汕头大学商学院微观经济学2009年期末考试Microeconomics Test 2009
微观经济学试题及答案英文
微观经济学试题及答案英文Microeconomics Exam Questions and AnswersQuestion 1: Define the law of demand and explain how itrelates to the concept of price elasticity of demand.Answer 1: The law of demand states that, all else being equal, the quantity demanded of a good or service will decrease asthe price increases. Price elasticity of demand measures the responsiveness of the quantity demanded to a change in price. If the quantity demanded changes significantly in response to a price change, the demand is said to be elastic. Conversely, if the quantity demanded changes very little, the demand is inelastic.Question 2: What is the difference between a firm's total revenue and marginal revenue?Answer 2: Total revenue is the total income received by afirm from selling its product, calculated as the price perunit multiplied by the quantity sold. Marginal revenue, onthe other hand, is the additional revenue generated fromselling one more unit of the product. It is the change intotal revenue divided by the change in quantity sold. In a perfectly competitive market, marginal revenue equals the price, but in a market with some degree of monopoly power, marginal revenue is less than the price.Question 3: Explain the concept of consumer surplus and howit is calculated.Answer 3: Consumer surplus is the difference between what consumers are willing to pay for a good or service and what they actually pay. It is a measure of the welfare gain to consumers from participating in a market. It is calculated by finding the area under the demand curve but above the market price, which represents the total amount consumers would have been willing to pay for each unit up to the quantity they actually purchase.Question 4: What is the marginal cost and how does it relateto a firm's decision to produce?Answer 4: Marginal cost is the cost of producing oneadditional unit of a good or service. It is the change intotal cost resulting from producing one more unit. Firms will continue to produce additional units as long as the marginal cost is less than the marginal revenue. If the marginal cost exceeds the marginal revenue, the firm will reduce production, as producing one more unit would result in a loss.Question 5: Define economies of scale and explain how they affect a firm's cost structure.Answer 5: Economies of scale refer to the cost advantagesthat a firm experiences when it increases its level of output. As the scale of production increases, the average cost perunit of output decreases due to factors such as spreadingfixed costs over more units, specialization of labor, andbulk purchasing discounts. This can lead to lower per-unit costs and potentially higher profits.Question 6: What is the difference between a normal good and an inferior good?Answer 6: A normal good is a good for which the demand increases as consumers' income increases. In contrast, an inferior good is a good for which the demand decreases as consumers' income increases. This is because consumers tend to substitute inferior goods with superior or higher-quality goods when their income rises.End of ExamPlease note that this is a sample set of microeconomics exam questions and answers. The actual content of an exam would depend on the specific topics covered in the course and the level of difficulty desired by the instructor.。
微观经济学期末试卷及答案
武汉大学期末考试经济与管理学院微观经济学（A卷）Principles of Microeconomics (Paper A)InstructionYou have two hours to complete this test. Full marks are 100 points.Write your answers on the answer sheet. You can answer your questions either in English or in Chinese. Read the questions carefully before answering them. English-Chinese Dictionary is allowed in this test if it is a published one without any damage on it.Be precise and keep to the point.Good luck!You are required to answer question 1-7.1.(10%) Concepts. Give at least two examples for each concept below:Negative externalities, club goods, implicit costs, cartel, and dominant strategies.2.(10%) Understand rationality assumption. (1) According to the way we define rationalityin the class or in the textbook, are you rational? Explain. (2) On the other hand, the possibility always exist that someone is irrational occasionally.List situations of irrationality and explain.3.(10%) Economists claim that imperfectly competitive firms do not have supply curve. Doyou agree with this theory? Defend.4.(10%) One of economic principles says that rational people often make decisions bycomparing marginal benefits and marginal costs. There are at least three theories about households and firms in the textbook that are consistent with the principle. Show them. 5.(10%) Show that increasing return to scale can be expressed in terms of decreasingaverage cost instead of decreasing marginal cost.(If you cannot do it in mathematics, try to explain in words.)6.(10%) Consider public policy aimed at smoking.(1)Studies indicate that the price elasticity of demand for cigarettes is about 0.4. If a packof cigarettes currently costs $2 and the government wants to reduce smoking by 20%, by how much should it increase the price?(2)If the government permanently increases the price of cigarettes, will the policy have alarger effect on smoking one year from now or five years from now?(3)Studies also find that teenagers have higher price elasticity than do adults. Why mightthis be true?7.(20%) Suppose that a consumer buys two goods, with quantities x and y, and prices p xand p y respectively. And suppose her budget is m and preference is described by u = ln xy.(1)Find her demand for good x as a function of x’s price, y’s price, and her income (m).(2)Are x and y inferior good? Are x and y Giffen good? Why?(3)Can you find the existence of scarcity in this case? No matter what your answer is,let’s assume that there is no scarcity at all, should economics be developed? (Is it justified for economics to exist?)(4)Is rational behavior a basic rule dominating her choice? Why?Hints: marginal utility of x is 1/x and marginal utility of y is 1/y in this preference.You may choose ANY ONE of question 8-9 to anser.8.(20%) Based on market research, a film production company in Ecternia obtains thefollowing information about the demand and production costs of its new DVD:Demand: P =1000 – 10 QCost: C = 100 Q+ 5 Q2Where Q indicates the number of copies sold and P is the price in Ecternian dollars.(1)Find the price and quantity that maximizes the company’s profit.(2)Find the price and quantity that would maximize social welfare.(3)Calculate the deadweight loss from monopoly.(4)Suppose, in addition to the costs above, the director of the film has to be paid. Thecompany is considering four options: A flat fee (固定费用) of 2000 Ecternian dollars;50% of the profits; 150 Ecternian dollars per unit sold; 50% of the revenue. For each option, calculate the profit-maximizing price and quantity. Which, if any, of these compensation schemes would alter the deadweight loss from monopoly? Explain.9.(20%) Show mathematically that imperfectly firms set price as the sum of marginal costand a markup over this marginal cost. Also show that the markup is associated with elasticity of demand. Finally use this result to show that the markup disappears under perfect competition.THE ENDThe Answer10.(10%) Concepts. Give at least two examples for each concept below:Negative externalities, club goods, implicit costs, cartel and dominant strategies.Negative externalities: the exhaust from automobiles, smoking, barking dog, etc.Club goods: cable TV, Un-congested toll road, wireless communication service, etc.Implicit costs: the income you give up as a teacher when you create a business, rent you give up when you use own house as offices, etc.Cartel: OPEC, Labor Union, etc.11.(10%) Understand rationality assumption. (1) According to the way we define rationalityin the class or in the textbook, are you rational? Explain. (2) On the other hand, the possibility always exist that someone is irrational occasionally.List situations of irrationality and explain.(1) The firms always pursue profit maximization; the consumers always pursue utilitymaximization.(2) The irrational will exist for asymmetric information, altruism(利他主义).12.(10%) Economists claim that imperfectly competitive firms do not have supply curve. Doyou agree with this theory? Defend.A supply curves tell us the quantity that firms choose to supply at any given price. Thisconcept makes sense when we are analyzing competitive firms which are price takers. But an imperfectly competitive firm is a price maker to some extent, at least not a pure price taker. It is not meaningful to ask what such a firm would produce at any price because the firm can set the price at the same time it chooses the quantity to supply. An imperfectly competitive firm’s decision about supply quantity is impossible to separate from the demand curve it faces. The shape of the demand curve determines the shape of the marginal revenue curve,which in turn determines the imperfectly competitive firm’s profit-maximizing quantity. But in a perfectly competitive market, supply decision can be analyzed without knowing the demand curve.13.(10%) One of economic principles says that rational people often make decisions bycomparing marginal benefits and marginal costs. There are at least three theories about households and firms in the textbook that are consistent with the principle. Show them.The firm decides the profit-maximizing quantity according to MR=MC;The firm achieves the quantity-maximizing given total cost according to(MP L)/w= (MP K)/rThe consumer decides the optimal combination of commodity according to (MUi/Pi)= (Mj/Pj)=MU Currency14.(10%) Show that increasing return to scale can be expressed in terms of decreasingaverage cost instead of decreasing marginal cost.(If you cannot do it in mathematics, try to explain in words.)Suppose the product function: ),(K L Af Q =, the prices of L and K are w and r respectively, w and r are both constant.This is ),(000K L Af Q =, 000rK wL TC +=,000000000///)(/Q rK Q wL Q rK wL Q TC ATC +=+==∵ The return to scale is increasing.∴ ),()(000xK xL Af Q x =+α,0 α,000rxK wxL C T +=', )/()/()/()(/0000000000Q rK x x Q wL x x Q x rxK wxL Q C T C AT ααα+++=++='='00ATC C AT '15.(10%) Consider public policy aimed at smoking.(4)Studies indicate that the price elasticity of demand for cigarettes is about 0.4. If a pack of cigarettes currently costs $2 and the government wants to reduce smoking by 20%,by how much should it increase the price?(5)If the government permanently increases the price of cigarettes, will the policy have a larger effect on smoking one year from now or five years from now?(6)Studies also find that teenagers have higher price elasticity than do adults. Why might this be true?(1)With a price elasticity of demand of 0.4, reducing the quantity demanded of cigarettes by 20 percent requires a 50 percent increase in price, since 20/50 = 0.4. With the price of cigarettes currently $2, this would require an increase in the price to $3.33 a pack using the midpoint method (note that ($3.33 - $2)/$2.67 = .50).(2)The policy will have a larger effect five years from now than it does one year from now.The elasticity is larger in the long run, since it may take some time for people to reduce their cigarette usage. The habit of smoking is hard to break in the short run.(3)Since teenagers don't have as much income as adults, they are likely to have a higher price elasticity of demand. Also, adults are more likely to be addicted to cigarettes,making it more difficult to reduce their quantity demanded in response to a higher price.16.(20%) Suppose that a consumer buys two goods, with quantities x and y , and prices p x and p y respectively. And suppose her budget is m and preference is described by u = ln xy .(5)Find her demand for good x as a function of x ’s price, y’s price, and her income (m ).(6)Are x and y inferior good? Are x and y Giffen good? Why?(7)Can you find the existence of scarcity in this case? No matter what your answer is,let’s assume that there is no scarcity at all, should economics be developed? (Is it justified for economics to exist?)(8)Is rational behavior a basic rule dominating her choice? Why?Hints: marginal utility of x is 1/x and marginal utility of y is 1/y in this preference.The condition of the consumer’ maximizing utility is yy x x P MU P MU //=x MU x /1= and yMU y /1=So y x P y P x /)/1(/)/1(= (1)The condition of the consumer’ budget constraint is m yP xP y x =+ (2)According to (1) and (2):x P m x 2/=, yP m y 2/=So x and y are not inferior goods, of course they are not Giffen Goods too.You may choose ANY ONE of question 8-9 to answer.17.(20%) Based on market research, a film production company in Ecternia obtains the following information about the demand and production costs of its new DVD:Demand: P =1000 – 10 QCost: C = 100 Q+ 5 Q 2Where Q indicates the number of copies sold and P is the price in Ecternian dollars.(5)Find the price and quantity that maximizes the company’s profit.(6)Find the price and quantity that would maximize social welfare.(7)Calculate the deadweight loss from monopoly.(8)Suppose, in addition to the costs above, the director of the film has to be paid. The company is considering four options: A flat fee (固定费用) of 2000 Ecternian dollars;50% of the profits; 150 Ecternian dollars per unit sold; 50% of the revenue. For each option, calculate the profit-maximizing price and quantity. Which, if any, of these compensation schemes would alter the deadweight loss from monopoly? Explain.QQ Q Q Q P TR 100010)101000(2+-=*-=*=100020/+-==Q dQ dTR MR QdQ dTC MC 10100/+==The condition of Maximizing-Profit: MR=MCSo 30max =Q , 700max =P , 400max =MC When the market is perfectly competitive, the social welfare is maximized, then P=MC QQ 10100101000+=-So 45=optim Q , =perfect P 550The deadweight loss = 0.5*(45-30)*(700-400)=2250a) 200051002++=Q Q TC a , Q MC a 10100+=, 30max =a Q ,700max =a P , the deadweight loss is unchanged.b) The option is not change the condition of maximizing profit, so 30max =b Q , 700max =b P ,the deadweight loss is unchanged.c) Q Q Q TC c 15051002++=, Q MC c 10250+=, 25max =c Q , 750max =c P , the deadweightloss is changed.d) )100010(21510022Q Q Q Q TC d +-++=, 600=d MC , 20max =d Q , 800max =d P , the deadweight loss is changed.18.(20%) Show mathematically that imperfectly firms set price as the sum of marginal cost and a markup over this marginal cost. Also show that the markup is associated with elasticity of demand. Finally use this result to show that the markup disappears under perfect competition.Q dQ dP P dQ Q P d dQ dTR MR MC ∙+=*===)( Q dQ dP MC P ∙-=∴0<dQdP ξ+=∴MC P , 0)(>∙-=Q dQ dP ξQ P dP dQ e d ∙-= de P Q dQ dP =∙-∴d e PMC P +=∴de MCP 11+=∴When the market is perfect competition, the +∞=d e , and P=MC。
(2021年整理)微观经济学英文版名词解释超详细
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1微观经济学名词解释2Chapter 1 business cycle 经济周期fluctuations in economic activity， such as employment and productioneconomi cs经济学; 经济，国家的经济状况the study of how society manages its scarce缺乏的，罕见的 resourcesefficie ncy n。
功效; 效率，效能; 实力，能力; ［物］性能;the property of society getting the most it canfrom its scarce resources3Chapter 2circular-f low diagram a visual model of the economy that shows how dollars flow through markets among households 家庭；家庭，户and firmsmacroecono mics［,mækrəʊiːkə'n ɒmɪks；—ek—]the study of economy—wide phenomena, including inflation, unemployment， and economic growthmicroecono mics [,maɪkrəʊiːk ə'nɒmɪks the study of how households and firms make decisions and how they interact in marketsnormative ［’nɔːm ətɪv］标claims that attempt to prescribe定，规定; 指定,规定;美[prɪˈskraɪb]how the world shouldbe4准的statementspositive statements claims that attempt to describe the world as it isproductionpossibilit ies frontier ['frʌntɪə）a graph that shows the combinations of output that the economy can possibly produce given the available factors of production and the available production technologyChapter 3 absoluteadvantag e the ability to produce a good using fewer inputs than another producercomparat ive advantag the ability to produce a good at a lower opportunitycost than another producer5eexports goods produced domestically美［də'mestɪklɪ】合乎国内的and sold abroadimports goods produced abroad and sold domestically opportunity costwhatever must be given up to obtain some itemChapter4competitive market 完全竞争市场a market with many buyers and sellers['selə] trading identical同一的,完全相同的美［aɪˈdɛntɪkəl］ products so that each buyer and seller is a price takerComplements互补品［'kɑmpl two goods for which an increase in the price ofone leads to a decrease in the demand for the other6əmənt］demandcurve 需求曲线a graph of the relationship between the price of a good and the quantity demandeddemandschedule 需求表a table that shows the relationship between the price of a good and the quantity demandedEquilibrium［，ikw ɪ’lɪbr ɪəm］均衡a situation in which the market price has reached the level at which quantity supplied equals quantity demandedequilibrium price 均衡价格the price that balances quantity supplied and quantity demandedequilibr ium the quantity supplied and the quantity demandedat the equilibrium price7quantity inferior good劣质品[ɪn’f ɪərɪə] a good for which, other things equal, an increase in income leads to a decrease in demandlaw of demand 需求原理the claim that， other things equal, the quantity demanded of a good falls when the price of the good riseslaw of supply 供给原理the claim that， other things equal, the quantity supplied of a good rises when the price of the good riseslaw ofsupply and demand the claim that the price of any good adjusts tobring the quantity supplied and the quantitydemanded for that good into balance89market a group of buyers and sellers of a particular goodor servicenormal good普通商品a good for which ， other things equal ， an increasein income leads to an increase in demandquantitydemanded需求量the amount of a good that buyers are willing andable to purchasequantity supplied the amount of a good that sellers are willing and able to sellshortage a situation in which quantity demanded is greaterthan quantity suppliedsubstitu testwo goods for which an increase in the price of one leads to an increase in the demand for the othersupply curvea graph of the relationship between the price of a good and the quantity supplied10supply schedule a table that shows the relationship between the price of a good and the quantity supplied surplus ［'s ɜ:pl əs]a situation in which quantity supplied is greater than quantity demandedChapter5cross —priceelastic ity of demand 需求交叉弹性是需求交叉价a measure of how much the quantity demanded of one good responds to a change in the price of another good ， computed as the percentage change in quantity demanded of the first good divided by the percentage change in the price of the second goodelastic ity[，ilæ’st ɪsəti］n .弹性;弹力;灵活性；伸缩性;a measure of the responsiveness of quantitydemanded or quantity supplied to one of itsdeterminantsincomeelastic ity of demand 需求的收入弹性a measure of how much the quantity demanded of agood responds to a change in consumers' income，computed as the percentage change in quantitydemanded divided by the percentage change inincome11elastic ity of demand 需求价格弹性a measure of how much the quantity demanded of a good responds to a change in the price of that good, computed as the percentage change in quantity demanded divided by the percentage change in priceprice elasticity of supply 供给的价格弹性a measure of how much the quantity supplied of a good responds to a change in the price of that good，computed as the percentage change in quantity supplied divided by the percentage change in pricetotal revenue(in a market)总收入；总收益the amount paid by buyers and received by sellersof a good， computed as the price of the good timesthe quantity sold12Chapter 6priceceiling [’siːl ɪŋ］a legal maximum［’mæksɪməm] on the price at which a good can be soldprice floor a legal minimum on the price at which a good can be soldtax incidence［'ɪnsɪd （ə)ns ]the manner in which the burden of a tax is shared among participants in a marketChapter 7consumer [kəthe amount a buyer is willing to pay for a good minus［'maɪnəs] the amount the buyer actually pays for1314n'sju ːm ə] surplus ［'s ɜːpl əs ］消费者剩余 it costthe value of everything a seller must give up to produce a goodefficien cythe property of society getting the most it can from its scarce resourcesequality t he property of distributing economic prosperityuniformly among the members of societyproducer surplus the amount a seller is paid for a good minus the seller’s cost of providing it welfareeconomicsthe study of how the allocation 美[ˌæl əˈke ɪʃn]分配，配给 of resources affects economic well-beingwillingn the maximum amount that a buyer will pay for a goodess to pay 受益者负担Chapter 8Dead weightloss 无谓损失又为社会净损失the fall in total surplus过剩的；多余的[ˈsɜ：rpləs] that results from a market distortion变形; 失真[dɪˈstɔrʃən], such as a taxChapte r 9 tariffn .关税;关税a tax on goods produced abroad and solddomestically15价格表world price the price of a good that prevails in the world market for that goodChapter 10 Coasetheorem [’θɪərəm］科斯定理the proposition that if private parties can bargain without cost over the allocation of resources, they can solve the problem of externalities外在性 on their owncorrect ive tax 矫正税a tax designed to induce private decision makers to take account of the social costs that arise from a negative externalityexterna lity [，the uncompensated impact of one person’s actionson the well-being of a bystander16ː’næl ɪtɪ]n .外形；外在性；外部事物; (经济学名词）外部效应interna lizingthe externa lity 内化altering incentives［ɪn’sɛntɪv］ so that people take account of the external effects of their actionstransac tion ［træn the costs that parties incur in the process ofagreeing to and following through on a bargain17ən]交易costsChapter 11club goods goods that are excludable but not rival in consumptioncommonresource s goods that are rival in consumption but not excludable可排他的；包括在外的;co st–benefit analysis 成本效益分析a study that compares the costs and benefits tosociety of providing a public good18ility ［ɪks，kluːdə'bɪlət ɪ]排他性the property of a good whereby a person can be prevented from using itfree rider［释义]坐享其成，无本获利;a person who receives the benefit of a good but avoids paying for itprivate goods goods that are both excludable and rival in consumptionpublic goods goods that are neither excludable nor rival in consumptionrivalry in the property of a good whereby one person’s usediminishes other people’s use19ion消费竞争Tragedyof the Commons 公共地悲剧a parable寓言; 格言; that illustrates why common resources are used more than is desirable from the standpoint of society as a wholeChapter 12 ability -to-payprincip le [释义]负担能力原则，付税能力原the idea that taxes should be levied on a personaccording to how well that person can shoulder theburden20averagetax ratetotal taxes paid divided by total income benefits princip le the idea that people should pay taxes based on the benefits they receive from government servicesbudgetdeficit n.预算赤字；a shortfall亏空; 缺空 of tax revenue from government spendingbudgetsurplus预算结余an excess of tax revenue over government spending horizontal equity 纳税横向the idea that taxpayers with similar abilities topay taxes should pay the same amount2122lump —sum tax 总量税 a tax that is the same amount for every person margina l taxrate 边际税率the extra taxes paid on an additional dollar ofincome progres sive tax 累进税 a tax for which high —income taxpayers pay a larger fraction 分数; 一小部分 of their income than do low —income taxpayersproport ional tax 比例税率a tax for which high-income and low —income taxpayers pay the same fraction of income regress ive tax 累退税a tax for which high —income taxpayers pay a smaller fraction of their income than do low-income taxpayers23l equity纵向公平the idea that taxpayers with a greater ability topay taxes should pay larger amountsChapter13accounti ng profit total revenue minus total explicit 清楚的，明确的 cost average fixed cost fixed cost divided by the quantity of outputaverage total cost total cost divided by the quantity of output averagevariable costvariable cost divided by the quantity of output constant the property whereby long-run average total costreturnsto scalestays the same as the quantity of output changesdiminishingmarginal product 边际产量递减规律the property whereby the marginal product of an input declines as the quantity of the input increasesdiseconomies of scale 规模不经济the property whereby long—run average total cost rises as the quantity of output increaseseconomic profit total revenue minus total cost， including both explicit and implicit costseconomies of scale 规模经济the property whereby long-run average total cost falls as the quantity of output increasesefficien the quantity of output that minimizes average24t scale最小有效规模total costexplicit costs input costs that require an outlay of money by the firmfixedcosts固定成本costs that do not vary with the quantity of output producedimplicitcosts隐性成本input costs that do not require an outlay of money by the firmmarginalcost边际成本the increase in total cost that arises from an extra unit of productionmarginal product the increase in output that arises from an additional unit of inputproducti on the relationship between the quantity of inputsused to make a good and the quantity of output of25function that goodprofit total revenue minus total costtotal cost the market value of the inputs a firm uses in productiontotalrevenue （for firm）the amount a firm receives for the sale of its outputvariablecosts[释义］变动成本；costs that vary with the quantity of output producedChapter14averagerevenuetotal revenue divided by the quantity soldcompeti a market with many buyers and sellers trading26tive market identical products so that each buyer and seller is a price takermarginal revenue the change in total revenue from an additional unit soldsunkcost 沉没成本a cost that has already been committed and cannot be recoveredChapter 15 monopoly[mə'nɒp(ə)l ɪ］a firm that is the sole seller of a product without close substitutesnatural monopoly n。
09年微经期末考试
华南农业大年夜学期末检验试卷〔A卷〕2008-2009学年第一学期检验科目：微不雅观经济学检验典范：〔闭卷〕检验时间：120分钟学号姓名年级专业1.看不见的手一般指〔〕A、机遇本钞票B、政府C、利润D、价钞票2.经济学中的“稀缺性〞是指〔〕A世界上大年夜多数人生活在贫困中B、相关于资源的需求而言，资源总是短少的C用资源必需考虑下一代D、世界上的资源终将被人类消耗光3.假定x与y商品是互补品，x价钞票着落，将使y〔〕A、需求量增加B、需求增加C、需求量增加D、需求增加4.冰棒的需求价钞票弹性〔〕药品的需求价钞票弹性A、大年夜于B、小于C、等于D、大年夜于或等于5.以下命题中哪个是规范经济学的命题?()A.征税对中等收入家庭是不公正的B.1982年8月政府把贴现率落到10％C.1981年失业率逾越9％D.社会保险税的课税依照现已逾越30000美元6.假定破费者的预算收入为50美元，商品X跟Y的价钞票均为5美元，破费者方案置办6单位X跟4单位Y，商品X、Y的边缘成效分不为25跟20，那么，要抵达成效最大年夜化，他该当〔〕A、按原方案置办B、增加X跟Y的置办量C、增加X、Y的置办量D、增加X的同时增加Y的量7.破费者预算线发生平移时，连接破费者均衡点的曲线称为〔〕A、需求曲线；B、价钞票－破费曲线；C、收入－破费曲线；D、恩格尔曲线。
8.当某人面临一张彩票时，假定是，那么意味着那集团是属于以下哪一类人() A．风险躲避者B．风险喜爱者C．风险中破者D．都不是9.假定某厂商增加一单位苏息使用量可以增加三单位资源，而仍破费异常的产出量，那么MRTS LK为：〔〕A1/3B3 C-3D610.MC曲线抵达最低时〔〕AMP最大年夜BAVC最小CTC最大年夜DAC最小11.某厂商每年从企业的总收入中取出一局部作为自己所供给的破费要素的报酬,这局部资金被视为〔〕。
A、显本钞票；B、隐本钞票；C、司帐本钞票D、经济利润。
MICROECONOMICS1990微观经济试题.docx
C.ⅠandⅣonly
D.ⅡandⅢonly
E.ⅢandⅣonly
4. Suppose that a family buys all its clothing from a discount store and treats these items as
inferior goods. Under such circumstances, this family’s consumption of discount store clothing will necessarily
B. it uses more of the resource with the highest marginal product
C. each resource has just reached the point of diminishing marginal returns D. the marginal products of each resource are equal
C. remain unchanged when its income rises or falls due to events beyond the family’s contr D. decrease when a family member becomes unemployed
E. decrease when a family member experiences an increase in income
B. the firms in the industry do not operate at the minimum point on their long-run average cost curves
MICROECONOMICS1990(微观经济试题)
MICROECONOMICSSection ITime—60 minutes50 QuestionsDirections: Each of the questions or incomplete statements below is followed by five suggested answers or completions. Select the one that is best in each case and place the letter of your choice in the corresponding box on the student answer sheet.1. Problems faced by all economic systems include which of the following?I.How to allocate scarce resources among unlimited wantsII.How to decentralize marketsIII.How to decide what to produce, how to produce, and for whom to produceIV.How to set government production quotasA. ⅠonlyB. Ⅰand Ⅲ onlyC. Ⅱand Ⅲ onlyD. Ⅰ, Ⅱ, and Ⅲ onlyE. Ⅰ, Ⅱ, Ⅲ, and Ⅳ only2. Which of the following would necessarily cause a fall in the price of a product?A. An increase in population and a decrease in the price of an inputB. An increase in population and a decrease in the number of firms producing the productC. An increase in average income and an improvement in production technologyD. A decrease in the price of a substitute product and an improvement in production technologyE. A decrease in the price of a substitute product and an increase in the price of an input3. The market equilibrium price of home heating oil is $1.50 per gallon. If a price ceiling of $1.00 per gallon is imposed, which of the following will occur in the market for home heating oil?I.Quantity supplied will increase.II.Quantity demanded will increase.III.Quantity supplied will decrease.IV.Quantity demanded will decrease.A. ⅡonlyB. Ⅰand Ⅱ onlyC. Ⅰand Ⅳ onlyD. Ⅱ and Ⅲ onlyE. Ⅲ and Ⅳ only4. Suppose that a family buys all its clothing from a discount store and treats these items as inferior goods. Under such circumstances, this family’s consumption of discount store clothing will necessarilyA. increase when a family member wins the state lotteryB. increase when a family member gets a raise in pay at workC. remain unchanged when its income rises or falls due to events beyond the family’s controlD. decrease when a family member becomes unemployedE. decrease when a family member experiences an increase in income5. Which of the following describes what will happen to market price and quantity if firms in a perfectly competitive market form a cartel and act as a profit-maximizing monopoly?Price QuantityA. Decrease DecreaseB. Decrease IncreaseC. Increase IncreaseD. Increase DecreaseE. Increase No change6. Quantity Produced Total Cost0 $51 172 283 414 615 91Barney’s Bait Company can sell all the lures it produces at the market price of $14. On the basis of the cost information in the table above, how many lures should the bait company make?A. 1B. 2C. 3D. 4E. 57. A natural monopoly occurs in an industry ifA. economies of scale allow at most one firm of efficient size to exist in that marketB. a single firm has control over a scarce and essential resourceC. a single firm produces inputs for use by other firmsD. a single firm has the technology to produce the product sold in that marketE. above-normal profits persist in the industry8. The typical firm in a monopolistically competitive industry earns zero profit in long-run equilibrium becauseA. advertising costs make monopolistic competition a high-cost market structure rather than a low-cost market structureB. the firms in the industry do not operate at the minimum point on their long-run average cost curvesC. there are no restrictions on entering or exiting from the industryD. the firms in the industry are unable to engage in product differentiationE. there are close substitutes for each firm’s product9. Which of the following inevitably causes a shift in the market demand for workers with a certain skill?A. An increase in the demand for goods produced by these workersB. A decrease in tax rates on the income of these workersC. An increase in the equilibrium wages received by these workersD. An increase in the supply of these workersE. The creation of a federally subsidized program to train new workers10. If hiring an additional worker would increase a firm’s total cost by less than it would increase its total revenue, the firm shouldA. not hire the workerB. hire the workerC. hire the worker only if another worker leaves or is hiredD. hire the worker only if the worker can raise the firm’s productivityE. reduce the number of workers employed by the firm11. If a firm wants to produce a given amount of output at the lowest possible cost, it should use each resource in such a manner thatA. it uses more of the less expensive resourceB. it uses more of the resource with the highest marginal productC. each resource has just reached the point of diminishing marginal returnsD. the marginal products of each resource are equalE. the marginal products per dollar spent on each resource are equal12. In which of the following ways does the United States government currently intervene in the working of the market economy?I.It produces certain goods and services.II.It regulated the private sector to achieve a more efficient allocation of resources.III.It redistributes income through taxation and public expenditures.A. ⅠonlyB. Ⅱ onlyC. Ⅲ onlyD. Ⅱ and Ⅲ onlyE. Ⅰ, Ⅱ, and Ⅲ13. If it were possible to increase the output of military goods and simultaneously to increase the output of the private sector of an economy, which of the following statements about the economy and its current position relative to its production possibilities curve would be true?A. The economy is inefficient and inside the curve.B. The economy is inefficient and on the curve.C. The economy is efficient and on the curve.D. The economy is efficient and inside the curve.E. The economy is efficient and outside the curve.14. An effective price floor introduced in the market for rice will result in A. a decrease in the price of rice and an increase in the quantity of rice sold B. a decrease in the price of rice and a decrease in the quantity of rice sold C. a decrease in the price of rice and an excess demand for rice D. an increase in the price of rice and an excess supply of rice E. an increase in the price of rice and an excess demand for rice15. Marginal revenue is the change in revenue that results from a one-unit increase in the A. variable inputB. variable input priceC. output levelD. output priceE. fixed cost16. A leftward shift in the supply curve of corn would result from A. a decrease in the price of cornB. a decrease in the price of farm machineryC. an increase in the demand for corn breadD. an increase in the labor costs of producing cornE. an increase in consumers’ incomes17. The diagram above depicts costs and revenue curves for a firm. What are the firm’s profit-maximizing output and price? Output Price A. 0S 0D B. 0R 0EDemandMarginal Revenue Marginal CostAverage Total CostKJI HP Q R SG F E D C BANL MC. 0Q 0FD. 0Q 0BE. 0P 0G18. The government is considering imposing a 3 percent tax on either good A or good B. In order to generate the largest revenue, the tax should be imposed on the good for whichA. demand is perfectly elasticB. demand is perfectly inelasticC. demand is unit elasticD. supply is perfectly elasticE. supply is unit elastic19. Which of the following statements has to be true in a perfectly competitive market?A. A firm’s marginal revenue equals price.B. A firm’s average total cost is above price in the long run.C. A firm’s average fixed cost rises in the short run.D. A firm’s average variable cost is higher than price in the long run.E. Large firms have lower costs than small firms.20. Assume that an electric power company owns two plants and that, on a particular day, 10,000 kilowatts of electricity are demanded by the public. In order to minimize the total cost of providing the 10,000 kilowatts, the company should allocate production so thatA. marginal costs are the same for both plantsB. average total costs are the same for both plantsC. total variable costs are the same for both plantsD. the sum of total variable cost and total fixed cost is the same for both plantsE. only the plant with the lower average cost is used to produce the 10,000 kilowatts of electricity21. Suppose that the consumption of a certain product results in benefits to others besides the consumers of the product. Which of the following statements is most likely to be true?A. The demand for the product is price inelastic.B. A perfectly competitive industry will not produce the optimal quantity of the product.C. A perfectly competitive industry will not produce the product.D. Optimality requires that consumers of this product be taxed.E. Producers of this product earn an economic profit.Questions 22-23 are based on the table below, which lists the total output of work ers in Greta’s Jacket Shop.22. Which of the following is the marginal product of the fourth worker? A. 4 B. 5 C. 6 D. 28 E. 11223. Greta already employs 3 workers. If the price of jackets is $5 and the wage rate is $25, she shouldA. go out of business altogetherB. lay off the third workerC. keep the third worker but not employ more workersD. hire two more workersE. hire one more workers24. A city council is deciding what price to set for a t rip on the city’s commuter train line. If the council wants to maximize profits, it will set a price so that A. price equals marginal cost B. price equals average cost C. price equals marginal revenueD. marginal revenue equals marginal costE. marginal revenue equals average total cost25. The demand curve for cars is downward sloping because an increase in the price of cars leads toA. the increased use of other modes of transportationB. a fall in the expected future price of carsC. a decrease in the number of cars available for purchaseD. a rise in the prices of gasoline and other oil-based productsE. a change in consumers’ tastes in cars26. Which of the following best explains the shape of the production possibilities curve for the0 QUANTITY OF COMMODITY 2Q U A N T I T Y O F C O M M O D I T Y 1two-commodity economy shown above?A. The opportunity cost of procuring an additional unit of each commodity stays the same as production of the commodity expands.B. The opportunity cost of producing an additional unit of each commodity decreases as production of the commodity expands.C. The opportunity cost of producing an additional unit of each commodity increases as production of the commodity expands.D. The quantity demanded of each commodity decreases as consumption of the commodity increases.E. The quantity demanded of each commodity increases as the production of the commodity expands.27. In the long run, compared with a perfectly competitive firm, a monopolistically competitive firm with the same costs will haveA. a higher price and higher outputB. a higher price and lower outputC. a lower price and higher outputD. a lower price and lower outputE. the same price and lower output28. Assume that products X and Y are substitutes. If the cost of producing X decreases and the price of Y increases, which of the following will occur to the equilibrium price and quantity of X? Price of X Quantity of XA. Increase IncreaseB. Increase DecreaseC. Increase Increase or decreaseD. Increase or decrease IncreaseE. Decrease Decrease29. Suppose that an effective minimum wage is imposed in a certain labor market above the equilibrium wages. If labor supply in that market subsequently increases, which of the following will occur?A. Unemployment in that market will increase.B. Quantity of labor supplied will decrease.C. Quantity of labor demanded will increase.D. Market demand will increase.E. The market wage will increase.30. Imperfectly competitive firms may be allocatively inefficient because they produce at a level of output such thatA. average cost is at a minimumB. price equals marginal revenueC. marginal revenue is greater than marginal costD. price equals marginal costE. price is greater than marginal costQuestions 31-33 are based on the table below, which shows a firm’s total cost for different levels of output.31. Which of the following is the firm’s marginal cost of producing the fourth unit of output?A. $54.00B. $13.00C. $7.50D. $6.00E. $1.5032. Which of the following is the firm’s average total cost of producing 3 units of output?A. $48.00B. $16.00C. $14.00D. $13.00E. $7.0033. Which of the following is the firm’s average fixed cost of p roducing 2 units of output?A. $24.00B. $20.50C. $12.00D. $8.00E. $7.5034. In the short run, if the product price of a perfectly competitive firm is less than the minimum average variable cost, the firm willA. raise its priceB. increase its outputC. decrease its output slightly but increase its profit marginD. lose money by continuing to produce than by shutting downE. lose less by continuing to produce than by shutting down35. Which of the following statements is true of perfectly competitive firms in long-run equilibrium?A. Firm revenues will decrease if production is increased.B. Total firm revenues are at a maximum.C. Average fixed cost equals marginal cost.D. Average total cost s at a minimum.E. Average variable cost is greater than marginal cost.36. Assume that both input and product markets are competitive. If the product price rises, in the short run firms will increase production by increasingA. the stock of fixed capital until marginal revenue equals the product priceB. the stock of fixed capital until the average product of capital equals the price of capitalC. labor input until the marginal revenue product of labor equals the wage rateD. labor input until the marginal product of labor equals the wage rateE. labor input until the ratio of product price to the marginal product of labor equals the wage rate37. Half of the inhabitants of an island oppose building a new bridge to the mainland, since they say it will destroy the island’s qua int atmosphere. The economic concept that is most relevant to the decision of whether or not to build the bridge isA. externalitiesB. natural monopolyC. economic rentD. imperfect competitionE. perfect competition38. Which of the following best states the thesis of the law of comparative advantage?A. Differences in relative costs of production are the key to determining patterns of trade.B. Difference in absolute costs of production determine which goods should be traded between nations.C. Tariffs and quotas are beneficial in increasing international competitiveness.D. Nations should not specialize in the production of goods and services.E. Two nations will not trade if one is more efficient than the other in the production of all goods.39. A student who attends college would pay $10,000 annually for tuition, books, and fees. If the student’s next best alternative is to work and earn $15,000 a year, the opportunity cost of a year in college would be equal toA. zero, since the lost opportunity to earn income is offset by the opportunity to attend collegeB. $5,000, representing the difference between forgone income and college costsC. $10,000, since opportunity costs include only actual cash outlaysD. $15,000, representing forgone income, since the costs of tuition, books, and fees will be more than offset by additional income earned after graduationE. $25,000, representing the sum of tuition, books, fees and forgone income.40. If an increase in the price of good X causes a drop in demand for good Y, good Y isA. an inferior goodB. a luxury goodC. a necessary goodD. a substitute for good XE. a complement to good X41. An improvement in production technology for a certain good leads toA. an increase in demand for the goodB. an increase in the supply of the goodC. an increase in the price of the goodD. a shortage of the goodE. a surplus of the good42. A firm doubles all of its inputs and finds that it has more than doubled its output. This situation is an example ofA. increasing marginal returnsB. diminishing marginal returnsC. constant returns to scaleD. increasing returns to scaleE. decreasing returns to scale43. Reducing the tariff on Canadian beer sold in the United States will most likely have which of the following effects on the market for beer produced and sold in the United States?A. The quantity of United States beer purchased will increase.B. Total expenditure on United Stats beer will increase.C. The supply of United States beer will increase.D. The price of United States beer will decrease.E. More workers will be employed in the production of United States beer.44. Suppose that the license paid by each business to operate in a city increases from $400 per year to $500 per year. What effect will this increase hav e on a firm’s short-run costs? Marginal Cost Average Total Cost Average Variable CostA. Increase Increase IncreaseB. Increase Increase No effectC. No effect No effect No effectD. No effect Increase IncreaseE. No effect Increase No effect45. In a perfectly competitive market, an individual farmer intending to increase her revenue decides to increase the price of her crop by 20 percent. As a result her total revenue willA. decreaseB. stay the sameC. increase by less than 20 percentD. increase by 20 percentE. increase by more than 20 percent46. If the supply of a factor of production is fixed, which of the following will be true of its price?A. Supply is irrelevant to the determination of factor price.B. A positive factor price cannot be justified on economic grounds.C. Factor price will be determined by the demand for the fixed amount of the factor.D. Factor price will not be determined by supply and demand analysis.E. Factor price will be zero, since no payment is necessary to secure the services of the factor.47. Which of the following is true if a perfectly competitive industry is earning zero economic profits in the long run?A. The level of investment in long-run equilibrium is greater than the efficient level.B. Relatively few firms are able to survive the competitive pressures in the long run.C. Some firms will be forced to transfer their resources to more lucrative uses.D. The resources invested in this industry are earning at least as high a return as the would in any alternative use.E. Firms will exit until economic profits become positive.48. The figure above shows cost and revenue curves for public regulated power company and three possible prices for its output. Which of the following statements about those prices is most accurate?A. If P1 were approved, regulation would not be needed and the company would have every incentive to lower rates to P2B. P1 is inefficient; it is better to have several utilities serve the area than to approve P1C. P2 is ideal; it gives stockholders the maximum rate of return and protects consumers from exploitation.D. P3 would maximize consumer welfare; greater electric use at this low rate would guarantee stockholders a fair rate of return.E. P3 would maximize consumer welfare, but a public subsidy would be needed to keep company MarginalRevenue Average Total Cost Marginal Cost DemandQuantityPriceP 1P 2P 3in business.49. NOT SCORED*50. In a market economy, public goods such as community police protection are unlikely to be provided in sufficient quantity by the private sector becauseA. private firms are less efficient at producing public goods than is the governmentB. the use of public goods cannot be withheld from those who do not pay for themC. consumers lack information about the benefits of public goodsD. consumers do not value public goods highly enough for firms to produce them profitablyE. public goods are inherently too important to be left to private firms to produce* This question was not scored. Therefore, the maximum number of multiple-choice questions that candidates could answer correctly was 49.。
高校工商管理专业Macro经济学期末考试答疑习题解析
高校工商管理专业Macro经济学期末考试答疑习题解析宏观经济学作为管理专业的重要组成部分，对于学生在工商管理领域的学习和实践具有重要意义。
以下是针对高校工商管理专业宏观经济学期末考试中常见问题的解析和习题答疑，以便帮助同学们更好地复习和准备考试。
1. 宏观经济学的基本概念宏观经济学研究的是整个经济系统的总体运行规律和宏观经济变量之间的关系。
宏观经济学的基本概念包括国民生产总值（GDP）、通货膨胀率、失业率等。
请同学们解释这些概念，并举例说明。
国民生产总值（GDP）是一个国家在一定时期内所生产的全部最终产品和劳务的市场价值。
例如，一个国家在某一年内生产的所有商品和劳务的总价值为1000亿元，那么该国的GDP就是1000亿元。
通货膨胀率是指物价水平不断上涨的速度。
通常用百分数表示，计算公式为（当前年物价指数-上一年物价指数）/上一年物价指数。
例如，某国上一年的物价指数为100，今年的物价指数为110，那么该国的通货膨胀率为10%。
失业率是指劳动力市场上正在寻找工作但暂时找不到工作的人数在劳动力总数中所占的比例。
例如，某国劳动力总数为1000人，其中有100人正在寻找工作，那么该国的失业率为10%。
2. 宏观经济学中的经济增长模型经济增长模型是研究一个国家或地区经济长期增长规律的理论模型。
常见的经济增长模型包括新古典增长模型和内生增长模型。
请分别介绍这两种模型，并指出它们的主要区别。
新古典增长模型是指认为长期经济增长取决于资本积累和技术进步的模型。
该模型假设技术水平、储蓄率和劳动力增长率是恒定不变的，并通过投入产出方程来分析不同因素对经济增长的贡献。
新古典增长模型的核心公式是产出函数，即Y=AF(K, L)，其中Y表示产出，A表示全要素生产率，K表示实物资本存量，L表示劳动力。
该模型强调资本积累和技术进步对经济增长的作用。
内生增长模型是指将技术进步视为内生变量，并将其纳入模型中解释经济增长的模型。
内生增长模型认为技术进步是受到多种因素的影响，如投资、研发和教育等。
微观经济学课程期末考试卷子
《微观经济学(甲)》课程期末考试试卷开课学院：经济学院，考试形式：闭卷，允许带计算机入场一、单项选择题（本题共15小题，每小题1分，共15分。
在每一小题的四个备选答案中，选出一个正确的，并将其编号填写在题后的括号内）1．如果某人有10万元，在一定时期内用于炒股可获利3万元，或用于开店可获利2万元，或用于存银行可获利1万元。
如果该人选择了炒股并获利3万元，那么他选择炒股的机会成本是多少？………………………………………（）。
A、用于开店获利的2万元B、用于存银行获利的1万元C、用于开店获利的2万元和用于存银行获利的1万元D、不能确定2．大豆歉收导致大豆的价格上升，准确地说，在此过程中……………（）。
A、大豆供给的减少引起需求量下降B、大豆供给的减少引起需求下降C、大豆供给量的减少引起需求量下降D、大豆供给量的减少引起需求下降3. 当直线型需求曲线上的点沿着需求曲线向右下方移动时，需求价格弹性(指绝对值)将如何变化？………………………………………………………（）。
A、逐渐变大B、逐渐变小C、先逐渐变小后又逐渐变大D、先逐渐变大后又逐渐变小4．钻石比水的价格要昂贵得多是因为……………………………………（）。
A、钻石的边际效用大于水的边际效用B、钻石的总效用大于水的总效用C、钻石的需求大于水的需求D、钻石的产量小于水的产量5．如X和Y两种商品的交叉弹性系数是-4，则X和Y商品是…………（）。
A、替代品B、互补品C、正常商品D、低档商品6．当消费者的收入增加80%时，消费者对某商品的需求量增加了40%，则该商品很可能是…………………………………………………………………( )。
A、奢侈品B、必需品C、低档商品D、吉芬商品7．根据消费者均衡的条件，当Mux/Px < MUy/Py时，消费者应如何调整两种商品的购买量？………………………………………………………………（）。
A、增加X商品购买量，增加Y商品的购买量B、增加X商品购买量，减少Y商品的购买量C、减少X商品购买量，增加Y商品的购买量D、减少X商品购买量，减少Y商品的购买量8．完全垄断厂商的平均收益曲线为直线时，边际收益曲线也是直线。
大学微观经济学期末考试复习资料
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第三节 供求均衡及均衡价格、均衡产量 一、几个重要概念 1、均衡（Equilibrium）： （1）定义：经济中的相关变量相互作用、相互制约，最终达到相对静止的一种状
态 （2）实质：相对稳定的静止 不存在改变当前状态的内部因素 市场上供给和需求双方力量相互作用的结果 （3）具体：市场价格使得该商品供给量和需求量恰好相等的状态 即消费者正好买到该价格下愿意购买的商品数量，生产者也正好卖出 该价格下自己愿意售出的商品数量（市场出清）（Market Clearing） 2、均衡价格和均衡产量： （1）均衡价格：消费者对某种商品的需求量和生产者提供该种商品的供给量相等 时的价格（市场出清价格（Market-clearing Price）） 商品试产供给和需求双方力量相互作用达到均衡状态时，即市场 上供给量恰好等于需求量时的市场价格 （2）均衡产量：均衡价格下的交易量（即需求量或供给量）（Equilibrium Quantity） 均衡价格水平下市场供给量与市场需求量相等的供给量 （3）特点：通过市场供求关系的自发调节形成
《微观经济学》课程教学大纲
《微观经济学》课程教学大纲一、课程基本信息课程代码：16143103课程名称：西方经济学（微观部分）英文名称：Microeconomics课程类型：学科基础课学时：48学时学分：3学分适应对象：全院经济管理类各本科专业考核方式：考试先修课程：高等数学二、课程简介中文简介：（附内容结构图）微观经济学研究单个经济单位的活动规律。
具体地说，微观经济学研究单个消费者、单个生产者、单个市场的的经济行为，其对单个经济单位的考察，是在三个逐步深入的层次上进行：第一层次考察单个消费者、单个生产者的均衡；第二层次考察单个的市场均衡；第三层次考察所有单个市场均衡价格的决定。
正因为其分析涉及的变量都是经济个量，它才被称为微观经济学。
价格分析是微观经济学分析的核心，微观经济学也被称为价格理论。
本书关于价格理论的讲述是按以下层次展开：开篇简介西方经济学；第二章介绍价格的确定是由于供需两种因素均衡的结果，当然，作为必备知识，本章也介绍了供给、需求函数及相关曲线、供求的各种弹性；第三章介绍了决定商品价格的需求因素，需求曲线之所以向右下方倾斜，是由于效用最大化原则的要求；为说明供给曲线，第四章、第五章介绍了生产函数和成本函数，得到了一定产量时厂商成本最小化的条件和长短期成本曲线。
通过第六章的学习，可以得到完全竞争的市场条件下，厂商的商品供给曲线即是其边际成本线（高于平均可变成本最低点以上部分）。
第七章介绍了三种不完全竞争市场条件下都不存在规律的供给曲线。
至此，商品的供求及价格决定的内容已完整。
第八章、第九章介绍了要素的供求，从而确定了要素均衡时的价格。
第十章将单个市场均衡推广到多个市场，并讨论了生产和交换的最优条件；第十一章则从价格失灵的角度讨论其失灵原因及相应的对策。
英文简介：The conomics behaviors of single unit are studies in the subject of Microeconomics.In details,a cosumer、a poductor or a market is studied.Three contends are included in the book.The first one describes the conomics equilibrium behaviors of single cosumer andsingle cosumer;the second part explains how some market turning equilibrium;the equilibrium price and quantity of all markets was discussed in the third one.Because single unit is discussed,the subject was called as Microeconomics.The price analyses is the core of Microeconomics.What is Economics is introduced in the first chaptes;how the price deing decided is explained in the second chapter;demanding is described in the third;how to get supply curve is the main contend from the fourthchapter to the seventh one.The discussion about the factors demand and supply was introduced.The contend of the tenth chapter is market equilibrium and the production optimization and exchange optimization;Externalities、public goods、asymmetric information and Microeconomics policy are discussed in the eleventh.微观经济学内容结构图第一章：引论第四章：生产论第三章：效用论第二章：需求曲线和供给曲线概述以及有关的基本概念第十章：一般均衡论和福利经济学第九章：生产要素价格决定的供给方面第五章：成本论第六章：完全竞争市场第七章：不完全竞争市场第八章：生产要素价格决定的需求方面第十一章：市场失灵和微观经济政策在本课程体系中的功能章次及内容简介“西方经济学”范畴价格的形成机制——供求均衡的结果商品需求曲线的形成：消费者效用最大化的结果完全竞争时商品供给曲线的形成：生产者利润最大化的结果生产函数成本函数利润最大化条件不完全竞争条件下无有规律的商品供给曲线商品价格的形成：供求均衡生产要素的需求因素：边际要素收益=边际要素成本生产要素的供给因素：要素自用效用=要素供给效用所有市场的均衡价要素价格的形成：供求均衡价格失灵，不能起资源调配作用，采用相关经济政策生产和交换的最优条件实证经济学规范经济学三、课程性质与教学目的课程性质：作为西方经济学的组成部分,微观经济学是对西方发达资本主义国家二百多年市场经济发展中的单个经济单位活动规律的一般抽象和概括。
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Microeconomics Test 2009姓名：学号：小组：学院： Multiple Choice (3 points per each. In total 30 points)1.The most fundamental economic problem isa.Security.b.Scarcity.c.Health.d.the deficit.2.To an economist, the term cost meansa.Accounting cost.b.Opportunity cost.c.Monetary cost.d.External cost.3.Microeconomic topics do not usually includea.Inflation.b.technological change.c.wages and production costs.d.the impact of regulating markets.4.Which of the following is an example of a positive statement?ernment should not redistribute income.b.Business firms ought to contribute more to charities.c.Households are the primary source of saving.d.The foreign sector should be more tightly controlled.5.The author of the Wealth of Nation isa.James Madison.b.Adam Smith.c.Thomas Paine.d.David Ricardo.6.Production points on the PPF itself area.efficient but not attainable.b.efficient and attainable.c.inefficient but not attainable.d.inefficient but attainable.7.The law of demand implies that demand curvesa.slope down.b.slope up.c.Shift up whenever the price rises.d.Shift down whenever the price rises.8. A price below the equilibrium price results ina. A shortage.b. A surplus.c.Excess supply.d. A further price fall.9. a demand curve that has a price elasticity ofa.0 will be vertical.b.0 will be horizontal.c. 1 will be vertical.d. 1 will be horizontal.10．The income elasticity of demand is high fora. food.b. clothing.c. shelter.d. luxuries.●Short Answer Problems (15 points per each. 30 points in total)1.You are the manager of a local restaurant. You notice that when you lower theprice of your meals, your total revenue rises. What conclusion can you draw about the demand for your restaurant’s meals?2.You have been placed in charge of combating illegal drug use in the United States.You must decide between two policies: imprison users of illegal drugs or imprison sellers of drugs. (You can not do both; there isn’t space in the jails.) What effect do you expect the policy to have on the price and quantity of illegal drugs?●Case Analysis (40 points)PRICING ASMISSION TO A MUSEUMYou are curator of a major art museum .Your director of finance tells you that the museum is running short of funds and suggests that you consider changing the price of admission to increase total revenue .What do you do ?Do you raise the price of admission ,or do you lower it?1. B b a c b b a a a d2.The demand for your restaurant’s meals is elastic. Why?When the demand is elastic, a fall in price raises totalrevenue, which is precisely what you have observed.3.(1) Imposing sanctions on consumers shifts the demand curvefor illegal drugs leftward. That lowers the price and creases thequantity of illegal drugs consumed.(2) if sellers are penalized, the supply curve shifts leftward. Inthis case, the price of illegal drugs rises and the quantityconsumed decreases.(3) The answers illustrate that the price of illegal drugs alonecannot be used to judge the success of a policy against drugs. Forinstance, if the price rises when sanctions are imposed againstsellers the policy is effective. However, if the price rises whensanctions are imposed against users, the policy is failing.4. The answer depends on the elasticity of demand. If the demand for visits to the museum is inelastic, then an increase in the price of admission would increase total revenue .But if the demand is elastic ,then an increase in price would decrease .In this case, you should cut the price .The number of visitors would rise by so much that total revenue would increase.To estimate the price elasticity of demand, you would need to turn toyour statisticians. They might use historical data to study how museum attendance varied form year to year as the admission price changed .Or they might use data on attendance at the various museums around the country to see how the admission price affects attendance .In studying either of these sets of data, the statisticians would need to take account of other factors that affect attendance-weather, population, size of collection, and so forth-to isolate the effect of price. In the end, such data analysis would provide an estimate of the price elasticity of demand, which you could use in deciding how to respond to your financial problem.。