现实主义文学名词解释
新现实主义名词解释当代文学
新现实主义名词解释当代文学《新现实主义与当代文学》嘿，咱今天就来聊聊新现实主义和当代文学这档子事儿。
新现实主义啊，就像是文学世界里的一面镜子，真实地映照出生活的方方面面。
它不是那种浮夸的、虚构得没边儿的东西，而是实实在在地扎根在生活的土壤里。
你看那些优秀的当代文学作品，它们用细腻的笔触去描绘普通人的生活、情感和挣扎。
就好像你每天在街头巷尾看到的那些形形色色的人，他们的故事或许平凡，但却充满了力量。
新现实主义让这些平凡变得不平凡，让我们看到了生活中那些容易被忽视的美好和感动。
比如说有些小说，写的就是小老百姓的家长里短，工作上的酸甜苦辣，感情里的喜怒哀乐。
没有惊天动地的大事件，却能让你读着读着就沉浸其中，仿佛自己也变成了故事里的那个人。
这就是新现实主义的魅力呀，它能让我们在别人的故事里看到自己的影子。
还有些作品，毫不避讳地展现社会的现实问题，像是贫富差距、职场竞争、家庭矛盾等等。
它们不只是把问题摆在那儿，还会让你去思考，为什么会这样，我们能做些什么。
这就像是给你敲了一记警钟，让你清醒地认识到这个世界不只有阳光灿烂，也有阴影和困难。
新现实主义的文学作品就像是我们生活的伙伴，陪伴着我们走过风风雨雨。
它们给我们温暖，给我们力量，让我们在面对生活的挑战时更加坚强。
我记得有一次我读了一本这样的小说，讲的是一个小镇青年在大城市里打拼的故事。
他住过地下室，吃过泡面，受过无数的挫折，但他始终没有放弃。
读完那本书，我心里特别有感触，觉得自己遇到的那点困难算什么呀，人家那么难都能坚持下来。
新现实主义让文学不再是高高在上的艺术，而是贴近我们生活的朋友。
它让我们更加理解这个世界，也更加珍惜我们所拥有的一切。
总之，新现实主义在当代文学中有着举足轻重的地位。
它让我们看到了生活的真实模样，也让我们在文学的世界里找到了共鸣和力量。
咱可得好好珍视这些优秀的文学作品，它们可是我们生活中的宝藏啊！。
社会主义现实主义名词解释当代文学
社会主义现实主义名词解释当代文学嘿，朋友们！今天咱们来唠唠社会主义现实主义这个有点高大上的词儿。
这社会主义现实主义啊，就像是文学世界里的超级英雄。
它可不是那种穿着奇装异服飞来飞去拯救世界的超级英雄，而是在文学的大舞台上大显身手的“文学超人”。
你想啊，社会主义现实主义就像一个超级大厨。
这个大厨手里拿着各种各样的食材，这些食材就是社会生活中的各种元素，有小人物的喜怒哀乐，有大时代的波澜壮阔，还有社会变革中的酸甜苦辣。
大厨把这些食材巧妙地搭配在一起，烹饪出一道道美味可口的文学大餐。
这大餐可不是那种华而不实的米其林星级菜品，而是实实在在能填饱读者精神肚子的食粮。
它就像一个拿着魔法画笔的画家。
这个画家的画布就是整个社会，他用画笔蘸着现实的颜料，描绘出工人在工厂里热火朝天地工作，就像一群勤劳的小蜜蜂在蜂巢里忙碌，嗡嗡嗡地奏响劳动的乐章；描绘出农民在田野里辛勤耕耘，那一个个弯腰劳作的身影仿佛是大地上镶嵌的一颗颗充满生命力的宝石。
社会主义现实主义还像一个超级导游。
它带着读者在社会主义的大花园里游览。
一会儿把读者带到城市的街头巷尾，去看那高楼大厦像巨人一样拔地而起；一会儿又把读者带到乡村的小道上，去感受那泥土的芬芳和村民们质朴的笑容，就像在欣赏一幅幅充满生机的田园画卷。
它也像一个拥有神奇口袋的哆啦A梦。
从口袋里掏出各种各样的故事，有充满奋斗激情的创业故事，就像火箭发射一样一飞冲天，激励着人们勇往直前；也有平凡生活中的温馨故事，像小火慢炖的汤，温暖着每一个读者的心。
这个社会主义现实主义还像一个爱管闲事的热心邻居。
它对社会上的一切都充满了兴趣，不管是好事还是坏事，它都要凑上去看看，然后把看到的东西用文字记录下来。
就像那个邻居看到小区里有人乱扔垃圾，就会大声说出来，它看到社会上存在的问题，也会通过文字来引起大家的关注，促使大家去改变。
而且啊，社会主义现实主义像一个永不疲倦的歌唱家。
它整天唱着关于社会主义美好生活的歌，歌声里有对未来的憧憬，就像那通往天际的彩虹一样绚丽多彩；也有对当下幸福生活的赞美，像盛开在阳光下的花朵一样娇艳欲滴。
现实主义冲击波名词解释
现实主义冲击波名词解释现实主义文学是西欧资本主义制度确立和发展时期的产物。
年法国爆发“七月革命”，从此，法国资产阶级取得了统治地位;年英国实行了议会改革，英国资产阶级的统治地位得到了进一步巩固。
这两大政治事件，是西欧资本主义制度确立的标志。
欧洲各国在英、法资本主义势力的影响下，相继经历了从封建制度向资本主义制度的历史性过渡。
这种特定的社会政治经济形势，直接影响着文学，成为现实主义文学形成与发展的决定性因素。
现实主义是文学艺术的基本创作方法之一，其实际运用时间相当久远，但直到19世纪50年代才由法国画家库尔贝和作家夏夫列里作为一个名称提出来，恩格斯为“现实主义”下的定义是：除了细节的真实外，还要真实的再现典型环境中的典型人物。
(年4月初致玛.哈克奈斯信)对现实主义的理论深入探讨，可以追溯到古希腊的“润饰”说道。
亚里士多德在《诗学》中就已表示存有3种相同的润饰现实的方式，第1种就是“按照事物本来的样子回去润饰”。
文艺复兴时期的人文主义文艺家(阿尔贝蒂、超过·芬奇、卡斯特尔韦特罗等)秉持并发展了“艺术润饰自然”的观点。
18世纪启蒙运动的代表狄德罗和莱辛从唯物主义观点启程，秉持文艺的现实基础，确实美与真的统一，特别强调艺术既必须依据自然又必须打破自然的辩证关系。
狄德罗和莱辛在《沙龙》、《画论》、《汉堡剧评》等论著中针对新古典主义束缚文艺的清规戒律，比较系统地阐释了现实主义的创作原则，对近代现实主义文艺的蓬勃发展产生了促进作用。
对现实主义和浪漫主义这两个对立概念的明确划分以及这两个名词的提出，却始于18世纪末和19世纪初。
德国“狂飙突进”运动的代表作家席勒在著名的《论素朴的与感伤的诗》一文中，系统地总结了从古代到近代的西方文艺发展中的两种基本倾向：偏重于直接反映现实的“素朴的诗”和偏重于表现由现实提升上去的理想的“感伤的诗”。
他认为两者的区别在于：前者再现现实，而后者表现理想，前者重客观，而后者重主观，并肯定这两种创作倾向可以趋于统一。
外国文学名词解释打印版
外国文学名词解释第五章 19世紀初期文學1.浪漫主义文学：是出现在18世纪末到19世纪初的一股文学思潮。
英国工业革命、法国大革命，一方面刺激了人的精神个性觉醒，另一方面又使人们对现实产生失望，在这个大起大落的激情时代，思想界出现傅立叶等人的空想社会主义，德国哲学家康德、费希特等对自我的关注。
在这个大背景上，出现一大批作家、诗人，他们打破了传统古典主义的束缚，着重抒发个人感受和体验，歌颂大自然，喜欢异国情调，在诗歌、小说、戏剧各领域均创造了辉煌的成就。
代表作家有雨果、拜论、普希金等。
4. 感伤主义：出现在18世纪60年代到80年代末的英国。
当时候英国产业革命之后，出现很多社会弊病，人们对资产阶级政权感到失望，但又无可奈何，便将许多不满与无奈投诸于艺术，由此产生一股新的文学潮流，由斯泰恩的小说《感伤的旅行》而得名。
感伤主义文学在形式上注重心理感觉，因此成为19世纪浪漫主义的先驱，也是20世纪现代主义文学的源头，在欧洲文学史上占据很重要的地位。
1湖畔派诗人18世纪末19世纪初，英国浪漫主义诗人华兹华斯、柯尔律治和骚塞三人组成诗派。
他们因厌恶资本主义的城市文明和冷酷的金钱关系，隐居于英国西北部的湖区，创作了大量赞美大自然、表现神奇事物和异国风光、缅怀中古、歌颂宗法制农村生活和诅咒城市文明的诗篇，故得此名。
其中华兹华斯成就最高，代表作为《丁登寺》。
他们对英国诗歌革新和浪漫主义文学运动的发展起到了推动作用。
2《抒情歌谣集》1798年，华兹华斯与柯勒律治将各自的诗歌合为一集，其中绝大多数诗歌为华兹华斯所作。
著名诗作有华兹华斯的《丁登寺》和柯勒律治的《古舟子咏》。
这部诗集开创了一代诗风，成为英国文学史上尤其是诗歌领域里的一座里程碑。
它摆脱了古典主义创作原则，在形式上摒弃了当时诗坛盛行的英雄双韵体；在内容上以平民百姓日常使用的语言描绘大自然的景色和处身于大自然中的人们的生活（尤其是遭到不幸和贫苦无辜者的境遇），抒发诗人的感受和沉思，开创了探索和发掘人的内心世界的现代诗风。
启蒙主义名词解释外国文学史
启蒙主义名词解释外国文学史
介绍外国文学史，必然要提及启蒙主义。
启蒙主义是18世纪欧洲
所流行的一种思想运动。
它强调自由、理性、进步、人权等价值观，
认为人类有能力进一步发展，走向更加美好的未来。
在文学领域，启
蒙主义提出了一些颇为有影响的新观点和新表现手法。
一、人文主义
人文主义是文艺复兴时期的一种思潮。
它强调人类的尊严和价值，重
视人的个性和创造力，并认为人类的兴盛和繁荣取决于他们的自我努
力和智力充实。
在文学史上，人文主义通过大量以人为本的作品，为
文学带来了新的价值观和美学观。
二、浪漫主义
浪漫主义是19世纪末的一种文学思潮，提出了文学应该回归人的内心
体验，追求非凡、超自然的境界，热爱自然、人民和自由。
浪漫主义
的出现，拉开了一幅多姿多彩、充满变化和丰富感情色彩的文学画卷。
三、现实主义
现实主义是19世纪中后期的一个文学流派。
它以社会现实为基础，关
注社会问题和人道主义，强调文学要呈现真实的生活和人性，为真正
的改变现实作出贡献。
现实主义在强调真实和生动的同时，也提出了
文学和社会意义的连接。
四、自然主义
自然主义起源于19世纪末期的法国。
它将人类看成是自然的一部分，
强调环境、遗传及社会上层建筑等因素对人生命的影响。
在文学史上，自然主义借助自然科学的研究成果，对现实进行更加深入的分析和描述。
总之，启蒙主义为外国文学史上的不同流派、思潮提供了重要的指引
和参照。
它的理念一直延续到今天，激发着世界各地的文学大师们勇
于挑战传统，开拓创新。
外国文学史(下)名词解释+简答
外国文学史(下)名词解释+简答外国文学史(下)名词解释：1. 文艺复兴（Renaissance）：指15世纪至17世纪的欧洲，人们对古典文化的重新研究和追求对文艺、哲学和科学产生了巨大影响。
文艺复兴时期的文学作品追求个人独立思考和表达，注重描写人类的尊严和活力。
2. 巴洛克（Baroque）：17世纪后期至18世纪初期的艺术和文学风格，特点是丰富、夸张和复杂的形式，着重宏大的叙事、高度感性和矛盾冲突的表现手法。
3. 古典主义（Classicism）：17世纪至18世纪欧洲文学的主导风格，追求简洁、平衡和秩序，并以古希腊和古罗马文学为理想。
古典主义文学作品着重规则、理性和正确的表达，反对夸张和感性的表现。
4. 浪漫主义（Romanticism）：18世纪末至19世纪初的文学和艺术运动，强调个人情感、幻想和对自然、民族和历史的热爱。
浪漫主义文学作品追求创造性和超越现实的体验，注重独特的个人感受和想象力。
5. 现实主义（Realism）：19世纪后期兴起的文学运动，注重真实和客观地描绘社会生活和人物性格。
现实主义文学作品关注社会问题和人类行为，以冷静、客观的态度呈现现实世界。
简答：1. 简要介绍浪漫主义文学的主要特点。
浪漫主义文学强调个人情感、幻想和对自然、民族和历史的热爱。
浪漫主义作品追求创造性和超越现实的体验，注重独特的个人感受和想象力。
其特点包括：强调自我抒发和情感表达、崇尚自然和对自然界的描绘、赋予民族和历史以重要性、追求超脱现实和理想的愿景、关注个体的内心世界和精神追求。
2. 简要介绍现实主义文学的主要特点。
现实主义文学强调真实和客观地描绘社会生活和人物性格。
现实主义文学作品以冷静、客观的态度呈现现实世界，关注社会问题和人类行为。
其特点包括：关注社会问题和人类生活，呈现真实的社会环境和人物性格、注重描绘细节和个体的日常生活、追求客观和客观真实的写作风格、拒绝浪漫主义的幻想和逃避。
比较齐全的美国文学名词解释
Stream of consciousness(意识流)(or interior monologue);In literary criticism, Stream of consciousness denotes a literary technique which seeks to describe an individual’s point of view by giving the written equivalent of the character’s thought processes. Stream of consciousness writing is strongly associated with the modernist movement. Its introduction in the literary context, transferred from psychology, is attributed to May Sinclair. Stream of consciousness writing is usually regarded as a special form of interior monologue and is characterized by associative leaps in syntax and punctuation that can make the prose difficult to follow,tracing as they do a character’s fragmentary thoughts and sensory feelings.famous writers to employ this technique in the english language include James Joyce and William Faulkner.American realism ：（美国现实主义）Realism was a reaction against Romanticism and paved the way to Modernism;2).During this period a new generation of writers, dissatisfied with the Romantic ideas in the older generation, came up witha new inspiration. This new attitude was characterized by a great interest in the realities of life. It aimed at the interpretation of the realities of any aspect of life, free from subjective prejudice, idealism, or romantic color. Instead of thinking about the mysteries of life and death and heroic individualism, people’s attention was now directed to the interesting features of everyday existence, to what was brutal or sordid, and to the open portayal of class struggle;3) so writers began to describe the integrity of human characters reacting under various circumstances and picture the pioneers of the far west, the new immigrants and the struggles of the working class; 4) Mark Twain Howells and Henry James are three leading figures of the American Realism.American Naturalism(美国自然主义文学)：The American naturalists accepted the more negative interpretation of Darwin’s evolutionary theory and used it to accout for the behavior of those characters in literary works who were regarded as more or less complex combinations of inherited attributes, their habits conditioned by social and economic forces.2) naturalism is evolved from realism when the author’s tone in writing becomes less serious and less sympathetic but more ironic and more pessimistic. It is no more than a gloomy philosophical approach to reality, or to human existence.3>Dreiser is a leading figure of his school.Local Colorism(乡土文学)：Generally speaking, the writings of local colorists are concerned with the life of a small, weell-defined region or province. The characteristic setting is the isolated small town. 2) Local colorists were consciously nostalgic historians of a vanishing way of life, recorders of a present that faded before their eyes. Yet for all their sentimentality, they dedicated themselves to minutely accurate descriptions of the life of their regions, they worked from personal experience to record the facts of a local environment and suggested that the native life was shaped by the curious conditions of the local. 3) major local colorists is Mark Twain.Imagism(意象主义)：Imagism came into being in Britain and U.S around 1910 as a reaction to the traditional English poetry to express the sense of fragmentation and dislocation.2>the imagists, with Ezra Pound leading the way, hold that the most effective means to express these momentary impressions is through the use of one dominant image.3>imagism is characterized by the following three poetic principles:A.direct treatment of subject matter;B.economy of expression;C. as regards rhythm ,to compose in the sequence of the musical phrase, not in the sequence of metronome. 4> pound’s In a Station of the Metro is a well-known inagist poem.The Lost Generation(迷惘的一代）：The lost generation is a term first used by Stein to describe the post-war I generation of American writers:men and women haunted by a sense of betrayal and emptiness brought about by the destructiveness of the war.2>full of youthful idealism, these individuals sought the meaning of life, drank excessively, had love affairs and created some of the finest American literature to date.3>the three best-known representatives of lost generation are F.Scott Fitzgerald, hemingway and John dos Passos.The Beat Generation(垮掉的一代):The members of The Beat Generation were new bohemian libertines. Who engaged in a spontaneous, sometimes messy, creativity.2> The Beat writers produced a body of written work controversial both for its advocacy of non-conformity and for its non-conforming style.3> the major beat writings are Allen Ginsberg’s howl.Howl became the manifesto of The Beat Generation.A J azz age(爵士时代):The Jazz Age describes the period of the 1920s and 1930s, the years between world war I and worldwar II. Particularly in north America. With the rise of the great depression, the values of this age saw much decline. Perhaps the most representative literary work of the age is American writer Fitzgerald’s The Great Gatsby. Highlighting what some describe as the decadence and hedonism, as well as the growth of individualism. Fitzgerald is largely credited with coining the term” Jazz Age”.Feminisim(女权主义): Feminisim incorporates both a doctrine of equal rights for women and an ideology of social transformation aiming to create a world for women beyond simple social equality.2>in general, feminism is ideology of women’s liberation based on th e belief that women suffer injustice because of their sex. Under this broad umbrella various feminisms offer differing analyses of the causes, or agents, of female oppression.3> definitions of feminism by feminists tend to be shaped by their training, ideology or race. So, for example, Marxist and socialist feminists stress the interaction within feminism of class with gender and focus on social distinctions between men and women. Black feminists argue much more for an integrated analysis which can unlock the multiple systems of oppression.Hemingway Code Hero(海明威式英雄): Hemingway Code Hero ,also called code hero, is one who, wounded but strong more sentitive, enjoys the pleasures of life( sex, alcohol, sport) in face of ruin and death, and maintains, through some notion of a code, an ideal of himself.2> barnes in the sun also Rises, henry in a Farewell to arms and santiago in the old man and the sea are typical of Hemingway Code HeroImpressionism(印象主义):Impressionism is a style of painting that gives the impression made by the subject on the artist without much attention to details. Writers accepted the same conviction that the personal attitudes and moods of the writer were legitimate elements in depicting character or setting or action.2>briefly, it is a style of literature characterized by the creation of general impressions and moods rather that realistic mood.Modernism(现代主义)：Modernism is comprehensive but vague term for a movement , which begin in the late 19th century and which has had a wide influence internationally during much of the 20th century.2> modernism takes the irrational philosophy and the theory of psycho-analysis as its theoretical case.3> the term pertains to all the creative arts. Especially poetry, fiction, drama, painting,music and architecture.4> in england from early in the 20th century and during the 1920s and 1930s, in America from shortly before the first world war and on during the inter-war period, modernist tendencies were at their most active and fruitful.5>as far as literature is concerned, Modernism reveals a breaking away from established rules, traditions and conventions.fresh way s of looking at man’s position and function in the universe and many experiments in form and style.it is particularly concerned with language and how to use it and with writing itself.the gilded age: Plains Indians were pushed in a series of Indian wars onto restricted reservations.This period also witnessed the creation of a modern industrial economy. A national transportation and communication network was created, the corporation became the dominant form of business organization, and a managerial revolution transformed business operations. By the beginning of the twentieth century, per capita income and industrial production in the United States exceeded that of any other country except Britain. Long hours and hazardous working conditions, led many workers to attempt to form labor unions despite strong opposition from industrialists and the courts.An era of intense political partisanship, the Gilded Age was also an era of reform. The Civil Service Act sought to curb government corruption by requiring applicants for certain governmental jobs to take a competitive examination. The Interstate Commerce Act sought to end discrimination by railroads against small shippers and the Sherman Antitrust Act outlawed business monopolies. These years also saw the rise of the Populist crusade. Burdened by heavy debts and falling farm prices, many farmers joined the Populist party, which called for an increase in the amount of money in circulation, government assistance to help farmers repay loans, tariff reductions, and a graduated income tax.Mark Twain called the late nineteenth century the "Gilded Age." By this, he meant that the period was glittering on the surface but corrupt underneath. In the popular view, the late nineteenth century was a period of greed and guile: of rapacious Robber Barons, unscrupulous speculators, and corporate buccaneers, of shady business practices, scandal-plagued politics, and vulgar display. It is easy to caricature the Gilded Age as an era of corruption, conspicuous consumption, and unfettered capitalism. But it is more useful to think of this as modern America’s formative period, when an agrarian society of small producers was transformed into an urban society dominated byindustrial corporations.Regionalism(地区主义)：In literature, regionalism or local color fiction refers to fiction or poetry that focuses on specific features –including characters, dialects, customs, history, and topography –of a particular region. Since the region may be a recreation or reflection of the author's own, there is often nostalgia and sentimentality in the writing.Although the terms regionalism and local color are sometimes used interchangeably, regionalism generally has broader connotations. Whereas local color is often applied to a specific literary mode that flourished in the late 19th century, regionalism implies a recognition from the colonial period to the present of differences among specific areas of the country. Additionally, regionalism refers to an intellectual movement encompassing regional consciousness beginning in the 1930s. Even though there is evidence of regional awareness in early southern writing—William Byrd's History of the Dividing Line, for example, points out southern characteristics—not until well into the 19th century did regional considerations begin to overshadow national ones. In the South the regional concern became more and more evident in essays and fiction exploring and often defending the southern way of life. John Pendleton Kennedy's fictional sketches in Swallow Barn, for example, examined southern plantation life at length.multiple points of view（多视角）：Multiple Point of View: It is one of the literary techniques William Faulkner used, which shows within the same story how the characters reacted differently to the same person or the same situation. The use of this technique gave the story a circular form wherein one event was the center, with various points of view radiating from it. The multiple points of view technique makes the reader recognize the difficulty of arriving at a true judgment.Confessional poetry ：Confessional poetry emphasizes the intimate, and sometimes unflattering, information about details of the poet's personal life, such as in poems about illness, sexuality, and despondence. The confessionalist label was applied to a number of poets of the 1950s and 1960s. John Berryman, Allen Ginsberg, Robert Lowell, Sylvia Plath, Theodore Roethke, Anne Sexton, and William De Witt Snodgrass have all been called 'Confessional Poets'. As fresh and different as the work of these poets appeared at the time, it is also true that several poets prominent in the canon of Western literature, perhaps most notably Sextus Propertius and Petrarch, could easily share the label of "confessional" with the confessional poets of the fifties and sixties.Ecocriticism：Ecocriticism is the study of literature and environment from an interdisciplinary point of view where all sciences come together to analyze the environment and brainstorm possible solutions for the correction of the contemporary environmental situation. Ecocriticism was officially heralded by the publication of two seminal works, both published in the mid-1990s: The Ecocriticism Reader, edited by Cheryll Glotfelty and Harold Fromm, and The Environmental Imagination, by Lawrence Buell.In the United States, Ecocriticism is often associated with the Association for the Study of Literature and Environment (ASLE), which hosts biennial meetings for scholars who deal with environmental matters in literature. ASLE has an official journal—Interdisciplinary Studies in Literature and Environment (ISLE)—in which much of the most current American scholarship in the rapidly evolving field of ecocriticism can be found.Ecocriticism is an intentionally broad approach that is known by a number of other designations, including "green (cultural) studies", "ecopoetics", and "environmental literary criticism".Dramatic Conflict：At least not the special kind of conflict that drives plays, the gas that fuels the dramatic engine. Arguments in real life are usually circular -- nobody gets anywhere, except a little steam's been blown off. And they're boring for everyone except the folks doing the yelling.Dramatic Conflict draws from a much deeper vein, rooted in the Subtext of your central characters. It's driven by fundamentally opposing desires.Conflict is a necessary element of fictional literature. It is defined as the problem in any piece of literature and is often classified according to the nature of the protagonist or antagonist。
批判现实主义名词解释英国文学
批判现实主义名词解释英国文学
在英国文学语境中，批判现实主义（Critical Realism）是一种文学和艺术的创作和表现方式，强调对社会现实的深刻观察和对社会问题的批判性反思。
这一流派主要在19世纪中期兴起，作为对浪漫主义及其理想化、理想主义色彩的一种回应。
以下是在英国文学语境下批判现实主义的一些特征和解释：
一、对社会现实的真实描写：批判现实主义强调对社会生活的真实描写，通过详细的观察和描绘，展现出人们的生活、工作、家庭等方面的真实面貌，而不是理想化或夸大。
二、对社会问题的关注：这一文学流派关注社会的问题和不平等，通过文学作品对社会中的不公正、阶级差异、劳动问题等进行批判性反思，旨在引起读者对这些问题的关注和思考。
三、复杂的人物刻画：批判现实主义的文学作品通常描绘复杂、多面的人物，展现他们的优点和缺点，以及他们在社会环境中的相互影响。
人物的刻画更加真实，更贴近现实中的人物。
四、强调社会环境对个体的影响：批判现实主义强调社会环境对个体性格和命运的塑造，强调人们的行为和境遇是社会结构和环境的结果。
五、对中产阶级生活的关注：批判现实主义的作品通常聚焦于中产阶级的生活，揭示其内部矛盾和问题。
这反映了19世纪中期英国社会结构的变化，中产阶级的崛起成为社会的关键组成部分。
在英国文学中，查尔斯·狄更斯（Charles Dickens）的作品，如
《雾都孤儿》和《远大前程》以及埃米莉·勃朗特（Emily Brontë）的《呼啸山庄》等都被认为具有批判现实主义的特征。
这些作品通过对社会现实的描绘和对社会问题的关切，形成了批判现实主义在英国文学中的重要影响。