抑郁症英文介绍

Depression----The Mental Illness what is depression

Depression is a mental health disorder , a psychiatric condition，characterized by sadness ,loss of interest or pleasure, feelings of guilt or low self-worth ,disturbed sleep or appetite ,feelings of tiredness , and poor concentration.

Specifically,it is a mood disorder characterized by persistently low mood in which there is a feeling of sadness and lost of interest.

Depression is different from the fluctuations in mood that we all experience as a part of a normal and healthy life. Temporary emotional responses to the challenges of everyday life do not constitute depression.

According to the US Centers for Disease Prevention and Control (CDC),8% of people over the age of 12 years has depression in any two-week period.

The World Health Organization (WTO)puts depression at the top of the list -it is the most common illness worldwide and the leading cease of disability.The organization estimates that 350 million people around the world are affected by depression. Major Depressive disorder

Major depressive disorder(MDD), also known simply as depression, is a mental disorder characterized by at least two weeks of low mood that is present across most situations. It is often accompanied by low self-esteem, loss of interest in normally enjoyable activities, low energy, and pain without a clear cause.People may also occasionally have false beliefs or see or hear things that others cannot.Some people have periods of depression separated by years in which they are normal while others nearly always have symptoms present. Major depressive disorder can negatively affects a person's family, work or school life, sleeping or eating habits, and general health. Between 2-7% of adults with major depression die by suicide, and up to 60% of people who die by suicide had depression or another mood disorder.

The cause is believed to be a combination of genetic, environmental, and psychological factors. Risk factors include a family history of the condition, major life changes, certain medications, chronic health problems, and substance abuse.About

40% of the risk appears to be related to genetics .The diagnosis of major depressive disorder is based on the person's reported experiences and a mental status examination. There is no laboratory test for major depression. Testing, however, may be done to rule out physical conditions that can cause similar symptoms.Major depression should be differentiated from sadness which is a normal part of life and is less severe.The United States Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF) recommends screening for depression among those over the age 12, while a prior Cochrane review found insufficient evidence for screening.

Typically, people are treated with counselling and antidepressant medication.Medication appears to be effective, but the effect may only be significant in the most severely depressed. It is unclear whether medications affect the risk of suicide. Types of counselling used include cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) and interpersonal therapy. If other measures are not effective electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) may be tried. Hospitalization may be necessary in cases with a risk of harm to self and may occasionally occur against a person's wishes.

Major depressive disorder affected approximately 253million (3.6%) of people in 2013. The percentage of people who are affected at one point in their life varies from 7% in Japan to 21% in France. Lifetime rates are higher in the developed world (15%) compared to the developing world (11%).It causes the second most years lived with disability after low back pain. The most common time of onset is in a person in their 20s and 30s. Females are affected about twice as often as males. The American Psychiatric Association added "major depressive disorder" to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-III) in 1980. It was a split of the previous depressive neurosis in the DSM-II which also encompassed the conditions now known as dysthymia and adjustment disorder with depressed mood. Those currently or previously affected may be stigmatized.

What are the signs and symptoms of depression? depression may be triggered by stressful life events, other illnesses, certain drugs or medications, or inherited traits. although causes of depression are not entirely

understood, we know it is linked to an imbalance in brain chemistry. once the imbalance is corrected, symptoms of depression generally improve

People with depressive illnesses do not all experience the same symptoms. The severity, frequency and duration of symptoms will vary depending on the individual and his or her particular illness.

Symptoms include:

Persistent sad, anxious or "empty" feelings

Feelings of hopelessness and/or pessimism

Feelings of guilt, worthlessness and/or helplessness

Irritability, restlessness

Loss of interest in activities or hobbies once pleasurable, including sex

Fatigue and decreased energy

Difficulty concentrating, remembering details and making decisions

Insomnia, early–morning wakefulness, or excessive sleeping

Overeating, or appetite loss

Thoughts of suicide, suicide attempts

Persistent aches or pains, headaches, cramps or digestive problems that do not ease even with treatment

All of these symptoms can interfere with your quality of life. Even if you don’t have major depression , if you have experience a few of these symptoms for at least two weeks you may have less severe form of depression that still requires treatment.

the symptoms of slight and major depression

Depression is a medical condition in which a person feels very sad and anxious and often has physical symptoms.Slight depression could be a portion of major depression, so the criteria for this disease are important to consider and examine for people with the problem. If the depression is only minor, it will not have all of the components of major depression and therefore would be treated differently from the more serious version of the disease.The most common diagnostic criteria are

encapsulated in the mnemonic device SIGECAPS. They are in the order of the letters, Sleep problems, lack of Interest, Guilty feelings, lack of Energy, problems with Concentration, Appetite and weight disturbances, Psychomotor retardation, and Suicidal thoughts or actions. If a person has five or six items in this criteria it is very likely that they have major depression and they should be treated for it. If they only have one or two of them they might have a less serious version of the disease, but it still may require treatment. The only difference is that it could be more minor. By asking about these different symptoms, people perform a basic diagnosis test to evaluate themselves or their patients.

The symptoms of serious to slight depression may be very debilitating to a patient and identification of the problem is the first step to a full recovery. The condition of depressive disorders is prevalent through all walks of life and it is expected that the majority of persons will experience symptoms of depression at least once in the course of their life. However, since most people experience these symptoms at some point, extended research has been done to determine the best way to treat these specific conditions and many solutions are available to sufferers.

To the tissues, which raises the carbon dioxide level, causing general Depression. Associated conditions

Major depression frequently co-occurs with other psychiatric problems. The 1990–92 National Comorbidity Survey (US) reports that half of those with major depression also have lifetime anxiety and its associated disorders such as generalized anxiety disorder. Anxiety symptoms can have a major impact on the course of a depressive illness, with delayed recovery, increased risk of relapse, greater disability and increased suicide attempts.American neuroendocrinologist Robert Sapolsky similarly argues that the relationship between stress, anxiety, and depression could be measured and demonstrated biologically.There are increased rates of alcohol and drug abuse and particularly dependence, and around a third of individuals diagnosed with ADHD develop comorbid depression. Post-traumatic stress disorder and depression often co-occur.Depression may also coexist with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder

(ADHD), complicating the diagnosis and treatment of both.

Depression and pain often co-occur. One or more pain symptoms are present in 65% of depressed patients, and anywhere from 5 to 85% of patients with pain will be suffering from depression, depending on the setting; there is a lower prevalence in general practice, and higher in specialty clinics. The diagnosis of depression is often delayed or missed, and the outcome worsens. The outcome can also worsen if the depression is noticed but completely misunderstood.

Depression is also associated with a 1.5- to 2-fold increased risk of cardiovascular disease, independent of other known risk factors, and is itself linked directly or indirectly to risk factors such as smoking and obesity. People with major depression are less likely to follow medical recommendations for treating and preventing cardiovascular disorders, which further increases their risk of medical complications. In addition, cardiologists may not recognize underlying depression that complicates a cardiovascular problem under their care.

Management

The three most common treatments for depression are psychotherapy, medication, and electroconvulsive therapy. Psychotherapy is the treatment of choice (over medication) for people under 18. The UK National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE) 2004 guidelines indicate that antidepressants should not be used for the initial treatment of mild depression, because the risk-benefit ratio is poor. The guidelines recommend that antidepressants treatment in combination with psychosocial interventions should be considered for:

People with a history of moderate or severe depression

Those with mild depression that has been present for a long period

As a second line treatment for mild depression that persists after other interventions As a first line treatment for moderate or severe depression

Lifestyle

Physical exercise is recommended for management of mild depression, and has a

moderate effect on symptoms. Exercise has also been found to be effective for (unipolar) major depression. It is equivalent to the use of medications or psychological therapies in most people. In the older people it does appear to decrease depression.Exercise may be recommended to people who are willing, motivated, and physically healthy enough to participate in an exercise program as treatment.

There is a small amount of evidence that skipping a night's sleep may improve depressive symptoms, with the effects usually showing up within a day. This effect is usually temporary. Besides sleepiness, this method can cause a side effect of mania or hypomania.

In observational studies smoking cessation has benefits in depression as large as or larger than those of medications

Range

Major depressive disorder affects approximately 253 million people in 2013 (3.6% of the global population).The percentage of people who are affected at one point in their life varies from 7% in Japan to 21% in France.In most countries the number of people who have depression during their lives falls within an 8–18% range. In North America, the probability of having a major depressive episode within a year-long period is 3–5% for males and 8–10% for females.Major depression to be about twice as common in women as in men, although it is unclear why this is so, and whether factors unaccounted for are contributing to this. The relative increase in occurrence is related to pubertal development rather than chronological age, reaches adult ratios between the ages of 15 and 18, and appears associated with psychosocial more than hormonal factors. Depression is a major cause of disability worldwide. People are most likely to develop their first depressive episode between the ages of 30 and 40, and there is a second, smaller peak of incidence between ages 50 and 60.The risk of major depression is increased with neurological conditions such as stroke, Parkinson's disease, or multiple sclerosis, and during the first year after childbirth.It is also more common after cardiovascular illnesses, and is related more to a poor outcome than to a better one.Studies conflict on the prevalence of depression in the

elderly, but most data suggest there is a reduction in this age group. Depressive disorders are more common to observe in urban than in rural population and the prevalence is in groups with stronger socioeconomic factors i.e. homelessness.