语言学导论考试题型
语言导论试题及答案高中
语言导论试题及答案高中一、选择题（每题2分，共20分）1. 语言的基本功能是（）A. 交流思想B. 表达情感C. 传递信息D. 以上都是答案：D2. 语言的最小意义单位是（）A. 音素B. 词C. 语素D. 句子答案：C3. 以下哪个选项不是语言的属性？（）A. 任意性B. 创造性C. 规律性D. 可预测性答案：D4. 语言的语音系统指的是（）A. 音位B. 音节C. 音标D. 音素答案：A5. 语言的词汇系统包括（）A. 词B. 短语C. 句子D. 以上都是答案：D6. 语言的语法系统主要研究（）A. 语音B. 词汇C. 句法D. 语义答案：C7. 语言的语义系统研究的是（）A. 词义B. 句义C. 语篇意义D. 以上都是答案：D8. 语言的语用系统关注的是（）A. 语境B. 交际目的C. 交际效果D. 以上都是答案：D9. 语言的交际功能包括（）A. 信息传递B. 情感表达C. 社会互动D. 以上都是答案：D10. 语言的演变主要受哪些因素的影响？（）A. 社会变迁B. 技术进步C. 文化交流D. 以上都是答案：D二、填空题（每题2分，共20分）1. 语言是一种______的社会现象，是人类最重要的______工具。
答案：社会；交际2. 语言的______性是指语言符号与它所代表的事物之间没有必然的联系。
答案：任意3. 语言的______性是指语言符号的组合遵循一定的规则。
答案：规律4. 语言的______性是指语言使用者能够根据已有的语言规则创造新的表达方式。
答案：创造5. 语言的______性是指语言使用者能够理解和使用从未听过或说过的语言形式。
答案：习得6. 语言的______性是指语言使用者能够根据上下文推断出语言的意义。
答案：语境依赖7. 语言的______性是指语言使用者能够根据不同的交际场合选择适当的语言形式。
答案：适应8. 语言的______性是指语言使用者能够根据不同的交际目的选择适当的语言形式。
《语言学导论》(练习题及答案)
《语言学导论》(练习题及答案)语言学导论练题及答案1. 什么是语言学？语言学是研究语言的科学。
它涉及语言的结构、演化、语音、语法、语义、语用等方面的研究。
2. 语言学的主要分支有哪些？- 语音学：研究语音的产生、传播和感知。
- 语法学：研究语言的规则和结构。
- 语义学：研究语言意义的构成和理解。
- 语用学：研究语言在特定情境下的使用和交际功能。
- 社会语言学：研究语言与社会的关系。
3. 什么是语言的结构？语言的结构是指语言中各个层次（如语音、词汇、句子等）的组织方式和规则。
4. 语音学研究的是什么？语音学研究语音的产生、传播和感知。
它关注语音的音素、音位、音节以及音系等方面。
5. 语法学研究的是什么？语法学研究语言的规则和结构。
它涉及句子的构成和分析，包括词类、短语、句法关系等。
6. 语义学研究的是什么？语义学研究语言意义的构成和理解。
它关注词汇、句子和篇章层面的语义关系和意义表达。
7. 语用学研究的是什么？语用学研究语言在特定情境下的使用和交际功能。
它关注言语行为、话语策略和交际意图等。
8. 社会语言学研究的是什么？社会语言学研究语言与社会的关系。
它探讨语言在不同社会群体中的变化、语言的地位和使用情境等。
9. 语言学在日常生活中的应用有哪些？- 语言教育：帮助人们研究和教授语言。
- 语音技术：开发语音识别和合成等技术。
- 翻译和口译：促进不同语言之间的交流和理解。
- 语言规范：制定语法规则、文字标准等。
- 语义分析：帮助机器理解和处理自然语言。
10. 语言学为理解人类语言能力提供了哪些洞见？语言学研究揭示了语言是人类认知和交流的基本工具，提供了对语言产生、理解、学习和变化的深入认识。
语言导论试题及答案高中
语言导论试题及答案高中一、选择题（每题2分，共20分）1. 语言的基本功能是（）。
A. 交流思想B. 传递信息C. 表达情感D. 以上都是答案：D2. 语言的最小意义单位是（）。
A. 音素B. 词C. 语素D. 句子答案：C3. 以下哪个选项不是语言的要素？（）A. 语音B. 词汇C. 语法D. 逻辑答案：D4. 语言的演变通常是由以下哪个因素驱动的？（）A. 社会变迁B. 技术进步C. 个人偏好D. 以上都是答案：D5. 以下哪种语言现象不属于语言变化？（）A. 新词的创造B. 语法规则的简化C. 语音的变异D. 语言的标准化答案：D6. 语言的标准化是指（）。
A. 语言的统一B. 语言的规范化C. 语言的简化D. 语言的固定化答案：B7. 语言的方言是指（）。
A. 同一语言的不同变体B. 不同语言的混合C. 语言的书面形式D. 语言的口头形式答案：A8. 以下哪种语言现象不属于语言的交际功能？（）A. 描述B. 命令C. 询问D. 诗歌创作答案：D9. 语言的语用学研究的是（）。
A. 语言的结构B. 语言的意义C. 语言的使用D. 语言的演变答案：C10. 以下哪种语言现象不属于语言的语义学研究范畴？（）A. 词义B. 句义C. 语音D. 语义场答案：C二、填空题（每题2分，共20分）1. 语言的______功能是指人们通过语言进行思想交流。
答案：交流2. 语言的______功能是指人们通过语言表达自己的情感和态度。
答案：表达3. 语言的______功能是指人们通过语言进行社会互动。
答案：社会4. 语言的______功能是指人们通过语言进行思考和推理。
答案：认知5. 语言的______功能是指人们通过语言进行记忆和学习。
答案：记忆6. 语言的______功能是指人们通过语言进行审美体验。
答案：审美7. 语言的______功能是指人们通过语言进行娱乐。
答案：娱乐8. 语言的______功能是指人们通过语言进行教育和学习。
语言学导论 综合试题
Chapter 1 Invitations to LinguisticsI. Define the following terms.design features synchronic diachronic prescriptive descriptive arbitrariness duality displacement metalanguage competence phatic communion macrolinguistics performance langue parole II. Choose the best answer.1. Linguistics is the scientific study of __________.A. a particular languageB. the English languageC. human languages in generalD. the system of a particular language2. Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human __________.A. contactB. communicationC. relationD. community3. The function of the sentence “Water boils at 100 degrees Centigrade.” is __________.A. interrogativeB. directiveC. informativeD. performative4. In Chinese when someone breaks a bowl or a plate the host or the people present are likely to say“碎碎（岁岁）平安”as a means of controlling the forces which the believers feel might affect their lives. Which function does it perform?A. InterpersonalB. EmotiveC. PerformativeD. Recreational5. Which of the following property of language enables language users to overcome the barriers caused by time and place, due to this feature of language, speakers of a language are free to talk about anything in any situation?A. CreativityB. DualityC. DisplacementD. Arbitrariness6. Study the following dialogue. What function does it play according to the functions of language?—A nice day, isn’t it?— Right! I really enjoy the sunlight.A. EmotiveB. PhaticC. PerformativeD. Interpersonal7. __________ refers to the actual realization of the ideal language user’s knowledge of the rules of his language in utterances.A. PerformanceB. CompetenceC. LangueD. Parole8. When a dog is barking, you assume it is barking for something or at someone that exists here and now. It couldn’t be sorrowful for some lost love or lost bone. This indicates the design feature of __________.A. ArbitrarinessB. productivityC. displacementD. duality9. __________ answers such questions as how we as infants acquire our first language.A. PsycholinguisticsB. Anthropological linguisticsC. SociolinguisticsD. Applied linguistics10. ______ is the study of how language works in social interaction.A. SociolinguisticsB. PsycholinguisticsC. Cognitive linguisticsD. Neurolinguistics11. Which of the following words is entirely arbitrary?A. treeB. typewriterC. crashD. bang12. As modern linguistics aims to describe and analyze the language people actually use, and not to lay down rules for "correct" linguistic behavior, it is said to be ___.A. prescriptiveB. sociolinguisticC. descriptiveD. psycholinguistic13. The branch of linguistics that studies how context influences the way speakers interpret sentences is called ___.A. semanticsB. pragmaticsC. sociolinguisticsD. psycholinguistics14. The fact that different languages have different words for the same object is good proof that human language is ______.A. arbitraryB. non-arbitraryC. logicalD. non-productive15. The study of how words are combined to form sentences is called _______.A. phoneticsB. morphologyC. syntaxD. semantics16. ______ is the study of the linguistic meaning of words and sentences.A. SemanticsB. PragmaticsC. SyntaxD. MorphologyⅢ. Blank-filling.1. Language is a system of ________ ________ symbols used for human communication.2. Linguistics is generally defined as the ________ study of ________.3. If a linguistic study describes and analyzes the language people actually use, it is said to be ________; if it aims to lay down rules for “correct” behavior, it is said to be ________.4. In modern linguistics, ________ study seems to enjoy priority over ________ study. The reason is that successful studies of various states of a language would be the foundations of a historical study.5. Langue refers to the ________ linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community; and parole refers to the ________ of langue in actual use.6. Chomsky de fines competence as the ideal user’s ________ of the rules of his language, and performance, the actual ________ of this knowledge in linguistic communication.7. “A rose by any other name would smell as sweet”. This famous quotation from Shakespeare illustrate that language has the design feature of ________.8. The property of ________ of language provides a speaker with an opportunity to talk about a wide range of things, free from barriers caused by separation in time and place.9. Language is a system, which consists of two sets of structures, one of ________, and the other of ________. This double articulation of language enables its users to talk about anything within their knowledge.10. An English speaker and a Chinese speaker are both able to use language,but they are not mutually intelligible, which shows that language is culturally ________.11. Human language is arbitrary. This refers to the fact that there is no logical or intrinsic connection between a particular sound and the __________ it is associated with.12. When language is used for establishing an atmosphere or maintaining social contact rather than exchanging information or ideas, its function is ______________ function.13. The features that define our human languages can be called __________ features.14. Saussure took a __________ view of language, while Chomsky looks at language from a __________ point of view.IV. Decide whether the following statements are true or false.1. Language is a means of verbal communication. Therefore, the communication way used by the deaf-mute is not language. ( )2. Speaking is the quickest and most efficient way of the human communication systems. ( )3. Language is written because writing is the primary medium for all languages. ( )4. Human capacity for language has a genetic basis, i.e. we are all born with the ability to acquire language and the details of a language system are genetically transmitted. ( )5. Only human beings are able to communicate. ( )6. F. de Saussure, who made the distinction between langue and parole in the early 20th century, was a French linguist. ( )7. A study of the features of the English used in Shakespeare’s time is an example of the diachronic study of language. ( )8. All the languages in the world today have both spoken and written forms. ( )9. Historical linguistics equals to the study of synchronic study. ( )10. Language is arbitrary by nature but it is not completely arbitrary. （）11. Language is the instrument of thought, record of facts, and people often feel need to speak their thoughts aloud. This indicates that language has an expressive function. （）12. A baby’s babbling, widespread use of verbal dueling, poetry writing as well as self-singing all show that language can be used to amuse the speaker.（）13. The most important sociological use of language is the recreational function, by which people establish and maintain their status in society.（）Ⅴ. Questions.1. A story by Robert Louis Stevenson contains the sentence “As the night fell, the wind rose.” Could this be expressed as “As the wind rose, the night fell?” If not, why? Does this indicate a degree of non-arbitrariness about word order?Yes. It is a case in point to illustrate non-arbitrariness about word order. When the two parts interchange, the focus and the meaning of the sentence is forced to change, because clauses occurring in linear sequence without time indicators will be taken as matching the actual sequence of happening. The writer’s original intention is distorted, and we can feel it effortlessly by reading. That is why systemic-functionalists and American functionalists think language is not arbitrary at the syntactic level.2. The recursive nature of language provides a theoretical basis for the creativity of language. Can you write a recursive sentence?3. There are many expressions in language which are meta-lingual or self-reflexive, namely, talking about talk and thinking about thinking, for instance, to be honest, to make a long story short, come to think of it, on second thought, can you collect a few more to make a list of these expressions? When do we use them most often?4. Comment on the following prescriptive rules. Do you think they are acceptable?(A) It is I.(B) It is me.You should say A instead of B because “be” should be followed by the nominative case, not the accusative according to the rules in Latin.(A) Who do you speak to?(B) Whom do you speak to?You should say B instead of A.(A) I haven’t done anything.(B) I haven’t done nothing.B is wrong because two negatives make a positive.5. Why do people take duality as one of the important design features of human language? Can you tell us what language will be if it has no such design feature? （南开大学，2004）Duality makes our language productive. A large number of different units canbe formed out of a small number of elements –for instance, tens of thousands of words out of a small set of sounds, around 40 in the case of the English language.And out of the huge number of words, there can be astronomical number of possible sentences and phrases, which in turn can combine to form unlimited number of texts. Most animal communication systems do not have this design feature of human language.If language has no such design feature, then it will be like animal communicational system which will be highly limited. It cannot produce a very large number of sound combinations, e.g. words, which are distinct in meaning.6. You may be familiar with the following proverbs. How do you perceive them according to the arbitrariness and conventionality of language?The proof of the pudding is in the eating.Let sleeping dogs lie.You can’t make a silk purse out of a sow’s ear.Rome was not built in a day.When in Rome, do as the Romans do.All roads lead to Rome.。
大学《语言学导论》试题及答案
大学网络与继续教育学院课程考试试题卷类别：网教专业：英语 20 年6月课程名称【编号】：语言学导论【0181】 A卷大作业满分：100分（要求：学生必须按各大题的答题要求，完成全部题目）Ⅰ. For each question there are four choices. Decide which one would be the best answer to the question, or would best complete the sentence. Write the corresponding letter on your ANSWER SHEET. (20%)1. ________ refers to the language user’s underlying knowledge about the systemof rules of his language.A. RegisterB. PerformanceC. CompetenceD. Dialect2. “classmate” is a _______.A. compoundB. phraseC. derivativeD. morpheme3. The function of the sentence “I promise to come on time tomorrow” is mainly_______.A. directiveB. informativeC. performativeD. phatic4. Which of the following sounds is a voiceless stop? _______.A. [d]B. [p]C. []D. []5. “-ed” and “-s” are ______ because they do not help to form new words.A. free morphemesB. inflectional morphemesC. derivative morphemesD. roots 6. Systemic-functional grammar has been developed by _______.A. GriceB. AustinC. ChomskyD. Halliday7. The syllabic structure of the word “studied” is ______.A. CCCCVVCB. CCCCVCC. CCCVVCD. CCVCVC8. ______ refers to the phenomenon that words having different meanings have thesame form.A. PolysemyB. SynonymyC. HomonymyD. Hyponymy9. The study of meaning in context is called _______.A. pragmaticsB. sociolinguisticsC. applied linguisticsD.semantics10. _______ means that certain authorities, such as the government, choose aparticular speech variety, standardize it and spread the use of it across regional boundaries.A. Language testingB. Language changeC. Language planningD. Language transferⅡ. Decide whether each of the following statements is True or False. Write True or False on the ANSWER SHEET. (20%)11. Diachronic linguistics studies language development or change over time.12. Ultimate constituents are constituents directly below the level of aconstruction.13. Standard dialect is a particular variety of a language, which is used by aparticular social class.14. Compounds are words that are formed by joining two or more words.15. Transformational-Generative grammar was first proposed by P. H. Grice.16. To linguists, no languages are superior to any other languages.- 1 -- 2 -- 3 -。
语言法导论考试题及答案
语言法导论考试题及答案一、选择题（每题2分，共10分）1. 语言法导论中，语言的最小单位是什么？A. 词B. 句C. 音素D. 语素答案：C2. 以下哪个选项不是语言法研究的内容？A. 语法结构B. 语音系统C. 社会语言学D. 词汇发展答案：C3. 语言法导论认为，语言的哪两个功能是最基本的？A. 表达和接受B. 交际和思考C. 描述和指示D. 命令和请求答案：B4. 在语言法导论中，转换生成语法是由哪位学者提出的？A. 乔姆斯基B. 索绪尔C. 布隆菲尔德D. 萨丕尔答案：A5. 语言法导论中，语言的哪一项特性是其与其他符号系统的主要区别？A. 任意性B. 线性C. 离散性D. 社会性答案：A二、填空题（每题2分，共10分）1. 语言法导论中，语言的______性是指语言符号与其所指对象之间没有必然的联系。
答案：任意2. 语言的______性是指语言符号是有限的，但其组合可以产生无限多的表达。
答案：创造性3. 语言法导论认为，语言的______性是其作为社会交流工具的基本属性。
答案：社会4. 语言的______性是指语言符号在时间上是连续的，不能随意中断。
答案：线性5. 语言法导论中，______是指语言符号在特定语境下的具体意义。
答案：语境三、简答题（每题10分，共20分）1. 请简述语言法导论中对语言功能的理解。
答案：语言法导论认为语言具有多种功能，其中包括表达思想、情感和意图，进行社会交流，以及作为思维的工具。
语言的功能是多方面的，它不仅能够传递信息，还能够影响和塑造社会关系和个人身份。
2. 描述语言法导论中提到的语言的任意性特征。
答案：语言的任意性特征是指语言符号与其所指对象之间没有必然的联系，这种联系是社会约定俗成的。
这意味着不同的语言可能会用完全不同的符号来表示相同的概念或对象，而这种差异并不影响语言的交流功能。
结束语：以上是本次语言法导论考试的试题及答案，希望同学们通过这次考试能够更好地理解和掌握语言法的基本概念和理论。
英语语言学导论练习题
英语语言学导论练习题英语语言学导论是一门研究英语语言结构、发展和使用的学科。
以下是一些练习题，旨在帮助学生更好地理解英语语言学的基本概念和理论。
练习题一：语音学1. 描述英语中的元音和辅音的区别。
2. 列举至少五种英语中的双元音，并说明它们的发音特点。
3. 解释“音位”和“音素”的区别，并给出例子。
练习题二：形态学1. 定义“形态学”并解释其在语言学中的重要性。
2. 举例说明英语中的派生词和复合词。
3. 描述英语中的不规则动词变化，并给出几个例子。
练习题三：句法学1. 简述句法研究的主要内容。
2. 用树状图表示一个简单英语句子的结构。
3. 解释“主语”、“谓语”和“宾语”在句子中的作用。
练习题四：语义学1. 定义“语义学”并解释其研究范围。
2. 描述“同义”和“反义”的概念，并给出英语例子。
3. 解释“语境”如何影响语言的意义。
练习题五：语用学1. 什么是语用学？它与语义学有何不同？2. 描述“指示语”、“礼貌原则”和“合作原则”在交际中的作用。
3. 举例说明如何在不同的社交场合中使用不同的语言风格。
练习题六：社会语言学1. 解释社会语言学研究的主要内容。
2. 讨论语言变异与社会身份之间的关系。
3. 描述双语现象及其对语言使用者的影响。
练习题七：心理语言学1. 心理语言学是如何研究语言的？2. 描述“语言习得”的过程及其理论。
3. 讨论“母语”和“第二语言”学习之间的差异。
练习题八：历史语言学1. 定义“历史语言学”并解释其研究目的。
2. 描述英语的发展历史和主要变化。
3. 讨论语言接触和借用对语言发展的影响。
完成这些练习题将有助于加深对英语语言学各个方面的理解，并提高分析和应用语言学理论的能力。
希望这些练习题能对你的学习有所帮助。
语言学导论考试题目英语专业
一、D: language acquisition device 语言习得机制2. Displacement: Displacement is that language can refer to the contexts removed from the immediate situations of the speaker. 移位法3、cultural transmission：文化传递性Animals call systems are genetically transmitted. Human languages are culturally transmitted.4. Interpersonal function: 人际关系Interpersonal function is the most important sociological use of language, by which people establish and maintain their status in a society. In addition, the ways in which people address others and refer to themselves indicate the various types of interpersonal relations. Finally, language marks our identity.5.Linguistics: Linguistics is defined as the systematic (or scientific) study of language 语言学6、Applied linguistics: Applied linguistics is a branch of study which apply linguistics to the research of other areas. 应用语言学7、Syntax: Syntax studies the rules governing the combination of words into sentences. 句法学8. morphology: Morphology is concerned with the internal organization of words. It studies the minimal units of meaning-morphemes and word-formation processes. 形态学二、1. Language acquisition and language learningLanguage acquisition is to get a language subconsciously and naturally with no great effort. Language learning is to get a language consciously with great efforts and usually under the teachers’ instruction.For instance, for most Chinese, their knowledge about their mother tongue-Chinese, is language acquisition, while their knowledge about English is language learning.2. Foreign language and second languageA language has gained official status in certain region or country is called second language, while foreign language has not.For example, for most Indians, English is their second language since English has gained official status in their country while English is regarded as foreign language in China.3. Expressive function and Evocative functionExpressive function is the use of language to reveal something about the feelings and attitudes of the speaker. In this function, language is used to evaluate, appraise and assert the speaker’s attitudes, etc.Evocative function is the use of language to create certain feelings in the hearer. It aims to amuse, startle, anger, soothe, worry or please.4. Phonetics and Phonology.Phonetics studies speech sounds, including the production of speech, that is, how speech sounds are actually made, transmitted and received, thedescription and classification of speech sounds, words and connected speech.Phonology is the branch of linguistics which studies the sound patterns of languages.5. Semantics and PragmaticsSemantics studies the meaning of languagePragmatics is the study of meaning in context.6. Synchronic and DiachronicSynchronic description takes a fixed instant as its point of observation. Diachronic linguistics is the study of a language through the course of its history.7. Langue and paroleLangue is the linguistic competence of the speaker. It refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community.Parole is the actual phenomena or data of linguistics. It refers to the actualized language.Langue is abstract, stable, systematic and not actually spoken by anyone. Parole is specific, personal, subject to personal and situational constraints and always a naturally occurring event.petence and performance(语言能力和语言运用）A language user’s underlying knowledge about the system of rules iscalled his linguistic competence.Performance refers to the actual use of language in concrete situations.简答题:1. What are the design features of language?Arbitrariness任意性Duality二元性Creativity创造性Displacement移位性Culture transmission文化传递性Interchangeability互换性2. What is morpheme? Morpheme is the minimal unit of meaning. For example，“purify”consist of “pur” and“ify”，and the noun“disappearance” consist of three morphemes: appear, dis and ance. They all have meanings, and cannot be divided any more.3. What is phoneme? Example. Phoneme is the smallest linguistic unit of sound that can signal a difference in meaning. E.g.：/b/ /p/ /k/ /g/.4. What is the performative function of human language? Supply example s to illustrate.The performative function of language is primarily to change the social status of persons .It can also extend to the control of reality as on some magical or religions occasion .For example ,language is always used in the sentencing of criminals, the blessing of children and the naming of a ship at a launching ceremony.5. What are the basic three branches of phonetics?Articulatory phonetics, Acoustic phonetics, Auditory phonetics.6. Giving four branches of macrolinguistics.Psycholinguistics心理语言学sociolinguistics社会语言学Anthropological linguistics人类语言学Computational linguistics 计算语言学.7. What are the seven function of language.Informative信息功能interpersonal function人际功能performative 施为功能Emotive function感情功能phatic communion寒暄功能recreational function娱乐功能metalingual function元语言功能。
语言学导论期末考试试题（滨州学院外语系）
语⾔学导论期末考试试题（滨州学院外语系）语⾔学导论期末考试试题（滨州学院外语系）Ⅰ. Read each of the following statements carefully. Decide which one of the four choices best completes the statement and choose the letter A，B，C or D. （20%）1. _______ is best known and remembered for its contribution to phonology and the distinction between phonetics and phonology. The most influential scholar in this aspect is Trubetzkoy who published Principles of Phonology in 1939.A. The London SchoolB. Traditional grammarC. American StructuralismD. The Prague School2. Saussure believed that language is a system of signs. This sign is the union of a form and an idea，which Saussure called _______.A. langue and paroleB. signifier and signifiedC. speech and writingD. system and function3. Many modern linguists have criticized traditional grammarians for adopting a _____ approach to language study.A. synchronicB. diachronicC. prescriptiveD. descriptive4. The fact that different languages have different words for the same object is good proof that human language is_______.A. arbitraryB. rationalC. logicalD. cultural5. Palatal semi-vowel refers to the sound_______.A. [n]B. [h]C. [w]D. [j]6. A phoneme is a group of phonetically similar sounds called_______.A. minimal pairsB. allomorphsC. phonesD. allophones7. Morphemes that represent “tense”，“number”，“gender”，“case” and so forth are called_______morphemes.A. inflectionalB. boundC. freeD. derivational8. The English word “modernizers” is composed of_______morphemes.A. fourB. threeC. twoD. five9. “Unless I hear from her，I won’t leave this town” is a_______sentence.A. simpleB. coordinateC. complexD. compound10. In the phrase structure rule “S NP VP”，the arrow can be read as_______.A. is equal toB. consists ofC. hasD. generates11. In the following pairs of words，_______are a pair of complementary antonyms.A. old and youngB. male and femaleC. hot and coldD. buy and sell12. The stimulus-response theory was proposed by_______.A. FirthB. HallidayC. BloomfieldD. Chomsky13._______found that natural language had its own logic and thus concluded the famous Cooperative Principle.A. John AustinB. John FirthC. Paul GriceD. William Jones14. As far as the sentence “My bag is heavy” is concerned，linguists of pragmatics are more interested in its ______ meaning.A. literalB. logicalC. contextualD. grammatical15._______is defined as any regionally or socially definable human group identified by shared linguistic system.A. A speech communityB. A raceC. A societyD. A nation16. A speaker’s knowledge of the total set of rules，conventions，etc.，governing the skilled use of language in a society is termed ______.A. competenceB. performanceC. communicative competenceD. communicative strategy17. The phonemes /k/，/a:/ and /p/ are in ______ relations in the words /ka:p/ （carp）and /pa:k/ （park）.A. synchronicB. syntagmaticC. diachronicD. paradigmatic18. The Prague School claims that a sentence may be analyzed from the functional side in terms of ______as well as from the grammatical side.A. theme and rhemeB. argument and predicateC. subject and predicateD. performative and constative19. In the proposition “Professor Green is a linguist”，the predicate linguist is a ______.A. no-place predicateB. one-place predicateC. two-place predicateD. three-place predicate20. The following conversation exchange clearly violates ______.A: Let’s get the kids something.B: Okey，but I veto I-C-E-C-R-E-A-M-S.A. maxim of QuantityB. maxim of QualityC. maxim of RelationD. maxim of MannerⅡ. Decide whether the following statements are true or false. Write T for true and F for false. （20%）1. By arbitrariness Saussure means that the forms of linguistic signs bear some natural relationship to their meaning.（）2. Human language is，unlike animal communication systems，stimulus free.（）3. Language marks our identity，physically in terms of age，sex，and voiceprints；geographically in terms of accents，dialects.（）4. The sentencing of criminals is an example of emotive function of language.（）5. Synchronic linguistic is the study of a language through the course of its history.（）6. Pre-school children know virtually all the rules of language except for some subtleties. This means they have the underlying knowledge about the system of rules.（）7. The sound〔z〕is a voiced alveolar stop.（）8. The free variants of a phoneme shown in the different pronunciation of the same word，such as “tap” may be caused by habit，or individual preference，rather than by any distribution rule.（）9. Voicing is a distinctive feature for English consonants.（）10. A syllable that has no coda is called a closed syllable.（）11. In English，inflectional affixes are mostly prefixes.（）12. In the word “illegal”，“il” is an allomorph of the negativ e morpheme.（）13. The word “girl” used to mean “young person of either sex”. Today it means “young woman”. This is an example of broadening of meaning.（）14. The value of a linguistic sign is determined by the signs with which it can combine to form a syntagmatic relation，and the signs with which it can form a paradigmatic relation.（）15. The phrase “five children” is an endocentric construction. （）16. Componential analysis can not help explain the sense relations of words.（）17. The sentence I pour some liquid into the tube is a performative one.（）18. The sentence like War is war is an example in which the Quality maxim is violated.（）19. The weak version of the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis says that language is the shaper of our thinking patterns.（）20. Malinowsky believed that the context of situation is indispensable for the understanding of the words.（）Ⅲ. Explain the following linguistic terms or notions in English. （40%）1. Trace2. Displacement3. Stem4. Dissimilation5. Diacritics6. Theme7. Relational opposites8. Sapir-Whorf Hypotheses9. Predicate logic10. Conversational implicatureⅣ. Give brief answers to the following questions. （12+8=20）1. What are the main concerns of general linguistics？2. Explain the speech act theory with examples.试题标准答案及评分标准⽤纸课程名称语⾔学导论（B卷）Ⅰ. Read each of the following statements carefully. Decide which one of the four choices best completes the statement and choose the letter A，B，C or D. （120=20）1. A2. D3.A4. C5. B6. C7. D8. D9. D10. B11.A12. A13. C14. D15. C16. B17.C18. C19. B20.DⅡ. Decide whether the following statements are true or false. Write T for true and F for false. （120=20）1. T2. F3. T4. F5. T6. T7. F8. T9. F10. T11. F12. T13. F14. F15. T16. T17. F18. F19. T20. TⅢ. Explain the following linguistic terms and notions in English. （210=20）1. Trace—（By Chomsky）A phonetically null element to occupy the position from whicha syntactic element has been moved. That is，after the movement of an element，there will be a trace left in the original position.2. Displacement--It means that human lges enable their users to symbolize （refer to）objects，events and concepts which are not present （in time and space）at the moment of communication.3. Stem—Any morpheme or combination of morphemes to which an inflection affix can be added. A stem can be equivalent to a root or may contain a root and a derivational affix.4. Dissimilation-- It refers to the influence exercised by one sound segment on the production of another，so that the two sounds in a sequence become less alike or different.5. Diacritics--A set of symbols added to the letter symbols to make minute （slight）difference between variations of the same sound than the letters alone make possible.6. Theme--It refers to “that which is known or at least obvious in the given situation and from which the speaker proceeds”7. Relational opposites--Converse antonymy is typically seen in reciprocal social roles，kinship relations，temporal and spatial relations，there are always 2 entities involved，one presupposes the other.8. Sapir-Whorf Hypotheses--Our lge helps mould our way of thinking，and therefore，different lges may probably express our unique way of understanding the world. On the one hand，lge may determine our thinking patterns；on the other hand，similarity between lges is relative，the greater their structural differentiation is，the more diverse their conceptualization of the world will be.9. Predicate logic--It studies the internal structure of simple propositions. （Or，it deals with expressions containing predicates，arguments and quantifiers）.10. Conversational implicature--It is a type of implied meaning，which can be deduced on the basis of the conventional meaning of words together with the context，under theguidance of the CP and its maxims. It is comparable to illocutionary force in that they are both concerned with the contextual meaning.IV. Give brief answers to the following questions. （12+8=20）1. What are the main concerns of general linguistics？General linguistics includes at least five parameters，namely，phonology，morphology，syntax，semantics and pragmatics. The following are the main branches of linguistics. （2）Phonetics studies the speech sounds，including the production of the speech.Phonology studies the rules governing the structure，distribution，and sequencing of speech sounds and the shape of syllables.（2 points）Morphology is concerned with the internal organization of words.It studies the minimal units of meaning ---morphemes and word-formation. （2）Syntax is about principles of forming and understanding correct English sentences. The form or structure of a sentence is governed by the rules of syntax. （2）Semantics studies how meaning is encoded in a language.（2）Pragmatics is the study of meaning in context. （2）2. Explain the speech act theory with examples.Speech act theory was put forward by J Austin in 1950s. His first shot at the theory is the claim that there are two types of sentences: performative and constatives. （2）The uttering of these sentences is the doing of an action.They are called performatives. （1） E.g. a. I name this ship the queen Elizabeth. b. I promise to finish the work in time. c. I bet you sixpence it will rain tomorrow. （2）While a sentence like this "I pour some liquid into the tube." is called constative. It is a description of what the speaker is doing at the time of speaking.（3）。
语言学考试范围
名词解释5个共25分(范围: 音位变体, 窄式标音, 混合法,缩写法, 词根, 词干, 同音异义, 同形异义, 言语行为, 言外之意, 言后行为)二, 填空(17分)三, 判断(10分)四,语音描述(辅音和元音个3个, 每个3分,共18分)五, 上下义关系画图(5分)六, 音标划分图(5分)七, 句子歧义划分(10分)语言学导论考试题型和复习范围:一. 名词解释 5个共25分(范围: 音位变体,窄式标音,混合法,缩写法,词根, 词干, 同音异义, 同形异义, 言语行为, 言外之意, 言后行为)二, 填空 (17分)三, 判断 (10分)四,语音描述 (辅音和元音各3个, 每个3分,共18分)五, 上下义关系画图 (5分)六, 音标划分图 (5分)七, 句子歧义划分 (10分)八, 回答问题 (一道共10分)名词解释：1. Allophones ---- the phones that can represent a phoneme in different phonetic environments.Allophone(音位变体):any of the different forms of a phoneme.2. narrow transcription (窄式标音)： the use of more specific symbols to show more phonetic details.表示用一个以上的符号标出一个音位，并用特殊的字母和变音符号表示话语的非区别特征(non-distinctive feature)3. A blend is a word formed by combining parts of other words.E.G.: smog—smoke + fog; motel—motor + hotel; camcorder—camera + recorder混成法(blending)：is a relatively complex form of compounding, in which two words are blended by jointing part of the first word and the final part of the second word, or by jointing the initial parts of the two words.E.G.: smoke + fog---smog; boat + hotel---boatel.通过将第一个词的词首和第二个词的词尾混合成词，或是将两个词的词首相加而成。
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Part I. Multiple Choice Questions. (20%, 2 for each)
Directions: Read the following statements carefully and choose the best answer from the four alternatives. Put your choices on the Answer Sheet.
Part II. True or False Questions (10%, 1 for each)
Directions: Decide whether the following statements are true or false. Put “T” for “true” and “F”for “false” after the number on the Answer Sheet.
Part III. Blank Filling (20%, 2 for each )
Directions: Fill in each of the blanks in the following passage with a word so that the passage makes good sense.Write your answers on the Answer Sheet.
Part IV. Linguistic Theories Application (30%)
1. Directions: In each of the following sentences, a word is underlined. Please indicate how each underlined word is formed.Write your answers on the Answer Sheet. (10 marks, 1 for each)
Example: Sitting in your armchair all day long without exercise will make you a mouse potato soon.
Answer: compounding
2.Directions: First offer the respective antonym of each of the following words, and then tell to which category each pair belongs. Write your answers on the Answer Sheet (10 marks , 2 for each)
Example: cold
Answer: cold---hot (gradable)
3. Directions: Answer the following question: What is the entailment of the
following sentences?Write your answers on the Answer Sheet (10 marks, 2 for each)
Example: John is bachelor.
Answer: John is unmarried.
Part V. Short Essay Questions. (20%, 10 for each)
Directions: Write a short essay on 2 out of the following 3 topics. Make sure that your essays contain the major ideas of each topic. Write your essays on the Answer Sheet.
1。