化工专业英语unit 1

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This was based on the discovery of new dyestuffs plus the development of both the contact process for sulphuric acid and the Haber process for ammonia. 这要归因于新染料的发现以及硫酸的接触 法生产和氨的哈伯生产工艺的发展。
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2. Definition of the Chemical Industry At the turn of the century there would have been little difficulty in defining what constituted the chemical industry since only a very limited range of products was manufactured and these were clearly chemicals, e.g., alkali, sulphuric acid.
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The later required a major technological breakthrough that of being able to carry out chemical reactions under conditions of very high pressure for the first time. 而后者需要较大的技术突破使得化学反应 第一次可以在非常高的压力条件下进行。
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1.Origins of the Chemical Industry Although the use of chemicals dates back to the ancient civilizations, the evolution of what we know as the modern chemical industry started much more recently. 化学工业的起源 尽管化学品的使用可以追溯到古代文明时 代，我们所谓的现代化学工业的发展却是 非常近代（才开始的）。
有机化学工业的开始是在十九世纪六十年 代以William Henry Perkin 发现第一种合成 染料—苯胺紫并加以开发利用为标志的。
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At the start of the twentieth century the emphasis on research on the applied aspects of chemistry in Germany had paid off handsomely, and by 1914 had resulted in the German chemical industry having 75% of the world market in chemicals. 20世纪初，德国花费大量资金用于实用化 学方面的重点研究，到1914年，德国的化 学工业在世界化学产品市场上占有75%的 份额。
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The difficulty comes in deciding at which point in this sequence the particular operation ceases to be part of the chemical industry’s sphere of activities. To consider a specific example to illustrate this dilemma, emulsion paints may contain poly (vinyl chloride) / poly (vinyl acetate). 困难在于如何决定在一些特殊的生产过程 中哪一个环节不再属于化学工业的活动范 畴。举一个特殊的例子来描述一下这种困 境。乳剂漆含有聚氯乙烯/聚醋酸乙烯。
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It may be considered to have begun during the Industrial Revolution, about 1800, and developed to provide chemicals for use by other industries. 可以认为它起源于工业革命其间，大约在 1800年，并发展成为为其它工业部门提供 化学原料的产业。
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Since 1940 the chemical industry has grown at a remarkable rate, although this has slowed significantly in recent years. The lion’s share of this growth has been in the organic chemicals sector due to the development and growth of the petrochemicals area since 1950s. 1940年以来，化学工业一直以引人注目的速 度飞速发展。尽管这种发展的速度近年来已大 大减慢。化学工业的发展由于1950年以来石 油化学领域的研究和开发大部分在有机化学方 面取得。 The lion’s share 最大份额
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The chemical industry today is a very diverse sector of manufacturing industry, within which it plays a central role. It makes thousands of different chemicals which the general public only usually encounter as end or consumer products. 今天的化学工业已经是制造业中有着许多 分支的部门，并且在制造业中起着核心的 作用。它生产了数千种不同的化学产品， 而人们通常只接触到终端产品或消费品。
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Clearly, synthesis of vinyl chloride (or acetate) and its polymerization are chemical activities. However, if formulation and mixing of the paint, including the polymer, is carried out by a branch of the multinational chemical company which manufactured the ingredients, is this still part of the chemical industry or does it now belong in the decorating industry?
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Examples are alkali for soapmaking,
bleaching powder for cotton, and silica and sodium carbonate for glassmaking. It will be noted that these are all inorganic chemicals.
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The experience gained with this was to stand Germany in good stead, particularly with the rapidly increased demand for nitrogen-based compounds (ammonium salts for fertilizers and nitric acid for explosives manufacture) with the outbreak of world warⅠin 1914. This initiated profound changes which continued during the inter-war years (1918-1939). 这方面所取得的成绩对德国很有帮助。特别是 由于1914年第一次世界大仗的爆发，对以氮为 基础的化合物的需求飞速增长。这种深刻的改 变一直持续到战后（1918-1939）。 stand sb. in good stead: 对。。。很有帮助
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The explosives growth in petrochemicals in the 1960s and 1970s was largely due to the enormous increase in demand fylene, polypropylene, nylon, polyesters and epoxy resins. 石油化工在60年代和70年代的迅猛发展主 要是由于人们对于合成高聚物如聚乙烯、 聚丙烯、尼龙、聚脂和环氧树脂的需求巨 大增加。
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These products are purchased because they have the required properties which make them suitable for some particular application, e.g. a non-stick coating for pans or a weedkiller. Thus chemicals are ultimately sold for the effects that they produce. 这些产品被购买是因为他们具有某些性 质适合（人们）的一些特别的用途，例如， 用于盆的不粘涂层或一种杀虫剂。这些化 学产品归根到底是由于它们能产生的作用 而被购买的。
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Unit 1 Chemical Industry 化学工业 Before reading the text below, try to answer following question: 1、When did the modern chemical industry start? 2、Can you give a definition for the chemical industry? 3 What are the contribution which the chemical industry has made to meet and satisfy our needs? 4Is the chemical industry capital- or labor-intensive? Why?