)专四语法之独立主格
独立主格结构
7. 名词(或代词)+名词； 例如： • His first attempt failure, he tried again. 此句可改写为： As his first attempt failed, he tried again. • He fought the three rascals bravely, a stick his only weapon. 此句可改写为：He fought the three rascals bravely with a stick as his only weapon. 8. Here (或there)+现在分词短语； 例如： • There being no bus, we had to walk home. 此句可改写 为：As there was no bus, we had to walk home. • Here coming another guest, I had to buy one more bottle of wine. 此句可改写为：Because here came another guest, I had to buy one more bottle of wine.
3. 名词(或代词)+动词不定式； • 在这种结构中，名词(或代词)与动词不定式之间为主动 关系，动词不定式表示将来。例如： • The students were divided into three groups, each to finish one third of the work. 此句可改写为：The students were divided into three groups, and each (group) would finish one third of the work. • Here are the first three volumes, the fourth one to come out next month. 此句可改写为：Here are the first three volumes, and the fourth one will come out next month. • He suggested going for a picnic, Mary to provide the food. 此句可改写为：He suggested going for a picnic and Mary would provide the food.
独立主格结构
He came out of the library, a large book under his arm. 他夹着本厚书，走出了图书馆。 With的复合结构作独立主格 表伴随时，既可用分词的独立结构，也可用 with的复合结构。 with +名词(代词)+现在分词/ 过去分词/形容词/副词/不定式/介词短语 举例: He stood there, his hand raised. = He stood there, with his hand raised.
3. 名词/主格代词+不定式。名词/主格代词与 不定式之间是主谓关系，且强调的是一次具体 性的动作。如：
He is going to make a model plane, some old parts to help. 借助于一些旧零件，他要做一个飞机模型。
They said good-bye to each other, one to go home, the other to go to the bookstore. 他们道别后，一个回了家，一个去了书店。
典型例题： Weather___, we'll go out for a walk. A permitted B permitting C permits D for permitting 答案B. 本题中没有连词，它不是复合句，也不是 并列句。 句中使用了逗号，且we 小写，可知其不 是两个简单句。能够这样使用的只有独立主格或 with的复合结构。据此判断，本句中使用的是独 立结构， 其结构为：名词+分词。 由于permit在这里翻译为'天气允许'，表主动， 应用现在分词，故选B。 如果不会判断独立结构 作状语的形式，不妨将句子改为条件句，例如本 句改为If weather permits, we'll go out for a walk. 然后将if 去掉，再将谓语动词改为非谓语动 词即可。
独立主格 (1)
4. 独立主格结构没有所有格形式。如： 独立主格结构没有所有格形式。
The chief-editor arriving, we began the meeting. 比较动名词复合结构： 比较动名词复合结构： The chief-editor’s arriving made us very surprised.
6．with +名词（或代词）+副词 ． 名词（ 名词 或代词） 副词
With John away, we’ve got more room.
The student listened to his teacher with his head down.
With the teacher there, he can’t write.
独立主格结构主要表示谓语动词发生的时间、原因、 独立主格结构主要表示谓语动词发生的时间、原因、条件或 伴随情况等，相当于一个状语从句或并列句。 伴随情况等，相当于一个状语从句或并列句。
1. 用作时间状语
The work done (=After the work had been done), we went home.
独立主格类型3：名词（代词） 不定式 独立主格类型 ：名词（代词）+不定式
Nobody to come tomorrow, we will have to put off the meeting till next week.
A number of officials followed the emperor, some to hold his robe, others to adjust his girdle, and so on.
二、独立主格结构的常见形式 独立主格类型1：名词（代词） 现在分词 独立主格类型 ：名词（代词）+现在分词
完整word版专四历年语法真题总结
专四语法真题集1994-2007 )、 1994-2003 年专四语法真题集I. 独立主格结构3. There ____ nothing more for discussion, the meeting came to an end half an hour earlier.a. to beb. to have beenc. beingd. be (TEM-4 2000 )4. ____ no cause for alarm, the old man went back to his bedroom. a. There was b. Since c. Being d. There being ( TEM-4 1996)5. The country ' s chief exports are coal, cars and cotton goods, cars ___ the most important of these.a. have beenb. arec. beingd. are being II. 定语从句1. Above the trees are the hills, the surface.a. whereb. of whosec. whosed. which 20032. They overcame all the difficulties and completed the project two months ahead of time, ____ is something we had not expected.a. whichb. itc. thatd. what 20033. He is quite worn out from years of hard work. He is not the man ___ he was twenty years ago.a. whichb. thatc. whod. whom 4. The experiment requires more money than _______ .a. have been put inb. being put inc. has been put ind. to be put in 20025. We ' vejust i nstalled two air-conditioners in our apartment, __ should make great differences in our life next summer.a. whichb. whatc. thatd. they 20026. Have you ever been in a situation ___ you know the other person is right yet you cannot agree with him?a. by whichb. thatc. in whered. where 20027. Firms that use computers have found that the number of staff ___ is needed for quality control can be substantially reduced.1. Agriculture is the country cereal crop. a. is b. been c. be d. being2. Time _____ , the celebration will be held as scheduled.a. permitb. permittingc. permittedd. permits ' s chief source of wealth, wheat by far the biggest TEM-4 2003 ) TEM-4 2003)TEM-4 1994 ) magnificence the river faithfully reflects on 2003a. whoseb. asc. whatd. that 20008. There ought to be less anxiety over the perceived risk of mountain climbing than in the public mind today.a. existsb. existc. existingd. to exist 9. I 've never been to Lhasa, but that y ___'__s__th. e cit a.I ' d most like to visit b. which I like to visit mostly c. where I like to visit d. I ' d like much to visit 10. After ___ seemed an endless wait, it was her turnmanager ' s office.a. thatb. therec. whatd. it 11. She remembered several occasions in the past __feeling.4. ___ he needed money for a new car, he decided not to borrow it from the bank. a. Much as b. Much though c. As much d. Though much 19985. ___ , he is ready to accept suggestions form different sources.19991999to enter the personnel 1999she had experienced a similar a. which b. before c. that d. when 199812. The indoor swimming pool seems to be a great deal more luxurious than ___ .a. is necessaryb. being necessaryc. to be necessaryd. it is necessary 199813. The physicist has made a discovery, ___ o f great importance to the progressofscience and technology.a. I think which isb. that I think isc. which I think isd. which I think is1997 14. I have never been to London, but that is the city a. where I like tovisit most c. which I like to visit mostlyb. I ' d most like to visit d. where I15. This company has now introduced aperformance at work.a. whichb. wherec. whether16. Only take these clothes __ a. as wereb. as they are 17.' d like most to visit policy _____ pay rises 1997 have related to d. what _really necessary. c. as they were d. as are is often the case with a new idea, much preliminary activity and1996 1994 discussion produced no concrete proposals. a.That b. It c. This d. As1994 III. 从句让步状语从句1. _______ I like economics I like sociology much better.a. As much asb. So muchc. How muchd. Much as 2. Fool ______ J ane is, she could not have done such a thing.a. whob. as 3. ______ I sympathize, I difficulties.a. as long asb. as2003c. thatd. like 2002 can ' treally do very much to help them out of the c. while d. even 2001a. Instead of his notable contributionsb. For all his notable contributionsc. His making notable contributionsd. However his notable contributions 1997结果状语从句1. Does Alan like limburgers?--- Y es. So much ______ that he eats thema. forb. asc. tod. so 20032.The brilliance of his satires was make even his victims laugh.a. so as tob. such as toc. so thatd. such that 1996方式状语从句同位语从句1. There is no doubt project.a. whyb.that 表语从句1. He isa. who is known1999宾语从句the company has made the right decision on the salesc. whetherd. when 2001as a “ bellyac he r' s”a—lways complaining about something.b. whom is knownc. what is knownd. which is known1. The team can handle whatever ______ .a. that needs handlingb. which needs handlingc. it needs handlingd. needs to be handled 19972. We can assign the task to ____ is capable andtrustworthy.a. whomeverb. whoc. whomd. whoever 1994原因状语从句1. Mr. White works with a chemicals import and export company, but he industrial fair, since he is on leave.a. has workedb. worksc. has been working 1998 for thisd. is working条件状语从句1. You won ' t get a loan _____ you cfafenrosome security.a. lestb. in casec. unlessd. other than2. _____ time, he ' ll make-calafisr s ttennis player.a. Havingb. Givenc. Givingd. Had3. ___ _ I was very much mistaken, there was something wrong with Louise.a. Unlessb. Asc. Thoughd. Since 19951996 19961. She did her work ___b. until a. as her manager had instructed.c. whend. though 2002IV. 比较级和最高级1. Your ideas, _____ , seem unusual to me.a. like herb. like hersc. similar to herd. similar to herself 20032. Intellect is to the mind __ sight is to the body.a. whatb. asc. thatd. like 20013. Fat cannot change into muscle _____ muscle changes into fat.a. any more thanb. no more thanc. no less thand. much more than19994. It is not so much the language difficult to understand.7. Western Nebraska generally receives less snow thana. inb. it receives inc. doesd. it does in8. ____ the two, Bob is ____ student.a. Of, more diligentb. In, more diligentc. Of, the more diligentd. In, much more diligent 9. She has taken great pains to conceal her emotions, andthereby made them conspicuous.a. all the moreb. all the muchc. all mored. all much V. 虚拟语气1. The opening ceremony is a great occasion. It is essential a. for us to be prepared b. that we are preparedc. of us to be preparedd. our being prepared 20032. ___ f or the fact that she broke her leg, she might have passed the exam. a. Had it not been b. Hadn 't it been c. Was it not d. Were it not2002 3. “What courses are you going to do next semester? ”“I don 't know. But it 's about time ______ on something.a. I 'd decideb. I decidedc. I decided. I 'm deciding 20024. All of us would have enjoyed the party much more if there _____ quite such acrowd of people there.a. weren 'tb. hasn 't beenc. hadn 't beend. wouldn 't be 5. If you have really been studying English for so long, it to write letters in English.a. should beb. werec. must bed. are 6. If your car _ any attention during the first 12 months, takethe cultural background that makes the book a. but b. nor c. as d. like 19995. John is _____ hardworking than his sister, but he failed in theexam.a. no lessb. no morec. not lessd. no so 19986. Language belongs to each member of the society, to the cleaner_professor.a. as far asb. the same asc. as much as to thed. as long as 1998 Eastern Nebraska. 1996 19951994for that.2000's about time you 1999it to an authorizeddealer.a. shall needb. should needc. would needd. will need 19987. ___ e nough time and money, the researchers would have beenable to discovermore in this field.a. Givingb. To givec. Givend. Being given 19988. He left orders that nothing _ t ouched until the police arrived here.a. should beb. ought to bec. must bed. would be 19989. I was to have made a speech if ____ .a. I was not called awayb. nobody would have called me awayc. I had not been called awayd. nobody called me away 199710. I ___ the party much more if there hadn ' t been quite such a crowd of people there.a. would enjoyb. will have enjoyedc. would have enjoyedd. will be enjoying 199611. We could ____ him wit a detached house when he came, but he had specificallyasked for a small flat.a. provideb. have providedc. not provided. not have provided 199512. __ , he would not have recovered so quickly.a. Hadn ' t he been taken good care ofb. Had he not been taken good care ofc. Had not he been taken good care ofd. Had he been not taken good care of199513. ___ your timely advice, I would never have known how to go about the work.a. Unlessb. But forc.Except for d. Not for 199414. It was recommended that passengers a. not b. need not c. could not 15. ____ you were busy, I wouldna. If I realizedb. Had I realized 1994VI. 反意疑问句1. She would have been more agreeable if she had changed a little bit, _ ?a. hadn ' t sheb. hasn ' t shec. wouldn ' t shed. didn ' t she 20032. Do help yourself to some fruit, __ you?a. can ' tb. don ' tc. wouldn 'td. won ' t 20003. When you have finished with that video tape, don ' t forget to put it in my drawer,____ ?a. do youb. will youc. don ' t youd. won ' t you 19984. You and I could hardly understand, ___ ?a. could Ib. couldn ' t youc. couldn 't wed. could weVII. 一致主谓一致1. It is futile to discuss the matter further,because today.smoke during the flight. d. would not 1994' t have bothered you with my questions.c. I realized thatd. As I realized1995 going to agree upon anythinga. neither you nor Iare c. neither you norI am VIII. 时态b. neither you nor me is d. neither me nor you are现在完成进行时 1. Jack safety. a. has been missing b. has been missed c. had been missing d. was missed 2003 2. For some time now, world leaders reduction.from home for two days now, and I am beginning to worry about his out the necessity for agreement on armsa. had been pointingb. have been pointingc. were pointingd. pointed 2002 现在进行时1. How can I ever concentrate if you __ continually ___ m e with silly questions? a. have …interrupted b. had …interrupted c. are …interrupting d. were …in terr up ti ng 1997IX. 插入语 1. Who ________was coming to see me in my office this afternoon?a. you saidb. did you sayc. did you say thatd. you did say 2003 X. 副词1. She managed to save _______ s he could out of her wages to help her brother. a. how little money b. so little money c. such little money d. what little money 20022. His strong sense of humor was laughing. make everyone in the room burst out a. so as to b. such as to c. so that d. such that3. I felt that I was not yet _ t o travel abroad. a. too strong b. strong enough c. so strong d enough strong幻.不定式、现在分词、过去分词和动名词 1998 1997 1. AIDS is said ___ the number-one killer of both men and women over the past few years in the region. a. being b. to be c. to have been d. having been 2. ______is not a serious disadvantage in life.a. To be not tallb. Not to be tallc. Being not talld. Not being tall 2001 3. _______ h im tomorrow?a. Why not to call onb. Why don ' t call onc. Why not calling ond. Why not call20022003on 20014. ______ at in this way, the present economic situationdoesn ' t seem so gloomy. a. Looking b. Looked c. Having looked d. To look 20005. This is an illness that can result in total blindness left untreated. a. after b. if c. since d. unless 20006. Professor Johnson is said _____ s ome significant advance in his research in thepast year.a. having madeb. makingc. to have maded. to make 19997. The three men tried many times to sneak across the border into the neighboring country, a. had been capturedc. only to be captured8. The Clarkshavena. to stayb. is to stay 9. ___ , he can now only watch it on TV at home.a. Obtaining not a ticket for the matchb. Not obtaining a ticket for the matchc. Not having obtained a ticket for the matchd. Not obtained a ticket for the match 199810. He wasn ' t askteodtake on the chairmanship of the society, poplar with all members.a. having consideredb. was consideredc. was being consideredd. beingconsidered 199611. This may have preserved the elephant from being wiped out as well as other animals ____ in Africa.a. huntedb. huntingc. that huntedd. are hunted 199612. In international matches, prestige is so important that the only thing that matters is to avoid .a. from being beatenb. being beatenc. beating 1996 13. He noticed the helicopter hovering over the field. Thento his astonishment,he saw a rope ladder out and three men climbing down it. a. throwing b. being thrown c. having thrown d. having been thrown 199514. He resented ______ to wait. He expected the minister a. to be asked, to see b. being asked, to seec. to be asked, seeingd. being asked, seeing 199515. This missile is designed so that once _ nothing can be done to retrieve it. a. fired b. being fired c. they fired d. having fired 199516. Arriving at the bus stop, _ w aiting there.a. a lot of people wereb. he found a lot of peoplec. a lot of peopled. people were found 199417. ___ regular training in nursing, she could hardly cope with the work at first.by the police each time.b. being always captured d. unfortunately captured ' t decided yet which hotel _____c. to stay atd. is for staying 1999 1998insufficiently d. to be beatenhim at once.a. Not receivedb. Since receivingc. Having receivedd. Not having receivedlife, and theater audiences were to be her bestb. it was known that Melissa 'pesrformances 's performancesdw. Mer e lissa knew that performing was1994XII. 代词1. ______ of the twins was arrested, because I saw both at a party last night. a. None b. Both c. Neither d. All 20022. It was as a physician that he represented himself, and _____ he was warmly received. a. as suchb. such asc. as thatd. so that1997 XIII. 平行结构 xw .情态动词1. You ______ J im anything about. It was none of his business. a. needn ‘t have toldb. needn 't tecll. mustn 't have toldd. mustn 't tell 20002. He _______ u nwisely, but he was at least trying to do something helpful. a. may have acted b. must have acted c. should act d. would act 19993. Mush as _______ , I couldn 't lend him the money because I simply didn much spare cash. a. I would have liked to b. I would like to have c. I should have to like d. I should have liked to4. You _______ Mark anything. It was none of his business. 't have that 1999 a. needn 'ht ave told b. needn 't ell c. mustn 'ht ave told d. mustn 't ell 19985. As it turned out to be a small house party, we _ so formally.a. need not have dressed upb. must not have dressed upc. did not need to dress upd. must not dress up 6. The meeting 's been cancelled. Ann ________ all that work.1996 a. need to do b. need have c. needn 'ht ave done d. needed not to do 1995 7. “Shemust be in the dormitory now.”“No,she classroom a minute ago. ” a. mustn 't b. can 't c. couldn 't d. wouldn 't 1994 8. He ______ the 8:20 bus because he didn 't leave home till 8:25. a. couldn 't have caught b. ought to have caught c. shouldn 't have caught d. must not have caught be there. I saw her in the 1994 xv .It 的用法 1. Come and see me whenever1. Even as a girl, teachers. a. performing by Melissa were werec. knowing that Melissa 2001to be herb. you will be convenient d. it will be convenient to youXW .省略1. Acute heari ng helps most ani mals sense the app roach of thun derstorms long beforepeople _____ .a. dob. hearc. do themd. heari ng it 20002. The cen tral provin ces have floods in some years, and ___ . 2000a. drought in othersb. droughts are othersc. while other droughtsd. others in droughtXW .强调句型1. It was not un til midni ght _ the sno wca pped p eak.a. that they sightedb. that they did not sightc. did they sightd. had they sighted 1995XK .倒装1. He is not un der arrest, ___ any restrict ion on him.a. or the p olice have p lacedb. or have the p olice p lacedc. nor the p olice have p lacedd. nor have the p olice p lace 19952. So badly _______ in the car accide nt that he had to stay in hos pital for a few mon ths.a. did he injureb. injured him c was he injured d. he was injured 1994 二、2004-2007 年专四语法真题集：2004年语法题集41. That trumpet player was certainly loud. But I wasn’ bothered by his loudness by his lack of tale nt.A. so much asB. rather tha nC. asD. tha n42. ___ , I ‘ ll marry him all the sOme.A. Was he rich or poorB. Whether rich or poo 谨C. Were he rich or poorD. Be he rich or poor jfia. you are convenientc. it is convenient to 19971. The idea of traveli ng through today. a. a b. the c. / d. one 19952. __ huma n p roblems that rep eat themselves in __ life rep eatthemselves inliterature.a. /, /, theb. /, the, / sp ace to other plan ets in terests many peoplec. The ，/，/d. The, the, the 1994lies in its po wer to ease the hardsh ips of 43.The gover nment has pro mised todo the victims in the flood-stricke nA. howeverB. whicheverC. whateverD. wherever44. ___ if I had arrived yesterday without letti ng you know beforeha nd?iJA. Would you be surp risedB. Were you surp rised gC. Had you bee n surp risedD. Would you have bee n surp rised45. If not __ with the respect he feels due to him, Jack gets very ill-te mp ered and grumbles all the time.董A. being treatedB. treated JJC. be treatedD. hav ing bee n treated B46. It is imp erative that stude nts their term papers on tim§.A. hand inB. would hand in 逼C. have to hand inD. han ded ip ffi47. The less the surface of the ground yields to the weight of a fully-loaded truck, to the truck.堇A. the greater stress isB. greater is the stressC. the stress is greaterD. the greater the stressreve nue.堇A. that he is thi nki ngB. to be thi nki ng 潼C. that he is to thi nkD. to thi nk fi49. Issues of p rice, p lace, pro moti on, and p roduct are conven ti onal concerns inplanning market ing strategies^A. these of the mostB. most of thoseC. among the mostD. among the many o ffi50. ___ both sides acce pt the agreeme nt __ a lasti ng p eace be established in thisregi on.A. Only if, willB. If only, would 潼C. Should, willD. U niess, would fi51. Mr Wells, together with all the members of his family,48. The Minister of Finance is believedof imposing new taxes to raise extrafor Europe thisafter noon潼A. are to leaveB. are leavingC. is leavingD. leave41-50: A D C A B A A B C A 51: C 2005 年语法题集51. If you explained the situation to your solicitor, he much better than I can. A. would be B. will have been C. was D. were 52. _________ , Mr. Wells is scarcely in sympathy with the working class. A. Although he is a socialist B. Even if he is a socialist C. Being a socialist D. Since he is a socialist53. His remarks were _________ annoy everybody at the meeting. A. so as to B. such as to C. such to D. as much as to 54. James has just arrived, but I didn e __'__t_k_n_o_w_huntil yesterday. A. will come B. was coming C. had been coming D. came 55. _________ conscious of my moral obligations as a citizen.A. I was and always will beB. I have to be and always will beC. I had been and always will beD. I have been and always will be 56. Becausefuel supplies are finite and many people are wasteful, we will have to install ________ s olar heating device in our home.A. some type ofB. some types of aC. some type of aD. some types of57. I went there in 1984, and that was the only occasion when I _ in exactly two days. A. must take B. must have madeC. was able to makeD. could make 58. I know he failed his last test, but really he ' s __A. something butB. anything butC. nothing butD. not but 59. Do you know Tim ' s brother? He is ________ than Tim.A. much more sportsmanB. more of a sportsmanC. more of sportsmanD. more a sportsman60. That was not the first time he ______ us. I think it strong actions against him. A. betrayed … take C. has betrayed … took61. What ' s the chance of A. there being C. there beable to advise you the journey stupid . ' s high time we 62. The meeting was put off because weA. objected having C. objected to have 63. ________ youadvice. A. If, had …took …take a general election this year? B. there to beD. there going to be ____ a meeting without John. B. were objected to having D. objected to having B. had betrayed D. has betrayed further problems with your printer, contact your dealer for B. Have, had C. Should, have D. In case,had64. He asked me to lend him some money, which I agreed to do, paid me back the following week. A. on occasion B. on purpose C. on condition D. only if 65. Children whostay away from school do ________________________ for different reasons. A. them B. / C. it D. theirs 66. -Why are you stari ng? -I ' ve never seen that he A. kind of B. that kindof 51-60: AABBD ACBBC_e_e_btrefore. C. such kind D. such 61-66: ADCCD B 2006 年语法题集 51. __dull he may be, he is certainly a very successful top executive.A. AlthoughB. whateverC. AsD. However 52. If only I __play the guitar as well as you! A. would B. could C. should D. might53. The party, __I was the guest of honour, was extremely enjoyable.A. by whichB. for whichC. to whichD. at which 54. It ' s high time we __ cutting down the rainforests. A. stopped B. had to stop55. The student said there were comprehend. A. has found B. was finding C. shall stop a few points C. had found in D. stop the essay he __ impossible to D. would find an opportunity to hear the 56 Loudspeakers were fixed in the hall so that everyone speech.A. ought to haveB. must haveC. may haveD. should have 57. I am surprised__ this city is a dull place to live in.A. that you should thinkB. by what you are thinkingC. that you would thinkD. with what you were thinking 58. Susan is very hard-working, but her pay is not__ for her work.A. enough goodB. good enoughC. as good enoughD. good as enough 59. It is imperative that the government __ more investment into the shipbuilding industry. A. attracts B. shall attract C. attract D. has to 60. Land belongs to the city; there is __ thing as private ownership of land. A. no such a B. not such C. not such a D. no such 61. My daughter has walked eight miles today. We never guessed that she could walk ___ far. A. / B. such C. that 62. The statistics ___ that living recent times.A. provesB. is proving D. as standards in the area have improved drastical ly in 63. There are only ten apples left in the baskets, __ A. not counting B. not to countC. don ' tucnot64. It was __ we had hoped.C. are provingD. prove the spoilt ones.D. having not countedA. more a success thanB. a success more thanC. as much of a success asD. a success as much as65. There used to be a petrol station near the park, __?A. didn 't itB. doesn 't thereC. usedn 't it?D. didn 't there2007 年语法题集51. There are as good fish in the sea __ ever came out of it.A. thanB. likeC. asD. so52. All the President 'Mesn ______ one of the important books for historians whostudy the Watergate Scandal.A. remainB. remainsC. remainedD. is remaining53. “ You ______ borrow my notes provided you take care of them, A. could B. should C. must D. can54. If only the patient __ a different treatment instead of using the antibiotics, hemight still bealive now.A. had received 55. Linda was lastminute.A. to start 56. SheA. must be 57. It is not__ to understand.A. thatB. asC. soD. very58. The committee has anticipated the problems that iproject.A. ariseB. will ariseC. aroseD. have arisen59. The student said there were a few points in the essay he _ comprehend.A. had foundB. findsC. has foundD. would find60. He would have finished his college education, but he to quit and find a job tosupport his family.A. had hadB. hasC. hadD. would have61. The research requires more money than _______ .A. have been put inB. has been put inC. being put inD. to be put in62. Overpopulation poses a terrible threat to the human race. Yet it isprobably ______________________________________________________________________ threat to the human race than environmental destruction.A. no moreB. not moreC. even moreD. much more” I told my friend.B. receivedC. should receiveD. were receiving the experiment a month ago, but she changed her mind at theB. to have startedC. to be startingD. to have been startingfifty or so when I first met her at the conference. B. had been C. could be D. must have been __ much the language as the background that makes the bookdifficult in the road construction impossible to63.It is not uncommon for there _ problems of communication between the old and the young.A. beingB. would beC. beD. to be64. _____ at in his way, the situation does not seem so desperate.A. LookingB. lookedC. Being lookedD. to look65.It is absolutely essential that William his study in spite of some learning difficulties.A. will continueB. continuedC. continueD. continues51-55 CBAAB61-65 BBDBC56-60 DCDAC。
第20讲 独立主格
第20讲独立主格(完结)独立主格有时约等于状语从句其实是独立主格部分的主语和主句部分的主语不一致1 独立主格常见的八种结构(1)-ingThe girl staring at him,he did not know what to say.(2)-edHis glasses brokeb,he cannot see the word.(3)to doHis mother to come,I have to cook tommorrow.(4)adjAn accident happened to the plane,nobody alive.(5)介词短语He went off,gun in hand.(6)It beingIt being the National Day,the street was empty.(7)There beingThere being no bus,I have to go home on foot.(8)Such beingSuch being the case,we have to leave.2 "独立主格"的用法和意义(1)破折号独立主格与主句之间通常用逗号隔开但也有用破折号的The room was in chaos——dirty clothes strewn on the floor,cosmetics scattered over the dress,empty bottles and cans everywhere.(2)省限定词在独立主格中作主语的名词词组有时可以省去限定词The manager sat quietly in the office,(his) eyes closed.(3)位置独立主格的位置比较灵活它可以位于句首句中或句尾但如果一个句子中含有几个"独立主格" 通常把表示概括意义的结构置于最后The professor was slammed against the wall,his body frisked,his wrists handcuffed,his dignity lost.(4)意义①表示时间His homework done,Jim decided to go and see the play.=After his homework was done,Jim decided to go and see the play.②表示原因Her shirt caught on a nail,she could not move.=As her shirt was caught on a nail,she could not move.③表示条件As yet few have done their full duty,present company excepted.=Few but the present company have done their full play.④表示方式和伴随状况He put on his socks wrong side out.=He put on his socks with the wrong side out.(5)根据意义组合拆分从意义上看每一个独立主格都可以扩展为简单句Diana stood motionless at the end of the diving board,hands at her sides,heels slightly raised,every muscle anticipating action.连同主句可以分析成四个简单句[1]Diana stood motionless at the end of the diving board.[2]Her hands were at her sides.[3]Her heels were slightly raised.[4]Every muscle anticipated action.以上选自章振邦《新编英语语法教程(第5版)》。
独立主格
独立主格结构独立主格结构主要用于描绘性文字中，其作用相当于一个状语从句，常用来表示时间、原因、条件、行为方式或伴随情况等。
例如：表示时间The meeting being over, all of us went home. 开完会后我们都回家了。
Her work done, she sat down for a cup of tea. 她干完了活，坐下来喝茶。
表示条件The condition being favourable, he may succeed. 若条件有利，他或许能成功。
表示原因There being no taxis, we had to walk. 没有出租车，我们只好步行。
He wrapped her up with great care,the night being dark and frosty. 夜又黑又冷，所以他把她裹得严严实实的。
表示伴随情况Almost all metals are good conductors,silver being the best of all. 几乎所有的金属都是良导体，而银则是最好的导体。
(=Almost all metals are good conductors, and silver is the best of all.)3用法独立主格结构主要表示谓语动词发生的时间、原因、条件或伴随情况等，相当于一个状语从句或并列句。
用作时间状语The work done(=After the work had been done), we went home. 工作完成后，我们就回家了。
用作条件状语Weather permitting(=If weather permits), they will go on an outing to the beach tomorrow. 如果天气允许的话，他们将在明天组织一次海滨小游。
用作原因状语An important lecture to be given tomorrow(=As an important lecture will be given tomorrow), the professor has to stay up late into the night. 因为明天要发表一个重要的演讲，教授不得不熬夜到很晚。
大学英语四级写作高分技巧：独立主格结构
大学英语四级写作高分技巧：独立主格结构大学英语四级写作高分技巧：独立主格结构有很多学生大学过了三年了，英语四级没过，为了帮助大家顺利通过四级考试，下面是由小编为你精心编辑的大学英语四级写作高分技巧：独立主格结构，欢迎阅读！独立主格结构独立主格结构指带主语的动词分词、介词、或副词词组。
何谓独立主格结构?它是指与主语之间无任何语法关系的名词或代词加上一个分词的`结构。
它不修饰单个的词，而修饰整个句子。
独立主格结构可位于句子的任何部位。
它构成一个单独实体，并具有如下两种功能：(1) 解释原因或情景 (2) 提供主句中重点部分的相关细节。
例Freud distinguished three kinds of anxiety, each arising from a different source of perceived danger."each" 是独立主格结构，"arising from"是动词短语。
注意这个独立主格结构是一个"干巴巴"的句子。
通过改变动词形式，它的面貌可焕然一新：Each arises from a different source of perceived danger.再看以下例句Before: His nose was running and his hands were shaking. He left the theater like that.Interesting: His nose running and his hands shaking, he left the theater.Before: He is known for his bad temper, so I fear the encounter.Interesting: I fear the encounter, his temper being what it is.Plain: If the weather is favorable tomorrow, we will spend the entire day climbing Huang Shan.Good: Weather permitting, we will spend the entire daytomorrow climbing Huang Shan.Plain: Let’s pray that the Southeast Asian economy will soon return to normal.Good: The Southeast Asian economy, God willing, will soon return to normal.Plain: Early radio reports exaggerated the success of the raid on the Embassy. Some even indicated that the Vietcong had occupied several floors of the building.Better: Early radio reports exaggerated the success of the raid on the Embassy, some even indicating that the Vietcong had occupied several floors of the building.Plain: Even though the drug controversy was still festering around him, in the end, defending Australian Open champion Petr Korda walked away with a salute to a cheering crowd.Better: In the end, defending Australian Open champion Petr Korda, the drug controversy around him still festering, walked away with a salute to a cheering crowd.有些短语在语法上可与它所在句中的其它成分分离。
英语之独立主格结构
英语之独立主格结构独立主格结构（Absolute Construction）由两部分组成，前一部分是名词或者代词，后一部分是非谓语动词(不定式、现在分词、过去分词)或形容词、副词、名词或介词短语。
前后两部分具有逻辑主谓关系。
独立主格结构在句中做状语，多用于书面语。
独立主格结构本身不是句子，在句子中作状语，表时间、原因、条件、伴随、目的及状态等。
详细概述非谓语动词作状语，其逻辑主语须与主句主语保持一致。
若不一致，非谓语动词形式须另带主语，从而构成复合结构的形式作状语。
这种结构称为“独立结构”。
其中，非谓语动词主动用现在分词，被动用过去分词。
独立主格结构功能独立主格结构主要用于描绘性文字中，其作用相当于一个状语从句，常用来表示时间、原因、条件、行为方式或伴随情况等。
例如：1）独立主格结构表示时间The meeting being over, all of us went home. 开完会后我们都回家了。
Her work done, she sat down for a cup of tea. 她干完了活，坐下来喝茶。
2）独立主格结构表示条件The condition being favourable, he may succeed. 若条件有利，他或许能成功。
3）独立主格结构表示原因There being no taxis, we had to walk. 没有出租车，我们只好步行。
He wrapped her up with great care,the night being dark and frosty. 夜又黑又冷，所以他把她裹得严严实实的。
In the middle of February,the weather being favorable for work,the workers began to repair and secure the dam of the river.二月中旬，天气有利于工作，工人们开始修缮河坝。
独立主格结构
1 第一篇 独立主格结构 一、概念： “独立主格结构”是由名词或代词作为逻辑主语，加上分词、形容词、副词、动词不定式或介词短语作为逻辑谓语构成。这种结构在形式上与主句没有关系，通常称为“独立主格结构”。 二、功能： “独立主格结构”实质就是带有自己主语的非限定状语从句。众所周知非限定性从句通常以主句的某一成分作为自己的逻辑主语，从而依附于主句。而有些非限定性从句和无动词从句带有自己的主语，在结构上与主句不发生关系，因此成为独立主格结构。其实，虽然叫做独立主格结构，并不是真正的独立，它还是一种从属分句，在句中有多种作用。如：表原因、表条件、表方式、表伴随、表时间等，在句中通常起状语作用。 三、形式： 独立主格结构在形式上有两部分组成：第一部分有名词或代词担任，第二部分由分词、动词不定式、形容词、副词、或介词短语担任。按其结构形式分为：—ing 分词独立主格结构；—ed分词独立主格结构；无动词独立主格结构等。 四、举例： 1、There being nothing else to do, they gone away. 由于无事可做，他们离开了。（代词＋－ing; 表原因） 2、Miss Wang come into the classroom, books in hand. 王老师走进教室，手里拿着书。（无动词结构；表伴随） 3、The old man sat in his chair, his eyes closed. 老人坐在椅子上，闭着眼睛。（名词＋－ed; 表状态） 4、Class over, we began to play basketball. 放学了，我们开始玩篮球。（名词＋副词；表时间） 5、Without a word more spoken, he picked up the paper. 没再多说一个字，他拾起那张纸。（介词结构；表伴随） 6、The last guest to arrive, our party was started. 最后一位客人到了，我们的晚会开始了。（名词＋不定式；表时间） 五、独立主格结构与分词短语作状语的异同： 1、独立主格结构与分词短语都可以转化成状语从句。但是，独立主格结构转换成状语从句后，有自己的逻辑主语，与主句的主语不一致；而分词短语转化为状语从句后，从句的主语与主句的主语相同。例： ⑴ If time permit, we’d better have a rest at this weekend. －→Time permitting，we’d better have a rest at this weekend. 如果时间允许，本周末我们最好休息一下。 ⑵ When we see from the top floor, we can find the garden more beautiful. －→Seeing from the top floor, we can find the garden more beautiful. 从顶楼上看，花园更漂亮 2、 还应该注意，分词结构的逻辑主语不是总和主句的主语一致，而是主句的其他成分。语法上称作“依着原则”；有些分词结构在句子上找不到它的逻辑主语，语法上称作“悬垂分词”。例： ⑴ Looking for my watch in the room, it had taken me a long time. 在屋里找表，用了我很长时间。(依着原则) 2
独立主格结构
独立主格结构I. 独立主格结构的基本概念由一个名词或代词作为逻辑主语,加上一个分词、形容词、副词、动词不定式或介词短语作为逻辑谓语构成,这种结构在形式上与主句没有关系,通常被称为独立主格结构。
II. 独立主格结构的基本构成形式及功能独立主格结构主要起状语作用,相当于一个状语从句,多用来表示行为、方式、伴随等情况,有时也可用来表示时间、原因、条件等情况。
1、名词或代词主格+ 分词①The experiment done, the students went on to take notes in the experiment report. 实验做完了,同学们继续在实验报告上做记录。
②Time permitting, we can have a walk around the playground after supper.如果时间允许,晚饭后我们可以到操场上散散步。
2、名词或代词主格+ 形容词①Computers very small, we can use them widely.电脑虽小,我们却能广泛地利用它们。
② The clothes very dirty, you'd better wash them quickly.衣服很脏,你快点儿洗洗吧!3、名词或代词主格+ 不定式The last guest to arrive, our party was started.最后一位客人到了,我们的晚会就开始了。
4、名词或代词主格+ 介词短语① Our English teacher came into the classroom, papers in hand.我们的英语老师走进了教室,手里拿着试卷。
② There is a river in the valley, fresh flowers on the banks.山谷中有一条河,河两岸长满了鲜花。
5、名词或代词主格+ 副词① The meeting over, our headmaster soon left the meeting-room.散会了,校长很快就离开了会议室。
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独立主格结构 （Nominative Absolute Structure/ Absolute Construction） 由名词或代词主格+ -ing分词、-ed分词、形容词、副词或介词词组等成分组成， 通常在句中起状语从句的作用。它多见于文学体裁，能使句子结构紧凑，形象具体，描述生动。
I. 如果独立分词结构表示时间、原因、条件等，在翻译时，根据具体的情况可加适当的连词如“因为”，“由于”，“当……”，“……之后”，“如果”，“只要”等，然后译成状语从句。 例如： 1） The meal over，we began to work again. 吃完饭后，我们又开始工作了。 2） Weather permitting, the sports meeting will be held on Friday. 如果天气允许的话，运动会将在星期五举行。 3） There being no coffee left, they had to make do with tea. 因为没有咖啡了，他们只好用茶凑合。 4） The president assassinated, the whole country was in deep sorrow. 总统遭暗杀了，国人都沉浸在深深的悲痛中。 5） All flights having been canceled because of the snowstorm, we decided to take the train. 因为暴风雨的缘故，所有的航班都取消了，我们于是决定坐火车。 6） With academic categories being what they are, the historian rarely tangles with psychologists. 由于各学术领域往往自成一体，历史学家很少会与心理学家发生纠葛。(与 3 “介词with或without+名词+分词/形容词/副词/介词词组”一致) 7） He came into the room, his ears red with cold. 他走进房间，耳朵都冻红了。 更多的例句： 1) The day being fine (=As the day was fine), we decided to go swimming. 由于天气晴朗,我们决定去游泳. 2) It being a holiday (=As it was a holiday), all the shops were shut. 由于这天是假日, 所有商店都关门了. 3) We’re playing golf this afternoon—weather permitting (=if the weather permits.) 要是天气允许, 我们今天下午去打高尔夫球. 4) We explored the caves, Peter acting as guide. 由彼得当向导, 我们探察了那些洞穴. 5) There being ice on the road, I told the driver to slow down. 路上有冰, 我让司机开慢点. 6) John having run a red light, the police arrested him. 约翰由于闯红灯被警察逮捕了. 7) That being the case, we’d better make some changes in the plan. 要是情况是那样, 我们还是把计划改一改.
注意： 1. 独立主格与状语从句的转换:当状语从句的主语与主句的主语不是指同一个对象时，可用独立主格结构取代状语从句，但不再保留连词。如： 1) Class being over (/ Class over), the students soon left the classroom. 下课后，学生很快离开了课室。 =After class was over, the students soon left the classroom. 2) There being no further business, I declare the meeting closed. 工作都谈完了，我宣布会议结束。 = Since there is no further business, I declare the meeting closed. 3) It being Christmas, the government offices were closed. 现在是圣诞节，政府机关关门了。 = Because it was Christmas, the government offices were closed. 2. 不能省略being (having been)的情形：在下列三种情况下，独立主格结构中的being（或having been）不能省略。 (1) 独立主格的逻辑主语是代词时。如： It being Sunday, we went to church.因为是星期天，我们去了做礼拜。 (2)在There being+名词的结构中。如： There being no bus, we had to go home on foot. 因为没有公共汽车，所以我们不得不步行回家。 (3)当独立主格结构中 being done 表示“正在被做时”，being不可省略。 3. 独立主格结构没有所有格形式The chief-editor arriving, we began the meeting. 主编来了，我们开始开会。(比较动名词复合结构。)
II. 独立结构表伴随状况时，常常用来对句子的意思加以补充说明或与之比较，翻译时可直接已成汉语中的独立句或并列句。 如： He sat at the table, head down, and pen in position, ready to begin the letter. 他坐在桌前，低着头，拿着笔， 准备开始写信。 She was sitting at her desk, her head slightly lowered over a pile of documents. 她坐在桌前，头埋在一堆文件里。 We redoubled our efforts, each man working like two. 我们加倍努力， 一个人干两个人的活。 更多的例句： 1) He rushed into the room, his face covered with sweat. 他满脸是汗地冲进房间. (表伴随情况或具有解释性的作用) 2) There are two doors, one leading to the bedroom, the other to the study. 由两扇门, 一扇通向卧室,一扇通向书房. (同上) 3) He entered the house, his nose red with cold. 他走进屋子, 鼻子冻得通红. (这类结构无须用being, 可在名词或代词后直接加形容词、某些副词, 如: away, on, over, up等或介词短语) 4) He pulled on his shirt, wrong side out. 他套上衬衫,把它穿反了. (同上)
III． 英语中“介词with或without+名词+分词/形容词/副词/介词词组”短语相当于一个独立结构。如果作状语, 可译成状语从句或并列从句; 如果作定语, 常译成“的”字结构放在它所修饰的词的前面。 如： b) The war was over without a shot being fired. 一枪也没放，战争就结束了。 c) I wouldn’t dare go home without the job finished. 工作没干完， 我不敢回家。 d) A body with a constant force acting on it moves at a constant speed. 受恒力作用的物体做等速运动。 更多的例句： I can’t go out with all these dishes to wash. 有这许多碟子要洗, 我出不去了. All afternoon he worked with the door locked. = All afternoon he worked. The door was locked. 整下午他都在工作，房门紧闭。 With John away, we’ve got more room. = John is away, so we’ve got more room. 约翰走了，我们有更多的空间了。 with复合结构作独立主格的省略形式：通常不用物主代词或冠词，即，在“名词（或代词）+介词短语”构成的独立主格结构中，一般不用形容词性物主代词和冠词。如： Miss Smith entered the classroom, book in hand.史密斯小姐走进了课室，手里拿着一本书。 比较with的复合结构。如：Miss Smith entered the classroom, with a book in her hand. 再如：A robber burst into the room, knife in hand. = A robber burst into the room, with a knife in his hand. 但 with 的其他复合结构不受此限制。