细胞与分子生物学词汇表

Week 1

https://www.360docs.net/doc/b76433964.html,anism [生物体An individual, composed of

organ systems (if multicellular). Multiple organisms make up a population.

2.cells The smallest structural units of

living matter capable of functioning independently.

3.protist [原生生物

4.prokaryote [原核生物Type of cell that

lacks a membrane-bound nucleus and has no membrane organelles; a bacterium.

Prokaryotes are more primitive than eukaryotes. Cells lacking membrane-bound organelles and having a single circular chromosome, and ribosomes surrounded by a cell membrane. Prokaryotes were the first forms of life on earth, evolving over 3.5 billion years ago

5.P r o k a r y o t i c原核的

6.eukaryote真核细胞A type of cell found in

many organisms including single-celled protists and multicellular fungi, plants, and animals; characterized by a membrane-bounded nucleus and other membraneous organelles; an organism composed of such cells. The first eukaryotes are encountered in rocks approximately 1.2-1.5 billion years old.

7.E u k a r y o t i c真核状态的

8. protozoa [原生生物Single-celled

protists grouped by their method of locomotion. This group includes Paramecium, Amoeba, and many other commonly observed protests

9.plasma 血浆The liquid portion of the blood.

Along with the extracellular tuid, it makes up the internal environment of multicellular organisms.

10.cell theory One of the four (or five)

unifying concepts in biology. The cell theory states that all living things are composed of at least one cell and that the cell is the fundamental unit of function in all organisms. Corollaries 必然的结果: the chemical composition of all cells is fundamentally alike; all cells arise from

preexisting cells through cell division.

11.mitosis [有丝分裂The division of the

cell's nucleus and nuclear material of a cell; consists of four stages: prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase. Cell xeroxing. Mitosis occurs only in eukaryotes. The DNA of the cell is replicated during interphase of the cell cycle and then segregated during the four phases of mitosis.

12.meiosis 减数分裂Cell division in which the

chromosomes replicate, followed by two nuclear divisions. Each of the resulting gametes (in animals, spores in plants) receives a haploid set of chromosomes.

Reduction/division by which ploidy, the number of sets of homologous chromosomes, is reduced in the formation of haploid cells that become gametes (or gametophytes in plants)

13.ultracentrifuge [ 用超高速离心器

14.[metabolism新代 The sum of all chemical

reactions (energy exchanges) in cells

15.irritability [过敏性, 兴奋性, 易怒

16.homeostasis[动态静止,动态平衡The ability

to maintain a relatively constant internal environment

17.adaptation[适应Tendency of an organism to

suit its environment; one of the major points of Charles Darwin's theory of evolution by natural selection: organisms adapt to their environment. Those organisms best adapted will have a greater chance of surviving and passing their genes on to the next generation.

18.Acellular : have not cellular

organisation ,do not display all the major life attributes.

19.virus病毒Infectious chemical agent

composed of a nucleic acid (DNA or RNA) inside a protein coat

20.Viroids 类病毒are naked pieces of RNA that

lack cytoplasm, membranes, etc. They are parasites of some plants and also as possible glimpses of the functioning of pre-cellular life forms.

21.prions朊病毒, 蛋白感染素Infectious

agents composed only of one or more protein molecules without any accompanying genetic information.

22.microscope 显微镜

23.magnification 放大倍率is the ratio of

enlargement between the specimen and its image

24.Resolution 分辨率，在显微镜检时，所谓分辨

即毗连两物能识别为相互分离时的最小距离。

is the ability to distinguish between two objects.

25.Paramecium [草履虫

https://www.360docs.net/doc/b76433964.html,anelle[细胞器Cell components that

carry out individual functions; e.g., the cell nucleus and the endoplasmic reticulum.

Subcellular structures (usually membrane-bound and unique to eukaryotes) that perform some function, e.g.

chloroplast, mitochondrion, nucleus.

27.lysosomes [溶酶体Membrane-enclosed

organelles containing digestive enzymes.

The lysosomes fuse with food vacuoles and enzymes contained within the lysosome chemically breakdown and/or digest the food vacuole's contents.

28.endocytosis (细胞)吞作用The

incorporation of materials from outside the cell by the formation of vesicles in the plasma membrane. The vesicles surround the material so the cell can engulf it.

29.Hierarchical 分等级的

30.ecology[生态学,The study of how organisms

interact with each other and their physical environment。

31.population [人口A group of individuals of

the same species living in the same area at the same time and sharing a common gene pool.

A group of potentially interbreeding

organisms in a geographic area.

https://www.360docs.net/doc/b76433964.html,munity [公社, 团体, 社会All species or

populations living in the same area.

33.ecosystem [生态系统The community living in

an area and its physical environment. 34.biosphere [生物圈All ecosystems on Earth

as well as the Earth's crust, waters, and

atmosphere on and in which organisms exist;

also, the sum of all living matter on Earth.

35.nucleoside [核苷

36.glycose [单糖，

37.glucose[葡萄糖A six-carbon single sugar;

the most common energy source.

38.minimum [最小的, 最低的

39.coefficient [系数

40.metabolite [代物

41.molecules 分子Units of two or more atoms

held together by chemical bonds. The combination of atoms by chemical bonds with the component atoms in definite porportions, such as water (two H to one O).

42.Micro-organisms：organisms not visible to

naked eye。

43.primary cell wall The cell wall outside the

plasma membrane that surrounds plant cells;

composed of the polysaccharide cellulose.

44.polysaccharides [多醣Long chains of

monosaccharide units bonded together; e.g., glycogen, starch, and cellulose.

Week 2

1、isotonic solution ：等溶液

2、osmosis [渗透(作用Cholesterol胆固醇： a

type of lipid called a sterol（固醇）

4、Macromolecules 大分子Large molecules made

up of many small organic molecules that are often referred to as monomers; e.g.,

carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and

nucleic acids. Macromolecules are polymers of monomers.

5、lipids类脂One of the four classes of

organic macromolecules. Lipids function in the long-term storage of biochemical

energy, insulation, structure and control.

Examples of lipids include the fats, waxes, oils and steroids (e.g. testosterone,

cholesterol).

6、Carbohydrates 碳水化合物Organic

molecules composed of carbon, hydrogen,

and oxygen that serve as energy sources and structural materials for cells of all

organisms.

7、Glycolipids 糖脂Polysaccharides formed of

sugars linked to lipids, a part of the cell membrane.

8、Glycoproteins 糖蛋白Polysaccharides

formed of sugars linked to proteins. On the outer surface of a membrane, they act as receptors for molecular signals

originating outside the cell.

9、Hemoglobin 血红蛋白A red pigment in red

blood cells that can bind with oxygen and is largely responsible for the blood's

oxygen-carrying capacity. Hemoglobin is

composed of four polypeptide chains, two alpha () and two beta () chains. 10、Phospholipids 磷脂Asymmetrical

lipid molecules with a hydrophilic head and

a hydrophobic tail. Lipids with a phosphate

group in place of one of the three fatty acid chains. Phospholipids are the

building blocks of cellular membranes.

Phospholipids have hydrophilic heads

(glycerol and phosphate) and hydrophobic tails (the non-polar fatty acids).

11、Hydrophilic 亲水的Water-loving.

Term applied to polar molecules that can form a hydrogen bond with water.

12、Hydrophobic 蔬水的

Water-fearing.Term applied to nonpolar

molecules that cannot bond with water.

Week 3

1.endocytosis 胞吞作用

The incorporation of materials from

outside the cell by the formation of

vesicles in the plasma membrane. The

vesicles surround the material so the

cell can engulf it.

2.phagocytosis 吞噬作用

A form of endocytosis in which white

blood cells surround and engulf

invading bacteria or viruses

3.exocytosis 胞吐作用

The process in which a

membrane-enclosed vesicle Trst fuses

with the plasma membrane and then opens

and releases its contents to the

outside

4.diffusion 扩散The

spontaneous movement of particles from

an area of higher concentration to an

area of lower concentration.

5.passive transport 被动运输Diffusion

across a plasma membrane in which the

cell expends no energy.

6.active transport 主动运输Transport of

molecules against a concentration

gradient (from regions of low

concentration to regions of high

concentration) with the aid of

proteins in the cell membrane and

energy from ATP.

Week4

1、C ell membrane 细胞膜 - the thin layer of

protein and fat that surrounds the cell.

The cell membrane is semipermeable, allowing some substances to pass into the cell and blocking others.

2、C ell wall–细胞壁 a thick, rigid

membrane that surrounds a plant cell. This layer of cellulose fiber gives the cell most of its support and structure. The cell wall also bonds with other cell walls to form the structure of the plant.

3、c hloroplast [–叶绿体 an elongated or

disc-shaped organelle containing chlorophyll. Photosynthesis (in which energy from sunlight is converted into chemical energy - food) takes place in the chloroplasts.

4、v acuole–液泡 a large,

membrane-bound space within a plant cell that is filled with fluid. Most plant cells

have a single vacuole that takes up much of the cell. It helps maintain the shape of the cell.

5、c hristae（线粒体嵴）- (singular crista [)

the multiply-folded inner membrane of a cell's mitochondrion that are finger-like projections. The walls of the cristae are the site of the cell's energy production (it is where ATP is generated).

6、g ranum叶绿体基粒- (plural grana) A stack

of thylakoid disks within the chloroplast is called a granum.

7、A myloplast [淀粉形成体- an organelle in

some plant cells that stores starch.

Amyloplasts are found in starchy plants like tubers and fruits.

8、A TP- ATP is short for adenosine

triphosphate; it is a high-energy molecule used for energy storage by organisms. In plant cells, ATP is produced in the cristae of mitochondria and chloroplasts.

9、c hlorophyll[叶绿素- chlorophyll is a

molecule that can use light energy from sunlight to turn water and carbon dioxide gas into sugar and oxygen (this process is called photosynthesis). Chlorophyll is magnesium based and is usually green.

10、Photosynthesis [ - a process in which

plants convert sunlight, water, and carbon dioxide into food energy (sugars and starches), oxygen and water. Chlorophyll or closely-related pigments (substances that color the plant) are essential to the photosynthetic process.

11、stroma[基质- part of the chloroplasts

in plant cells, located within the inner membrane of chloroplasts, between the grana. 12、thylakoid [ disk -类囊体(植物叶绿体

中的蛋白质和脂肪膜皮, 光合化学作用在此

进行thylakoid disks are disk-shaped

membrane structures in chloroplasts that

contain chlorophyll. Chloroplasts are

made up of stacks of thylakoid disks; a

stack of thylakoid disks is called a granum.

Photosynthesis (the production of ATP

molecules from sunlight) takes place on

thylakoid disks.

13、centrosome[–中心体 (also called the

"microtubule organizing center") a small

body located near the nucleus - it has a

dense center and radiating tubules. The

centrosomes is where microtubules are made.

During cell division (mitosis), the

centrosome divides and the two parts move

to opposite sides of the dividing cell. The

centriole is the dense center of the

centrosome.

14、cytoplasm[–细胞质the jellylike

material outside the cell nucleus in which

the organelles are located.

15、Golgi body–高尔基体 (also called

the Golgi apparatus or golgi complex) a

flattened, layered, sac-like organelle

that looks like a stack of pancakes and is

located near the nucleus. It produces the

membranes that surround the lysosomes. The

Golgi body packages proteins and

carbohydrates into membrane-bound

vesicles for "export" from the cell。16、lysosome [–溶酶体 (also called cell

vesicles) round organelles surrounded by

a membrane and containing digestive

enzymes. This is where the digestion of

cell nutrients takes place.

17、mitochondrion–线立体spherical to

rod-shaped organelles with a double

membrane. The inner membrane is infolded

many times, forming a series of projections (called cristae). The mitochondrion converts the energy stored in glucose into ATP (adenosine triphosphate) for the cell.

18、nuclear membrane–核膜 the membrane

that surrounds the nucleus.

19、nucleolus–核仁 an organelle within

the nucleus - it is where ribosomal RNA is produced. Some cells have more than one nucleolus.

20、nucleus–细胞核spherical body

containing many organelles, including the nucleolus. The nucleus controls many of the functions of the cell (by controlling protein synthesis) and contains DNA (in chromosomes). The nucleus is surrounded by the nuclear membrane.

21、ribosome核糖体- small organelles

composed of RNA-rich cytoplasmic granules that are sites of protein synthesis.

22、rough endoplasmic reticulum–粗面

质网(rough ER) a vast system of interconnected, membranous, infolded and convoluted sacks that are located in the cell's cytoplasm (the ER is continuous with the outer nuclear membrane). Rough ER is covered with ribosomes that give it a rough appearance. Rough ER transports materials through the cell and produces proteins in sacks called cisternae (which are sent to the Golgi body, or inserted into the cell membrane).

23、smooth endoplasmic reticulum–光面

质网(smooth ER) a vast system of interconnected, membranous, infolded and convoluted tubes that are located in the cell's cytoplasm (the ER is continuous with the outer nuclear membrane). The space within the ER is called the ER lumen.

Smooth ER transports materials through the

cell. It contains enzymes and produces and

digests lipids (fats) and membrane

proteins; smooth ER buds off from rough ER,

moving the newly-made proteins and lipids

to the Golgi body, lysosomes, and

membranes.

Week5

1.proteins 蛋白质Polymers made up of amino

acids that perform a wide variety of

cellular functions. One of the classes of organic macromolecules that function as

structural and control elements in living systems. Proteins are polymers of amino

acids linked together by peptide bonds. 2.peptide bond肽键A covalent bond that links

two amino acids together to form a

polypeptide chain. A covalent bond between the amine end of one amino acid and the acid end of another amino acid.

3. ribosomal RNA（核糖体RNA）One of the

three types of RNA; rRNA is a structural

component in ribosomes.

4.ribosomal subunits（核糖体亚单位）Two

units that combine with mRNA to form the

ribosomal-mRNA complex at which protein

synthesis occurs.

5.ribosomes [ m]（核糖体）Small

organelles made of rRNA and protein in the cytoplasm of prokaryotic and eukaryotic

cells; aid in the production of proteins on the rough endoplasmic reticulum and

ribosome complexes. The site of protein

synthesis. The ribosome is composed of two subunits that attach to the mRNA at the

beginning of protein synthesis and detach when the polypeptide has been translated.

6.ribonucleic acid (RNA) Nucleic acid

containing ribose sugar and the base Uracil;

RNA functions in protein synthesis. The

single starnded molecule transcribed from one strand of the DNA. There are three types of RNA, each is involved in protein

synthesis. RNA is made up nucleotides

containing the sugar ribose, a phosphate

group, and one of four nitrogenous bases

(adenine, uracil, cytosine or guanine). 7.deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) A nucleic

acid composed of two polynucleotide

strands wound around a central axis to form

a double helix; the repository of genetic

information. Nucleic acid that functions

as the physical carrier of inheritance for 99% of all species. The molecule is

double-stranded and composed of two

strands in an antiparallel and

complementary arrangement. The basic unit, the nucleotide, consists of a molecule of deoxyribose sugar, a phosphate group, and one of four nitrogenous bases.

8.nucleotides（核甘）The subunits of nucleic

acids; composed of a phosphate, a sugar,

and a nitrogen-containing base.The

fundamental structural unit of the nucleic acid group of organic macromolecules. Some nucleotides are involved in information

storage (as nucleotides in DNA), protein

synthesis (as nucleotides in RNA), and

energy transfers (as single nucleotide ATP, GTP, and double nucleotide NADH and NADPH).

9. nucleoid （类核）The area of the

prokaryotic cytoplasm where the chromatin is localized

10. nucleus (cell)（细胞核）The largest,

most prominent organelle in eukaryotic

cells; a round or oval body that is

surrounded by the nuclear envelope and

contains the genetic information necessary for control of cell structure and function.

11. translation （翻译）The synthesis of

protein on a template of messenger RNA;

consists of three steps: initiation,

elongation, and termination. Making of a

polypeptide sequence by translating the

genetic code of an mRNA molecule associated with a ribosome.

12.amino acid sequence（氨基酸序列）Also

known as the primary structure of a

protein/polypeptide; the sequence of amino acids in a protein/polypeptide controlled by the sequence of DNA bases. 13.primary structure（一级结构）The

sequence of amino acids in a protein 14.messenger RNA (mRNA) "Blueprint" for

protein synthesis that is transcribed from one strand of the DNA (gene) and which is translated at the ribosome into a

polypeptide sequence.

15.transfer RNAs (tRNAs) Small,

single-stranded RNA molecules that bind to amino acids and deliver them to the proper codon on messenger RNA. The trucks of

protein synthesis that carry the specified amino acid to the ribosome

16.genetic code（遗传密码）The linear

series of nucleotides, read as triplets, that speciTes the sequence of amino acids in proteins. Each triplet speciTes an

amino acid, and the same codons are used for the same amino acids in almost all

life-forms, an indication of the universal nature of the code.

17. codon（密码子）A sequence of three

nucleotides in messenger RNA that codes for

a single amino acid

18.anticodon（反密码子） A sequence of

three nucleotides on the transfer RNA

molecule that recognizes and pairs with a specific codon on a messenger RNA molecule;

helps control the sequence of amino acids in a growing polypeptide chain.

19. initiation codon (AUG)（起始密码子）

Three-base sequence on the messenger RNA that codes for the amino acid methionine;

the start command for protein synthesis.

20.methionine [蛋氨酸,甲硫氨酸

21.methionyl [甲硫氨酰(基)

22.Formyl [[化]甲酸基

23.aminoacyl [氨酰〔基

24.stop codon（终止密码子）The codon on a

messenger RNA molecule where protein

synthesis stops.

25.initiation（起始）The Trst step in

translation; occurs when a messenger RNA molecule, a ribosomal subunit, and a

transfer RNA molecule carrying the Trst