建筑学外文读书笔记
建筑结构设计及材料中英文对照外文翻译文献
中英文对照外文翻译文献(文档含英文原文和中文翻译)Structure in Design of ArchitectureAnd Structural MaterialWe have and the architects must deal with the spatial aspect of activity, physical, and symbolic needs in such a way that overall performance integrity is assured. Hence, he or she well wants to think of evolving a building environment as a total system of interacting and space forming subsystems. Is represents a complex challenge, and to meet it the architect will need a hierarchic design process that provides at least three levels of feedback thinking: schematic,preliminary, and final.Such a hierarchy is necessary if he or she is to avoid being confused , at conceptual stages of design thinking ,by the myriad detail issues that can distract attention from more basic considerations .In fact , we can say that an architect’s ability to distinguish the more basic form the more detailed issues is essential to his success as a designer .The object of the schematic feed back level is to generate and evaluate overall site-plan, activity-interaction, and building-configuration options .To do so the architect must be able to focus on the interaction of the basic attributes of the site context, the spatial organization, and the symbolism as determinants of physical form. This means that ,in schematic terms ,the architect may first conceive and model a building design as an organizational abstraction of essential performance-space in teractions.Then he or she may explore the overall space-form implications of the abstraction. As an actual building configuration option begins to emerge, it will be modified to include consideration for basic site conditions.At the schematic stage, it would also be helpful if the designer could visualize his or her options for achieving overall structural integrity and consider the constructive feasibility and economic ofhis or her scheme .But this will require that the architect and/or a consultant be able to conceptualize total-system structural options in terms of elemental detail .Such overall thinking can be easily fed back to improve the space-form scheme.At the preliminary level, the architect’s emphasis will shift to the elaboration of his or her more promising schematic design options .Here the architect’s structural needs will shift to approximate design of specific subsystem options. At this stage the total structural scheme is developed to a middle level of specificity by focusing on identification and design of major subsystems to the extent that their key geometric, component, and interactive properties are established .Basic subsystem interaction and design conflicts can thus be identified and resolved in the context of total-system objectives. Consultants can play a significant part in this effort; these preliminary-level decisions may also result in feedback that calls for refinement or even major change in schematic concepts.When the designer and the client are satisfied with the feasibility of a design proposal at the preliminary level, it means that the basic problems of overall design are solved and details are not likely to produce major change .The focus shifts again ,and the design process moves into the final level .At this stage the emphasiswill be on the detailed development of all subsystem specifics . Here the role of specialists from various fields, including structural engineering, is much larger, since all detail of the preliminary design must be worked out. Decisions made at this level may produce feedback into Level II that will result in changes. However, if Levels I and II are handled with insight, the relationship between the overall decisions, made at the schematic and preliminary levels, and the specifics of the final level should be such that gross redesign is not in question, Rather, the entire process should be one of moving in an evolutionary fashion from creation and refinement (or modification) of the more general properties of a total-system design concept, to the fleshing out of requisite elements and details.To summarize: At Level I, the architect must first establish, in conceptual terms, the overall space-form feasibility of basic schematic options. At this stage, collaboration with specialists can be helpful, but only if in the form of overall thinking. At Level II, the architect must be able to identify the major subsystem requirements implied by the scheme and substantial their interactive feasibility by approximating key component properties .That is, the properties of major subsystems need be worked out only in sufficient depth to very the inherent compatibility of their basic form-related and behavioral interaction . This will mean a somewhat more specificform of collaboration with specialists then that in level I .At level III ,the architect and the specific form of collaboration with specialists then that providing for all of the elemental design specifics required to produce biddable construction documents .Of course this success comes from the development of the Structural Material.The principal construction materials of earlier times were wood and masonry brick, stone, or tile, and similar materials. The courses or layers were bound together with mortar or bitumen, a tar like substance, or some other binding agent. The Greeks and Romans sometimes used iron rods or claps to strengthen their building. The columns of the Parthenon in Athens, for example, have holes drilled in them for iron bars that have now rusted away. The Romans also used a natural cement called puzzling, made from volcanic ash, that became as hard as stone under water.Both steel and cement, the two most important construction materials of modern times, were introduced in the nineteenth century. Steel, basically an alloy of iron and a small amount of carbon had been made up to that time by a laborious process that restricted it to such special uses as sword blades. After the invention of the Bessemer process in 1856, steel was available in large quantities at low prices. The enormous advantage of steel is its tensile forcewhich, as we have seen, tends to pull apart many materials. New alloys have further, which is a tendency for it to weaken as a result of continual changes in stress.Modern cement, called Portland cement, was invented in 1824. It is a mixture of limestone and clay, which is heated and then ground into a power. It is mixed at or near the construction site with sand, aggregate small stones, crushed rock, or gravel, and water to make concrete. Different proportions of the ingredients produce concrete with different strength and weight. Concrete is very versatile; it can be poured, pumped, or even sprayed into all kinds of shapes. And whereas steel has great tensile strength, concrete has great strength under compression. Thus, the two substances complement each other.They also complement each other in another way: they have almost the same rate of contraction and expansion. They therefore can work together in situations where both compression and tension are factors. Steel rods are embedded in concrete to make reinforced concrete in concrete beams or structures where tensions will develop. Concrete and steel also form such a strong bond─ the force that unites them─ that the steel cannot slip within the concrete. Still another advantage is that steel does not rust in concrete. Acid corrodes steel, whereas concrete has an alkaline chemical reaction, the opposite of acid.The adoption of structural steel and reinforced concrete caused major changes in traditional construction practices. It was no longer necessary to use thick walls of stone or brick for multistory buildings, and it became much simpler to build fire-resistant floors. Both these changes served to reduce the cost of construction. It also became possible to erect buildings with greater heights and longer spans.Since the weight of modern structures is carried by the steel or concrete frame, the walls do not support the building. They have become curtain walls, which keep out the weather and let in light. In the earlier steel or concrete frame building, the curtain walls were generally made of masonry; they had the solid look of bearing walls. Today, however, curtain walls are often made of lightweight materials such as glass, aluminum, or plastic, in various combinations.Another advance in steel construction is the method of fastening together the beams. For many years the standard method was riveting.A rivet is a bolt with a head that looks like a blunt screw without threads. It is heated, placed in holes through the pieces of steel, and a second head is formed at the other end by hammering it to hold it in place. Riveting has now largely been replaced by welding, the joining together of pieces of steel by melting a steel materialbetween them under high heat.Priestess’s concrete is an improved form of reinforcement. Steel rods are bent into the shapes to give them the necessary degree of tensile strengths. They are then used to priestess concrete, usually by one of two different methods. The first is to leave channels in a concrete beam that correspond to the shapes of the steel rods. When the rods are run through the channels, they are then bonded to the concrete by filling the channels with grout, a thin mortar or binding agent. In the other (and more common) method, the priestesses steel rods are placed in the lower part of a form that corresponds to the shape of the finished structure, and the concrete is poured around them. Priestess’s concrete uses less steel and less concrete. Because it is a highly desirable material.Progressed concrete has made it possible to develop buildings with unusual shapes, like some of the modern, sports arenas, with large spaces unbroken by any obstructing supports. The uses for this relatively new structural method are constantly being developed.建筑中的结构设计及建筑材料建筑师必须从一种全局的角度出发去处理建筑设计中应该考虑到的实用活动，物质及象征性的需求。
各个章节读书笔记
竭诚为您提供优质文档/双击可除各个章节读书笔记篇一：读书笔记读《把时间当作朋友》有感二月，享受着假期带来的闲静之时，也读上了几本好书，如：《把时间当作朋友》。
此书作者李笑来，原新东方老师，现笑来教育信息咨询有限公司合伙人。
他经历丰富，与众不同。
本科学财会，毕业干销售，惯于洞察他人心理，阴差阳错成了留学考试名师，授业解惑，乐此不疲。
他写书，且畅销。
这本书从心智成长的角度来谈时间管理，指出时间管理是成功的关键所在。
作者引述自己从事的职业中所遇到的事例，告诉我们：如何打开心智，如何运用心智来和时间做朋友，如何理解时间管理的意义，在时间管理上取得突破，进而用心智开启自己的人生成功之旅。
推荐那些觉得生活中无所事事（闲人的时间管理），或者每天忙碌却没有什么进步的朋友（忙人的时间管理）看看这本书，这本书你可以看做是讲达人的时间管理，这是一本值得看的书。
这本书让我不明白为什么要叫《把时间当作朋友》，它的副标题“运用心智，获得解放”更符合全文的内容。
从本质上讲，这本书也是一种成功学，尽管它花费了整整一个章节去打击所谓“成功学”。
所有的成功学不都在不厌其烦地去开启你的心智模式，所谓“改变了心智，就改变了想法，改变了想法，就改变了行动，改变了行动，就改变了习惯，改变了习惯，就改变了命运。
”。
所以我认为这本书，恰恰不认为它不是一本管理时间的书，而是一本教你如何成功的书。
李笑来的聪明之处是用自己的经历给你介绍了关于成功的常识，然后给它装上一个管理时间的套。
这本书很诚肯的告诉我们几个道理：1、你要有被别人利用价值，你才会走向成功。
所以不要在没有一技之长的阶段去玩人脉，这些对你而言是虚的东西，实的东西是积累让自己更强的技能。
这里你就明白李笑来打击的第一种成功学，当你还没有利用价值的时候，却告诉你应该和更强的人（即使他们很乐意分享）在一起，这里面一定有什么不对。
2、要学会技能，最好的方法是坚持，最大的障碍是耐心。
凡是可以速成的技能都不值钱，比如人人都可以骑自行车，这不值钱。
建筑十书读书心得
竭诚为您提供优质文档/双击可除建筑十书读书心得篇一：《建筑十书》读后感《建筑十书》读书心得——读第一书有感《建筑十书》由古罗马建筑师和工程师维特鲁威所著，全书分为十卷，是现存最古老且最有影响的建筑学专著。
因而是学习外国建筑史重要的一本课外拓展书籍，本篇文(:建筑十书读书心得)章就谈谈我阅读《建筑十书》第一书的一些心得与感悟。
《建筑十书》按照我自己的理解，其中第一书主要介绍了作为建筑师所必须具备的素养，建筑的构成，建筑学的部门，建筑的选址，城墙的基础和塔楼的建造方法，城内建筑的划分以及简单介绍了神庙的划分这七个部分的内容，其中前三个方面的内容使我受益最深。
一、建筑师必备的专业素养到底一个优秀的建筑师需要具备哪些专业素养呢？维特鲁威阐述了他的观点，一个建筑师首先应该要既懂技术，又懂艺术，既有实践，也有理论。
“建筑师要具备多学科的知识和种种技艺。
以各种技艺完成的一切作品都要依靠这种知识的判断来检查。
它是由手艺和理论产生的。
手艺就是勤奋不辍的实际联系，通过它利用设计图纸表示的各种必需的材料由人工来完成（建筑物）。
而理论则可用比例的理论论证和说明以技巧建造的作品。
”建筑师必须是一个知识结构很广泛的人，他认为只懂得一些支离破碎的知识根本不够，还要有整体的把握能力。
“建筑师应当擅长文笔，熟习制图，精通几何学，深悉各种历史，勤听哲学，理解音乐，对于医学并非茫然无知，通晓法律学家的论述，具有天文学或天体理论的知识。
”历史上很多著名的建筑师同样都是知识结构很广泛的人，比如文艺复兴时期的米开朗基罗就不仅精通建筑，而且还是伟大的美术家、雕塑家，正因为具有广泛的知识结构，使得他的建筑作品能够流传千古。
现代建筑大师勒?柯布西耶也表示，希望大家除了知道他是一个建筑师之外，还是一个出色的画家，他的萨伏伊别墅、朗香教堂等名作都与美术界的立体主义流派密切相关。
要精通这么多的学问，对于一个普通人来说实在是太难了，甚至会觉得高不可攀。
房屋建筑学读书笔记
房屋建筑学读书笔记【篇一：房屋建筑工程学习心得】房屋建筑工程学习心得房屋建筑工程是指各类房屋建筑及其附属设施和与其配套的线路、管道、设备安装工程及室内外装修工程。
“房屋建筑”指有顶盖、梁柱、墙壁、基础以及能够形成内部空间，满足人们生产、居住、学习、公共活动等需要的工程。
建筑工程施工在我们所学的专业中较其它专业课而言，具有较强的综合性，故我们需要去了解以及掌握了一些有关知识的基础上才能有效的去学习。
需要结合之前学习的《建筑结构设计原理》进行配套操作，《房屋建筑工程》是一门需要动手计算的学科，在学习中要自主地进行计算理解。
学习中有太多的繁杂公式需要理解记忆，在学习的过程中要激发自己主动地学习知识，激发学习兴趣，尤为重要。
对学习有兴趣，对学习材料的反映也就是最清晰，思维活动是最积极最有效，学习就能取得事半功倍的效果。
我认为在班级一定要为自己找到一个学习目标，时刻保持乐观向上的精神状态；向先进看齐，多跟老师交流学习心得。
随着房屋建筑领域的不断发展，国内外的建筑结构体系有了很大的发展。
这些年的建筑不仅数量庞大，而且结构体型更为复杂，这使得建筑结构分析和设计越来越复杂。
所以我们需要学习更多的设计理念，更加熟练地掌握基础设计方式，在以后的工作学习中不断积累。
在学习过程中我感觉比较有兴趣的板块是有关建筑结构体系选型，在这个阶段的学习中，我们认识学习了不少的结构体系，例如混合结构体系、单层钢架结构体系、网架结构体系等等在学习混合结构了解到混合结构体系是指由钢筋混凝土楼盖和砖承重的结构体系。
优点：能够就地取材；刚度较大;造价低；砖墙在防寒、隔热、隔音和耐风雨侵袭、化学稳定性等建筑物理性能上是比较优越的。
缺点：房屋层数受到限制；抗震性能差；施工强度大。
应用：一般用于五层以下的楼房，如住宅、宿舍、办公楼、学楼、医院等民用建筑以及中小型工业建筑。
学习中结合大量实际案例，知道平时生活中的建筑使用了什么结构，这是一种十分奇妙的体验。
建筑读书笔记：走进安藤光与水
建筑读书笔录：走进安藤的光与水1走近安藤安藤忠雄是一位自学成才的建筑，察生活和游世界是安藤、感觉建筑，而理解、作建筑的最好。
安藤在《安藤忠雄建筑》中写到：“真实要体建筑，不是通媒体，而是要通自己的五官来体其空，一点比什么都重要。
” 安藤忠雄的建筑作品表面冷峻，用材，被人称“体的建筑” 。
的几何外和丰富的内部空予安藤建筑“含而不露”的双重特。
此安藤到：“ 了取生活的丰富，我追求一种的美学，我的建筑也拥有几何的性，但我通引入不同样因素追求复性，种混杂正是人和自然存在的真状。
⋯⋯资料使用要尽可能，才能将藏在空构成背后的意清楚地表达出来。
”安藤素来努力将、光、水等自然元素引入到他的混凝土作品中去，而造“丰富的真与出乎意外的幻。
”京都府立陶板名画庭、兵立美、光的教会和大阪府立狭山池博物，每一个作品都充分显现了安藤将自然的真与空幻巧妙引借于建筑，造空的才能。
2安藤之光正如安藤所言，混凝土是光造空的最适合资料。
大面的灰色混凝土面以建筑资料的原和本色圆满地托出光与影的幻莫；温暖的光柔化了冰冷僵直的混凝土面，消减了的沉厚重。
原来粗糙的混凝土在安藤的建筑中是柔和的，我看到混凝土面光圆滑，主要得益于施工的高度精确和一不苟的部理。
在安藤的建筑中，天窗常位于与屋的合，以一种不引人凝视的隙形式将光引入，提亮了面，示出的独立性。
有一些窗地址很低，从低入的光照亮地板，使壁失去了支撑的意，成一种合空间的符号，从而稀释了墙壁的存在感。
墙的现实性在光与影的变化中消失了，人所感觉到的真实存在正是墙所围合的空间。
光在安藤建筑中联系与分化空间，引领人的活动路线，表达时间的流逝，光更是衬着空间氛围的画笔。
光的教会是安藤建筑运用光的经典之作。
该建筑座落于大阪茨木市北春日丘一个静谧的居住区内。
日本的城市很沉寂，居住区更是这样。
居住区地势起伏较大，街道、建筑、绿化依势布局，尺度控制而宜人。
居住区内都是两至三层的独幢住处，外观朴实但绝无同样。
光的教会建筑在一块高于路面的基地上。
关于建筑厂房的外文文献
关于建筑厂房的外文文献Title: A Glimpse into the World of Industrial Architecture: The Design and Functionality of Factory BuildingsIntroduction:The world of industrial architecture encompasses the design and construction of factory buildings that serve as the backbone of various industries. These structures are specifically designed to optimize efficiency, productivity, and safety in manufacturing processes. This article aims to explore the key aspects of building design, layout, and functionality in factory buildings, shedding light on the crucial role they play in supporting industrial operations.1. The Design Process:The design process of a factory building involves a meticulous evaluation of the manufacturing requirements, workflow, and spatial needs of the industry it serves. Architects collaborate with engineers and industry experts to create a design that maximizes the utilization of space while ensuring a smooth flow of materials, personnel, and equipment.2. Structural Considerations:Factory buildings are engineered to withstand heavy loads, vibrations, and other operational challenges. The structural design includesconsiderations for load-bearing capacity, column spacing, and roof design to accommodate machinery and facilitate efficient operations. Reinforced concrete and steel are commonly used materials for their strength and durability.3. Spatial Organization:Efficient spatial organization is crucial in factory buildings to facilitate smooth material flow and minimize congestion. Different production areas, storage zones, and support facilities are strategically located to optimize workflow and ensure easy accessibility. Adequate provision of exits, corridors, and emergency evacuation routes is also essential to ensure the safety of workers.4. Lighting and Ventilation:Ample natural lighting and effective ventilation systems are integral to the design of factory buildings. Well-designed windows, skylights, and transparent roofing materials are incorporated to harness natural light, reducing energy consumption and creating a pleasant working environment. Additionally, proper ventilation systems are installed to maintain air quality and regulate temperature, ensuring the comfort and well-being of workers.5. Safety Measures:Factory buildings prioritize safety measures to prevent accidents andensure worker well-being. Fire safety systems, including smoke detectors, fire extinguishers, and sprinkler systems, are strategically placed throughout the facility. Emergency exits, clearly marked evacuation routes, and assembly points are incorporated to facilitate swift and safe evacuation during emergencies.6. Future Adaptability:Industrial architecture also considers the need for adaptability and future expansion. Factory buildings are designed with modular features that allow for easy reconfiguration or expansion as production needs evolve. This flexibility ensures that the facility can accommodate changing technologies, equipment, and production processes.Conclusion:Factory buildings are not merely structures; they are the physical embodiment of industrial progress and efficiency. Through thoughtful design, these buildings provide a safe and functional environment for workers while optimizing productivity and supporting the growth of various industries. The careful consideration of layout, structural integrity, spatial organization, lighting, ventilation, and safety measures contributes to the success of factory operations. Industrial architecture plays a vital role in shaping the physical spaces thatdrive global manufacturing.。
《建筑十书》读书笔记
读书笔记——《建筑十书》简介《建筑十书》书分十卷，主要有：建筑师的修养和教育，建筑构图的一般法则，柱式，城市规划原理，市政设施，庙宇、公共建筑物和住宅的设计原理，建筑材料的性质、生产和使用，建筑构造做法，施工和操作，装修，水文和供水，施工机械和设备等，内容十分完备。
《建筑十书》的第一个成就就是它奠定了欧洲建筑科学的基本体系。
这个体系很全面，两千年来，尽管建筑科学有重大的进步，内容丰富多了，深入多了，它的体系却依然有效。
《建筑十书》的第二个成就是，它十分系统地总结了希腊和早期罗马建筑的实践经验。
维特鲁威的态度是科学的、求实的。
《建筑十书》的第三个成就是，维特鲁威相当全面地建立了城市规划和建筑设计的基本原理，以及各类建筑物的设计原理。
第四个成就，维特鲁威按照故希腊的传统，把理性原则和直观感受结合结合起来，把理想化的美和现实生活中的美结合起来，论述了一些基本的建筑艺术原理。
第一部分摘录一、建筑的构成建筑是由希腊人称做塔克西斯的法式，称做狄阿忒西斯的布置、比例、均衡、适合，和称做奥厄科诺弥亚的经营构成的。
1、法式：法式是作品的细部要各自适合于尺度，作为一个整体则要设置适于均衡的比例。
这是由量——希腊人称做波索忒斯——构成的。
2、布置：布置是适当地配置各个细部，由于以质来构图因而做成优美的建筑物。
布置的式样——希腊人称做伊得埃——就是平面图、立面图、透视图。
3、比例：比例指优美的外貌。
是组合细部时适度的表现的关系。
4、均衡：均衡是由建筑细部本身产生的合适的协调，是由每一部分产生而直到整个外貌的一定部分的互相配称。
5、适合：适合是以受赞许的细部作为权威而组成完美无缺的建筑整体。
但对于习惯来说适合是这样表现的：门厅要相对豪华的内部处理得协调而优美。
因为内部的面貌华丽，而入口却低陋，它就不够适合了。
6、经营：经营就是适当地经理材料和场地，还有计算和精细地比较工程造价。
另外一个阶段就是对于业主或使用、或显示财产富饶、或拥有雄辩声誉要建造各不相同的房屋的情况。
建筑空间组合论读书笔记3000字
建筑空间组合论读书笔记3000字《建筑空间组合论》读书笔记一、建筑空间的概念与意义1. 概念- 建筑空间是由建筑物的实体所围合或限定的虚空部分。
它不是简单的空洞，而是具有多种属性的环境。
- 从功能角度看，空间是满足人们各种活动需求的场所，如居住、工作、娱乐等。
- 从艺术角度，它是建筑艺术表现的重要载体，通过空间的形状、尺度、比例等要素来营造美感。
2. 意义- 空间是建筑的本质。
与其他艺术形式（如绘画、雕塑）相比，建筑的独特性在于它创造了可被人使用的三维空间。
- 空间组合反映了社会文化和生活方式。
不同历史时期、不同地域的建筑空间组合方式都与其社会结构、文化习俗紧密相关。
例如中国传统四合院，它的空间组合体现了家族的等级关系和传统的生活模式。
- 良好的空间组合能提高建筑的使用效率和舒适度。
合理规划空间的功能分区、交通流线等，能使人们在建筑内的活动更加便捷、舒适。
二、建筑空间的要素1. 形状- 不同形状的空间会给人不同的感受。
例如，圆形空间具有向心性，给人一种聚集、和谐的感觉；矩形空间较为规整、稳定，适合大多数功能需求；三角形空间则具有动态感和指向性。
- 形状还与功能相关。
如教堂的内部空间多采用拉丁十字形，这种形状有利于引导信徒的视线和流线，同时也符合宗教仪式的要求。
2. 尺度- 绝对尺度是指空间的实际大小。
在设计中，要根据人的尺度和使用需求来确定空间的大小。
例如住宅中的卧室，一般要满足人们休息、起居的活动范围，其尺度不能过小。
- 相对尺度是空间各部分之间的比例关系。
合适的比例能营造出和谐、美观的空间感。
如古希腊的神庙，其柱式的比例经过精心设计，给人以完美的视觉效果。
3. 比例- 比例是空间各部分之间在大小、长短、宽窄等方面的数量关系。
经典的比例关系如黄金分割比例（1:1.618），在建筑中被广泛应用。
- 不同的建筑风格有不同的比例特点。
哥特式建筑高耸的尖塔和狭长的内部空间比例，营造出神秘、崇高的氛围；而文艺复兴建筑则追求古典的和谐比例。
建筑类读书笔记
建筑类读书笔记建筑类读书笔记失忆的城市与建筑当人们物质得到满足之后，人们就开始追求精神品质，建筑也是如此，因此在中国建筑大量性建造之后，我们越来越注重建筑的文化精神品质。
而对于建筑中赋予文化特色的方法在此总结为两种：一种就是在对建筑做理性思维之后的文化性表达，这种往往过于形式化，属于技术流;还有一种就是首先考虑建筑所处的历史环境和文化氛围，并尽力从中产生灵感，提取信息，然后做理性的分析表达，这是思想流，更加具有哲学思辨的建筑空间，这是我们追求但却难以达到的。
《建筑类型学》这本书为作者汪丽君的博士论文，文中所讲主要讲的就是一种提取历史本体进行创作的建筑设计方法。
文中首先提出建筑的最根本问题不能简单的归结为功能与形式的辩证关系问题，而新一代的建筑师们也很快就意识到空间与场所才是建筑命题的主旨。
其中建筑类型学的主要代表罗西就说到：“实际上建筑是由它的整个历史伴随形成的;建筑产生于它的自身合理性，只有通过这种生存过程，建筑才能与它周围的环境融为一体……”，这是从建筑的大环境来表达建筑与其所处场所之间关系的重要性。
以类型学为核心的新理性主义美学明确指出，设计来源于原型，但必须超出原型，只有这样，历史与现实、个人与社会、特殊性与普遍性才可以通过设计的过程实现完美结合，而著名建筑师西扎曾经在接受采访的时候说过，建筑的一切美感都来自于历史，这更加肯定了建筑在历史环境中的重要性，甚至表达了一种建筑永远无法超越历史，而只是借用和发扬历史的涵义。
而对于历史文化内涵在建筑上的继承的断代使得人们对自己居住的城市的认同感逐渐消退，城市空间的人情味尽失，这迫切的需要我们冲破传统建筑的表层，用现代的语言去表达传统建筑中深刻的历史、文化内涵的。
本书中奖类型学分为三种：原型类型学、范型类型学、第三种类型学。
原型类型学是将任何建筑的发展都归结于建筑的原始类型上;范型类型学它是将手段——结果、原因——结果的辩证方法同经济准则结合以替代古代的适用、坚固、美观的三位一体说;第三种类型学以新理性主义为代表，标志着当代建筑类型学的形成。
《建筑模式语言》读书笔记
《建筑模式语言》读书笔记《建筑模式语言》读书笔记当仔细品读一部作品后，相信大家都有很多值得分享的东西，是时候写一篇读书笔记好好记录一下了。
那么我们如何去写读书笔记呢？以下是小编帮大家整理的《建筑模式语言》读书笔记，希望对大家有所帮助。
《建筑模式语言》的生命力在于"以人为本"。
它是《建筑模式语言》的主题思想，像一条鲜艳的红线贯穿始终。
各模式的字里行间洋溢着浓浓的人情味和对人的无微不至的关爱，如保护生态环境，如何绿化美化城镇和住宅，反对建筑风格的千篇一律，鼓励人际交往，强调人、社会和自然环境三者的和谐统一，等等。
《建筑模式语言》旁征博引，内容丰富充实，但并不庞杂拖沓。
前后连贯，遥相呼应，条理清晰，图文并茂。
克里斯托弗·亚力山大是美国杰出的建筑理论家。
由他领衔撰写的《建筑模式语言》一出版就受到建筑界的广泛重视和高度赞誉，并对建筑业产生了深远的影响。
《建筑模式语言》别出心裁且有根有据地描述了城镇、邻里、住宅、花园和房间等共253个模式，提供了一幅幅设计、规划、施工等方面的崭新蓝图，构思新奇，妙想迭出，不同流俗。
作者写道："我们深信无疑，本语言要比一本手册、或一位教师、或另一种可能的模式语言略胜一筹。
这里的许多模式看来在今天和以后的500年间将成为人性的一部分，成为富有人情味的行动的一部分。
"诚如美国《建筑设计》一则评论所说：这也许是20世纪出版的关于建筑设计的最重要的一《建筑模式语言》了。
从建筑科学角度来看，可以把此书作为一种令人向往的城市建筑和规划的模式语言来阅读；从建筑艺术角度来看，也可以当成一部长篇叙事散文诗来欣赏：其中既有对建筑的一般原理、人的行为心理的深入浅出的分析说明，又有对蓝天碧水、绿树鲜花、野草小虫、飞鸟游鱼以及弥漫在旷野上的新鲜空气、沁人肺腑的芳香的抒情描绘，还有对世界各地千姿百态的建筑风貌、民间习俗和趣闻。
令人感叹的是，亚历山大在书中使用了最普通的语言来描述人所熟知的现象，以此构成他的模式。
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建筑学外文选读读书笔记 2011年12月 读书笔记一 一、主要内容及概述 书名：建筑模式语言 ：城镇、建筑、构造 作者：【美】亚历山大等著 王听度、周序鸿 译
出版社：北京知识产权出版社，原版均为1977年牛津大学出版的英文版 开本：850×1168毫米 1/32 印张：74 字数：1300千字 2002年2月北京第一版 2002年2月北京第一次印刷 选读页数：981—1071页
二、各章节内容及体会 所读部分为建筑部分 95.建筑群体 A building cannot be a human building unless it is a complex of still smaller buildings or smaller parts which manifest its own internal social facts.
读书感想：如何把建筑物分解成明显的几部分，是会影响建筑物里人们之间的关系，当建筑是一个建筑群体时，人们才得以充分认识该建筑物中的人的身份。任何的建筑都可以看作是一个“建筑群体”，在设计建筑时要考虑各部分建筑形式之间的联系，使个部分都能表现它实际的社会内容
96.楼层数 First decide how many square feet of built space you need ,and divide by the area of the site to get the floor area ratle.Then choose the height of your buildings according to the floor area ratio and the height of surrounding buildings from the following table.In no case build on more than 50 per cent of the land.
读书感想：这一模式第一点考虑建筑规模和人的因素，提出建筑高度不应超过4层，对于现代社会显然是行不通的，建筑的层数在不断地增高，人们对建筑的需求也在不断的扩张。第二规则说，建筑的覆盖地面面积不应超过地段的50%，这是建筑环境的要求和建筑密度的要求，对于我们进行建筑设计，应着重考虑场地设计，合理布置建筑，同时第三规则表明建筑与环境的融洽，建筑和周围环境是一体的，不能将两者分离。
97.有屏蔽的停车场 Put all large parking lots,or parking garages,behiind some kind of natural wall,so that the cars and parking structures cannot be seen from outside.The wall which surrounds the cars may be a buiding,connected houses,or housing hills,earth berms,or shops. Make the entrance to the parking lot a natural gateway to the buildings which it serves,and place it so that you can easily see the main entrance to the building from the entrance to the parking. 建筑学外文选读读书笔记 2011年12月 读书感想:这一章节讨论的停车与建筑的问题，现在大多数的建筑入口处都有停车位，在某种程度上影响了建筑环境和建筑的形式，鉴于人的视觉效果，作者建议采用有屏蔽的停车方式，同时停车场又要使人们能容易的发现，便捷提取车辆。
98.内部交通领域 Lay out very large buildings and collections of small buildings so that one reaches a given point inside by passing through a sequence of realms,each marked by a gateway and becoming smaller and smaller,as one passes from each one,through a gateway,to the next.Choose the realms so that each one can be easily named,so that you can tell a person where to go ,simply by telling him which realms to go through.
读书感想：建筑群体应该有可能识别的各区域的布局，每个区域都有一个主要的流通空间，直接从入口处通向该区域，任何区域都有直接通向另一个比他更大的区域流通空间。空间内区域。内部交通分级，由一条主要交通贯穿连接，需具有明确的指向性。
99.主要建筑 For any collection of buildings,decide which building in the group houses the most essential function-which building is the soul of the group,as a human institution.Then form this building as the main building,with a central position,higher roof. Even if the building complex is so dense that it is a single building,building the main part of it higher and more prominent than the rest,so that the eye goes immsdiately to the part which is the most important.
读书感想：主要建筑，实际上起着就爱你住群体灵魂作用，目标十分突出，足以构成人们心中的地图。在群体建筑设计中，要着重考虑主要建筑，并充分发挥主要建筑的作用，使之处于中心位置，在体量和形式上别于其他建筑。
100.步行街 Arrange buildings so that they form pedestrian strssts with many entrances and open stairs directly from the upper storys to the street,so that even movement between rooms is outdoors,not just movement between buildings. 读书感想：步行街的设计要考虑行人的密度，街道上出入口，人与步行街的尺度关系，建筑与街道的尺度关系。把握好建筑、街道、出入口和人的行为活动，才能营造好的步行街道。
101.有顶街道 Wherevery density or climate force the main lines of circulation indoors,buid them as building thoroughfares.place each thoroughfare in a position where it function as a shortcut,as continuous as possible with the publie street outside,with wide open entrances.And line its edges with windows,places to sit,counters,and entrances which project out into the hall and expose the buildings’main functions to the public.Make it wider than a normal corridor-at least 11 feet wide and more usually,15 建筑学外文选读读书笔记 2011年12月 to 20 feet wide;give it a high celling,at least 15 feet,with a glazed roof if possible and low places along the edge.If the street is several stories high,then the walkways along the edges,on the different stories,can be use to form the low places.
读书感想： 102.各种入口 Make the entrances bold and easy to see-MAIN ENTRANCE;when they lead into private domains,houses and the like,make a transition in between the public street and the inside-ENTEANCE TRANSITION;and shape the entrance itself as a room,which straddles the wall,and is thus goth inside and outside as a projecting volurne,covered and protected from the rain and sun-ENTRANCE ROOM.If it is an entrance from an street into a public office,make reception part of the entrance room-ENTRANCE WELCOMES YOU.
103.小停车场 Make parking lots small,serving no more than five to seven cars,each lot eurrounded by garden walls,hedges,fences,slopes,and trees,so that from outside the cars are almost invisible.Space these small lots so that they are at least 100 feet apart.