初中英语全套复习资料

一般现在时

主要用于下面几情况：

1) 描述当前时间内经常出现、反复发生的动作或存在的状态。

在这种情景中，句子常带有表示频率的时间状语： always , everyday , often , once a week (month , year , etc 。 ) , sometimes , seldom , usually 等等，以表示句中的动作或状态是习惯性的、经常性的。例如：

They raise ducks as a sideline 。他们以养鸭为副业。

She doesn't often write to her family, only once a month. 她不常给家里写信，仅一月一封而已。

I cycle to work every day 。我每天骑自行车上班。

It seldom rains here 。这儿很少下雨。

2) 仅为了描述状态、性质、特征、能力等等。

这里的目的是为了 " 描述现阶段的动作或状态 " ，其重点 " 不是强调动作发生的时间、或进行的状态 " 。例如：

He can speak five foreign languages 。他能说五种外语。

That is a beautiful city 。那是座美丽的城市。

Changjiang River is one of the longest rivers in the world. 长江是世界上最长的河流之一。

She majors in music 。她主修音乐。

All my family love football 。我全家人都喜欢足球。

My sister is always ready to help others . 我妹妹总是乐于助人。

3) 陈述客观事实、客观真理。

顾名思义，客观的情况是 " 没有时间概念 " 的；也 " 不会在意动作进行的状态" 。例如：

The sun rises in the east 。日出东方。

The earth goes around the sun 。地球绕着太阳转。

Ten minus two is eight 。十减二等于八。

Light travels faster than sound 。光的速度比声音的速度快。

The United States lies by the west coast of the Pacific Ocean. 美国位于太平洋西岸。

4) 根据英文语法规定，当主句的谓语动词是一般将来时，那么时间或条件状语从句的谓语动词只能用一般现在时来表示将来要发生的动作。例如： I'll tell him the news when he comes back. 他回来时，我将告诉他这个消息。

If you take the job , they will talk with you in greater details 。

如果你接受这份工作，他们将和你谈谈细节。

用于一般现在时的副词，除了上面提到的一些表示频率的以外，常见的还有：now, today , nowadays 等等。

一般过去时

主要是用来描述在过去某个时候发生的动作或存在的状态。它也可以用来表示在过去某段时间里经常发生的习惯性动作。这一点在表达意义上与一般现在时相同，只是所在的时间区域不同而已。由于它的主要作用如此，所以在使用一般过去时的

句子里常常有一个意义较具体的过去时间状语。这也是它与现在完成时的最大区

别之一。

一般过去时由谓语动词的过去式表示，也就是说动词词末要加 -ed( 除不规则

动词外 ) 。常和一般过去时连用的过去时间状语有： last night (week , month , year , century , etc 。 ) , yesterday , the day before yesterday , yesterday morning ( afternoon , evening ) , in 1999 , two hours ago ( one week ago , tree years ago , … ) 等等。

使用一般过去时，在某种意义上说就是要强调动作或状态发生或存在于过去的某个时候。 " 过去 " 的时间概念有两层意思：一是指 " 现在某个时间 " 以前的时间；二是指 " 说话、写文章的那个时间点 " 以前的时间，在这个意义上， " 现在的那个

时间点 " 是很小很小的，甚至于小到无法量化的程度。例如：

He got his driving license last month. 他上个月拿到了驾照。

--Where's Jim? 吉姆在哪里？

--He just went out 。他刚刚出去。

一般将来时

概念：一般将来时表示将来某个时间要发生的动作或存在的状态，也表示将来经常发生的动作。

一、常见的将来时间状语：

tomorrow, the day after tomorrow, this afternoon, this year, before long,

in the future, some day( 将来的某一天 ) ， next year, next Sunday, soon,

in ten days( 十天后 ) 等

二、一般将来时结构：

主语 + will (shall) + 动词原形 ~ 。动词一般将来时，表示将要发生事

( 所有人称都可以用 will ， shall 只用于 I, We 后面 )

如：肯定式： They will finish the work next week.

否定式：They won ’ t finish the work next week.

疑问式： Will they finish the work next week?

Yes, they will. / No, they won ’ t. ( 注意：不能用Yes, they ’ ll.)

特殊疑问句： How many books will you give us?

I ’ ll give you thirty books.

2. 主语 + be (am, is, are) going to + 动词原形 ~ 。

be going to, 表打算，准备计划将来干 ; 表可能，有必然，通过现象来判断。如：I ’ m going to see a film this evening. 今晚上我打算去看电影。

It ’ s going to rain. 天要下雨了。

We aren ’ t going to have any lessons next week. 我们下周不上课。

3. will/ shall 和 be going to 结构的区别

(1) 对于事先经过考虑的打算、计划，应使用 be going to 结构。

Why are you taking down all the pictures? I am going to repaint the wall.

(2) 对于事先未经过考虑的打算、计划，而是临时起意，则用 will 结构。常

见于会话时，乙听了甲的话做出的反应。

Where is the telephone book? I ’ ll go and get it for you .

(3) 表示即将发生某事时，两者区别不大，多可互换。

What is going to happen? -----What will happen?

be going to 一般指较近的将来， will 则表示较远的将来。

(4) 正式的通知等多用 will.

4. 其他一般将来时表达结构：

(1) 少数几个动词如 go, come, start, arrive 等，当表示根据规定时间要发生的动作时，要用一般现在时来表示。

My train leaves at 6:30. 我乘的火车将在 6 ： 30 开。

另外，时间、条件状语从句中，“主将从现”

I ’ ll let you know as soon as I hear from him.

He ’ ll go fishing if it is fine tomorrow.

(2) 现在进行时表将来。 go, come, leave, arrive, start, stay, return 等表示动作的动词，可以用现在进行时表将来。

I ’ m going to the park with my parents on vacation.

(3) be about to + 动词原形 , 表示即将发生的动作。

The concert is about to begin. 音乐会即将开始。

(4) be + 动词不定式，表示安排或计划好的动作。

There is to be a sports meeting next week.

语法练习：

I. 用适当形式填空

1. It ______ be Wednesday tomorrow.

2. Betty _________ write to her grandma next week.

3. ________ you please give him this letter?

4. I ________ never do that again.

5. She has bought some cloth; she _____ make herself a dress.

6. ----Oh, what a heavy box! I can ’ t lift it.

----What! I _______ carry it for you.

7.In China, wherever you _____(go), you_____(see) friendly people.

8. Lao Zhao has saved some money and he _____ (buy) a TV set.

9. The express from Beijing to Shanghai ______ at 8:45.

II. 单选

1 We _____go home until we finish the work.

A don ’ t

B won ’ t

C will

2 Tom _____ six years old next month. A will be B will is C is going to

3 Look at the clouds? It _____ rain. A is going B will be C is going to

4 We _____ go home until we finish the work.

A don ’ t

B won ’ t

C will

5 We must take the sick man to hospital. He ______.

A is dying

B is going to die

C will die

6 Could you tell me _______ the meeting.

A when shall we have

B when we would have

C when to have

7 I ’ ll talk to him when he______.

A come

B will come

C comes

D came

8 I don ’ t know if it______ tomorrow.

A rains

B will rain

C is rain

D is raining

9 There ______ a school three years ago.

A were

B use to have

C used to be

D will be

英语语法时态的几种转换

英语中的几种时态在一定情况下可以互相转换，以下是几种常见的转换形式：

一、一般过去时与现在完成时的转换

在现在完成时中，延续性动词能与表示一段时间的状语连用，瞬间动词却不能。但是，可用别的表达方式：

①瞬间动词用于“一段时间+ago ”的一般过去时的句型中；

②瞬间动词可改成与之相对应的延续性动词及短语，与一段时间连用；

③瞬间动词用于“ It is+ 一段时间 +since+ 一般过去时”的句型中，表示“自从……以来有……时间”的意思，主句一般用 it is 来代替 It has been ；

④瞬间动词用于“ Sometime has passed since+ 一般过去时”的句型中。

请看： A 。 He joined the League two years ago 。

B 。 He has been in the League for two years 。

C 。 It is two years since he joined the League 。

D 。 Two years has passed since he joined the League 。

二、一般现在时与现在进行时的转换

在一般现在时中， at 加上名词表示“处于某种状态”，如 at work （在工作），

at school （上学、上课）等。此短语可与进行时态转换。请看：

Peter is at work ， but Mike is at play 。

Peter is working ， but Mike is playing 。

三、现在进行时与一般将来时的转换

在现在进行时态中 go ， come ， leave ， start ， arrive 等动词常与表示将来

的时间状语连用表示将要发生的动作。如： I am coming ， Mum ！意为“我就来，

妈妈！”请看：

The train is leaving soon 。

The train will leave soon 。

四、“ be going to+ 动词原形”与“ will （ shall ） + 动词原形”结构的转换“ be going to+ 动词原形”、表示打算、计划要做的事；将来时“ will （ shall ） + 动词原形”结构在书面语中，当主语为第一人称时，常用助动词 shall 。在口语中，所有人

称都可以用 will 。请看：

We are going to visit the Great Wall next Sunday 。

We shall visit the Great Wall next Sunday 。

表示将来的五种非时态方式

1 、“ be+ 不定式”：表示命令、安排、倾向或必须、义务等。

如： She is to play Juliet 。她扮演朱丽叶。

You are to make the necessary changes 。你要做出必要的改变。

2 、“ be about to+ 不定式”：表示即将发生的动作，有“即将”的意思，但不能和具

体的时间状语连用。如：

The package is about to come unwrapped 。那个包快散开了。

3 、“ be going+ 不定式”：表示按计划或安排打算去做某事，或表示有迹象表明要发生某事。如：

We are going to call her this evening 。

我们打算今晚给她打电话。

My sister ’ s going to have a baby this summer 。

我姐姐今年夏天要生孩子。

4 、用现在进行时表示将来：主要表示按规定或时间预计要发生的事。

如： The students are leaving on Sunday 。学生们星期日出发。

We ’ re having a party next week 。

我们下星期将开一个晚会。

5 、用一般现在时表示将来：表示按规定或时间预计要发生的事。如： We have a holiday tomorrow 。我们明天放假。

The train leaves at 10 ： 04 this evening 。

火车今晚 10 ： 04 分开。

must 表示推测

1) must 用在肯定句中表示较有把握的推测，意为 " 一定 " 。

2) must 表对现在的状态或现在正发生的事情的推测时， must 后面通常接系动词be 的原形或行为动词的进行式。

You have worked hard all day .You must be tired.

你辛苦干一整天，一定累了。 ( 对现在情况的推测判断 )

He must be working in his office. 他一定在办公室工作呢。

比较： He must be staying there. 他现在肯定呆在那里。

He must stay there 。他必须呆在那。

3) must 表示对已发生的事情的推测时， must 要接完成式。

I didn't hear the phone. I must have been asleep.

我刚才没有听到电话，我想必是睡着了。

4) must 表示对过去某时正发生的事情的推测， must 后面要接不定式的完成进行式。

---Why didn't you answer my phone call?

---Well, I must have been sleeping, so I didn't hear it 。

5) 否定推测用 can't 。

If Tom didn't leave here until five o'clock, he can't be home yet. 如果汤姆五点才离开这儿，他此时一定还未到家。

比较 have to 和 must

1) 两词都是 ' 必须 ' 的意思， have to 表示客观的需要， must 表示说话人主观上的看法，既主观上的必要。

My brother was very ill, so I had to call the doctor in the middle of the night.

我弟弟病得很厉害，我只得半夜里把医生请来。 ( 客观上需要做这件事 )

He said that they must work hard. 他说他们必须努力工作。 ( 主观上要做这件事 ) 2) have to 有人称、数、时态的变化，而 must 只有一种形式。但 must 可用于间接引语中表示过去的必要或义务。

He had to look after his sister yesterday 。

3) 在否定结构中： don't have to 表示 " 不必 " mustn't 表示 " 禁止 " ，

You don't have to tell him about it. 你不一定要把此事告诉他。

You mustn't tell him about it.

你一定不要把这件事告诉他。

比较 may 和 might

1) 表示允许或请求；表示没有把握的推测； may 放在句首，表示祝愿。

May God bless you!

He might be at home 。

注意： might 表示推测时，不表示时态。只是可能性比 may 小。

2) 成语： may/might as well ，后面接不带 to 的不定式，意为 " 不妨 " 。

If that is the case, we may as well try 。

典型例题

Peter ___come with us tonight, but he isn't very sure yet 。

A. must

B. may

C. can

D. will

答案 B. 表可能性只能用 may. 此句意可从后半句推出。

比较 can 和 be able to

1)can could 表示能力；可能 ( 过去时用 could) ，

只用于现在式和过去式 (could) 。 be able to 可以用于各种时态。

They will be able to tell you the news soon. 他很快就能告诉你消息了。

2) 只用 be able to

a. 位于助动词后。

b. 情态动词后。

c. 表示过去某时刻动作时。

d. 用于句首表示条件。

e. 表示成功地做了某事时，只能用 was/were able to ，不能用 could 。

He was able to flee Europe before the war broke out 。

= He managed to flee Europe before the war broke out 。

注意： could 不表示时态

1) 提出委婉的请求， ( 注意在回答中不可用 could) 。

--- Could I have the television on?

--- Yes, you can. / No, you can't 。

2) 在否定，疑问句中表示推测或怀疑。

He couldn't be a bad man.

他不大可能是坏人。

比较 so 和 such

其规律由 so 与 such 的不同词性决定。 such 是形容词，修饰名词或名词词组， so 是副词，只能修饰形容词或副词。 so 还可与表示数量的形容词 many ， few ，much ， little 连用，形成固定搭配。

so + adj. such + a(n) + n 。

so + adj. + a(n) + n. such + n. (pl 。 )

so + adj. + n. (pl 。 ) such +n. (pl 。 )

so + adj. + n. [ 不可数 ] such +n. [ 不可数 ]

so foolish such a fool

so nice a flower such a nice flower

so many/ few flowers such nice flowers

so much/little money. such rapid progress

so many people such a lot of people

so many 已成固定搭配， a lot of 虽相当于 many ，但 a lot of 为名词性的，

只能用 such 搭配。

so … that 与such … that 之间的转换既为 so 与 such 之间的转换。

动词不定式

动词不定式是初中英语的语法重点之一，也是每年中考英语试题的考点之一。它是动词的一种非谓语形式，没有人称和数的变化，不能单独作句子的谓语。其构成形式为 "to+ 动词原形 " ， to 为动词不定式的符号，本身无意义。动词不定式具有两

大特点： 1. 具有动词的特点，因此，后面可以跟表语、宾语或状语，构成动

词不定式短语。

2. 具有名词、形容词或副词的特点，可以在句子中用作主语、宾语、宾语补

足语、状语、定语、表语及同位语等。下面以近几年全国部分省市的中考英语试题为例，对不定式的难点以及它在中考英语中的考查点，作一简要的总结和分析，供同学们学习时参考。

一、动词不定式作主语

1. It's our duty _________ the room every day.

A. to clean

B. cleaned

C. clean

D. cleans( 甘肃省 )

2. It's hard for us _________ English well.

A. learn

B. learns

C. to learn

D. learning( 江西省 )

3. 建造这座立交桥将花费工人们一年多的时间。

It will _________ the workers over a year _________ _________ the flyover.( 北京市海

淀区 )

4. It's very nice _________ you to get me two tickets _________ the World Cup.

A. for ， of

B. of ， for

C. to ， for

D. of ， to( 安徽省 )

Keys ： 1. A 2. C 3. take ， to ， build 4. B

[ 简析 ] 动词不定式作主语时，可以直接放在谓语动词前面的主语位置，也可

以用先行词 it 作形式主语，而将真正的主语 ( 不定式 ) 置于后面。常见的句式有：(1)It is + 形容词 (of sb)to do sth.(2)It is + 名词 (for sb)to do sth.(3)It takes sb some time to do sth.(4)It is + 形容词 (for sb)to do sth. 句式 (1) 中常用 nice ， kind ，clever ， good ， right ， wrong ， foolish ， careless 等形容词，与介词 of 搭配，这些形容词常表述不定式逻辑主语的属性或性质 ; 句式 (4) 中常用 hard ， difficult ，easy ， important 等形容词，与介词 for 搭配，表示不定式表示的动作、行为的性质。

二、动词不定式作宾语

1. He wants ______ some vegetables.

A. buy

B. buying

C. to buy

D. buys ( 山西省 )

2. Don't forget ______ your homework with you when you come to school.

A. to bring

B. bringing

C. to take

D. taking ( 福建省 )

3. He found it very difficult ______.

A. sleeping

B. sleeps

C. slept

D. to fall asleep ( 湖南省 )

Keys ： 1. C 2. A 3. D

[ 简析 ] 在 want ， like ， agree ， hope ， wish ， learn ， begin ， start ，seem ， decide ， hate ， choose ， forget ， remember 等动词后面，可以接不

定式作宾语。如果其后接形容词补足语时，则可以用 it 作形式宾语，而把作真正

宾语的不定式放到后面。

三、动词不定式作宾语补足语

1. Robert often asks us ______ his Chinese, so his Chinese is much better than before.

A. help him

B. to help him with

C. to help with

D. helps him with ( 江苏省 )

2. Mr Li often teaches his Japanese friends ______ Chinese food.

A. cook

B. cooks

C. to cook

D. cooked ( 甘肃省 )

Key ： 1. B 2. C

[ 简析 ] 不定式可以用作宾语补足语。后面可以接不定式作宾语补足语的动词有： ask ， teach ， expect ， tell ， allow 等。

四、动词不定式作状语

1. She went ______ her teacher.

A. to see

B. looks

C. saw

D. seeing ( 江西省 )

2. Meimei likes English very much. She does her best ______ English well.

A. learn

B. learning

C. to learn

D. learns ( 四川省 )

Key ： 1. A 2. C

[ 简析 ]go ， come ， try ， do / try one's best 等动词或短语动词作谓语时，其后常常可以接不定式作目的状语。

3. I'm sorry ______ that.

A. hears

B. hearing

C. hear

D. to hear ( 河北省 )

4. I'm sorry ______ you.

A. trouble

B. to trouble

C. troubling

D. troubled ( 吉林省 )

5. My mother was very glad ______ her old friend.

A. to meet

B. meet

C. met

D. meets ( 甘肃省 )

Keys ： 3. D 4. B 5. A

[ 简析 ]"be + 形容词 + to do sth" 结构中的不定式作状语，常表示原因或方式。

6. The panda is so fat that it can't go through the hole.( 改为意思相同的句子 )

The hole ______ ______ ______ ______ such a fat panda to go through. ( 广东省 )

7. The ice on the lake was so thin that people couldn't skate on it. ( 改为意思相

同的句子 )

The ice on the lake wasn't ______ enough ______ people ______ ______ ______. ( 广东

省 )

Keys ： 6. is ， too ， small ， for 7. thick ， for ， to ， skate ， on

[ 简析 ] 在上述 "too + 形容词 / 副词(for sb)to do … "( 太……而不能…… ) 和"enough (for sb) to do … "( 足以、足够……做…… ) 结构中，不定式作结果状语。

五、动词不定式作定语

1. Would you like something ______?

A. drink

B. drinking

C. to drink

D. drinks ( 湖北省 )

2. I have a lot of homework ______.

A. do

B. doing

C. did

D. to do ( 河南省 )

3. He is not an easy man ______.

A. get on

B. to get on

C. get on with

D. to get on with ( 山东省 )

Key ： 1. C 2. D 3. D

[ 简析 ] 不定式作定语时，常放在被修饰的词语之后，与被修饰的词语为逻辑上的主谓关系或动宾关系 ; 如果不定式的动词是不及物动词，其后要加上必要的介词或副词，构成的短语动词相当于及物动词。

六、不带 to 的动词不定式

1. We saw him ______ the building and go upstairs.

A. to enter

B. enter

C. entering

D. entered ( 河南省 )

2. So much work usually makes them ______ very tired.

A. to feel

B. feels

C. feeling

D. feel ( 吉林省 )

3. Your father is sleeping. You'd better ______.

A. not wake up him

B. not to wake up him

C. not wake him up

D. not to wake him up ( 陕西省 )

4. I was made ______ my homework in the afternoon.

A. do

B. doing

C. to do

D. did ( 贵州省 )

Key ： 1. B 2. D 3. C 4. C

[ 简析 ]1. 在 see ， watch ， hear ， feel 等感官动词和 make ， have ， let 等使役动词后面作宾语补足语的不定式不带 to. 但是在被动语态中，作主语补足语的不定式要带 to(let 没有被动语态 ) 。 2. 在 "had better" 后面接不带 to 的不定式。

七、动词不定式的否定形式

1. Mr Black asked the man ________ the queue.

A. not to jump

B. to not jump

C. didn't jump

D. not jump ( 广西壮族自治区 )

2. The old man told the child ______ noisy.

A. not be

B. not to be

C. to not be

D. be not ( 湖北省 )

3. There is going to ______ an important meeting tomorrow. Please try ______ late.

A. have ， not to be

B. have ， not be

C. be ， not to be

D. be ， not be ( 内蒙古自治区 )

Key ： 1. A 2. B 3. C

[ 简析 ] 动词不定式的否定形式通常是在不定式符号 to 的前面加上 not ，如果是不带 to 的不定式就直接在动词原形前面加上 not.

八、某些动词后面接不定式和接动词 -ing 形式的区别

1. Please stop ______ a rest if you feel tired.

A. to have

B. having

C. have

D. has ( 广西壮族自治区 )

2. ——Why didn't you buy some bread on your way home?

——Sorry, I forgot ______ some money with me.

A. take

B. taking

C. to take

D. took ( 湖北省 )

3. ——Let's have a rest, shall we?

——Not now, I can't stop ______ the letters.

A. write

B. to write

C. writing

D. and write ( 湖北省 )

4. Jim was badly hurt, so he had to stop ______ (walk). ( 用所给单词的正确形式

填空 )( 四川省 )

Key ： 1. A 2. C 3. C 4. walking

[ 简析 ] 一些常见的动词后面接不定式和接动词的 -ing 形式的区别如下："stop to do sth" 意为 " 停止正在做的事情去做另外一件事 " ， "stop doing sth" 意为" 停止正在做的事 " ： "remember to do sth" 意为 " 记住去做某事 "( 事还未做 ) ，"remember doing sth" 意为 " 记得做过某事 "( 事已做 ) ： "go on to do sth" 意为 " 接着做某事 "( 做完一事，接着做另一事 ) ， "go on doing sth" 意为 " 继续做某事 "( 一

事未做完接着往下做 ) ： "forget to do sth" 意为 " 忘了做某事 "( 事还未做 ) ，"forget doing sth" 意为 " 忘了曾做过某事 "( 事已做 ) 。

5. When I was walking in the street I saw a plane ______ over my head.

A. flies

B. flying

C. flew

D. to fly ( 福建省 )

6. A woman saw it ______ when she was walking past.

A. happen

B. happens

C. happening

D. to happen ( 黑龙江省 )

Key ： 5. B 6. A

[ 简析 ] 在 see ， hear ， watch ， feel 等感官动词后面可接不带 to 的不定式，也可接动词的 -ing 形式作宾语补足语，用不定式表示动作的全过程 ( 动作已结束 ) ，用动词的 -ing 形式表示动作正在进行 ( 动作尚未结束 ) 。

九、动词不定式的省略及其符号 to 的保留

1. Would you like to go to the cinema with us?

Yes, ______. What time are we going to meet?

A. I would

B. I would like

C. I like to

D. I'd like to ( 浙江省 )

2. Would you like to go for a picnic with us?

______. What time are we going to meet?

A. No, I can't

B. Yes, I'm glad

C. Yes, I'd love to

D. I'd like ( 大连市 )

Keys ： 1. D 2. C

[ 简析 ] 在口语中，动词不定式中的动词或短语动词在上下文中重复出现时，

第二个动词不定式可以省略，但是 to 不可省略。这种用法常见于 "be glad to" ，"would like (love) to" ， "have to" 等结构中。

十、动词不定式的被动式和其他形式

The new hospital ______ is near the factory.

A. build

B. builds

C. to build

D. to be built ( 青海省 )

Key ： D

[ 简析 ] 当不定式的逻辑主语是不定式所表示的动作的承受者 ( 宾语 ) 时，用

动词不定式的被动式，即： to be + 过去分词 ; 如果不定式所表示的动作发生在谓

语动词表示的动作之前，不定式用完成式，即： to have + 过去分词 ; 如果不定式

表示的动作和谓语动词表示的动作同时发生，用不定式的进行式，即： to be + 现

在分词

比较 and 和 or

1) 并列结构中， or 通常用于否定句， and 用于肯定句。

2) 但有时 and 也可用于否定句。请注意其不同特点：

There is no air or water in the moon 。

There is no air and no water on the moon 。

在否定中并列结构用 or 连接，但含有两个否定词的句子实际被看作是肯定结构，因此要用 and 。

典型例题

---I don't like chicken ___ fish.

---I don't like chicken, ___ I like fish very much 。

A. and ； and

B. and ； but

C. or ； but

D. or ； and

答案 C 。否定句中表并列用 or, but 表转折。

判断改错：

( 错 ) We will die without air and water 。

( 错 ) We can't live without air or water 。

( 对 ) We will die without air or water 。

( 对 ) We can't live without air and water 。

单词及词组分组辨析

1. clothes, cloth, clothing clothes 统指各种衣服，谓语动词永远是复数， cloth 指布，为不可数名词 clothing 服装的总称

指一件衣服用 a piece of, an article of

2. incident , accident

incident 指小事件 , accident 指不幸的事故 He was killed in the accident.

3. amount, number

amount 后接不可数名词， number 后接可数名词 a number of students

4. family, house, home

home 家，包括住处和家人， house 房子，住宅， family 家庭成员。 My family is a happy one.

5. sound, voice, noise

sound 自然界各种各样的声音， voice 人的嗓音， noise 噪音 I hate the loud noise outside.

6. photo, picture, drawing

photo 用照相机拍摄的照片， picture 可指相片，图片，电影片， drawing

画的画

Let's go and see a good picture.

7. vocabulary, word

vocabulary 词汇，一个人拥有的单词量， word 具体的单词 He has a large vocabulary.

8. population, people

population 人口，人数， people 具体的人 China has a large population.

9. weather, climate

weather 一天内具体的天气状况， climate 长期的气候状况 The climate here is not good for you.

10. road, street, path, way

road 具体的公路，马路， street 街道， path 小路，小径， way 道路，途径 take this road; in the street, Show me the way to the museum.

11. course, subject

course 课程 ( 可包括多门科目 ) ， subject 科目 ( 具体的学科 )a summer course

12. custom, habit

custom 传统风俗，习俗，也可指生活习惯，后接 to do ， habit 生活习惯，习惯成自然，后接 of doing.

I've got the habit of drinking a lot.

13. cause, reason

cause 指造成某一事实或现象的直接原因，后接 of sth./doing sth ， reason 用来解释某种现象或

结果的理由，后接 for sth./doing sth. the reason for being late

14. exercise, exercises, practice

exercise 运动，锻炼 ( 不可数 ) ， exercises 练习 ( 可数 ) ， practice( 反复做的 ) 练习。

Practice makes perfect.

15. class, lesson

作“课”解时，两者可以替换。指课文用 lesson. 指班级或全体学生用 class. Lesson 6; Class 5

16. speech, talk, lecture speech 指在公共场所所做的经过准备的较正式的演说， talk 日常生活中的一般的谈话，讲话， lecture

学术性的演讲，讲课a series of lecture on …

17. officer, official

officer 部队的军官， official 政府官员 an army officer

18. work, job

二者均指工作。 work 不可数， job 可数 a good job 。

19. couple, pair

couple 主要指人或动物， pair 多指由两部分组成的东西 a pair of trousers

20. country, nation, state, land

country 侧重指版图，疆域， nation 指人民，国民，民族， state 侧重指政府，政体， land 国土，

国家 The whole nation was sad at the news.

21. cook, cooker

cook 厨师， cooker 厨具 He is a good cook.

22. damage, damages

damage 不可数名词，损害，损失 ; damages 复数形式，赔偿金 $900 damages

23. police, policeman

police 警察的总称，后接复数谓语动词， policeman 指某个具体的警察 The police are questioning

everyone in the house.

24. problem, question

problem 常和困难连系，前面的动词常为 think about, solve, raise ，question 常和疑问连系，

多和 ask, answer 连用。

25. man, a man

man 人类， a man 一个男人 Man will conquer nature.

26. chick, chicken

二者均可指小鸡， chicken 还可以当鸡肉 The chicken is delicious.

27. telegram, telegraph

当电报解时， telegram 指具体的， telegraph 指抽象的 a telegram, by telegraph

28. trip, journey, travel, voyage

travel 是最常用的， trip 指短期的旅途， journey 指稍长的旅途， voyage 指海上航行 a three-day trip

29. sport, game

sport 多指户外的游戏或娱乐活动，如打球，游泳，打猎，赛马等 ;game 指决定胜负的游戏，通常有一套

规则 His favorite sport is swimming.

30. price, prize

price 价格， prize 奖，奖品，奖金 win the first prize The price is high/low

31. a number of, the number of a number of 许多，谓语动词用复数。the number of … 的数目，谓语动词用单数。 The number of

students is increasing.

32. in front of, in the front of

in front of 范围外的前面， in the front of 范围内的前面 In the front of the room sits a boy.

33. of the day, of a day

of the day 每一天的，当时的，当代的， of a day 暂时的，不长久的 a famous scientist of the day

34. three of us, the three of us

three of us 我们 ( 不止三个 ) 中的三个， the three of us 我们三个 ( 就三个人 )The three of us

--- Tom, Jack and I went to the cinema.

35. by bus, on the bus

by bus 表手段，方式，不用冠词， on the bus 表范围 They went there by bus.

36. for a moment, for the moment

for a moment 片刻，一会儿， for the moment 暂时，一时 Thinking for a moment, he agreed.

37. next year, the next year

next year 明年，将来时间状语， the next year 第二年，过去将来时间状语 He said he would go abroad the next year.

38. more than a year, more than one year

more than a year 一年多， more than one year 超过一年 ( 两年或三年等 )

39. take advice, take the(one's) advice

take advice 征求意见， take the advice 接受忠告 He refused to take the advice and failed again.

40. take air, take the air

take air 传播，走漏， take the air 到户外去，散步 We take the air every day.

41. in a word, in words

in a word 总之，一句话， in words 口头上 In a word, you are right.

42. in place of, in the place of

in place of 代替， in the place of 在…地方 A new building is built in the place of the old one.

43. in secret, in the secret

in secret 秘密地，暗自地，偷偷地，一般用作状语 ;in the secret 知道内情，知道秘密，

一般用作表语 My mother was in the secret from the beginning.

44. a girl, one girl

a girl 可泛指所有女孩 , one girl 一个女孩 Can one girl carry such a big box?

45. take a chair, take the chair

take a chair 相当于 sit down 坐下， take the chair 开始开会

50. in charge of, in the charge of in charge of 管理，负责照料， in the charge of 由……照料 He is in charge of the matter.

The matter is in the charge of her.

51. in class, in the class

in class 在课上， in the class 在班级里 He is the best student in the class.

52. on fire, on the fire

on fire 着火 , on the fire 在火上 Put the food on the fire. The house is on fire.

53. out of question, out of the question

out of question 毫无疑问的， out of the question 不可能的

54. a second, the second

a second 又一，再一， the second 第…… He won the second prize.

55. by day, by the day

by day 白天， by the day 按天计算 The workers are paid by the day.

56. the people, a people

the people 指人， a people 指民族 The Chinese is a peace-loving people.

57. it, one

it 同一物体， one 同类不同一 I lost my pen. I have to buy a new one.

58. that, this

that 指代上文所提到的， this 导出下文所要说的I was ill. That's why … .

59. none, nothing, no one

none 强调有多少， nothing, no one 强调有没有， nothing 指物， no one 指人

--- How many … / How much … ? --- None.

60. anyone, any one

anyone 指人，不能接 of ， any one 指人物均可，可接 of any one of you

61. who, what who 指姓名或关系， what 指职业或地位 What is your dad? He is a teacher.

62. what, which

what 的选择基础是无限制的， which 在一定范围内进行选择

Which do you prefer, bananas or apples?

63. other, another

other 后接名词复数， another 后接名词单数 other students, another student

64. not a little, not a bit

not a little 非常， not a bit 一点也不 I'm not a bit tired. 我一点儿也不累。

65. many, much, a lot of

many 和可数名词连用， much 和不可数名词连用， a lot of 可数，不可数均可，但不用于否定句

I haven't many books.

66. much more … than, many more … than

much more … than 后接形容词或不可数名词，many more … than 后接可数名词 many more

people, much more water, much more beautiful

67. no, not

no = not a/any no friend = not a/any friend no water = not any water

68. no more than, not more than

no more than 相当于 only ，仅仅，只有， not more than 至多，不超过

69. majority, most

majority 只能修饰可数名词， most 可数不可数均可 the majority of people

70. by oneself, for oneself, to oneself, of oneself

by oneself 单独的，独自的， for oneself 为自己， to oneself 供自己用的，of oneself 自行的，

自动的 The door opened of itself.

71. at all, after all

at all 根本，全然 , after all 到底，毕竟 After all he is a child.

72. tall, high

tall 常指人或动物， high 常指物体 He is tall.

73. fast, quickly

fast 侧重于指人或物体具有运动速度快的特点， quickly 侧重指某事完成或发生的快

run fast, answer the question quickly

74. high, highly

high 具体的高， highly 抽象的高，高度的 think highly of

75. healthy, healthful

healthy 健康的，健壮的， healthful 有益于健康的 healthful exercise

76. sleeping, asleep, sleepy sleeping 正在睡觉， asleep 睡着，熟睡，只能做表语， sleepy 困的，有睡意的

a sleeping baby The baby is asleep. I'm sleepy.

77. gold, golden

gold 指真金制品， golden 指金色的，但金鱼用 gold fish, a gold ring

78. most, mostly

most 用于表感受的肯定句中，相当于 very ，当大部分，大多数解时是形容

词或名词，

mostly 大部分，是副词most people, the people are mostly …

79. just, very

just 表强调时是副词，作状语， very 表强调时是形容词，用作定语 the very man, just the man

80. wide, broad

wide 侧重于一边到另一边的距离， broad 侧重于幅面的宽广 broad shoulders

81. real, true

real 真的，真实的，指的是事实上存在而不是想象的， true 真的，真正的，

指的是事实和实际情况相符合

real gold, a true story

82. respectful, respectable

respectful 尊敬，有礼貌， respectable 可敬的，值得尊敬的 be respectful to the aged

83. outwards, outward

二者均可用作副词，表示向外，外面， outward 还可用作形容词 an outward voyage

84. pleasant, pleased, pleasing

pleasant 常用作定语， pleased, pleasing 常用作表语， pleased 主语常为人， pleasing 主语常为物 a pleasant trip The trip is pleasing.

85. understanding, understandable

understanding 明白事理的，能体谅的， understandable 可理解的，能够懂

的

an understanding girl, an understandable mistake

86. close, closely

close 接近，靠近， closely 紧紧地，紧密地 closely connected, stand close

87. ill, sick

ill 做表语， sick 定，表均可 a sick boy

88. good, well

good 形容词， well 副词，但指身体状况是形容词 He is well again.

89. quiet, silent, still

quiet 安静的，可以发出小的声音， silent 不发出声音，但可以动， still 完全

不动，完全无声响

He stand there still. 他站在那儿，一动不动，也不说话。

90. hard, hardly

hard 努力， hardly 几乎不 work hard, I can hardly believe it.

91. able, capable able 与不定式 to do 连用， capable 与 of 连用 He is capable of doing …

92. almost, nearly

二者均为“几乎 , 差不多”和否定词连用用 almost almost nobody

93. late, lately

late 迟，晚， lately 最近，近来 I haven't seen him lately.

94. living, alive, live, lively

living, alive, live 均为活着的， living 定表均可， alive 定表均可，定语后置，live 只能做

定语， lively 意为活波的 all the living people = all the people alive

95. excited, exciting

excited 使人兴奋的， exciting 令人兴奋的 I'm excited. The news is exciting.

96. deep, deeply

deep 具体的深， deeply 抽象的深，深深地 deeply moved, dig deep

97. aloud, loud

aloud 出声地， loud 大声地 read aloud ( 出声地读 )

98. worth, worthy

二者均为值得， worth 后接 doing ， worthy 后接 to be done126. care about, care for

care about 关心，计较，在乎，一般多用于否定句中 ;care for 关心，照料，喜欢，愿意

He doesn't care about his clothes. I don't care for movies.

99 catch a cold, have a cold

catch a cold 不能和表示“一段时间”的状语连用，而 have a cold 可以

She has had a cold for a week.

100. change for, change into

change for 调换成， change into 变成

Change the shirt for a bigger one. Water changes into ice.

101. continue, last

二者均为持续， continue 主动，被动均可， last 只能用主动

The war continued/lasted five years. The story is to be continued.

102. feed, raise

feed 喂养，养活，饲养 (to give food to) ， raise 饲养，养育 (cause to grow, bring up children)

raise the family

103. go for a doctor, go to a doctor

go for a doctor 去请医生， go to a doctor 去看病

104. notice, observe, catch sight of

notice 注意到， observe 观察，仔细地看， catch sight of 突然看到 observe the stars

105. insist on, stick to

insist on 坚持要求，后常接 doing, stick to 坚持 , 后常接 sth., stick to the

plan

106. look, seem, appear look 指从外表上看， seem 指内心的判断，appear 指给人以表面的印象 appear wise,

look like his father

107. gather, collect

gather 把分散的东西集中到一起， collect 指精心地、有选择地进行收集collect stamps

108. mean to do, mean doing

mean to do 打算，想要做某事， mean doing 意思是，意味着

By this I mean giving the students more practice.

109. die from, die of

die from 表示死于 ( 枪 ) 伤，虚弱，过度劳累，饮食过度等， die of 表示死于疾病，饥饿，

寒冷，年老，忧愁，失恋等精神因素 die of hunger and cold

110. pay for, pay back, pay off

pay for 为…付钱， pay back 还钱，但不一定还清， pay off 还清 pay for the book, pay off the debt

111. divide, separate

divide 把一个整体分成几部分， separate 把连在一起的个体分开

divide the apple, separate the houses

112. arrive, get, reach

arrive 不及物动词，后接 in ( 大地点 ) ， at( 小地点 ) ， get 不及物动词后接

to ， reach 及物动词

arrive in Beijing, get to Beijing, reach Beijing

113. grow, plant

grow 使某种植物在某地生长着或使其发展下去， plant 移植，移栽已经长成

秧苗的植物

plant the trees, trees are growing

114. manage, try

manage to do 设法做成了某事， try to do 尽力去做某事但不一定成功

He tried to pass the exam, but he failed.

115. choose, select

choose 凭个人的判断力进行选择， select 有目的地仔细认真地选择 choose the best answer

116. build, put up, set up, found

build 一般用语，建成， put up 临时搭建， set up 建成 ( 内部的设施基本齐

全 ) ，

found 国家或组织的建成 put up a tent, set up a school

117. be familiar to, be familiar with

be familiar to 某物对某人来说是熟悉的， be familiar with 某人熟悉某物

The book is familiar to me. I'm familiar with the book.

118. agree with, agree to, agree on

agree with 同意某人， agree to 同意某事， agree on 在……上达成一致意见，主语是复数

agree with you, agree to the plan

119. throw to, throw at

throw to 扔到…… , throw at 朝……扔 He throw a stone at me.

120. receive, accept

receive 收到某一东西，但不一定接受， accept 接受 I received a gift, but I didn't accept it.

121. wear, put on, dress

wear 和 dress 表状态 , wear 接衣服等，可用进行时， dress 接人， be dressed in, put on 表动作

It's cold outside. Put on your warm clothes.

122. listen, hear

listen 强调动作， hear 强调结果 I listened, but I heard nothing.

( 一 ) 形容词和副词

I. 要点

A. 形容词

1 、形容词的用法

形容词是用来修饰、描绘名词的，通常在句中作定语、表语或宾补，有时还可作状语。如：

He is honest and hardworking.

I found the book interesting.

某些形容词与定冠词连用表示一类人作主语时，谓语通常用复数形式。如：

The rich and the poor live in different parts of the city.

The English like to be with their families.

多个形容词作定语修饰名词的顺序：

冠词 + 序数词 + 基数词 + 性质状态 ( 描述性 )+ 形状大小 + 新旧老少 + 颜色 +

国籍 + 材料 + 名词。如： the second five interesting big new red Chinese wall papers.

2 、形容词比较等级的形式

(1) 规则形式

一般说来，单音节词及少数双音节词在后加-er; --est 来构成比较级和最高级；其他双音节词及多音节词在前加 more, most. 如：

great-greater-greatest

busy-busier-busiest

important-more important-(the)most important

(2) 不规则形式

good (well)-better-best

bad (ill)-worse-worst

many (much)-more-most

little-less-least

(3) 形容词比较等级的用法

①表示两者的比较，用形容词的比较级 +than. 如：

He is cleverer than the other boys.

This one is more beautiful than that one.

②表示两者以上的比较，用 "the + 形容词最高级 (+ 名词)+of(in) … " 如：

He is the cleverest boy in his class.

③表示两者是同等程度，用 "as + 形容词原级 +as". 如：

He is as tall as I.

I have as many books as you.

④ 越… 越…

例如： The more I learn, the happier I am.

⑤ You can never be too careful. 越小心越好

又如： You can never praise the teacher too highly.

你怎么赞扬这个老师也不过分。

⑥ I have never spent a more worrying day.

那一天是最令我担心的一天。

I have never had a better dinner.

这是我吃过的最好的一顿饭。

⑦ My English is no better than yours.

我的英语和你的英语都不怎么样。

B. 副词

1 、副词的种类

(1) 时间副词如： ago, before, already, just, now, early, late, finally, tomorrow 等

(2) 地点副词如： here, there, near, around, in, out, up, down, back, away, outside 等。

(3) 方式副词如： carefully, angrily, badly, calmly, loudly, quickly, politely, nervously 等。

(4) 程度副词如： almost, nearly, much, greatly, a bit, a little, hardly, so, very 等。

2 、副词比较等级的用法

其用法与形容词相似，只是副词最高级前可省略定冠词。如：

Of all the boys he sings (the) most beautifully.

We must work harder.

3 、某些副词在用法上的区别

(1) already, yet, still

already 表示某事物已经发生，主要用于肯定句； yet 表示期待某事发生，主要用于否定句和疑问句； still 表示某事还在进行，主要用于肯定句和疑问句，有

时也可用于否定句。如：

We've already watched that film.

I haven't finished my homework yet.

He still works until late every night.

(2) too, as well, also, either

too, as well 和 also 用于肯定句和疑问句， too 和 as well 多用于口语，一般放在句末，而 also 多用于书面语，一般放在句中与动词连用。 either 用于否定句和否定的疑问句，往往放在句末。如： He went there too.

He didn't go there either.

I like you as well.

I also went there.

(3) hard, hardly

hardly 意为 " 几乎 " 与 hard 在词义上完全不同。如：