05不定式过去分词动词ing形式之功能比较思维导图(改进版)(可编辑修改word版)
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舟楫英语课堂 精通句子结构 非谓语动词(六)
不定式 、 过去分词 、 动词
ing 形式之功能比较 作主语 不定式 To go to school on foot every day takes me half an hour. It's very nice of you to be so considerate.
It's not easy for you to get him to change his mind. It is a great honor for us to be present at this rally.
动词 ing 形式 Learning new words is very important. It's dangerous your drinking so much liquor. It's no use arguing about it.
作宾语 不定式 详细辨析见附表 We agreed to meet here but so far she hasn't turned up yet. I made it a rule to get up early, take a cold bath, and then do some running.
动词 ing 形式 有些动词只能接 ing 形式作宾语,不能接不定式作宾语 I enjoy working with you. 我喜欢和你共事。
作宾补 不定式 感官动词 + 宾语 + 不带 to 的不定式作宾补
(意义主动,动作的全过程) I saw him fall down from the bike. 我 看 到 他 从 自 行 车 上 摔 下 来 。 ( 已 经 完 成 的 动 作 , 动 作 的 全 过 程 )
We heard him cry out. 我们听见他大喊一声。(已经完成的动作,动作的全过程)
使 役 动 词 + 宾 语 + 不 定 式 作 宾 补
(意义主动,不强调动作一直在进行) Let me see. / Let me think. 让我想一想。 Let sb. go 放,释放某人。 Let yourself go. 放松,随心所欲,不修边幅
They made me repeat the whole story. 他们非让我把整个事件再说一遍。
过去分词 使 役 动 词 + 宾 语 + 过 去 分 词 作 宾 补
(意义被动,已经完成) I want to have my hair cut. 今天下午我要去理发(被动)。 Please keep us informed of the latest news. 请向我们通报事态的最新进展。(被动) The viewers wish the serial film (to be) continued. 观众希望这部系列片继续下去。(被动)
感官动词 + 宾语 + 过去分词作宾补 (意义被动,已经完成) He heard his name called. 他听见有人在叫他的名字。(被动) I found the city greatly changed. 我发现这个城市变化很大。
(被动,完成) I saw the net
动词 ing 形式 感 官 动 词 + 宾 语 + ing 形 式 作 宾 补
(意义主动,正在进行) I saw the net
I found the students studying hard. 我发现那些学生学习很用功。(主动,正在进行)
使 役 动 词 + 宾 语 + ing 形 式 作 宾 补
(意义主动,强调动作一直在进行) The joke set them all laughing. 这个笑话让他们都笑了。(主动)
She kept me waiting for a long time. 她让我等了很长时间。(主动)
作定语 不定式 不定式作定语有"以后发生"之意 When you have got a whole lot( to do), friends will jump in and come to your rescue.当你忙时,朋友会主动帮你。
不定式只能作定语 The problem (to be discussed at the meeting next week) is of great importance. 下个星期要在会议上讨论的那个问题非常重要。
过去分词 及物动词的过去分词作定语有被动之意 (boiled )water 开水(被煮过的水) The piano (used at the concert) is made in France. 音乐会上用的那架钢琴是法国制造的。
不及物动词的过去分词作定语有完成之意 (fallen ) leaves 落叶(已经落下来的树叶) a(retired )teacher 退休教师 an (expired )lease 过期的租约
动词 ing 形式 ing 形式作定语有"正在进行"的含义 (boiling) water 沸水(正在沸腾的水) The girl (playing the piano at the concert) is Mary. 在音乐会上弹钢琴的那个女孩是玛丽
ing 形式作定语有说明被修饰词的性质 a (speaking) bird 会说话的鸟 (freezing) wind 刺骨寒风 (running) water 自来水 (sleeping) bag 睡袋
作表语 不定式 通常是说明主语的内容,这时主语通常是表示目的愿望一类的名词 Our plan is to finish the work in two weeks. To see is to believe.
过去分词 见被动语态
动词 ing 形式 表示泛指意义的动作 My hobby is growing flowers. 我的爱好是种花。 Seeing is believing. 眼见为实。
作状语 不定式 作目的状语 They ran over [to welcome the delegates]. 他
们跑过去欢迎代表们。 作结果状语 He woke up [to find everybody gone]. 他醒了
过来,结果发现大家都走了 作原因状语 We all rejoiced [ri'dʒɔisd]
[ to hear of your success] 听说你们成功了我们很高兴。
过去分词 作时间状语[The table set], they began to have their meal.
桌子摆好以后,他们就开始吃饭。 作原因状语
[Her heart broken], she locked herself in the room.她非常伤
心,把自己锁在房间里。 表示伴随情况
She sat there attentively, [her chin cupped in her hand.] 她
手托着下巴,全神贯注的坐在那儿。
一些比较固定的分词独立结构中一般多用过去分词 1) all told 总计 We were twenty all told. / Fifty people came all told. 2) all things considered 考虑了一切因素之后 3)this accomplished 完成这项工作之后 4)this explanation given 这样解释之后 5). But she’s only a
child when all is said and done 不管怎么说,说到底
过去分词表示条件,不可代之以现在分词一般被动式 Certain poisons, used as medicines in small quantities, prove not only innocuous(无毒), but beneficial(有益)
动词 ing 形式 这里强调原因, 故应用现在分词一般被动式 Being written in haste, the composition is full of mistakes. 这篇文章由于仓卒写就,因而错误百出。
作时间状语
[Crossing the road], he was run over by a car.
[Having done their homework], the students played footbal
l. 作原因状语
[Not knowing English], he couldn't understand the film. 作条件状语
[Working hard], you will do well in the exam. 作结果状语
His parents died in the war, [leaving him an orphan]. 作让步状语
[Not being a rich man himself], he helped the poor generously 作伴随状语
The children went into the classroom, [talking and laughing].
附表:
以下动词即可接 ing 形式作宾语,也可接不定式作宾语,应注意区别:
love like hate prefer dislike begin start continue intend
喜爱 喜欢 憎恨 更喜欢 厌恶 开始 开始 继续 打算
can't bear propose want need remember forget try deserve dread [dred]
不能忍受 建议 想要 需要 记得 忘记 试图 ;试做 应得 极为担心
love, like, dislike, prefer, propose,
dread, can't bear, 等 动 词 接 ing
形式表示一般的行为,接不定式表示具体的动作。 I dread being sick. 我特别害怕生病。
I dread to think what would happen if there really were a fire here.
我不敢想像假如这儿真的发生火灾会是什么情景。
I prefer playing in defense [di'fens]. 我喜欢打防守。I prefer not to think about it.我不想考虑此事。 stop + 动词 ing 形式作宾语
stop +不定式作状语 Stop crying. 不要哭。
You must stop her telling them. 你必须阻止她告诉他们。
We stopped to have a rest. 我们停下来休息。
They stopped to listen, but there was no sound. 他们停下来听,但是没有声音。
begin, start 等动词之后,接 ing
形式表示有意的动作,接不定式表示无意的动作。 After lunch it began to rain. 午饭后就开始下雨。(无意识的)
Philip began to cry. 菲利普开始哭了起来。
So I at once began making preparation for a trip home. 因此我立刻着手回家旅途的准备。(有意识的)
She started laughing. 她笑了起来。
Mistakes were starting to creep in. 不知不觉间开始出错了。 consider(考虑)+动词ing 形式作宾语
consider(认为)+宾语+
不定式作宾补 We are considering buying a new car. 我们在考虑买一辆新车。
This award is considered (to be) a great honor.这项奖被是视为极大的荣誉。We consider this award (to be) a great honor.
He’s generally considered to have the finest tenor (['tenə]男高音的)
voice in the country.普遍认为他是全国最佳男高音歌手。
try 的后面接不定式表示"尽力", 接 ing 形式表示"尝试"。 He tried to answer calmly, without exaggeration
[ig.zædʒə'reiʃən], truly.
他尽力的做到冷静地、毫不夸张地、如实地回答。
Try knocking at the back door if nobody hears you at the front door.
如果在前门敲门没有人听见,你就试着到后门敲敲看。 go on + ing 形式go on +不定式
go on 接ing 形式表示"接着做原来的那件事",接不定式表示"接着做另
外一件事" I oughtn't to go on living this way. 我不应当继续以这种方式生活下去了。
Tom went on reading his paper. 他们继续读他的报纸。
He went on to talk about the world situation. 他接着谈论世界局势。
(原来他谈论别的话题,接着转到世界局势的话题。)
She went on to ask a string of questions about acting. 她接着问了一连串关于表演的问题。
remember, forget 等动词,接 ing
形式表示"曾经作过的动作",接不定式表示尚未发生的动作,如"
记住要做某事"。 I remember telling you about her. 我记得曾经和你说过她的事情。
Remember to mail the letter. 要记得寄信。
He remembered to shut the door. 他没忘了关门。
I'll never forget finding that rare old coin in my garden.
我永远也不会忘记是在我的花园里发现那个罕见的古钱币。
He forgot which way to go. 他忘记该走哪条路。 regret( 惋惜 懊悔)+
动词 ing 形式作宾语regret (很遗憾)+ 不定式 He bitterly regretted ever having mentioned it. 他非常懊悔提起那件事。
We regret to inform you that your application has not been successful.
我们很遗憾的通知您,您的申请未通过。
need, want, deserve, require 等动词之后,可接 ing 形式的主动语 态形式,表示被动的意义。 These shoes need repairing. 这双鞋子需要修补。
(主动的结构,被动的含义。)
Your hair wants cutting. 你需要理发了。(主动的结构,被动的含义。)