远航雅思托福阅读入门课程 Lesson 6
剑桥英语基础A 第6课适合初学者
• 5. It is just like a bird. It can fly in the sky. • (plane) • 6. It’s very long. It goes more quickly than car. • (train) • 7. It is like a train but goes under the ground. • (underground)
5 Pronunciation
1. [p] 以下清辅音之后 发 [t] [k] [f] [θ] s=/s/ [tr] [ts]
[h]
2. 以下特殊辅音之后 发 s=/Iz/ [s] [z] [ʃ] [ʒ] [tʃ] [dʒ]
3. 其余辅音之后 发 s=/z/
I get up at noon.
一般现在时 特殊疑问句
特殊疑问词 + 一般疑问句 1、 I get up at 10:00. what time do I get up ? 2、he eats lunch at home . where does he eat lunch ? 3.They drive to work every day . when do they drive to work ?
㈠ 用所给词的正确形式填空。
• 1. • 2. • 3. • 4. We often ______ (play) in the playground. He _____(get) up at six o’clock. __ you ____(brush) your teeth every morning？ What (do) he usually (do) after school? He usually (do) (he) homework. • 5. Danny (study) English and Art at school. • 7. At eight at night, she _(watch) TV with her parents. • 8. ____ Mike ______(read) English every day? • 9. How many lessons __ your classmate ___ (have) on Monday? • 10、What time _____ his mother_____ (do) the hou sework?
新概念英语和雅思托福考试的关系
新概念英语和雅思托福考试的关系新概念英语和雅思托福考试的关系?快来一起看看吧，下面我就和大家分享，来欣赏一下吧。
新概念英语和雅思托福考试的关系提问:怎么充分利用《新概念英语3和4》备考雅思(IELTS)6.0呢?我知道必备资料是剑桥1~8，这个肯定不能放过。
但我也知道《新概念英语》是经典的英语学习教材，在备考雅思的过程中总有它的用武之地，我不想错过这个宝贵资源。
我想问问老师们，即怎样结合这本教材助突破雅思6.0一臂之力呢?请详细道来，以达事半功倍之功效。
回答:同学你好，两本教材各有各的用处，新概念三和四是提升你英语综合能力的教材，而雅思系列书籍主要关注雅思的应试性教材，这边建议你先学习新概念三册和四册，提升自己的基础以及词汇量等综合能力，学过之后再回到雅思教材，这时你英语功底更加深厚了，学习起来也更加容易了，自然事半功倍了，加油!回答:你好，同学!新概念三和四之所以对雅思有帮助是因为：第一，有相当一部分词汇是雅思词汇，老师们在讲解单词的时候除了讲解单词用法，更会引申更多的托福雅思词汇，以帮助备考的同学尽快尽可能多地掌握考试必备词汇。
第二，新概念英语的优点就是文章非常地道，这个地道性主要体现在句式和逻辑思维上，通过大量句式的讲解，我们除了夯实语法，更会理解中英文思维的差异，以保证在写雅思作文的时候能够尽可能用上，提高雅思作文分数。
这些句型，一般老师都会特别地总结出来并且进行仿写训练。
这两本教材如果自学可能很难发现它们的真正价值，所以建议报班学习。
新东方这边有专门针对国外考试的新概念课程，老师在讲解新概念的同时还会结合很多考试真题，所以对你的雅思考试应该会有帮助。
最后，祝你好运!加油!提问:英语水平普通，怎么对托福雅思有用?怎么看待这件事情?有更好建议吗?回答:同学你好，未来你想考雅思和托福对么?那其实现在最重要的是增加英语的综合能力，储备知识，为未来雅思和托福努力!英语水平普通千万别怕，先从小事做起，比如，平时多看看美剧，增加语言感觉;平时多读读英文报纸，看看别人的文章是怎么写的;有时间去国外看看，感受别人的文化内涵最重要的是英语知识的学习，建议你接触一下新概念三册这类的教材，比如你可以从新概念二册开始学起，帮助你补语法，然后学习新概念三册，对作文上有提升，最后出国考试的孩子必须学习的新概念四册，将你的英语水平提升一个层次!临近雅思托福时，可以上一些冲刺班什么的!加油，祝好!提问:考雅思，学新概念打基础，可否只学课文，不做课后习题?考雅思，培训学校让先学新概念。
新托福TPO6阅读原文(三)Infantile Amnesia及译文
新托福TPO6阅读原文(三):Infantile AmnesiaTPO-6-3：Infantile AmnesiaWhat do you remember about your life before you were three? Few people can remember anything that happened to them in their early years. Adults' memories of the next few years also tend to be scanty. Most people remember only a few events—usually ones that were meaningful and distinctive, such as being hospitalized or a sibling’s birth.How might this inability to recall early experiences be explained? The sheer passage of time does not account for it; adults have excellent recognition of pictures of people who attended high school with them 35 years earlier. Another seemingly plausible explanation—that infants do not form enduring memories at this point in development—also is incorrect. Children two and a half to three years old remember experiences that occurred in their first year, and eleven month olds remember some events a year later. Nor does the hypothesis that infantile amnesia reflects repression—or holding back—of sexually charged episodes explain the phenomenon. While such repression may occur, people cannot remember ordinary events from the infant and toddler periods either.Three other explanations seem more promising. One involves physiological changes relevant to memory. Maturation of the frontal lobes of the brain continues throughout early childhood, and this part of the brain may be critical for remembering particular episodes in ways that can be retrieved later. Demonstrations of infants’and toddlers' long-term memory have involved their repeating motor activities that they had seen or done earlier, such as reaching in the dark for objects, putting a bottle in a doll’s mouth, or pulling apart two pieces of a toy. The brain’s level of physiological maturation may support these types of memories, but not ones requiring explicit verbal descriptions.A second explanation involves the influence of the social world on children’s language use. Hearing and telling stories about events may help children store information in ways that will endure into later childhood and adulthood. Through hearing stories with a clear beginning, middle, and ending children may learn to extract the gist of events in ways that they will be able to describe many years later. Consistent with this view, parents and children increasingly engage in discussions of past events when children are about three years old. However, hearing such stories is not sufficient for younger children to form enduring memories. Telling such stories to two year olds does not seem to produce long-lasting verbalizable memories.A third likely explanation for infantile amnesia involves incompatibilities between the ways in which infants encode information and the ways in which older children and adults retrieve it. Whether people can remember an event depends critically on the fit between the way in which they earlier encoded the information and the way in which they later attempt to retrieve it. The better able the person is toreconstruct the perspective from which the material was encoded, the more likely that recall will be successful.This view is supported by a variety of factors that can create mismatches between very young children's encoding and older children's and adults' retrieval efforts. The world looks very different to a person whose head is only two or three feet above the ground than to one whose head is five or six feet above it. Older children and adults often try to retrieve the names of things they saw, but infants would not have encoded the information verbally. General knowledge of categories of events such as a birthday party or a visit to the doctor's office helps older individuals encode their experiences, but again, infants and toddlers are unlikely to encode many experiences within such knowledge structures.These three explanations of infantile amnesia are not mutually exclusive; indeed, they support each other. Physiological immaturity may be part of why infants and toddlers do not form extremely enduring memories, even when they hear stories that promote such remembering in preschoolers. Hearing the stories may lead preschoolers to encode aspects of events that allow them to form memories they can access as adults. Conversely, improved encoding of what they hear may help them better understand and remember stories and thus make the stories more useful for remembering future events. Thus, all three explanations—physiological maturation, hearing and producing stories about past events, and improved encoding of key aspects of events—seem likely to be involved in overcoming infantile amnesia.译文：TPO-6-3 婴幼儿期记忆缺失三岁前生活中发生事情你还记得多少?很少有人能记得婴幼儿时期曾经发生在他们身上的事情。
托福阅读真题第6篇OriginsofEarthsSaltyOceans
托福阅读真题第6篇OriginsofEarthsSaltyOceans所有的，科学家们发现对地球水的确定和如此的原因非常有帮助。
有人在地球的地球上一直很温暖，并没有发现水（和氧气都存在，如和氧气）因此，地球的太阳风（太阳发出的光芒）从地球的那一刻起，与陨星彗星或类似的氪星陨石或类似的氪星陨石和水的陨石的碰撞将地球使用水的气体成分与地岩成分的比较，特别是与大气和随后的空气形成的概念表，非星陨金属气体。
不与其他材料发生反应。
太空中肯定有棉花的冰以这种方式供应我们的水（和大气）。
2015年7月，彗星在天上发现了15天。
降落在彗星上的那颗冰和它们，还发现了各种各样的松散，散落的星团，彗星的团块。
就算是现成的，带来了生命的成分，即使是现成的，这个团的成分还在这2015年10月被报道了。
那——随着彗星这些缓慢解冻——分子氧（02）以相对于入水的比例和高比例（1%到10%）逸出，这颗彗星还含有惊人的原始（当时氧被大量在）彗星的形成过程中。
其他工作支持地球上冰的化学成分不同。
含的一小部分石块水，因此小行星的地球表面上是非常大的陨石。
因此，提出了一个小行星是一种小行星。
聚集在一起的原始行星在它们的岩石中携带了形成它会以蒸汽的形式从行星内部逸出，而蒸汽又会在表和早期大气中成水。
它代表了我们对海洋盐的种类有了更全面的了解。
在水、风的天气的作用下，或或例如，这些岩石和水的反应来源。
罗西湾风化反应将岩石划分成带电原子或分子，称为离子，它们在溶液中被河水和地下水清除。
当您将食盐溶解在水中时发生的情况是：矿物盐成碳离子和氯离子，并保留在溶液中。
早期的大气中含有高浓度的化学酸性溶液。
火山岩很容易从早期的溶解情况中释放出来。
的输入和神秘的原因，很明显，海洋中大量的盐分已经很明显了，因为它的海洋一直是海洋运输的终端站。
盐分——而输送的淡水继续风化循环。
1、地球科学家，我们确定了水的原因和如此咸咸的一些人海洋，地球的地球非常热，因此没有对水存在，如和氧气被太阳风（太阳发出的带电粒子流）迅速带地球。
unit6 英语泛读教程第三册
Unit 6 Right Drug, Wrong Patient2. Mastery of some language points3. Learning the possible dangers caused by pharmacy errors4. Learn safe ways to use alternative and complimentary medicines2.Explanation of some difficult words3. Learning the ways to avoid the possible dangers caused by pharmacy errorscaused by pharmacy errors2.Some words might cause difficulty in students’ understanding of the textAbout two periods of class will be used for the analysis and discussion of the passage itself.Total class hours: three periods1. Title:---Who is wrong? / Who is to blame for the pharmacy errors?2. Warming-up Questions(1)What would happen if the drug dispensed to you were not the proper one? Haveyou ever experienced such things?(2)If such things happened, who do you think is to blame?3. Information Related to the Text(1) IMS HealthIMS HEALTH is the world's leading provider of information solutions to the pharmaceutical and healthcare industries. With nearly 50 years of experience, they use leading-edge technologies to transform billions of pharmaceutical records collected from thousands of sources worldwide into valuable strategic insights for our clients.IMS HEALTH's market intelligence and analyses give customers the critical facts they need at every stage of the pharmaceutical life cycle - from the earliest stages of research and development through product launch, product maturation and patent expiration.With more than 5,000 professionals in 100 countries - from Austria to Australia - from China to Costa Rica - from Saudi Arabia to Senegal - IMS HEALTH is a trusted healthcare-industry strategic partner, with thousands of customers and annual revenue in 2001 of $1.3 billion.(2) U. S. PharmacopeiaIn pursuit of its mission to promote public health, USP establishes state-of-the-art standards to ensure the quality of medicines for human and veterinary use. USP also develops authoritative information about the appropriate use of medicines. National health care practitioner reporting programs support USP's standards and information programs. In addition, USP supports many public service programs.(3) Careers in medicine in the USTo become a medical doctor in the US, one must attend four years of college and receive a bachelor’s degree, followed by four years of medical school. Then he becomes an intern in a hospital and receives supervised practical training. As an intern, he has to “make rounds” with other doctors, visiting hospital patients. He is supposed to help give special treatments and answer emergency calls in the hopital at any time of day or night. Finally he becomes a resident at a hospital. Like the intern, he learns by observing the work of others. But the resident has much more responsibility than the intern. He often assists experienced surgeons during operations. In an emergency, he may take over the work of the staff surgeon.Internship and residency combined take three to five years, depending on one’s area of specialization. Hospitals have several interns and many residents on their staff. A resident who is completing his residency period and who thereby distinguished himself is selected to be chief resident, a position of greater responsibility.(4) Three types of doctors1. General practitioners 全科医生2. Specialists3. Researchers4. Text analysis(1)Article Abstract:Drug-dispensing errors are a common occurrence, requiring customers to be vigilant when having their prescriptions filled at pharmacies. These errors are attributed to understaffing and the consequent increase in workloads in the retail drug industry, coupled with rising prescription volume. Tips on how one's family can be protected from pharmacy errors are presented.(4)passage divisionPart I (para.1-8) By giving examples and providing statistics, the author pointout the seriousness of the drug dispensing errors.Part I (para.9-31) Some ways on how to protect you family and yourself.5. Key words and phrases(1) pharmacy error/drug dispensing error(2) prescription(3) dose(4) awry(5) churn out(6) be attributed to(7) fatal (8)medical vendor(9) submit to(10) oversight(11) counsel(12) pharmacist(13) adverse effect(14) dearth6. Language Notes1. The new prescription that her mother, Peggie, had gotten filled at the Rite Aid in Rock Hill, S.C., was for Ritalin, a drug used to treat attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder.（新处方上开的药是"利他林"，这是她母亲佩吉在南卡罗来纳州洛克山的"莱特相助"药店配的药，一种用来治疗注意力亢奋/不足的药。
托福TPO6Part2阅读文本及答案解析
托福TPO6Part2阅读文本及答案解析托福TPO是我们托福阅读的重要参考资料，为了方便大家备考，下面小编给大家整理了托福TPO6Part2阅读文本及答案解析，希望大家喜欢。
托福TPO6阅读文本Part2William SmithIn 1769 in a little town in Oxfordshire, England, a child with the very ordinary name of William Smith was born into the poor family of a village blacksmith. He received rudimentary village schooling, but mostly he roamed his uncles farm collecting the fossils that were so abundant in the rocks of the Cotswold hills. When he grew older, William Smith taught himself surveying from books he bought with his small savings, and at the age of eighteen he was apprenticed to a surveyor of the local parish. He then proceeded to teach himself geology, and when he was twenty-four, he went to work for the company that was excavating the Somerset Coal Canal in the south of England.This was before the steam locomotive, and canal building was at its height. The companies building the canals to transport coal needed surveyors to help them find the coaldeposits worth mining as well as to determine the best courses for the canals. This job gave Smith an opportunity to study the fresh rock outcrops created by the newly dug canal. He later worked on similar jobs across the length and breadth of England, all the while studying the newly revealed strata and collecting all the fossils he could find. Smith used mail coaches to travel as much as 10,000 miles per year. In 1815 he published the first modern geological map, A Map of the Strata of England and Wales with a Part of Scotland, a map so meticulously researched that it can still be used today.In 1831 when Smith was finally recognized by the Geological Society of London as the father of English geology, it was not only for his maps but also for something even more important. Ever since people had begun to catalog the strata in particular outcrops, there had been the hope that these could somehow be used to calculate geological time. But as more and more accumulations of strata were cataloged in more and more places, it became clear that the sequences of rocks sometimes differed from region to region and that no rock type was ever going to become a reliable time marker throughout the world. Even without the problem of regional differences, rocks present a difficulty as unique time markers.Quartz is quartz-a silicon ion surrounded by four oxygen ions-theres no difference at all between two-million-year-old Pleistocene quartz and Cambrian quartz created over 500 million years ago.As he collected fossils from strata throughout England, Smith began to see that the fossils told a different story from the rocks. Particularly in the younger strata, the rocks were often so similar that he had trouble distinguishing the strata, but he never had trouble telling the fossils apart. While rock between two consistent strata might in one place be shale and in another sandstone, the fossils in that shale or sandstone were always the same. Some fossils endured through so many millions of years that they appear in many strata, but others occur only in a few strata, and a few species had their births and extinctions within one particular stratum. Fossils are thus identifying markers for particular periods in Earths history.Not only could Smith identify rock strata by the fossils they contained, he could also see a pattern emerging: certain fossils always appear in more ancient sediments, while others begin to be seen as the strata become more recent. By following the fossils, Smith was able to put all the strata of Englands earth into relative temporal sequence. About thesame time, Georges Cuvier made the same discovery while studying the rocks around Paris.Soon it was realized that this principle of faunal (animal) succession was valid not only in England or France but virtually everywhere. It was actually a principle of floral succession as well, because plants showed the same transformation through time as did fauna. Limestone may be found in the Cambrian or-300 million years later-in the Jurassic strata, but a trilobite-the ubiquitous marine arthropod that had its birth in the Cambrian-will never be found in Jurassic strata, nor a dinosaur in the Cambrian.Paragraph 1: In 1769 in a little town in Oxfordshire, England, a child with the very ordinary name of William Smith was born into the poor family of a village blacksmith. He receivedrudimentary village schooling, but mostly he roamed his uncles farm collecting the fossils that were so abundant in the rocks of the Cotswold hills. When he grew older, William Smith taught himself surveying from books he bought with his small savings, and at the age of eighteen he was apprenticed to a surveyor of the local parish. He then proceeded to teach himself geology, and when he was twenty-four, he went to work for the company that was excavating the Somerset CoalCanal in the south of England.托福TPO6阅读题目Part21. The word rudimentary in the passage is closest in meaning to○thorough○strict○basic○occasional2. According to paragraph 1, which of the following statements about William Smith is NOT true?○Smith learned surveying by reading and by apprenticing for a local surveyor.○Smiths family lived in a small English town and possessed little wealth.○Smith learned about fossils from books he borrowed from his uncle.○Smith eventually left his village to work on the excavation of an English canal.Paragraph 2: This was before the steam locomotive, and canal building was at its height. The companies building the canals to transport coal needed surveyors to help them find the coal deposits worth mining as well as to determine thebest courses for the canals. This job gave Smith an opportunity to study the fresh rock outcrops created by the newly dug canal. He later worked on similar jobs across the length and breadth of England, all the while studying the newly revealed strata and collecting all the fossils he could find. Smith used mail coaches to travel as much as 10,000 miles per year. In 1815 he published the first modern geological map, A Map of the Strata of England and Wales with a Part of Scotland, a map so meticulously researched that it can still be used today.3. Which of the following can be inferred from paragraph 2 about canal building?○Canals were built primarily in the south of England rather than in other regions.○Canal building decreased after the steam locomotive was invented.○Canal building made it difficult to study rock strata which often became damaged in the process.○Canal builders hired surveyors like Smith to examine exposed rock strata.4. According to paragraph2, which of the following is true of the map published by William Smith?○It indicates the locations of Englands major canals.○It became most valuable when the steam locomotive made rail travel possible.○The data for the map were collected during Smiths work on canals.○It is no longer regarded as a geological masterpiece.5. The word meticulously in the passage is closest in meaning to○carefully○quickly○frequently○obviouslyParagraph 3: In 1831 when Smith was finally recognized by the Geological Society of London as the father of English geology, it was not only for his maps but also for something even more important. Ever since people had begun to catalog the strata in particular outcrops, there had been the hope that these could somehow be used to calculate geological time. But as more and more accumulations of strata were cataloged in more and more places, it became clear that the sequences of rocks sometimes differed from region to region and that no rock type was ever going to become a reliable time markerthroughout the world. Even without the problem of regional differences, rocks present a difficulty as unique time markers. Quartz is quartz-a silicon ion surrounded by four oxygen ions-theres no difference at all between two-million-year-old Pleistocene quartz and Cambrian quartz created over 500 million years ago.6. Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.○The discovery of regional differences in the sequences of rocks led geologists to believe that rock types could someday become reliable time markers.○Careful analysis of strata revealed that rocks cannot establish geological time because the pattern of rock layers varies from place to place.○Smiths catalogs of rock strata indicated that the sequences of rocks are different from place to place and from region to region.○Because people did not catalog regional differences in sequences of rocks, it was believed that rocks could never be reliable time markers.7. Why does the author use the phrase Quartz is quartz?○To describe how the differences between Pleistocene and Cambrian quartz reveal information about dating rocks ○To point out that the chemical composition of quartz makes it more difficult to date than other rocks○To provide an example of how regional differences in rock sequences can make a particular rock difficult to date ○To explain that rocks are difficult to use for dating because their chemical compositions always remain the same over timeParagraph 4: As he collected fossils from strata throughout England, Smith began to see that the fossils told a different story from the rocks. Particularly in the younger strata, the rocks were often so similar that he had trouble distinguishing the strata, but he never had trouble telling the fossils apart. While rock between two consistent strata might in one place be shale and in another sandstone, the fossils in that shale or sandstone were always the same. Some fossils endured through so many millions of years that they appear in many strata, but others occur only in a few strata, and a few species had their births and extinctions within one particular stratum. Fossils are thus identifying markers for particularperiods in Earths history.8. According to paragraph 4, it was difficult for Smith to distinguish rock strata because○the rocks from different strata closely resembled each other○he was often unable to find fossils in the younger rock strata○their similarity to each other made it difficult for him to distinguish one rock type from another○the type of rock between two consistent strata was always the same9. The word endured in the passage is closest in meaning to○vanished○developed○varied○survivedParagraph 5: Not only could Smith identify rock strata by the fossils they contained, he could also see a pattern emerging: certain fossils always appear in more ancient sediments, while others begin to be seen as the strata become more recent. By following the fossils, Smith was able to put allthe strata of Englands earth into relative temporal sequence. About the same time, Georges Cuvier made the same discovery while studying the rocks around Paris. Soon it was realized that this principle of faunal (animal) succession was valid not only in England or France but virtually everywhere. It was actually a principle of floral succession as well, because plants showed the same transformation through time as did fauna. Limestone may be found in the Cambrian or-300 million years later-in the Jurassic strata, but a trilobite-the ubiquitous marine arthropod that had its birth in the Cambrian-will never be found in Jurassic strata, nor a dinosaur in the Cambrian.10. The word virtually in the passage is closest in meaning to○possibly○absolutely○surprisingly○nearly11. Select the TWO answer choices that are true statements based upon the discussion of the principle of faunal succession in paragraph 5. To receive credit, you must select TWO answers.○It was a principle that applied to fauna but not to flora.○It was discovered independently by two different geologists.○It describes how fossils are distributed in rock strata.○It explains why plants and animals undergo transformations through time.12. In mentioning trilobite, the author is making which of the following points?○Fossils cannot be found in more than one rock stratum.○Faunal succession can help put rock layers in relative temporal sequence.○Faunal succession cannot be applied to different strata composed of the same kind of rock.○The presence of trilobite fossils makes it difficult to date a rock.Paragraph 5: Not only could Smith identify rock strata by the fossils they contained, he could also see a pattern emerging: certain fossils always appear in more ancient sediments, while others begin to be seen as the strata become more recent. █By following the fossils, Smith was able to put all the strata of Englands earth into relative temporal sequence. █About the same time, Georges Cuvier made the same discovery while studying the rocks around Paris. █Soon it wasrealized that this principle of faunal (animal) succession was valid not only in England or France but virtually everywhere. █It was actually a principle of floral succession as well, because plants showed the same transformation through time as did fauna. Limestone may be found in the Cambrian or-300 million years later-in the Jurassic strata, but a trilobite-the ubiquitous marine arthropod that had its birth in the Cambrian-will never be found in Jurassic strata, nor a dinosaur in the Cambrian.13.Look at the four squares [█]that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passageThe findings of these geologists inspired others to examine the rock and fossil records in different parts of the world.Where would the sentence best fit?14. Directions: An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below. Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas in the passage. Some sentences do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage. This question is worth 2 points.William Smiths contributions to geology have increasedour knowledge of the Earths history.●●●Answer Choices○Smith found success easily in his profession because he came from a family of geologists and surveyors.○Smiths work on canals allowed him to collect fossils and study rock layers all over England.○Smith found that fossils are much more reliable indicators of geological time than rock strata are.○Smith was named the father of English geology for his maps rather than for his other contributions to the field.○Smith and Cuvier discovered that fossil patterns are easier to observe in ancient rock strata than in younger rock strata.○The discovery of the principle of faunal succession allowed geologists to establish the relative age of Earths rock layers托福TPO6阅读答案Part2参考答案：1. ○32. ○33. ○24. ○35. ○16. ○27. ○4.8. ○19. ○410. ○411. ○2, 312. ○213. ○314. Smiths work on canals allowedSmith found that fossils areThe discovery of the principle托福TPO6阅读翻译Part2参考翻译：威廉;史密斯1769年，在英国牛津郡的一个小镇上，一个小男孩儿出生在村里一户穷铁匠家，他的名字很普通，叫做威廉o史密斯。
【9A文】剑桥雅思6第一套阅读Passage-3真题原文+详细解析+译文
剑桥雅思6第一套阅读Passage3真题原文+詳細解析+译文:READINGPASSAGE3Roushouldspendabout20minutesonQuestions27-40,whicharebasedonReadingP assage3onthefollowingpages.Questions27-32ReadingPassage3hassevenparagraphs,A-G.ChoosethecorrectheadingforparagraphsB-Gfromthelistofheadingsbelow.Writethecorrectnumber,i-iR,inboRes27-32onRouranswersheet.27ParagraphB28ParagraphC29ParagraphD30ParagraphE31ParagraphF32ParagraphGAUnusualincidentsarebeingreportedacrosstheArctic.Inuitfamiliesgoingoffonsno wmobilestopreparetheirsummerhuntingcampshavefoundthemselvescutofffrom homebRaseaofmud,followingearlRthaws.Therearereportsofiglooslosingtheirins ulatingpropertiesasthesnowdripsandrefreezes,oflakesdrainingintotheseaasper mafrostmelts,andseaicebreakingupearlierthanusual,carrRingsealsbeRondthere achofhunters.ClimatechangemaRstillbearatherabstractideatomostofus,butinth eArcticitisalreadRhavingdramaticeffects-ifsummertimeicecontinuestoshrinkatit spresentrate,theArcticOceancouldsoonbecomevirtuallRice-freeinsummer.Thek nock-oneffectsarelikelRtoincludemorewarming,cloudierskies,increasedprecipita tionandhighersealevels.ScientistsareincreasinglRkeentofindoutwhat'sgoingonb ecausetheRconsidertheArcticthe'canarRinthemine'forglobalwarming-awarningo fwhat'sinstorefortherestoftheworld.BFortheInuittheproblemisurgent.TheRliveinprecariousbalancewithoneofthetoug hestenvironmentsonearth.Climatechange,whateveritscauses,isadirectthreattot heirwaRoflife.NobodRknowstheArcticaswellasthelocals,whichiswhRtheRarenotc ontentsimplRtostandbackandletoutsideeRpertstellthemwhat'shappening.InCan ada,wheretheInuitpeoplearejealouslRguardingtheirhard-wonautonomRinthecountrR'snewestterritorR,Nunavut,theRbelievetheirbesthopeofsurvivalinthischan gingenvironmentliesincombiningtheirancestralknowledgewiththebestofmodern science.Thisisachallengeinitself.CTheCanadianArcticisavast,treelesspolardesertthat'scoveredwithsnowformosto ftheRear.VentureintothisterrainandRougetsomeideaofthehardshipsfacinganRon ewhocallsthishome.Farmingisoutofthequestionandnatureoffersmeagrepickings. HumansfirstsettledintheArcticamere4,500Rearsago,survivingbReRploitingseam ammalsandfish.Theenvironmenttestedthemtothelimits:sometimesthecolonists weresuccessful,sometimestheRfailedandvanished.ButaroundathousandRearsa go,onegroupemergedthatwasuniquelRwelladaptedtocopewiththeArcticenviron ment.TheseThulepeoplemovedinfromAlaska,bringingkaRaks,sleds,dogs,potter Randirontools.TheRaretheancestorsoftodaR'sInuitpeople.DLifeforthedescendantsoftheThulepeopleisstillharsh.Nunavutis1.9millionsquar ekilometresofrockandice,andahandfulofislandsaroundtheNorthPole.It'scurrentl Rhometo2,500people,allbutahandfulofthemindigenousInuit.Overthepast40Rea rs,mosthaveabandonedtheirnomadicwaRsandsettledintheterritorR's28isolatedc ommunities,buttheRstillrelRheavilRonnaturetoprovidefoodandclothing.ProvisionsavailableinlocalshopshavetobeflownintoNunavutononeofthemostcostl Rairnetworksintheworld,orbroughtbRsupplRshipduringthefewice-freeweeksofs ummer.ItwouldcostafamilRaroundf7,000aReartoreplacemeattheRobtainedthe mselvesthroughhuntingwithimportedmeat.Economicopportunitiesarescarce,an dformanRpeoplestatebenefitsaretheironlRincome.EWhiletheInuitmaRnotactuallRstarveifhuntingandtrappingarecurtailedbRclimat echange,therehascertainlRbeenanimpactonpeople'shealth.ObesitR,heartdiseas eanddiabetesarebeginningtoappearinapeopleforwhomthesehaveneverbeforebeenproblems.TherehasbeenacrisisofidentitRasthetraditionalskillsofhunting,trapp ingandpreparingskinshavebeguntodisappear.InNunavut's'iglooandemail'societ R,whereadultswhowereborniniglooshavechildrenwhomaRneverhavebeenoutont heland,there'sahighincidenceofdepression.FWithsomuchatstake,theInuitaredeterminedtoplaRakeRroleinteasingoutthemR steriesofclimatechangeintheArctic.Havingsurvivedthereforcenturies,theRbeliev etheirwealthoftraditionalknowledgeisvitaltothetask.AndWesternscientistsarest artingtodrawonthiswisdom,increasinglRreferredtoas‘lnuitQaujimajatuqangit’,or IQ.‘In theearlRdaRsscientistsignoreduswhentheRcameupheretostudRanRthing. TheRjustfiguredthesepeopledon'tknowverRmuchsowewon'task them,’saRsJohn Amagoalik,anInuitleaderandpolitician.'ButinrecentRearsIQhashadmuchmorecr edibilitRandweight.'InfactitisnowarequirementforanRonehopingtogetpermissio ntodoresearchthattheRconsultthecommunities,whoarehelpingtosettheresearch agendatoreflecttheirmostimportantconcerns.TheRcanturndownapplicationsfro mscientiststheRbelievewillworkagainsttheirinterests,orresearchprojectsthatwill impingetoomuchontheirdailRlivesandtraditionalactivities.GSomescientistsdoubtthevalueoftraditionalknowledgebecausetheoccupationoft heArcticdoesn'tgobackfarenough.Others,however,pointoutthatthefirstweathers tationsinthefarnorthdatebackjust50Rears.Therearestillhugegapsinourenvironm entalknowledge,anddespitethescientificonslaught,manRpredictionsarenomoret hanbestguesses.IQcouldhelptobridgethegapandresolvethetremendousuncertai ntRabouthowmuchofwhatwe'reseeingisnaturalcapriciousnessandhowmuchisthe consequenceofhumanactivitR.Questions33-40CompletethesummarRofparagraphsCandDbelow.Choose NOMORETHANTWOWORDS fromparagraphsCandDforeachanswer.WriteRouranswersinboRes33-40onRouranswersheet.IfRouvisittheCanadianArctic,RouimmediatelRappreciatetheproblemsfacedbRpe opleforwhomthisishome.ItwouldclearlRbeimpossibleforthepeopletoengagein33. ...................asameansofsupportingthemselves.ForthousandsofRearstheRhav ehadtorelRoncatching34....................and35....................asameansofsusten ance.TheharshsurroundingssawmanRwhotriedtosettletherepushedtotheirlimits,altho ughsomeweresuccessful.The36....................peoplewereaneRampleofthelatter andforthemtheenvironmentdidnotproveunmanageable.Forthepresentinhabitan ts,lifecontinuestobeastruggle.TheterritorRofNunavutconsistsoflittlemorethanice ,rockandafew37....................InrecentRears,manRofthemhavebeenobligedtogi veuptheir38....................lifestRle,buttheRcontinuetodependmainlRon39........ ............fortheirfoodandclothes.40....................produceisparticularlReRpensi ve.体裁议论文主题气候变化与因纽特人结构A段：概述北极罕见事件敲响警钟B段：因纽特人对于环境变化做出的反应C段：艰苦恶劣的自然条件D段：生活必需品来源的替代品E段：安逸生活的负面影响F段：因纽特人对于环境的建议逐渐被考虑和重视G段：人们对于环境的认识十分有限A段incidentn.事件abstractadj.抽象的snowmobilen.雪地汽车shrinkv.收缩thawn.融雪ice-freeadj.不冻的igloon.圆顶建筑knock-onadj.连锁的insulatingadj.绝缘的precipitationn.降水permafrostn.永久冰冻(永久冻土，永久冻地)canarRn.金丝雀B段urgentadj.急迫的，紧要的，紧急的hard-wonadj.难得的，来之不易的precariousa.不确定的；危险的autonomRn.自治.自治权threatn.威胁liein在于contentadj.满足的combinev.结合standback退后(靠后站，不介入)ancestrala.祖先的，祖传的C段vastadj.广阔的vanishv.消失polaradj.两极的，极地的adaptto适应venturev.冒险copewith对付(应付，克服)terrainn.地带Thulen.古人相信存在于世界北端的国家，极北之地meagreadj.瘦的，不足的eRploitv.开发，开拓kaRakn.(爱斯基摩人用的)皮船mammaln.哺乳动物sledn.雪撬D段descendantn.子孙，后代relRon依赖，依靠harshadj.艰苦的；苛刻的provisionn.供应品，必需品indigenousadj.本土的replacewith取代，以……代替abandonv.放弃scarceadj.缺乏的，不足的nomadicadj.游牧的E段curtailv.缩减，减少identitRn.身份；特性obesitRn.肥胖，肥大depressionn.沮丧，情绪低落；忧郁症diabetesn.糖尿病F段atstake在危险中(处于成败关头)credibilitRn.可信性teaseout梳理，挑出consultv.商议；请教vitaladj.至关重要的；所必需的agendan.议程wisdomn.明智的行为：智慧impingev.侵犯G段occupationn.占有tremendousadj.巨大的，惊人的onslaughtn.冲击capriciousnessn.任性；善变predictionn.预言，预报难句解析1.WhiletheInuitmaRnotactuallRstarveifhuntingandtrappingarecurtailedbRclima techange,therehascertainlRbeenanimpacton people’s health.参考译文：即使气候变化阻碍了狩猎和诱捕，因纽特人或许也不会真的挨饿受冻，但气候变化的确影响了人们的健康。
美英报刊阅读教程Lesson 6 课文
Lesson 6 The Roof That Costs Too MuchA problem for poorer Americans that most voters prefer to ignore1. Motherhood and apple pie are still fine, but the thing many Americans relish most these days is owning their own home. Two in three homes are owned by their occupants, and the lowest mortgage rates in three decades keep the numbers rising. But this does not suit everybody.2. There have long been cities, such as San Francisco and Boston, which lure in so many members of the ever-growing middle class that poorer people get priced out of the housing market.[2] Now the problem is national. According to a report by Harvard University, house prices have been jumping ahead of incomes[3] in most of America’s big cities. Eight of the 50 biggest metropolitan areas have seen prices rise by nearly a third in real terms[4] since 1997. The national rate for mortgage foreclosures is at a 30-year high, with Indiana, Ohio, Mississippi and Utah to the fore.[5]3. The Department of Housing and Urban Development[6] (HUD) defines “affordable housing” asa home which costs less than 30% of a family’ s income, in either rent or a monthly mortgage. When households pay more than 30% they tend to skimp on other necessities, such as health care. Janet Smith, a professor of urban planning at the University of Illinois, reckons that 38% of all the renters in the Chicago area—more than 180,000 households are in this squeeze[7]. So are nearly a quarter of the area’s home-owners. These are not just the familiar poor. A lot of teachers and nurses are struggling.4. Some people blame the housing burden hi part for other social ills[8]—everything from children doing badly at school to traffic-jammed roads. Unless the housing problem is addressed, claims Julia Stasch at the MacArthur Foundation, America will waste money on other social programmes.5. No doubt the housing boom is unsustainable, and prices will eventually adjust themselves to incomes.[9] But that will take time. So affordable housing has become a political issue. Mayor Thomas Menino of Boston has championed it at the Conference of Mayors, which he currently heads (but his solution is apparently to bring back rent controls, which in the end is no solution). California’ s voters have just approved a $2.1 billion bond issue to su bsidise the provision of cheaper homes.6. Such schemes usually involve cities requisitioning land—often run-down areas where factories or public-housing developments once stood—and handing it over to housing associations or public trusts which, because they get the land cheap, can build homes and rent them out at below-market rates.[10] The trouble is that demand generally swamps supply[11]: in cities like Washington, DC, there have been complaints of Soviet-length waiting lists[12]. The obvious way to mop up some of the demand—more high-rise, high-density apartment blocks[13]—is opposed by people who own houses nearby; many neighborhoods have zoning laws[14] to prevent this.7. Another problem is that few countries offer such generous tax breaks[15] to home-owners as America does. The Chicago area’ s population has increased by 11% since 1990, according to Ms Smith; but the number of rented homes has dropped by 3%. Jim Houlihan, the Cook County assessor, successfully pushed for lower taxes on rented propert y. Unfortunately, most of the city’ s new jobs are in its northern suburbs, which are protected by zoning laws; most of its cheaperhousing is in the south. If people live a long way from their work, business suffers, the transport system creaks, and the environment (think of those car fumes) takes a beating.[16]8. An organization called Metropolis 2020 estimates that the Chicago area will need another 352,000 homes by 2020. But many neighborhoods are suspicious of anything labelled “affordable housing”, o ften assuming that it means public housing (which they rightly or wrongly [17] associate with racial minorities, drugs, gangs and violence). It is true that cheap housing projects do tend to be built in poorer areas. One of the biggest in the country is a $1.6 billion scheme in Chicago: the city is knocking down some of its nastiest public-housing projects, including the notorious Cabrini Green. But the 25,000 new units it is building in their place are divided between public housing, subsidized homes and market-rate ones[18].9. Some people argue that the federal government should step in—by creating a National Housing Trust Fund[19] to help build cheaper homes; by altering the tax system; by making the Federal Housing Association[20] more efficient. But HU D’ s boss, Mel Martinez, has told the mayors that “the solution will not come out of Washington”. He wants the private sector and non-profit organizations to take the lead.10. In the end, it may be true that the only answer is to allow the building, or renovation, of a lot more cheap housing. But many middle-class voters do not want that in their communities. “Mosl Americans don’t think there’s a housing problem,” says Nicolas Retsinas of Harvard. Mosl homeowners are still happy with rising prices. Affluent baby-boomers[21] will probably ignore the problem until their children decide that it is cheaper to stay with mum and dad than pay a fortune foi their own homes. And by then the property market will doubtless have crashed.[22] From The Economist, December 7,20021. roof: ⊙ three generations living under one roof. 住在一个屋顶下的三代人the roof of a car. 车顶A roof on prices is needed to keep our customers happy. 最好使最高物价能让我们的顾客满意the roof of the world 世界屋脊; 高的山脉 the roof of heaven 天空 the roof of the mouth 上颚under sb.'s roof 住在某人家作客; 寄人篱下; 在某人的照应下When I told her about breaking the window, she went through the roof. 她听我说有关砸碎窗户的事时大发雷霆Angry tenants finally raised the roof about their noisy neighbors. 愤怒的房客终于对吵闹喧哗的邻居提出强烈抗议2. motherhood: n. 母性, 为母之道, 母亲身份, 母亲们(集合称), 母爱3. relish: n. An appetite for something; a strong appreciation or liking: 胃口：对某事物的食欲，强烈的欣赏或者喜欢：独特的滋味⊙ a relish for luxury. 对奢侈品的爱好, have no relish for tragedy 不喜欢看悲剧 eat [read]with relish 津津有味地吃[读] lose [lack] relish 失去[没有]吸引力Hunger gives relish to any food. 肚子饿时吃什么都香。
tpo6阅读答案(汇总5篇)
tpo6阅读答案（汇总5篇）tpo6阅读答案第1篇What purpose does paragraph 2 serve in the larger discussion of children's inability to recall early experiences?○To argue that theories that are not substantiated by evidence should generally be considered unreliable○To argue that the hypotheses mentioned in paragraph 2 have been more thoroughly researched than have the theories mentioned later in the passage○To explain why some theories about infantile amnesia are wrong before presenting ones more likely to be true ○To explain why infantile amnesia is of great interest to researchersThe word "plausible" in the passage is closest in meaning to ○flexible○believable○debatable○predictableThe word "phenomenon" in the passage is closest in meaning to ○exception○repetition○occurrence○ideaAll of the following theories about the inability to recall early experiences are rejected in paragraph 2 EXCEPT: ○The ability to recall an event decreases as the time after the event○Young children are not capable of forming memories that last for more than a short○People may hold back sexually meaningful○Most events in childhood are too ordinary to be worthParagraph 3: Three other explanations seem more One involves physiological changes relevant to Maturation of the frontal lobes of the brain continues throughout early childhood, and this part of the brain may be critical for remembering particular episodes in ways that can be retrieved Demonstrations of infants' and toddlers' long-term memory have involved their repeating motor activities that they had seen or done earlier, such as reaching inthe dark for objects, putting a bottle in a doll's mouth, or pulling apart two pieces of a The brain's level of physiological maturation may support these types of memories, but not ones requiring explicit verbalWhat does paragraph 3 suggest about long-term memory in children?○Maturation of the frontal lobes of the brain is important for the long-term memory of motor activities but not verbal ○Young children may form long-term memories of actions they see earlier than of things they hear or are○Young children have better long-term recall of short verbal exchanges than of long○Children's long-term recall of motor activities increases when such activities are accompanied by explicit verbalParagraph 4: A second explanation involves the influence of the social world on children's language Hearing and telling stories about events may help children store information in ways that will endure into later childhood and Through hearing stories with a clear beginning, middle, and ending children may learn to extract the gist of events in ways that they will be able to describe manyyears Consistent with this view, parents and children increasingly engage in discussions of past events when children are about three years However, hearing such stories is not sufficient for younger children to form enduring Telling such stories to two year olds does not seem to produce long-lasting verbalizableto paragraph 4, what role may storytelling play in forming childhood memories?○It may encourage the physiological maturing of the○It may help preschool children tell the difference between ordinary and unusual○It may help preschool children retrieve memories○It may provide an ordered structure that facilitates memory Paragraph 5: A third likely explanation for infantile amnesia involves incompatibilities between the ways in which infants encode information and the ways in which older children and adults retrieve Whether people can remember an event depends critically on the fit between the way in which they earlier encoded the information and the way in which they later attempt to retrieve The better able the person is to reconstruct the perspective from which the material was encoded, the more likely that recall will beThe word "critically" in the passage is closest in meaning to ○ fundamentally○ partially○ consistently○ subsequentlyThe word "perspective" in the passage is closest in meaning to○ system○ theory○ source○ viewpointParagraph 6: This view is supported by a variety of factors that can create mismatches between very young children's encoding and older children's and adults' retrieval The world looks very different to a person whose head is only two or three feet above the ground than to one whose head is five or six feet above Older children and adults often try to retrieve the names of things they saw, but infants would not have encoded the information General knowledge of categories of events such as a birthday party or a visit to the doctor's office helps older individuals encode theirexperiences, but again, infants and toddlers are unlikely to encode many experiences within such knowledgeThe phrase "This view" in the passage refers to the belief that ○ the ability to retrieve a memory partly depends on the similarity between the encoding and retrieving process ○ the process of encoding information is less complex for adults than it is for young adults and infants○infants and older children are equally dependent on discussion of past events for the retrieval of information ○ infants encode information in the same way older children and adults doAccording to paragraphs 5 and 6, one disadvantage very young children face in processing information is that they cannot ○ process a lot of information at one time○ organize experiences according to type○ block out interruptions○ interpret the tone of adult languageParagraph 7: These three explanations of infantile amnesia are not mutually exclusive; indeed, they support each Physiological immaturity may be part of why infants and toddlers do not formextremely enduring memories, even when they hear stories that promote such remembering in Hearing the stories may lead preschoolers to encode aspects of events that allow them to form memories they can access as Conversely, improved encoding of what they hear may help them better understand and remember stories and thus make the stories more useful for remembering future Thus, all three explanations-physiological maturation, hearing and producing stories about past events, and improved encoding of key aspects of events-seem likely to be involved in overcoming infantileWhich of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential ○ Incomplete physiological development may partly explain why hearing stories does not improve long-term memory in infants and ○ One reason why preschoolers fail to comprehend the stories they hear is that they are physiologically○ Given the chance to hear stories, infants and toddlers may form enduring memories despite physiological○ Physiologically mature children seem to have no difficultyremembering stories they heard asHow does paragraph 7 relate to the earlier discussion of infantile amnesia?○It introduces a new theory about the causes of infantile ○It argues that particular theories discussed earlier in the passage require further○It explains how particular theories discussed earlier in the passage may work in○It evaluates which of the theories discussed earlier is most likely to beParagraph 1: What do you remember about your life before you were three? █Few people can remember anything that happened to them in their early █Adults' memories of the next few years also tend to be █Most people remember only a few events-usually ones that were meaningful and distinctive, such as being hospitalized or a sibling's █at the four squares [█] that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passageOther important occasions are school graduations andWhere would the sentence best fit?Directions: An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas in the Some sentences do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the This question is worth 2There are several possible explanations why people cannot easily remember their early●●●Answer Choices○Preschoolers typically do not recall events from their first ○Frontal lobe function of the brain may need to develop before memory retrieval can○Children recall physical activities more easily if they are ○The opportunity to hear chronologically narrated stories may help three-year-old children produce long-lasting○The content of a memory determines the way in which it is ○The contrasting ways in which young children and adultsprocess information may determine their relative success in rememberingtpo6阅读答案第2篇Powering the Industrial RevolutionIn Britain one of the most dramatic changes of the Industrial Revolution was the harnessing of Until the reign of George Ⅲ(1760-1820), available sources of power for work and travel had not increased since the Middle There were three sources of power: animal or human muscles; the wind, operating on sail or windmill; and running Only the last of these was suited at all to the continuous operating of machines, and although waterpower abounded in Lancashire and Scotland and ran grain mills as well as textile mills, it had one great disadvantage: streams flowed where nature intended them to, and water-driven factories had to be located on their banks whether or not the location was desirable for other Furthermore, even the most reliable waterpower varied with the seasons and disappeared in a The new age of machinery, in short, could not have been born without a new source of both movable and constantThe source had long been known but not Early in the eighteenthcentury, a pump had come into use in which expanding steam raised a piston in a cylinder, and atmospheric pressure brought it down again when the steam condensed inside the cylinder to form a This "atmospheric engine," invented by Thomas Savery and vastly improved by his partner, Thomas Newcomen, embodied revolutionary principles, but it was so slow and wasteful of fuel that it could not be employed outside the coal mines for which it had been In the 1760s, James Watt perfected a separate condenser for the steam, so that the cylinder did not have to be cooled at every stroke; then he devised a way to make the piston turn a wheel and thus convert reciprocating (back and forth) motion into rotary He thereby transformed an inefficient pump of limited use into a steam engine of a thousand The final step came when steam was introduced into the cylinder to drive the piston backward as well as forward, thereby increasing the speed of the engine and cutting its fuelWatt's steam engine soon showed what it could It liberated industry from dependence on running The engine eliminated water in the mines by driving efficient pumps, which made possible deeper and deeper The ready availability of coal inspired William Murdoch during the 1790s to develop the first new form of nighttimeillumination to be discovered in a millennium and a Coal gas rivaled smoky oil lamps and flickering candles, and early in the new century, well-to-do Londoners grew accustomed to gaslit houses and even Iron manufacturers, which had starved for fuel while depending on charcoal, also benefited from ever-increasing supplies of coal: blast furnaces with steam-powered bellows turned out more iron and steel for the new Steam became the motive force of the Industrial Revolution as coal and iron ore were the raw By 1800 more than a thousand steam engines were in use in the British Isles, and Britain retained a virtual monopoly on steam engine production until the Steam power did not merely spin cotton and roll iron; early in the new century, it also multiplied ten times over the amount of paper that a single worker could produce in a At the same time, operators of the first printing presses run by steam rather than by hand found it possible to produce a thousand pages in an hour rather than Steam also promised to eliminate a transportation problem not fully solved by either canal boats or Boats could carry heavy weights, but canals could not cross hilly terrain; turnpikes could cross the hills, but the roadbeds could not stand up under great These problems needed still anothersolution, and the ingredients for it lay close at In some industrial regions, heavily laden wagons, with flanged wheels, were being hauled by horses along metal rails; and the stationary steam engine was puffing in the factory and Another generation passed before inventors succeeded in combining these ingredients, by putting the engine on wheels and the wheels on the rails, so as to provide a machine to take the place of the Thus the railroad age sprang from what had already happened in the eighteenthParagraph 1: In Britain one of the most dramatic changes of the Industrial Revolution was the harnessing of Until the reign of George Ⅲ(1760-1820), available sources of power for work and travel had not increased since the Middle There were three sources of power: animal or human muscles; the wind, operating on sail or windmill; and running Only the last of these was suited at all to the continuous operating of machines, and although waterpower abounded in Lancashire and Scotland and ran grain mills as well as textile mills, it had one great disadvantage: streams flowed where nature intended them to, and water-driven factories had to be located on their banks whether or not the location was desirable for other Furthermore, even the most reliable waterpower variedwith the seasons and disappeared in a The new age of machinery, in short, could not have been born without a new source of both movable and constantParagraph 2: The source had long been known but not Early in the eighteenth century, a pump had come into use in which expanding steam raised a piston in a cylinder, and atmospheric pressure brought it down again when the steam condensed inside the cylinder to form a This "atmospheric engine," invented by Thomas Savery and vastly improved by his partner, Thomas Newcomen, embodied revolutionary principles, but it was so slow and wasteful of fuel that it could not be employed outside the coal mines for which it had been In the 1760s, James Watt perfected a separate condenser for the steam, so that the cylinder did not have to be cooled at every stroke; then he devised a way to make the piston turn a wheel and thus convert reciprocating (back and forth) motion into rotary He thereby transformed an inefficient pump of limited use into a steam engine of a thousand The final step came when steam was introduced into the cylinder to drive the piston backward as well as forward, thereby increasing the speed of the engine and cutting its fueltpo6阅读答案第3篇参考翻译：婴幼儿期记忆缺失三岁前生活中发生事情你还记得多少?很少有人能记得婴幼儿时期曾经发生在他们身上的事情。
英语泛读教程1Unit6FathersS
▪ Audie Murphy(19241971) was the most decorated American soldier in WWII, having received twenty-one medals and regarded as American Hero. He was credited with having killed, captured, or wounded 240 Germans. For his brave action, Murphy was awarded the medal of Honor on August 9, 1945.
I. About the book
▪ It’s a book of photos and essays of fathers and sons. It's more like a photoalbum with notes. There are photos and comments from 52 fathers with sons, who reveal in their writings, and through Bill Hanson's poignant(深深打动人的) photography, the unique bond of fatherhood. Some of them are famous, like former President Gerald Ford, and some are just regular guys who are firemen, athletes, professors, artists, and doctors. These men speak of the responsibilities and rewards of being father and son. They share stories of discovery and growing pains.
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Lesson SixPart One:三、解题方法汇总1.托福试题性质分类主题型+归纳型+重要细节型+次要细节型（次要细节型为检索型，包括时间，地区，数字等）（归纳型题按主题指导而行）2.解的特点1）相对为解：can/could/may/often/some/more or less impossible等 2）主观评定性词汇（在于文章中不出现该类词汇relatively/reasonably/arguably3）主题与中心词汇一致为解3.混淆项特点1）绝对含义词汇all/only/any/entirely/never2）部分对，部分错（比原文具体的项一般为错项） 3）答非所问4）反向（与原文相反）4.各类问题解法ⅰ，主题及目的解法：中心词+特征词+文章主题句+段中心prupose：以inform/explain/provide information for ⅱ，细节性题目a，关键结构对应（见前）b，其他特征*大写字母/人物mention题型（Why does the author mention Mr Smith in line 7？） 解法，人物：选对文章主人公的影响，衬托事物：说明，解释与中心事物相关性*目的（作者提到某物，某人的目的）选，为作者中心服务ⅲ，应用型题型a，作者身份（一般选expert）b，读者身份* The passage was addressed to which of the following people？ 解为普通读者/听众或大学生*The author raised issues that would most concernWhich of the following groups？解为专家c，文章来源（可能选解为课本或论文）d，文章体裁scholarly style----高深词汇与句子florid style----绚丼词汇与修辞手段understated style----平静，含蓄手法hyperbolic style----夸大，扩张手法formal正式/informal非正式/optimism乐观pessimism悲观/sceptical怀疑/didactic教诲critical批评/questioning质问/prosaic诗意objective客观/enthusiastic热情/aloof冷漠cautionary警世/compassionate富有同情心satirical讽刺/defensive反驳/detachment超然ⅳ，推理题a，推理上，下篇文章的主题（文章第一句，或最末一句，关键在于主句） b，数字推理the three years later型c，比较级推理同级推理：x与y性质相同，已知x具有特征z，就可得知y也有z 异级推理：x>y 就可推知y反向特征d，时间推理过去A----B，推知现在A----Be，主观意向与客观状态A want to V推知A不具备此特征f，as 结构A is not B，as C，but is D（由此可知A=D，C=B，其中A，C为主体事物，B，D为特征 g，作者观点与一般人观点一般在托福中作者观点与一般人观点相反例：若文章中A=B题The author implies that many people attribute sth to （sth=A）key：A≠Bh，部分与整体（补集效应）some----othersi，一般与特殊generally----speciallyj，归纳推理（此类选项易见）ⅴ，态度性试题*文章作者态度*文章中主人公态度*文章中特殊人物态度*文章中一般媒体或大众态度觃律：作者态度对于一般客观事实，人物均为褒义词作者态度对于某些人某些观点一般为贬义词其他态度=客观真理+检索ⅵ，结构性试题*organization看文章整体判断*提供信息无检索The passage provides information to answer which of the following questions？ 按主题及主题词出现频率选择ⅶ，解词题*代词指代对象代词分类：①纯代词：it，its，they②形容词：former，latter，same，next③序数词：first，second④副词：there，here，thus⑤其他：in that way，like that觃律：中心词优先（其他词汇复习另注）5.阅读操作*客观与真理（合理性原则）*整体中心一致（主题围绕性）*支配性文字（注重）basic facts，simple principle，predominant mood*总结性文字in general/in short/in a word/brieflyPart Two:阅读中的词汇一、词汇重要性•阅读理解基础•便于快速得分二、阅读词汇难点1、总量积累不足2、不能反应词义信息理解中断（1）核心词：掌握全部常用义ApproachObjectOverlook（2）非核心词：掌握主要释义（3）特定话题高频词：熟知判断标准：在同一类话题文章中反复出现且不可替代3、对应不够准确信息理解偏差•（1）抽象词••Intensify•Contribute•（2）多义词•Settle•Solution•（3）形似词•resemble / assemble •secret / secrete三、如何准备阅读词汇•1、确定理解重点：•动词及形容词••2、形成有效重复3、结合文章语境记忆更牢靠•Haroun Tazieff, the Polish scientist, has spent his lifetime studying active volcanoes and deep caves in all parts of the world.•休眠火山：•dormant volcano•死火山：•extinct volcano•5、辅助工具•1）词典：Merriam-Webster’s （选用）•2）卡片：正面/ 背面•3）单词书：词汇总量/ 排列方法四、如何推测词义1、拆分词根词缀法：前缀－词根－后缀单词构成规律•最重要：词根•anim - animal / animate / animation•Aqua - aquatic / aquarium•aquaculture / aqueduct•次重要：前缀•macro / micro; mono / poly•不重要：后缀：词性•例外less•Potash and soda are not interchangeable，but for glass- or soap- making either would do.•Equivalent 同等的可互换的•The specialized requirements of particular urban situations have further expanded the use of art in public places: in Memphis, sculptor Richard Hunt has created a monument to Martin Luther King, Jr.., who was slain there; in New York, Dan Flavin and Bill Brand have contributed neon and animation works to the enhancement of mass transit facilities. And in numerous cites, art is being raised as a symbol of thecommitment to revitalize urban areas.•The word “revitalize”in line 22 is closet in meaning to ( )• A. show the importance of• B. promise to enlarge• C. bring new life to• D. provide artworks for•In 1938 the Fair Labor Standards Act mandated a weekly maximum of 40 hours to begin in 1940, and since that time the 8-hour day, 5-day workweek has been the standard in the United States. Adjustments in various places, however, show that this standard is not immutable. In 1987, for example, German metalworkers struck for and received a 37.5-hour workweek…•The word ”immutable”in line 21 is ( )• A. unmatched• B. irregular• C. unnecessary• D. unchangeable•Immutable:•Commute•Communicate•Transmute2、上下文关联法例文：The sick humor•most funny stories are based on comic situations, but these days, a new type of humor, which stems largely from the U.S, has came into fashion. In contrast, comedians based their jokes on tragic situations like violent death or serious accident.A. 论点与论据对应动词形容词•Another way of enhancing the effectiveness of flight is to move in an erratic and unpredictable way. Many species, like ptarmigans, snipes, and various antelopes and gazelles, flee from predators in a characteristic zigzag fashion.•The description of the prey’s movement as “zigzag”in line 9 suggests that the movement is( )• A. Reliable• B. fast• C. constant• D. unpredictableB. 性质对应•标志性标点：•双引号•破折号•双逗号•Unlike those available for painting, the opportunities to exhibit sculpture in the United States around the turnof the twentieth century were quite scarce. There was almost no room for sculpture at the influential Fine Arts Society’s 57th Street Galleries in New York. As late as 1905, the Monumental News, a journal dedicated to the promotion of sculpture, lamented, “Exhibitions of sculptors’works are so comparatively rare.”•The word “lamented” in line 5 is closest in meaning to（）–declared–complained–revealed–described• A skyscraper, or building more than twenty stories high, is built on a foundation of concrete supported by piles driven into the ground.C. 语法呼应•伴随状语：•伴随的动作带有主语特征•定语及定语从句：•修饰形容词带有核心词特征•The culture spread southward into the present-day states of Louisiana, Alabama, Georgia, and Florida. Its peoples became great traders, bartering jewellery, pottery, animal pelts, tools, and other goods along extensive trading networks that stretched up and down eastern North America and as far west as the Rocky Mountains.•The word “bartering”in line 9 is closest in meaning to ( )• A. producing• B. exchanging• C. transporting• D. loadingD. 标志词呼应•并列连词：and, as well as, both…and…, not only…but also…, either…or…, neither…nor…•Today’s executives must have some grasp of economic realities and the political process, as well as some comprehension of the basic framework within which scientific and technological changes take place. Theymust gain an understanding of human nature, including its negative aspects, such as the sources of human conflict and the pitfalls of power.•(1)The word grasp in the passage is closest in meaning to ( )• A. understanding• B. communication• C. criticism• D. prediction•(2)The word pitfalls in the passage is closest in meaning to ( )• A. benefits• B. stages• C. causes• D. hazards•举例短语：take…for example, for example, for instance, such as，like，that is，in other words小结：上下文关联法-同义推测• A. 论点与论据对应• B. 内容与概念性质对应• C. 语法呼应• D. 标志词呼应例文：The sick humor•most funny stories are based on comic situations, but these days, a new type of humor, which stems largely from the U.S, has came into fashion. In contrast, comedians based their jokes on tragic situations like violent death or serious accident.•Joy and sadness are experienced by people in all cultures around the world, but how can we tell when other people are happy or despondent?•The word despondent in the passage is closest in meaning to ( )•curious•unhappy•thoughtful•uncertain标志词法：•1）、让步关联词：although 、even though、despite、in spite of•By 1745 New Market was opened on second street between Pine and Cedar. The next year the Callowhill Market began operation. Along with market days, the institution of twice-yearly fairs persisted in Philadelphia even after similar trading days had been discontinued in other colonial cities.•The word “persisted”in line 9 is closest in meaning to ( )• A. returned• B. started• C. declined• D. continued•2）、对比关联词：whereas 、while、instead、unlike 、in contrast 、on the other hand•The heavy amounts of heat and pollution rising from cities both delay and stimulate the fall of precipitation, depriving some areas of rain while drenching others.•The word drenching in paragraph 1 is closest in meaning to （）TOEFL Reading 6th Term Sailing IELTS •almost missing•severely damaging•thoroughly wetting•entirely avoiding•3）、转折关联词：but、however、yet、nevertheless•Twilight rays are nearly parallel, but because of the observer’s perspective, they appear to diverge.。