公平理论在亲密关系中的应用研究述评

合集下载

组织公正性理论研究述评

组织公正性理论研究述评

企业家的竞争,他们要通过争夺产权资源和企业家资源来实现自身的利益最大化,即自己控制的资本的增值,以实现由年薪制、末位淘汰制和股酬制等所界定的自身利益的最大化。

这种产权主体之间、资本之间的竞争会从根本上加剧企业在市场上的商业竞争。

在这三种方案中,尽管没有私人资本家,但仍有资本市场和资本之间的竞争,仍然有公有制企业的利润最大化行为和竞争行为,因此,只要采用上述制度,我们就能够在公有制的基础之上实现市场经济的运行,建立起社会主义市场经济体制。

与上述的三种方案相比,现行国有制有三个明显的缺点,一是企业亏损,企业家和上级主管(局长、厅长、部长们)没有承担明确的责任,这导致企业的亏损面和亏损额居高不下,这正是由于没有实现产权人格化要求的恶果;二是由于没有实现产权主体的多元化,因而难以形成必要的资本市场,企业的兼并、联合、改组难以开展,企业之间的优胜劣汰也难以实现;三是企业家的任免缺乏多元化产权主体的制约监督,缺乏法治基础,企业家的任免缺乏必要的竞争,这不能保证充分的选贤任能,以增加企业活力。

对于中国目前来说,法人所有制的功能效果最为合适,应当优先采用,但如果由于精简机构的阻力太大而难以实施,则应创造条件在中期采用;新国有制与现行管理组织体系的差异最小,可行性最大,可在近期临时采用,作为过渡;个人所有制容易导致企业的行为短期化,可在未来社会发展水平较高,对创新的需求较强时采用。

参考文献:〔1〕 卡尔・马克思.资本论,第1卷,马克思恩格斯全集第23卷〔M 〕.北京:人民出版社,1972.(责任编辑:张淑莲)收稿日期:2003-04-08作者简介:米家乾(1972-),贵州人,中山大学管理学院博士研究生。

研究方向:服务营销,组织公正性理论,绩效评估,知识管理。

基金项目:教育部人文社会科学研究“十五”规划博士点基金项目(01JB630019)。

 文章编号:1001-148X (2004)06-0086-05组织公正性理论研究述评米家乾(中山大学管理学院,广东 广州 510275)摘要:组织公正性可分为结果公正性、程序公正性和交往公正性。

该如何用公平理论?在社会关系中研究公平的新方法

该如何用公平理论?在社会关系中研究公平的新方法

外文文献翻译译文原文:What should be done with equity theory?New approaches to study of fairness in social relationships Leventhal Gerald S. 1980B Issues In Equity TheoryThree major problems with equity theory are considered. The first problem is that equity theory employs a unidimensional rather than multidimensional conception of fairness. The theory conceptualizes perceived justice solely in terms of a merit principle . The second problem is that equity theory considers only the final distribution of reward. The procedures which generate that distribution are not examined. The focus is on fair distribution problems of fair procedure are ignored. The third problem is that equity theory tends to exaggerate the importance of fairness in social relationships. Concern for justice is only one motivational force among many that influences social perception and behavior , and it may often be a weaker force than others.Other approaches to the study of fairness in social exchange share some of these problems with equity theory. No single approach has solved them all. However, because equity theory is so prominent . It is the focus of this critique.Π. A Multidimensional Approach to Distributive Fairness.A.The Unidimensional Approach of Equity Theory .Equity theory employs a unidimensional concept of justice. The theory assumes that an individual judges the fairness of his own or others' re wards solely in terms of a merit principle. Fairness exists when rewards are in proportion tocontributions. Undoubtedly, the theory is correct in assuming that an individual's perception of fairness is strongly affected by a contributions rule which dictates that persons with great contributions should receive higher outcomes. However, equity theory ignores the possible role of other standards of justice that influence perception of distributive fairness. In contrast , a number of theorists have recognized the need for a multidimensional concept of distributive fairness (e.g. Deutsch,1975; Komorita & Chertkoff,1973; Lerner,1974; Leventhal,1976a.b; Pruitt,1972; Sampson,1969) For example, the multidimensional approach of the justice judgement model (Leventhal,1976b) assume than an individual's judgments of fairness may be based, not only on the contributions rule, but also on a needs rule which dictates that persons with greater need should receive similar outcomes regardless of needs or contributions.Terminology. Before examining the multidimensional approach to perceived fairness. It is necessary to consider the definition of the term equity . Most equity theory researchers have equated the term with a type of justice based on merit or contributions . But this definition is much narrower than that employed in everyday language. Webster's Third New International Dictionary defines the term equity as "a free and reasonable conformity to accept standards of natural right ,law, and justice without prejudice, favoritism, or fraud and without rigor entailing undue hardship ." This definition is much broader than that typically preferred by equity researchers. The dictionary definition of equity encompasses a whole panoply of justice standards , not just one. Only a few social psychologists(e.g. Pruitt. 1972) have favored such a broad use of the term. Close inspection of the writings of equity theorists suggests they do sometimes use the term in a broad sense, as well as the narrow. However, they do not differentiate between the two usages and many casually slide from one to the other. Perhaps this tendency is not surprising given the theory's use of a unidimensional concept of justice based on merit. In the present paper, because of this ambiguity ,the practice shall be to avoid using the term equity . Instead, the terms fairness and justice are used to refer to equity in the general sense defined by Webster's . The term contributions rule refers to equity in the more narrow sense ofjustice that is based on a matching of rewards to contributions. The term distributive fairness is also used frequently in these pages. The phrase refers to judgements of fair distribution, irrespective of whether the criterion of justice is based on needs, equality, contributions, or a combination of these factors.B. The Multidimensional Approach Of Justice Judgment Theory.It has been noted that equity theory conceptualizes perceived fairness as a single dimension that defines justice in terms of the proprtionality between contributions and rewards. The justice judgment model (Leventhal,1976b ) comploys a multidimensional conception of justice that pose a clear alternative to equity theory. Justice judgment theory assumes than an individual's perception of fairness is based on justice rules. In the present paper, which presents a revised and expanded form of the theory, a justice rule is defined as an individual's belief that a distribution of outcomes, or procedure for distributing outcomes, is fair and appropriate when it satisfies certain criterion . This definition presuppose two categories of justice rules, namely, distribution rules and procedural rules .A distribution rule is defined as the individual's belief that it is fair and appropriate when rewards, punishments, or resources are distributed in accordance with certain criteria. A specific criterion might require the matching of rewards to contributions or matching reward to needs or dividing rewards equally. Thus, a contributions rule,needs rule, and equality rule are among the major distributive rules,that can influence an individual's perception of distributive fairness.Procedural rules constitute the second category of justice rules. A procedural rule is defined as an individual's belief that allocative procedures which satisfy certain criteria are fair and appropriate. Unfortunately , there few studies of the impact of procedural factors on perceived fairness. Relatively little is known about an individual's evaluation of procedural components of the social system that regulate the allocative process. Theoretical proposals about the specific criteria that define rules of fair procedure must therefore be quite speculative. Nevertheless, later in this paper six rules of fair procedure will be proposed and discussed. However, for the moment, theproblem of procedural fairness is set aside, and the issue of distributive fairness is the main concern.C. Judgements of Distributive Fairness.A major tenet of the justice judgment model is that an individual applies distribution rules selectively and follows different rules at different times. Thus, the individual's basic criteria for evaluating fairness may change with circumstances. In some situations, he or she may believe that one distribution rule is more relevant than others. In which case that rule has greater impact on the evaluation of distributive fairness.The model assumes a four-stage justice judgment sequence by which an individual evaluates the fairness of his own or others' rewards and punishme nts . As described below, the four stages are weighting, preliminary estimation, rule combination, and outcome evaluation.1.Weighting. In the weighting stage of the justice judgment sequence, the individual decides which distribution rules are applicable and the relative importance of the rules. Rules of greater importance are assigned higher weight in the judgment sequence and have greater impact on the perception of fairness.2. Preliminary Estimation. In the preliminary estimation stage, the individual estimates the amount and type of outcomes that receivers deserve based on each applicable rule. It is assumed that an individual uses a separate information-processing subroutine (Anderson,1945)for each rule to estimate the receiver's deservingness based on that rule. Consequently, If several rules have been assigned high weight,several information-processing subroutines will operate in parallel. Except In young children, the perceptual-cognitive skills involved in such judgment are probably well-practiced and automatic. Consequently, an individual can make several nearly simultaneous estimates of deservingness based on different distribution rules.3.Rule Combination. In the rule-combination stage of the justice judgment sequence, the individual combines the several preliminary estimates to arrive at a final judgment of the receiver's deservingness.The events in this stage are summarized by the following rule-combination equation: Deserved outcomes = WcDby contributions + WnDby needs +WeDby equality + WoDby other rules .In this equation, the letter W stands for the word weight and the letter D stands for the word deservingness. The terms Wc,Wn,We and Wo represent, respectively, the weights of the contributions rule, needs rule, equality rule, and any other distribution rule that may influence the individual's perception of a recipient's deservingness. The terms Dby contributions, Dby needs, Dby equality, and Dby other rules represent, respectively, an individual's preliminary estimates of recipient's deservingness based on the contributions rule, needs rule, equality rule, and any other distribution rules that influence his or her judgments of distributive fairness. The rule-combination equation states that the relative impact of each preliminary estimate on a perceiver's judgments of deservingness depends on the relative weight of the justice rules.Distribution rules with similar weight may have contradictory implications. For example, the needs rule and contributions rule would dictate opposite distributions of reward in the case of a recipient with high need and low contributions. An individual usually deals with such contradictions by compromising between the opposes rules. A recipient with high need and low contributions may be evaluated as average in deservingness. Of course, distribution rules are not always contradictory. For example, the needs rule and contributions rule would dictate similar distributions of reward in the case of a recipient who is high in both contributions and need, o r low in both respects.A perceiver of ten evaluates the deservingness of several recipients at a time. In some cases, he or she may judge them collectively and estimate the deservingness of an entire group of persons. In other cases, the individual uses several parallel versions of the rule-combination equation, one for each recipient whose deservingness is under evaluation (Leventhal. 1976b)4.Outcome Evaluation. In the outcome-evaluation stage, the final stage of the justice judgment sequence, the individual assesses the fairness of the receiver's outcomes. The individual has estimated what receivers ought to get and can nowdetermine whether their actual( or potential ) rewards and punishments are in line with what they deserve.New Directions of Research. The justice judgment model suggests several new directions for research on distributive fairness. First, it calls for studies of factors what determine the relative weight of different distribution rules. Second, it calls for careful study of the attribution processes by which perceivers estimate deservingness based on each rule. Third, the model calls for studies that examine the role of additional distribution rules. The final term of the rule-combination equation. WoDby other rulers, emphasizes that other justice rules besides the contributions, needs and equality rules may have important effects on the perception of distributive fairness.What Should Be Done With Equity Theory? The preceding discussion of information-processing subroutines answers a question posed at the beginning of this paper. The question was: what should be done with equity theory? The answer is that equity theory should be incorporated into a more comprehensive theoretical framework that takes a broader view of the problem of perceived justice in social relationships. The justice judgment model which, by virtue of its multidimensional approach is more comprehensive than equity theory, accomplishes this task by treating the basic equity theory equation as one component of a multistage sequence of estimating Dby contributions, which is a slightly modified version of the core equation of equity theory, is a component of the justice judgment sequence.In this context. It may be useful to comment on a recent debate in the literature on equity theory. The debate concerns the appropriate mathematical structure of the core equation of equity theory, the equation that justice judgment theory treats as an information-processing subroutine for the contribution rule. A number of authors have discussed the precise form of this equation(e.g.Harris.1976,Samuel,1976,a,b;Walster,1975,1976;Walster,Berscheld,&Wa ister,1973,Zuckerman,1975).The debate raises interesting questions. However, while the debate has significance within the confines of equity theory. It seems less critical when viewed against the background of the many fundamental conceptual problems that equity theory has overlooked.译文:该如何用公平理论?在社会关系中研究公平的新方法Leventhal Gerald S. 1980B.公平理论问题对公平理论的三个主要问题进行审议。

公平理论——精选推荐

公平理论——精选推荐

公平理论
公平理论是由美国的亚当斯提出的,其目的是用来研究人们对其劳动付出和得到的回报之间平衡关系的认识以及报酬分配的公平性对员工的激励作用。

公平理论认为:员工的工作动机,不仅受到他们所得到的绝对报酬的影响,更重要的是受到相对报酬的影响。

即一个人不仅关心他所得报酬的绝对值,而且也关心与他人进行比较时得到的相对值。

人们都倾向于将自己的报酬(如工资、奖金、额外福利、晋升、赏识等)和投入(如工作的努力程度、工作能力、受训练程度、教育水平、经验等)与他人的报酬和投入相比较,如果发现自己的报酬与投入比例和他人是相等的,则感到公平、合理;如果发现比较结果不一致,就会产生不公平的感觉,并试图采取各种相应的行为来恢复公平。

公平理论认为人们对激励的满足程度是一个社会比较的过程,只有公正才能起到激励作用。

否则会引起人际关系紧张及各种冲突,使人们感到挫折感。

在设计奖励制度和晋升提拔时尤为如此,公平理论在公安民警管理中应用非常广泛,如果大家觉得“干好干坏一个样”,付出与所得不相当的话,就会有强烈的不公平感。

看似平均的分配制度,论资排辈的职务聘任,恰恰是不公平的集中体现,它导致了许多公安干警的不公平感,积极性也受到了严重挫伤。

因此,只有形成真正的竞争激励机制,实行差异化薪酬,使聘任作到能者上庸者下,才能体现真正意义上的公平,才能达到激励的本来目的。

公平感知度研究评述及对人力资源管理的启示

公平感知度研究评述及对人力资源管理的启示

摘要:公平感知度给人力资源管理带来的难题和挑战,公平感知度对于心理契约破坏和员工工作态度与行为之间关系的中介作用具有不容忽视的重要性。

主要阐述了公平感知度概念的提出,内容和它产生的主要影响。

并整体介绍了目前对于其调解作用的研究进展以及相关跨文化研究.最后对公平感知度的应用研究及未来发展趋势做了简单的讨论.关键词:公平感知度;心理契约破坏;组织公民行为近二十年来,不少企业为了成功应对各自市场上的风险竞争都进行了具大的改变和转型。

企业必须找到切实可行的新方法来提高自己的效率水平,降低成本,改进整个组织间的工艺流程。

企业战略因此也必须能够随之灵活的进行整改,使得企业能够按照自己的独有方式进行最佳配置。

因此来自多方面的压力不仅影响到组织内部结构和工作调整,还在很大程度上改变了员工和雇主之间关系的本质.关于员工工作态度和行为的研究一直是组织行为研究者热衷的问题,众多研究包括累积和文献综述都对员工工作态度进行调查研究。

因为它们对于组织的效率和影响有较强的争论性,所以我们很有必要对之前此领域的研究进行学习和总结.在最近的研究中,社会交换理论和公平理论解释了一种个人差异变量,即公平感知度对工作态度于行为的影响。

1 公平感知度概念与内容公平感知度是用来预测当员工遭遇回报低于期望值的情况会产生的不同反映的个体差异变量,是基于近年来对公平理论的延伸所提出来的。

它指出每个人对于公平或不公平都有不同的反应和影响。

公平理论起源于社会交换的想法,主要说的是员工通过把自己的投入与回报和他人的投入与回报作比较来衡量自己是否受到了公平的对待,从而形成个人公平感知。

huseman et al。

提出了公平感知度的概念,它用来描述员工对组织做出的奖惩决定(工资分配结果)、作决定所依据的程序、在体现此程序和决定对待员工人际间的态度、组织做出这些决定行为时所依据的信息、有未给予员工知晓或知晓程度是否一样这几个方面能否感到被公平对待的感觉,它是员工的一种主观体验和感受,也是员工个体和环境相互作用的产物。

组织行为学 公平理论

组织行为学 公平理论
公平→内因;不公平→外因 ❖ 6.事前承诺问题
公平理论在管理上的应用
1.引导员工正确分析 2.制定科学的考评方法 3.制定合理的分配制度
感谢聆听
人生就像马拉松,获胜的关键不在于瞬间的爆发,而在于途中的 坚持,希望你能坚持到最后。
Life is like a marathon. The key to winning is not the outbreak of the moment, but the persistence on the way. I hope you can persist to the end.
公平理论
亚当斯的公平理论简介
亚当斯的公平理论又称社会比较理论,它是美国 行为科学家亚当斯(Adams J)于1967年在他的著作 《奖酬不公平时对工作质量的影响》中提出来的一 种激励理论。 该理论认为人与人之间存在社会比较, 且有就近比较的倾向。
1、公平理论的基本内容 2、公平理论的深入研究
3、公平理论在管理中的应用
公平
工作满意 维持现状
Qpp/IPP
Qpl/Ipl
Qpp/IPP > Qpl/Ipl
不公平
增加贡献 或减少报酬Βιβλιοθήκη Qpp/IPPQpl/Ipl
(二)公平理论的深入研究
❖ 1. 公平感的敏感性 (阀值) ❖ 2.机会均等为前提(平等的竞争机会) ❖ 3.两者不同的结果
结果、投入分为积极和消极
❖ 4.合理性(分配标准与分配程序) ❖ 5.引导正确归因
基本公式
公式的应用:Qp/Ip=Qx/Ix
I 代表投入,对自 己或他人所投入的
主观评估
P 代表当事人(自 己)
O 代表收益,自己 或他人对所获奖酬

公平理论及其内涵

公平理论及其内涵

公平理论及其内涵1公平理论及其基本观点1961年,霍曼斯创造性地提出了公平理论。

1964年,布兰对该理论进行优化。

目前我们看到的公平理论是由亚当斯提出的。

亚当斯的公平理论指出,社会交换关系中,个体会就自身付出的代价及得到的报偿开展社会性对比。

其中,和他人投入产出比值相比,如果自身投入产出比值与之类似,则会形成一种公平感和满足感;和他人投入产出比值相比,如果自身投入产出比值存在不同的情况,则会产生一种不公平感。

所以,为将这一消极的心理感受消除,个体通常会借助下列方式来进行,包括改变本身的投入、改变本身的所得、改变对投入及产出的认知、离开造成不公平的环境或改变参考对象等。

在个体考量或感受公平时,可以选取下列四种不同的参照物:第一种,自我一内部,也就是在目前组织内个体在各个职位上的经验;第二种,自我一外部,也就是在目前组织之外个体的职位及情境的经验;第三种,别人一内部,也就是个体所属组织内的其他个体;第四种,别人一外部,也就是个体所在组织外的其他个体。

公平理论强调,个体在关注自身辛勤努力下得到的报酬绝对量的同时,还关注报酬相对量。

一般来讲,个体通常会与他人对比分析自身劳动代价及报酬等内容,以此判断衡量其中的公平度,对比的结论会直接关系并影响到个体在今后工作中的热情。

一种是进行横向对比,也就是个人得到的报酬与投入的比值和他人的比值之间予以对比。

另一种是进行纵向对比,也就是个人以自己目前得到的报酬和工作投入的比值和自身之前一段时间的比值之间予以对比。

借助横向对比与纵向对比,如果个体认为自身与他人的报酬一投入比或与自身之前一段时间的报酬一投入比相同,个体此时便能够感受到一种公平感,感到自身获得公正待遇,这样个体在日常工作中便能够拥有一种愉悦的心情,能够以更加饱满的热情投入到今后工作中来,进而为企业发展做出更大的贡献。

而当报酬一投入的比值存在差异时,个体在对比中便很容易产生一种遭受不公平待遇的心理,由此会伴随出现一种消极挫败感,不利于增强个体的行为动机,对个体工作热情产生极大的冲击。

公平理论对我们有着重要的启示:

公平理论对我们有着重要的启示:

公平理论对我们有着重要的启示:在人才竞争激烈的今天,这一点尤其重要。

首先影响激励效果的不仅有报酬的绝对值,还有报酬的相对值。

其次,激励时应力求公平,使等式在客观上成立,尽管有主观判断的误差,也不致造成严重的不公平感。

内部公平、外部公平、员工个人公平,工作分析和个人绩效考核工作分析应该科学合理,采取灵活的激励形式。

以薪资发放为例,良好的薪资发放形式能增强激励效果,改善人际关系和维护员工心理健康。

目前,薪酬发放形式主要有两种,公开发放和秘密发放。

不搞分配上的平均主义,缩小与社会的收入差距。

再次,在激励过程中应注意对被激励者公平心理的引导,使其树立正确的公平观,一是要认识到绝对的公平是不存在的,二是不要盲目攀比,三是不要按酬付劳,为了避免职工产生不公平的感觉,企业往往采取各种手段,在企业中造成一种公平合理的气氛,使职工产生一种主观上的公平感。

如有的企业采用保密工资的办法,使职工相互不了解彼此的收支比率,以免职工相互比较而产生不公平感。

公平理论构建的意义公平本身是个人的主观认知概念,而对个人所比较内容的认识、比较标准的选择都存在主观判断,管理者可以通过制度创新来影响员工的主观认识:首先是建立员工一致认同且融入员工个人可比标准的组织评价体系;第二是帮助员工客观认识自己的投入产出以及将组织评价体系内化为员工个人评价标准;同时一种公正、公开、公平的开放、包容的组织文化是此公平理论模型有效实现的载体和信托。

公平理论在指导学校管理实践过程中起着巨大的作用,其理论本身简单明了,内容实质却博大精深。

只有在深入研究其精神实质的基础上,灵活运用于管理实际,才能充分调动教职工的积极性,发挥教职工的潜力,为学校获得最大的社会和经济效益。

面对激烈的人才竞争,越来越多的国有企业纷纷改革自己的薪酬制度,实行绩效工资制、利润分享制以及谈判工资制等多种方式来吸引和保持优秀人才。

只有充分体现分配制度的公平性,企业才能留住优秀人才、发挥优秀人才的作用。

名词解释公平理论

名词解释公平理论

名词解释公平理论公平理论是指人们对于资源分配或权利分配的判断是否公平的一种理论。

公平理论源于对社会正义和道德伦理的研究和探讨,关注的是在社会交往中个体行为的公平性问题,旨在实现公正和平等。

公平理论有多种不同的观点和理论框架,但它们都关注一种公平感和公正感,即人们对于资源、权利和机会的分配是否公平的评判标准。

不同的理论对于公平的定义和评判标准可能有所不同,但它们都试图寻求一种公认的公平原则。

在公平理论中,有两个主要的观点。

一是平等观点,认为公平意味着资源应该平等地分配给每一个个体或者每一个群体,没有任何差别或者偏好。

平等观点主张人们应该平等地分享资源和机会,以实现社会正义和道德伦理。

二是差异观点,认为公平并不意味着资源分配的绝对平等,而是根据个体的不同需求和贡献来进行分配。

差异观点主张根据个体的特点和情况进行差别化的资源分配,以实现最大程度的效益和公正。

公平理论在不同领域和社会问题中得到了广泛的应用和研究。

在经济学中,公平理论涉及到资源和财富的分配问题,包括税收政策、社会保障和福利体系等。

在法律和政治学中,公平理论涉及到权利和权力的分配问题,包括人权保护、政治参与和司法公正等。

在教育和就业领域中,公平理论涉及到机会和教育资源的分配问题,包括教育公平、就业歧视和职业晋升等。

公平理论的研究和应用对于社会发展和社会公平具有重要的意义。

通过研究公平理论,可以为政府和社会机构制定公正的政策和措施提供依据。

同时,公平理论也能够引导个体的行为,促进社会和谐和公共利益的实现。

总之,公平理论是对资源和权利分配问题进行研究和探讨的一种理论。

通过这种理论,人们可以对社会交往中的行为和资源的分配进行评价和判断,以实现公正、公平和协调的社会秩序。

  1. 1、下载文档前请自行甄别文档内容的完整性,平台不提供额外的编辑、内容补充、找答案等附加服务。
  2. 2、"仅部分预览"的文档,不可在线预览部分如存在完整性等问题,可反馈申请退款(可完整预览的文档不适用该条件!)。
  3. 3、如文档侵犯您的权益,请联系客服反馈,我们会尽快为您处理(人工客服工作时间:9:00-18:30)。

Advances in Psychology 心理学进展, 2018, 8(1), 33-39 Published Online January 2018 in Hans. http://www.hanspub.org/journal/ap https://doi.org/10.12677/ap.2018.81005

文章引用: 周灵力, 宋诗情, 郑莹灿(2018). 公平理论在亲密关系中的应用研究述评. 心理学进展, 8(1), 33-39. DOI: 10.12677/ap.2018.81005

A Review of Equity Theory Application in Romantic Relationship

Lingli Zhou, Shiqing Song, Yingcan Zheng School of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing

Received: Dec. 30th, 2017; accepted: Jan. 17th, 2018; published: Jan. 24th, 2018

Abstract Equity theory holds that people are most satisfied with their current romantic relationship, when they think they neither gain more, nor gain less in relationship. It applies not only to economical exchange relationships, but also to personal relationships including romantic relationships. This paper reviews the fitness of equity theory applied in romantic relationships, and the influence of equity between couples on relationship satisfaction and stability. People who feel they are treated equally in relationships, score high in relationship satisfaction and commitment. This paper also reviews the research status in China and abroad about equity theory applied in romantic rela-tionships, and measurement of equity in romantic relationships, as well as effect factors. In fur-ther research, we can explore a tool that measures the equity of romantic relationships among Chinese people. So we can get to know the situation of equity in romantic relationship among Chi-nese people, and afford guidance to their romantic relationship.

Keywords Interdependence Theory, Equity Theory, Relationship Satisfaction, Factors

公平理论在亲密关系中的应用研究述评 周灵力,宋诗情,郑莹灿 西南大学心理学部,重庆

收稿日期:2017年12月30日;录用日期:2018年1月17日;发布日期:2018年1月24日

摘 要 公平理论认为人们只有觉得自己在关系中既没有多得、也没有少得时,对当前的亲密关系才是最满意的。周灵力 等 DOI: 10.12677/ap.2018.81005 34 心理学进展

它不仅适用于经济交换关系,同样适用于包含亲密关系在内的人际关系。本文综述了公平理论在亲密关系中的适用性,以及伴侣间的公平对亲密关系满意度和稳定性的影响。那些认为自己在关系中受到公平对待的个体有较高的关系满意度和关系承诺。本文也总结了国内外亲密关系中的公平理论的研究现状、亲密关系中公平的测量及其影响因素,并展望在未来研究中发展出适合测量中国人对亲密关系中公平感知的测量工具,用以对中国人亲密关系中公平感知情况的了解和亲密关系的指导。

关键词 相互依赖理论,公平理论,关系满意度,影响因素

Copyright © 2018 by authors and Hans Publishers Inc. This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution International License (CC BY). http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

1. 引言 Fromm在《爱的艺术》中写道,“人类的爱情可能也会遵循社会交换的模式,但是真正的爱是无条件的爱”(Fromn, 1956/2008)。但我们难以否认一个事实是:恋人关系这种重要的人际关系,同样遵循普通人际关系的交换模式和原则,且比普通人际关系更复杂。Hatfield等人(2008)从进化论、文化和社会心理学的角度论证了公平理论应用于亲密关系研究的合理性。研究者认为,不论西方或非西方的个体都会把公平作为社会交往的黄金准则(Aumer-Ryan, Hatfield, & Frey, 2006)。有学者提出令人满意的亲密关系是双方都感受到共有知觉工具性,即知觉到自己是伴侣重要目标的工具,同时把伴侣看成是自己重要目标的工具(Orehek & Forest, 2016)。心理学近三十年的研究也发现,伴侣关系间确实存在遵循公平原则交换关系,但这种交换并不像市场交换那样必须要求等价、即时(Batson, 1993; Taylor, Peplau, & Sears, 2000/2004)。国外关于公平理论在亲密关系中的应用研究始于二十世纪七十年代,目前已经在该领域积累了丰富的文献资料,但在中国的相关研究较为匮乏。 本文依次综述了国内外关于公平理论在亲密关系中应用的研究现状、测量方式及影响因素。一方面提供了探索亲密关系的新角度,另一方面有助于发展出适合中国集体主义文化背景下测量亲密关系的方式,从而进一步了解中国人对亲密关系中公平的感知及其影响因素。

2. 相关理论及研究状况 2.1. 相互依赖理论 社会关系研究中最有代表性的理论是社会交换理论(Social Exchange Theory),最早由美国社会学家Homans (1958)在研究社会行为时提出并作深入地阐述。本文主要讨论的是社会交换理论中的相互依赖理论,该理论主要探讨了人际交往模式,它假设人们在交往过程会不自觉地记录下自己在关系中的付出和所得,即付出的成本和得到的奖赏,并对此进行权衡和比较(Kelley, 1987)。成本和奖赏是社会交换的中心要素,成本是指发生在关系中的消极结果,奖赏是指在交往中获得的任何收益;奖赏和成本都具有两种性质:一是特定性,如爱这种情感,不仅有特殊性和排他性,且奖赏的价值更多地依赖于爱的付出者;二是具体性,如金钱等这些看得见的有形的东西,且这是不需要由特定的人给予(Taylor, Peplau, & Sears, 2000/2004)。关系的质量往往取决于关系中的个体对付出和结果的权衡,当事人在关系中获益过多或不足周灵力 等 DOI: 10.12677/ap.2018.81005 35 心理学进展

均对关系质量有负面影响(Rusbult & Van Lange, 1996)。此外,个体也会在对不同的关系之间进行比较(Van Lange & Rusbult, 1995):过去的关系好于现在的关系,则极有可能放弃现在的关系;备选关系好于现在的关系,且放弃现在的关系并不会付出更大的成本,则可能结束现在的关系。夫妻、恋人这样的亲密关系虽具特殊性,但其交往模式同样遵循社会交换的相关模式和原则(Hatfield & Rapson, 2011)。

2.2. 公平理论 在相互依赖理论的基础上,将经济学中的公平理论应用于人际交往模式。Adams (1965)认为只要有社会交换发生就会有公平和不公平之分,而社会交换发生的关系可以是队友、师生、情侣、亲子等。公平理论从提出之时就成为经济学研究的热点,Walster, E., Berscheid, and Walster, G. W. (1973)首先将公平理论应用于亲密关系的研究中。而后有研究者提出了对亲密关系中公平的心理测量方式,并发现公平理论在人际关系中的应用价值(Hatfield, Traupmann, & Walster, 1979)。公平理论认为只有人们觉得自己在关系中既没有多得、也没有少得的时候,对当前的关系才是最满意的。它假设人们既不喜欢占便宜,也不喜欢被人剥削,主要包含四个部分:第一,无论男女都在最大化追求愉快,最小化遭遇痛苦;第二,社会让人们都表现得公平和平等,团体也会表扬那些公平对待他人的个体,惩罚那些不公平对待他人的个体;第三,人们得到他们值得得到的东西会感到舒适,如果受益过多就会有负罪感、愧疚感和羞耻感,如果受益不足,则会悲伤、生气和憎恨;第四,在不公平的关系中,人们会尝试减少压力和不满,通常会采取修复心理公平感、追求实际的公平和离开这段关系三种方式(Hatfield, 1979)。 恋人或夫妻关系是我们离开父母进入社会建立的最重要的亲密关系,带给我们安全感和归属感。理想中的爱情都是慷慨大度、无私奉献的,但现实中伴侣之间的投入和回报的平衡影响着恋人、夫妻的关系满意度。Van Yperen and Buunk (1990)的对伴侣间公平和关系满意度的研究结果显示,感知到关系公平的个体表现出更高的亲密关系满意度。Vanfossen (1981)的研究结果也发现,相比那些在家务事和照顾孩子方面得到丈夫公平对待的女性,未得到公平对待的女性更倾向于表现出对关系不满意。还有研究发现,为了保持情侣间的这种亲密关系满意度,恋人至少要保证投入和回报的比率为5:1 (Brehm, Miller, Perlman, & Campbell, 2001/2005)也就是说关系的成本与关系的质量并不是成正比的,投入越高并不代表回报越高或关系质量越好(Clark & Grote, 1998)。由此不难看出,要保证关系的稳定性和满意度,当事人往往需要付出更多努力。Kordoutis (2007)的研究发现大学生亲密关系中的公平对关系满意度和彼此的情感交流有影响;Bakker, Petrou, & Tsaousis (2012)的研究也发现,亲密关系中的不公平会增强伴侣的抑郁体验,Peterson (1981)也认为,相比在亲密关系中未感知到公平的个体,感知到公平的个体有更高质量和更长久的亲密关系。综上所述,亲密关系中的公平感知对关系满意度有重要影响。

相关文档
最新文档