经典演讲之二十七——论美国学者【美国】爱默生

经典演讲之二十七——论美国学者【美国】爱默生
经典演讲之二十七——论美国学者【美国】爱默生

论美国学者

(1837年8月)

【美国】爱默生

拉尔夫·华尔多·爱默生(1803-1882),美国散文家、诗人、演说家。

《论美国学者》是他于1837年在马萨诸塞州剑桥城美国大学生联谊会上所作的演讲,曾被誉为“美国思想界的独立宣言”。

会长先生,各位先生:

在我们的文学年再度来临之际,我向你们表示祝贺。迄今我们的周年纪念日只是一个对文学的喜爱没有完全消失的一种友善的标志。如果这种情况应当或者需要改变,现在也许是时候了。我们依赖他人的日子,我们向其他国家学习的漫长学徒期即将结束。我们周围的千百万人正奋发直前,决不能永远用外国的残羹剩肴来喂养他们。这里新的事件和活动不断涌现,它们应当得到歌颂,它们要歌唱自己,谁能怀疑诗歌将会复兴,并成为一个新时代的主角呢。正像天文学家所预言的那样,目前正在天顶闪耀的天琴座的主星终有一天会成为未来某一个一千年的北极星。

本着这种希望,我接受了“论美国学者”这个题目,这不仅是惯例,而且我们的协会的性质似乎也规定要用它来作为今天的讲题。

有一个来源于太古朝代的寓言,说众神在创造世界时把“人”分成许多人,使他能够有更多的帮手,就像把一只手分成几个手指那样。

这个古老的寓言蕴含着一种永远新鲜和深刻的教育意义:一个完整的人提供给所有个别的人只是他的一部分或者他的某一种才能;因此,你要发现整个的人,就必须理解整个社会。一个完整的人不是一个农夫,一个教授或一个工程师,而是所有从事各种职业的人。一个完整的人既是教士,又是学者,又是政治家,又是生产者,又是士兵。

就这样,人变成一件事物,变成许多事物。种植者是被派到田野去收集食物的“人”,但他很少由于这种真正庄严的使命而感到高兴,他除了只看到他收集到的谷物和运谷物的货车之外,什么都看不到。于是他沦落为一个农夫。而不是在农场上的“人”。手工艺工人很少认为他的工具具有一种理想的价值,他只是被他的工艺的程式化运作所驱使,他的灵魂也被金钱所征服。教士变成一种仪式;律师变成一本法律全书;机械变成一台机器;水手变成一艘船的缆绳。

在各种职务的分配中,学者是智力的代表。在正确的状态时,他是用心深思的人;在退化的状态时,当他成为社会的牺牲品时,他常常变成一个单纯的思想者,甚至更糟的是,变成一只复述别人见解的鹦鹉。

大自然对于学者的心灵起着最早和最重要的影响。每天有太阳,太阳落山后有夜晚和星星。风总是吹,草总在长。学者是所有的人中最被这种现象强烈吸引的人。在他看来,大自然这种由上帝缔造的巨网的不可思议的连续性无始无终,不断周而复始。这种现象同他自己的心灵十分相似,他永远不能找到心灵的开始和终结。

对于处在苍穹下的学生来说,他和大自然来自同一个根源;一个是叶,一个是花;一个是图章,一个是印出来的文字。大自然之美就是人本身的心灵之美,大自然的规律就是人自身心灵的规律,因此大自然就成为衡量他的成就的准绳。他对大自然了解得不够的程度,也就是他对自身心灵掌握得不够的程度。

影响学者精神的第二种要素是“过去”的心灵。书籍就是这种过去的影响的最好典型。

最早时期的学者是从周围世界获得知识。他因此陷入沉思,并在心中把这一切作了重新安排,接着再把它们叙述出来。进入学者头脑的是现实生活,从学者头脑产生的却是真理;进入演进头脑的是各种短暂的行动,从学者头脑产生出来的却是不朽的思想;进入学者头脑的是枯燥无味的事务,从学者头脑产生出来的却是诗篇。原来是死的事实,现在竟变成了活的思想。

但是任何事物都不是十全十美的。任何作家都不可能在自己的作品中完全排除老一套的、局限性的、缺乏生命力的东西,他也不可能写出一本在各方面像适用于当代人那样地适用于遥远的后代的、纯粹的思想的书来。这说明,每一个时代都必须写出自己的书,确切者说,每一代人都要为下一代写书。

不过,由此却产生一种严重的弊端。创作行动(思想行动)的神圣性质转移到了它的记录上。咏诵的诗人被认为是有神性的人,从此他的诗也变成神圣的人了。作家有一颗正义和智慧的心,因此,他写的书也被认为是完美无缺的的了。这就好比对英雄的敬爱变了质,异化成对他的雕像的崇拜那样。于是一下了这本书变成了误人的书,起指导作用的人变成了独裁的暴君。温驯的青年人在图书馆里长大,认为接受西塞罗、洛克、培根的观点是自己的责任,却忘了西塞罗、洛克、和培根写这些书时不过是在图书馆里的青年人。

因此,我们拥有的不是用心深思的人,而是书呆子,并由此形成了死读书的阶层,他们重视书籍本身,却不知道书籍是同自然界和人类在本质上相关的。

如果书籍被正确地使用,它们就是最好的东西。如果被错误地应用,它们就会变成最坏的东西之一。怎样才是正确的使用呢?什么是一切方法都想达到的共同的目的呢?我宁可从来没有看过一本书,也比被书的吸引力扭曲,完全脱离自己的轨道,从原来的独立体系变成书的一颗卫星来得好。世界上第一有价值的事物是积极活动的灵魂,这是人人都有权拥有的,是人人体内都含有的,尽管在几乎所有的人的内心都受到阻碍,因而还没有生长出来。积极活动的灵魂能够看见绝对的真理,能够说出真理,创造真理。要是能够这样做,他就是天才。天才不是某个天之骄子的特权,而是人人都拥有的可靠的产业。但无论一个人的天分有多高,如果他不创造,上帝的恩赐也无济于事,他也许会产生余烬和烟,但是决不会发出光焰。

毫无疑问,有一种正确的读书方法,它使书本严格地接受人的支配。用心深思的人决不能受制于他的工具。

当然,有一部分书是聪明人必不可少的读物。历史和精密科学是他必须通过艰苦的攻读才能掌握的学科。同样,大学也有它的必不可少的任务——教授基本原理。但是只有当它的目的不是照搬,而是创造时,只有当他不辞遥远,把各种天才的每一道奇光异彩都收集到自己的殷勤的课堂上来,并且用这种浓缩精炼的火焰点亮青年的心坎时,它才会最好地为我们服务。

对于学者来说,行动是次要的,但也是必不可少的。没有行动,他就不能已成为一个人。没有行动,思想永远不会成熟,化为真理。苦工,灾难,激愤和贫困都是培养我们的口才和智慧的教师。真正的学者决不愿放过每一个行动的机会。当然,如果学者把他的全部力量都花在合适的行动上,那就会得到智慧的最丰富的报酬。

我刚才已经谈了大自然、书籍和行动对学者的教育。下面要谈一点他的职责。

作为用心深思的学者,其职责也许全都包含在自我依赖里。他们的任务是透过现象、揭示事实,从而鼓励、唤艳情和引导人们。他努力从事着耗时费事的、不受人尊敬的、没有报酬的观察工作。他必须摒弃自我炫耀的一举成名。由于他的准备工作需要漫长的时间,他必然常常会暴露出对浒艺术的不了解和无能为力,因而遭到这方面的能人的轻视和排挤。更糟的是,他必须忍受贫穷和孤独。他似乎同社会,尤其是同受过教育的阶层成了对立面。有什

么可以补偿这一切损失和所受到的藐视呢?他可以在执行人类本性的最高职能方面找到安慰。他是这样一个人,他使自己摆脱了个人的考虑,把公众的、杰出的思想作为自己呼吸和生活的源泉。他是世界的眼睛,他是世界的心脏。他必须保存和传播英勇的情操、高尚的传记、音节铿锵的诗篇和历史的结论,并以此来抵抗那种庸俗低劣的,每况愈下地退化到野蛮状态的繁荣现象。

这些既然是他的职责,他就应当完全相信自己,决不能屈从于世俗的舆论和风尚。他必须沉默、坚定和完全置身于事外,从而坚持自己的观;他要不断地进行观察,耐心忍受人们的忽视,忍受人们的责难,并且等待自己的时机——只要他能够自己感到满足,认为他在这一天确实看到了某些东西,那他就相当快乐了。

一切美德都包含在自我依赖之中。学者应该是自由的——自由和勇敢的。即使在给自由下定义时,学者也应该是自由的。勇敢,正是学者本身的职责要求把恐惧丢在脑后,恐惧永远来源于愚昧无知。

也许我对学者的抽象概念的详细论述使人厌烦了。我不该再拖延我还要说的话——论述与当代和我们国家的密切关系。

我高兴地发现即将来临的岁月所显示的吉祥征兆。这此征兆已经通过诗我艺术、哲学和科学、教会和国家在闪烁光芒了。

这些征兆之一是:那种曾使所谓“最低阶层”的地位得到提高的运动,现在也在文艺中以一种非常显著的、温和的形式表现出来。人们发掘和歌颂的不是那些崇高、瑰丽的事件,而是贴近身边的、低贱的、平凡的琐事。穷人的文艺,儿童的感情,街头的哲学。家庭生活的意义成了时代的主题。人们惊奇地发现,近的事物的美丽和奇妙毫不逊色于远的事物,近的可以解释远的。一滴水就是一个小海洋,一个是和整个自然界相关连的。

我们时代的另一个征兆是个人被赋予新的重要性。每一个人都感到这世界是属于他的,每一个人对待另一个人就像一个主权国家对待另一个主权国家那样。学者是这样一个人,他必须把现代的一切才能,过去的一切贡献,未来的一切希望都集中到自己身上。他必须是百科知识的综合。如果有一个更为重要的教训是学者应该认真聆听的,那就是:这世界是微不足道的,人是一切;整个自然界的规律都在你心中,你要去了解一切,你要敢于承担一切。

会长先生,先生们,公众和个人的贪得无厌已使我们呼吸的空气变得粘稠和浊腻,而我们的学者却是文质彬彬、行动懒散、温良恭驯。人们已经可以看到这种悲惨的结果。我国的心灵阶层受到的教育是用低级的目标作为自己的方向,其结果是自己腐蚀自己。除了循规蹈矩的和温良恭驯的人,没有谁能找到工作。在我国国土上开始生活的最有希望的年轻人,被山风吹得洋洋得意,被上帝的幸运之星照得闪闪发光,但他们却发现自己脚下的大地和这一切美好的景象完全不相一致。相反,他们的行动受到商业经营原则鼓吹的令人作呕的风气的束缚,结果不是沦为苦工,就是在令人作呕的氛围中消亡,有些人甚至自绝于人世。他们还没有明白:千千万万满怀希望的、聚集在种种障碍前渴望成功的青年人也还没有明白:一个人只要不屈不挠地发挥自己的才能,始终坚持下去,那广大的世界就会向你让步。忍耐啊忍耐,你有一切善良、伟大的人们的保护和作伴,你有自己的无限广阔的生活远景作为安慰和鼓励,你的工作是研究和传播原理,是普及这些才能,是改变这个世界。弟兄们,朋友们,我们要用自己的双脚走路,我们要用自己的双手工作,我们要发表自己的看法。一个真正的人的国家将空前第一次存在于世,这是因为每一个人相信,上帝的圣灵已给自己灌输了灵感,也给所有的人灌输了灵感。

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Anna Howard Shaw: The Fundamental Principle of a Republic delivered 1915, New York State Referendum, Albany, New York When I came into your hall tonight, I thought of the last time I was in your city. Twenty-one years ago I came here with Susan B. Anthony, and we came for exactly the same purpose as that for which we are here tonight. Boys have been born since that time and have become voters, and the women are still trying to persuade American men to believe in the fundamental principles of democracy, and I never quite feel as if it was a fair field to argue this question with men, because in doing it you have to assume that a man who professes to believe in a Republican form of government does not believe in a Republican form of government, for the only thing that woman's enfranchisement means at all is that a government which claims to be a Republic should be a Republic, and not an aristocracy. The difficulty with discussing this question with those who oppose us is that they make any number of arguments but none of them have anything to do with Woman's Suffrage; they always have something to do with something else, therefore the arguments which we have to make rarely ever have anything to do with the subject, because we have to answer our opponents who always escape the subject as far as possible in order to have any sort of reason in connection with what they say. Now one of two things is true: either a Republic is a desirable form of government, or else it is not. If it is, then we should have it, if it is not then we ought not to pretend that we have it. We ought at least be true to our ideals, and the men of New York have for the first time in their lives, the rare opportunity on the second day of next November, of making the state truly a part of the Republic. It is the greatest opportunity which has ever come to the men of the state. They have never had so serious a problem to solve before, they will never have a more serious problem to solve in any future of our nation's life, and the thing that disturbs me more than anything else in connection with it is that so few people realize what a profound problem they have to solve on November 2. It is not merely a trifling matter; it is not a little thing that does not concern the state, it is the most vital problem we could have, and any man who goes to the polls on the second day of next November without thoroughly informing himself in regard to this subject is unworthy to be a citizen of this state, and unfit to cast a ballot. If woman's suffrage is wrong, it is a great wrong; if it is right, it is a profound and fundamental principle, and we all know, if we know what a Republic is, that it is the fundamental principle upon which a Republic must rise. Let us see where we are as a people; how we act here and what we think we are. The difficulty with the men of this country is that they are so consistent in their inconsistency that they are not aware of having been inconsistent; because their consistency has been so continuous and their inconsistency so consecutive that it has never been broken, from the beginning of our Nation's life to the present time. If we trace our history back we will find that from the very dawn of our existence as a people, men have

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