混合动力汽车英文介绍

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Introduction of Hybrid Electric Vehicle Abstract: As the environmental pollution and energy crises are getting more and more remarkable, hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs) have taken on an accelerated pace in the world. In this paper, we will see the types of HEV, and introduce some famous HEVs in China and all around the world.

Key words: HEV, automobile, , development.

In 1997, Toyota Motor Corporation released the hybrid electric vehicle（HEV） in the world, which was named "Prius".

Firstly, what is a hybrid electric vehicle? Broadly speaking, a hybrid electric vehicle has two power sources at least, no matter , nuclear energy, solar energy or electric energy and so on, but in real life, most hybrid cars use the traditional internal combustion engine and electric motor as a power source.

Why hybrid electric vehicle feel valued by many countries recent years? As we know that, oil is not in resources,a lot of information indicate that if mining speed remain at current level, proved oil reserves could merely use fifty to sixty years, so, energy supply becomes a tough question. And also by the reason of more and more serious environmental pollution, hybrid electric vehicles have to be pushed onto the stage of history.

And what is the advantage of hybrid electric vehicles when compared to (BEV) or conventional vehicles? The characteristic of the electric motor is, when compared to internal combustion engine, more quiet, and cleaner, in the same time, speed-torque control features is more flexible. When at low , electric motor has a constant torque, when at high , it has a constant power. Hybrid electric vehicles combine with traditional internal combustion engine drive, give full play to the advantages of both. Meanwhile, it can effect a permanent cure to the problem of (BEV)'s weak dynamic performance and short cruising distance. In summary, as a appropriate transitional product, hybrid electric vehicle is a good choice in this time that energy crises are getting more and more remarkable and the development of is still in a primary.

Compare to conventional vehicle, HEV can save fuel for the following reasons.

(1)HEV can store part of the vehicle’s kinetic energy in battery while braking or downslope in which otherwise is burnt in the brake drums in the form of heat in conventional vehicle.

(2)The ICE in an HEV can be designed with a smaller displacement without compromising the performance of vehicle.[1]

(3)HEV can make ICE operate at maximum efficiency point or optimal operating line by regulating the output power of battery to satisfy the required power of vehicle.

(4)HEV is a multiple energy system; the main issue of HEV is how to optimize the power flow to obtain best fuel economy or low emission at lower cost, which is often referred to as the energy management (EM) problem. The issue will be discussed in next section in detail.[2]

Hybrid electric vehicles can be classified according to the way in which power is supplied to the drivetrain. So, it has three types.

The first one is called the series hybrid, picture 1.1[3] shows the simple structure of this type. Series hybrid is the simplest of three types. The made by internal combustion engine med into electricity through , then one part of the electricity is used to propel the wheels through electric motor and transmission, and the other part of the electricity is used to recharge the , when the vehicle is accelerating or on other , this part can be used. They also usually have a larger battery pack than parallel hybrids, making them more expensive. Once the batteries are low, the small combustion engine can generate power at its optimum settings at all times, making them more efficient in extensive city driving. Compared to conventional internal combustion engine vehicle, it is a electrombile with a engine, in order to increase the trip distance of a vehicle. There is no clutch in the mechanical connection device of engine and electric motor, so it has Some flexibility. Although the structure is simple, it still need three s,engine, and electric motor. If large climbing gradient and acceleration, the should be supplied, the three s need higher quality. This type of structure is widely used on es, rarely used on saloon cars. [4]

The second one is called the parallel hybrid, picture 1.2[3] shows the simple structure of this type. What this type different from the series hybrid is that it propels the vehicle by two drive system of engine and electric motor. Engine and electric motor usually drive wheels through different clutches, it can adapts three different :single engine drive, single electric drive and hybrid drive, this system is suitable for a wide variety of driving conditions, especially for complex road. On the contrary, it is a engine with a electric motor, in order to reduce emissions and . When the power d by engine what the vehicle need or on , electric motor working at a stage of a , charge the excess energy into the . Compared to the series hybrid, the patten of parallel hybrid only need two drive part of engine and electric motor, in addition, before the storage battery is discharged, its power requirement of engine and electric is lower.[4]

The third one is called the , picture 1.3[3] shows the simple structure of this type. This type combines the features of the parallel hybrid and the series hybrid. Compared to the series hybrid, it has added the transmission line of ; When compared to the parallel hybrid, it has added the transmitting way of electric energy. Thus, have the benefits of a combination of series and parallel characteristics But on the other hand, it also causes the shortage of structural complexity and high cost.[4]

According to the motor output power accounted for the percentage of total output power in the whole system, hybrid systems can be divided into the following four categories, it also can be described as the degree of hybridization.

The first one is called the micro hybrid. In this hybrid electric system, a belt-alternator starter generator is mounted at the start motor of conventional internal

combustion engine.This electric motor controls the start and shutoff of the engine in

the same time, thus, it has led and cut down the and exhaust emission. From the strict sense, micro hybrid is not really a hybrid electric system, because its electric motor provides the vehicle a power.

The second one is the light hybrid. This hybrid system adopts a integrated starter generator(ISG),in comparison with the one, it can start or stop the engine by a dynamo, it also can achieve some other functions, for instant, when at the operation condition

of decelerating or braking, it can a portion of the energy, and when driving the vehicle, engine operates at a constant speed, the energy produced by engine can be divided to driving the wheels or to charge the battery reasonably. The mixedness degree of this system usually below twenty percents. 's hybrid electric pickup trucks use

this the hybrid system.

The third one is namely the . It also has a integrated starter generator, whilst what different from the light hybrid system is that it adopts a high tension dynamo. In addition, when vehicle is accelerating or at high load condition, the electric motor gives a to the engine to propel the vehicle, in order to make up the lack of power of the engine, consequently improving the property of the vehicle. The of this system is considerable high, reaching a value of 30% about, the mature technologies make it

widely used. As compared to full hybrids, mild hybrids have smaller batteries and a smaller, weaker motor/generator, which allows manufacturers to reduce cost and weight.

's early hybrids including the used this design, leveraging their reputation for

design of small, efficient gasoline engines; their system is dubbed (IMA). Starting

with the 2006 , the IMA system now can propel the vehicle solely on electric power

during medium speed cruising.[5][6]

The last one is called the , sometimes also called a strong hybrid, is a vehicle that can run on just the engine, just the batteries, or a combination of both. This system adopts a high tension electric motor from 272 to 650V. Compared to the mild hybrid system, the even reach at a value of 50%. 's hybrid system, Toyota's and /'s technologies are full hybrid systems. 's hybrid system, Toyota's and /'s technologies are full hybrid systems. The , , and are examples of full hybrids, as these cars can

be moved forward on battery power alone.A large, high-capacity battery pack is needed

for battery-only operation. These vehicles have a split power path allowing greater flexibility in the drivetrain by interconverting mechanical and electrical power, at some cost in complexity. The system will gradually become the main with the technology developing.[5][6]

A new type HEV is called (PHEV), also known as a plug-in hybrid, is a hybrid

electric vehicle with that can be restored to full charge by connecting a plug to an external . A PHEV shares the characteristics of both a conventional hybrid electric vehicle, having an and an ; and of an , also having a to connect to the . PHEVs have

a much larger as compared to conventional gasoline-electric hybrids, and also

eliminate the "" associated with all-electric vehicles, because the combustion engine works as a backup when the batteries are depleted.[6][7][8]

Development in the world

In HEV's domain, Japan, Germany and America are the main countries, they grasp many technologies of hybrid, and they also own many famous HEV products.[9][10]

EcoHybrid made by , it adopts the BSG hybrid , has lifted from 9.8 to 8.3 liters

BMW X5 HEV is the first vehicle that adopts BMW ActiveHybrid system, its hybrid

pattern is ISG with AT.[11]

Civic Hybrid made by Honda Motor adopts a hybrid pattern of ISG with CVT, it is .

Some other hybrid electric vehicles such as S400 BlueHybrid made by Daimler-Benz Motors Company, Escalade, Chevrolet Volt etc, are some hybrid electric vehicles.

Around the world, Japan is one of the few countries in the fastest rate of development of electric vehicle technology, especially in terms of the development of hybrid vehicles, Japan is a world leader. Only two Japanese car companies have the of bulk sales of hybrid vehicles in the world.

Recent years, China has put a high value to the research and development of hybrid electric vehicle, colleges, s and companies have be encouraged by government to

exploit the way of HEV developing. under such circumstances, significant developments have been made on HEV.

Changan Jiexun HEV is the first with in China, and it is mass produced, thereout, Changan has set up the China's first of HEV by totally and development.

Benteng B70 made by is another HEV, it has two electric motor, and is the type

of . However the is even triple to the same vehicle type of internal combustion engine.

Some other hybrid electric vehicles such as Rongwei 750 HEV made by Shanghai , A3ISG and A5BSG made by Chery Automobile Co, EQ7200 HEV made by , F6DM made by BYD etc, also playing a role in a China's HEV market.

Particularly worth mentioning is the BYD , its "Two-Mode Hybrid" is much more than other companies's. At the Beijing Auto Show in 2012, BYD launched their HEV type which is namely "Qing", with the 0-100km/h sprint completed in 5.9s seconds it stunned many car enthusiasts. Qing adopts BYD's two-mode hybrid, and it is a parallel hybrid, it came into existence marked that China's hybrid technologies has reached at a new . Just also at the Beijing Auto Show in 2014 , BYD gave us anther surprise, BYD Tang appeared, it's a SUV, the 0-100km/h sprint completed in 4.9s seconds stunned us . However, comprehensively, hybrid technologies in China is mainly focus on light and , lags behind developed countries.

summary

HEVs have many s ,however, PEV is not widely used currently. keeps people from it. But we can believe that with the technology developing, the cost of HEV will be much lower, and the reliability will be more better , HEVs will become mainstream of ,

and be loved by people.

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[6] (2006). Plug-in Hybrids: The Cars that will Recharge America. Gabriola Island, Canada: New Society Publishers. .

[7]Archer, David (2005). (PDF). 110 (C9): C09S05.1–C09S05.6.:. :. Retrieved 2008-12-

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[8] , Thomas (2008). . New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux. . See reviewed by founder (September 9, 2008)

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