机械专业文献综述
文献综述
齿轮作为传递运动和动力的基础元件，在工业发展的历程中，发挥了十分重要的作用。它在机械传动中的地位是其它元件一直都无法替代的。随着现代科学技术的发展，齿轮技术有了很大的进步，它的方方面面都在产生着巨大的变化。例如，在设计上，基于动态弹性啮合理论的齿轮动态设计将取代基于刚性力学的静态设计；在加工上，齿轮加工机床及刀具的原始精度正在不断地提高；在检测上，齿轮测量技术正朝着高效率、高精度、多功能和智能化的方向发展；等等。
齿轮以其形状复杂而著称于世，其各项误差的检验项目种类繁多，并且技术上难度较大，是近一个世纪以来工程界最为关注的一项课题。我国精密测量技术和仪器的现状仍然远远不能满足国内机械装备制造业迅速发展的需求，尤其是在先进测量技术和仪器的基础理论研究、共性关键技术的开发方面与国外的差距越来越大。因此，齿轮测量的发展尤其是复杂齿轮测量的发展必然受到很大的限制。随着我国经济、技术与世界接轨，测量检测行业受到国外先进技术的冲击，其竞争能力也就必须加强。
目前国外发展了一些齿轮测量智能化仪器，但其价格昂贵，使用维修的技术性很强，所以大多企业还是沿用传统的齿轮测量仪器或通用仪器进行齿轮测量。这些仪器的电气控制及数据处理部分可靠性差、故障频繁，直接影响齿轮生产和新产品开发。为了缓解这种高新科技与落后环境的矛盾，低成本地提高我国几何量检测的智能化程度，用微机技术对该仪器升级改造、实现检测系统智能化很有必要。
研究真正反映齿轮三维几何空间形状和制造误差组成因素的齿轮整体检测方法在我国具有积极的现实意义，特别是研究用检测简便、精确、迅速的测量方法改造现有测量机更为突出。
20世纪80年代以前，齿轮测量原理主要以比较测量为主，其实质是相对测量。具体方式有两种：一是将被测齿轮与一个标准齿轮进行实物比较，从而得到各项误差；二是展成测量法，就是将仪器的运动机构形成的标准特征线与被测齿轮的实际特征线作比较，确定相应误差。而精确的展成运动是借助一些精密机构来实现的，不同的特征线需要不同的展成机构。比较测量的主要缺点是：测量精度依赖于标准件或展成机构的精度，机械结构复杂，柔性差，同一个齿轮需要多台仪器测量。对于齿廓误差测量而言，展成式测量技术仅限于渐开线齿廓误差测量上。对于非渐开线齿轮的端面齿廓测量，采用展成法测量是十分困难得，因为展成机构太复杂并且缺乏通用性。
多年来，国内外诸多学者在大型齿轮测量领域进行了广泛的研究，丰富了大型齿轮测量方面的理论和方法。在检测仪器方面，各国均开发了由计算机控制的齿轮量仪，其机构大量应用新技术和新元件，如计算机数控技术运用于控制、驱动、数据处理等；光栅、同步感应器、容栅、磁栅、电感测微技术、电容测微技术、激光测量技术等用于位移测量，不断提高齿轮测量精度。总的发展趋势为：1)测量软件功能的增强和扩展，由于大齿轮的结构复杂大、重量重等原因，这就要促使其必须实现自动化的要求，即机电一体化的趋势。用计算机进行控制，用软件进行复杂的数据处理，也就大大提高了效率。2)
实现自动控制系统，由于很多机械加工场地存在一定的危险性，为了达到安全生产的目的，实现远程控制是大势所趋的事情。在远程控制室工作进行实时监控在机测量的同时还可以整理数据报告，检验和打印报告单，既节约时间又节约人力资源。对于测量数据的处理与利用，在早期的齿轮测量中。人工读指示表(如千分表等)获取齿轮误差，得到的是误差幅值，仅仅能用来评判被检项目合格与否。电动记录器的出现，靠人工读曲线，使工艺误差分析成为可能。而计算机的采用，使自动处理测量结果、分析工艺误差并将分析结果反馈到加工系统进而修正加工参数成为现实[9]。目前，在齿轮测量数据处理方面，通常采用的方法为最小区域法和最d'--乘法。理论上讨论最多的是最小区域法，实际中广泛使用的是最小二乘法，同时数字滤波技术也得到一定应用。如今的常用渐开线圆柱齿轮测量仪器有几十种。它们的测量方法都已经为人们所熟知。按照齿轮测量的原理不同，可以大致把它们分为两大类。～类是比较法测量，或者称为相对测量法测量。例如。齿形测量仪通过用机械范成或电子范成的渐开线与被测齿轮的实际曲线比较并获得误差。这种测量方法现在用途极为广泛。另一类是绝对测量法。例如，测量齿形时，把实际的齿形曲线与数学理论曲线相比较并获得误差。
2齿轮精度设计概述口]
渐开线圆柱齿轮精度设计涉及面广，现简述如下。
(1)公差组与精度等级
对齿轮传动一般有四个方向的要求
①传动准确，即传动比变化尽量小；
②传动平稳，即振动与噪声尽可能小．避免产生动
载荷与撞击；
③工作点面接触好，即载荷分布要均匀，避免动载荷
大时齿面应力集中，引起早期点蚀、折断而降低使用寿命；
④齿轮副侧隙要合适。
按上述分析，齿轮精度标准按误第特性对传动性能的
主要影响划分为三个公差组．
关丁齿厚极限偏差和公法线平均长度偏差两个项H，由于它们属于侧隙配台系统，所以不包括在上述三个公差组内。齿轮精度设计就是要确定两个公差组的精度等级，同时还要根据实际情况确定三个公差组内帽膻评定指标。
圆柱齿轮加工误差分析
何淑菊，邱淑英
（哈尔滨工程大学机电工程学院，黑龙江哈尔滨150001）从加工误差来看，影响齿向方向接触精度的主要因素是齿向误差，影响齿距累积误差的主要因素是齿轮的几何偏心，就齿轮坯基准面误差对齿向误差及齿距累积误差所产生的影响进行分析，并找出齿轮坯基准面跳动值的一种确定方法，并对加工齿轮改进方法进
行探讨。
1齿轮坯的基准面误差对齿向误差的影响
准面是指加工齿轮时的定位面，齿轮坯基准端面对齿轮轴心线的垂直误差，会使被
加工齿轮产生齿向误差或轴向齿距误差同理，当安装齿轮坯的夹具之端面（基准面）出现跳动时也会出现类似上述结果齿向误差不仅取决于上述两个方面，也受其他诸多因素的影响：
（1）齿轮安装误差；齿轮端面不平（端面跳动）；夹具定位面不平（支承端面跳动）（2）机床刀架几何误差：横向倾斜，纵向倾斜
2基准面误差对齿距累积误差的影响
齿轮的齿距累积误差是分度圆上任意两个同侧齿面的实际弧长与公称弧长之差最大值的绝对值，而影响齿
距累计误差的主要因素是齿轮的几何偏心。，齿距累积误差是齿轮的几何偏心的 2倍.在实际加工中，引起工件偏心的齿轮几何偏心的原因有：
1）由夹具心轴的径向跳动所引起的齿轮几何偏心e1
2）由齿坯基准孔与夹具轴间的装配间隙引起的齿轮几何偏心e2 3）由夹具支承端面与心轴轴线不垂直即夹具支承面跳动造成的齿轮几何偏心e3
4）由齿坯端面跳动引起的齿轮几何偏心e4
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(机械制造行业)机械英文翻译
英文翻译 机械设计 一台完整机器的设计是一个复杂的过程。机械设计是一项创造性的工作。设计工程师不仅在工作上要有创造性，还必须在机械制图、运动学、工程材料、材料力学和机械制造工艺学等方面具有深厚的基础知识。 Machine Design The complete design of a machine is a complex process. The machine design is a creative work. Project engineer not only must have the creativity in the work, but also must in aspect and so on mechanical drawing, kinematics, engineerig material, materials mechanics and machine manufacture technology has the deep elementary knowledge. 任何产品在设计时第一步就是选择产品每个部分的构成材料。许多的材料被今天的设计师所使用。对产品的功能，它的外观、材料的成本、制造的成本作出必要的选择是十分重要的。对材料的特性必须事先作出仔细的评估。 One of the first steps in the design of any product is to select the material from which each part is to be made. Numerous materials are available to today's designers. The function of the product, its appearance, the cost of the material, and the cost of fabrication are important in making a selection. A careful evaluation of the properties of a. material must be made prior to any calculations. 仔细精确的计算是必要的，以确保设计的有效性。在任何失败的情况下，最好知道在最初设计中有有缺陷的部件。计算（图纸尺寸）检查是非常重要的。一个小数点的位置放错，就可以导致一个本可以完成的项目失败。设计工作的各个方面都应该检查和复查。 Careful calculations are necessary to ensure the validity of a design. In case of any part failures, it is desirable to know what was done in originally designing the defective components. The checking of calculations (and drawing dimensions) is of utmost importance. The misplacement of one decimal point can ruin an otherwise acceptable project. All aspects of design work should be checked and rechecked. 计算机是一种工具，它能够帮助机械设计师减轻繁琐的计算，并对现有数据提供进一步的分析。互动系统基于计算机的能力，已经使计算机辅助设计（CAD）和计算机辅助制造（CAM）成为了可能。心理学家经常谈论如何使人们适应他们所操作的机器。设计人员的基本职责是努力使机器来适应人们。这并不是一项容易的工作，因为实际上并不存在着一个对所有人来说都是最优的操作范围和操作
机械类英语论文及翻译翻译
High-speed milling High-speed machining is an advanced manufacturing technology, different from the traditional processing methods. The spindle speed, cutting feed rate, cutting a small amount of units within the time of removal of material has increased three to six times. With high efficiency, high precision and high quality surface as the basic characteristics of the automobile industry, aerospace, mold manufacturing and instrumentation industry, such as access to a wide range of applications, has made significant economic benefits, is the contemporary importance of advanced manufacturing technology. For a long time, people die on the processing has been using a grinding or milling EDM (EDM) processing, grinding, polishing methods. Although the high hardness of the EDM machine parts, but the lower the productivity of its application is limited. With the development of high-speed processing technology, used to replace high-speed cutting, grinding and polishing process to die processing has become possible. To shorten the processing cycle, processing and reliable quality assurance, lower processing costs. 1 One of the advantages of high-speed machining High-speed machining as a die-efficient manufacturing, high-quality, low power consumption in an advanced manufacturing technology. In conventional machining in a series of problems has plagued by high-speed machining of the application have been resolved. 1.1 Increase productivity High-speed cutting of the spindle speed, feed rate compared withtraditional machining, in the nature of the leap, the metal removal rate increased 30 percent to 40 percent, cutting force reduced by 30 percent, the cutting tool life increased by 70% . Hardened parts can be processed, a fixture in many parts to be completed rough, semi-finishing and fine, and all other processes, the complex can reach parts of the surface quality requirements, thus increasing the processing productivity and competitiveness of products in the market. 1.2 Improve processing accuracy and surface quality High-speed machines generally have high rigidity and precision, and other characteristics, processing, cutting the depth of small, fast and feed, cutting force low, the workpiece to reduce heat distortion, and high precision machining, surface roughness small. Milling will be no high-speed processing and milling marks the surface so that the parts greatly enhance the quality of the surface. Processing Aluminum when up Ra0.40.6um, pieces of steel processing at up to Ra0.2 ~ 0.4um.
通信技术在现代医学中的应用综述
通信技术在现代医学中的应用综述 摘要：本文首先介绍了通信技术的发展及其作用，在此基础上介绍了通信技术在现代医学 中的应用。通信技术在医学中应用的集中体现是远程医学的实现，本文对远程医学的发展及应用作了重点介绍。 关键词：通信技术远程医学远程诊断 The Summary Of Communication technologies in modern medicine Abstract:This article first introduced the development of communication technology and its role ，base on which we introduced communication technology in modern medicine. The implementation of telemedicine are the concentrated expression of Communication technology applications in medicine,in this paper, we describe more details about the development of telemedicine and the application. Key words:Communication technology telemedicine telediagnosis 1 引言 1.1 通信技术的发展 对于通信，最简单的理解，也是最 基本的理解，就是人与人沟通的方法。无论是现在的电话，还是网络，解决的最基本的问题，实际还是人与人的沟通。从本质上说，通信也就是进行信息的传输，通信技术的发展从远古时代的烽火传递战事情况，到现代的有线和无线通信技术，以及卫星通信技术经历了漫长的岁月。通信技术发展至今，已形成下面几种广泛应用的技术：(1)3G技术;(2)下一代网络(NGN)；(3)宽带接入技术；(4)无线接入技术；(5)FTTH；(6)数字集群通信技术；(7)网络安全；(8)手机操作系统；(9)即时通信(Instantmessaging),此外，超3G 进入实质研究阶段，NGN标准研究也已取得 实质性突破。 1.2 通信的作用 信息通信技术是推动经济增长和社会 平等的催化制剂，在诸多方面已体现出、并将愈来愈体现出其重要价值与作用所在。而通信技术在医学中的应用的集中体现是应用通信技术实现远程医学和医学信息资源的共享。 2现代通信技术在现代医学中应用分类 2.1 远程医学的概念 远程医学是利用远程通讯技术，以双向传送资料、声音、图像的方式，从事医疗活动。资料传送包括病历、心电图、脑电图等;声音传送包括心音、呼吸音等;图像传送包 括X线片、C片、超声图像等。 2.2 远程医学的分类 按信息传送时间，远程医学可以分为同步实时和储存传送两类;按信息传送的距离，远程医学可以分为科室和科室之间、医院和医院之间、城市和乡村之间或者城市和
机械类英文参考文献
Int J Interact Des Manuf(2011)5:103–117 DOI10.1007/s12008-011-0119-7 ORIGINAL PAPER Benchmarking of virtual reality performance in mechanics education Maura Mengoni·Michele Germani· Margherita Peruzzini Received:27April2011/Accepted:29April2011/Published online:27May2011 ?Springer-Verlag2011 Abstract The paper explores the potentialities of virtual reality(VR)to improve the learning process of mechanical product design.It is focused on the definition of a proper experimental VR-based set-up whose performance matches mechanical design learning purposes,such as assemblability and tolerances prescription.The method consists of two main activities:VR technologies benchmarking based on sensory feedback and evaluation of how VR tools impact on learning curves.In order to quantify the performance of the technol-ogy,an experimental protocol is de?ned and an testing plan is set.Evaluation parameters are divided into performance and usability metrics to distinguish between the cognitive and technical aspects of the learning process.The experi-mental VR-based set up is tested on students in mechanical engineering through the application of the protocol. Keywords Mechanical product design·Virtual reality·Experimental protocol·Learning curve· Mechanics education 1Introduction Modern society is dominated by continuous scienti?c and technical developments.Specialization has become one of the most important enablers for industrial improvement.As a result,nowadays education is more and more job-oriented and technical education is assuming greater importance.In this context both university and industry are collaborating to create high professional competencies.The?rst disseminates M.Mengoni(B)·M.Germani·M.Peruzzini Department of Mechanical Engineering, Polytechnic University of Marche, Via Brecce Bianche,60131Ancona,Italy e-mail:m.mengoni@univpm.it knowledge and innovative methods while the second pro-vides a practical background for general principles training. The main problem deals with the effort and time required to improve technical learning,while market competitiveness forces companies to demand young and high-quali?ed engi-neers in short time.Therefore,the entire educational process needs to be fast and ef?cient.Novel information technolo-gies(IT)and emerging virtual reality(VR)systems provide a possible answer to the above-mentioned questions.Some of the most important issues,in mechanical design?eld,are the investigation of such technologies potentialities and the evaluation of achievable bene?ts in terms of product design learning effectiveness and quality.While IT has been deeply explored in distance education,i.e.e-learning,VR still rep-resents a novelty. VR refers to an immersive environment that allows pow-erful visualization and direct manipulation of virtual objects. It is widely used for several engineering applications as it provides novel human computer interfaces to interact with digital mock-ups.The close connection between industry and education represents the starting point of this research. Instead of traditional teaching methods,virtual technolo-gies can simultaneously stimulate the senses of vision by providing stereoscopic imaging views and complex spatial effects,of touch,hearing and motion by respectively adopt-ing haptic,sound and motion devices.These can improve the learning process in respect with traditional teaching meth-ods and tools.The observation of students interpreting two-dimensional drawings highlighted several dif?culties:the impact evaluation of geometric and dimensional tolerances chains,the detection of functional and assembly errors,the recognition of right design solutions and the choice of the proper manufacturing operations.These limitations force tutors to seek for innovative technologies able to improve students’perception.