高考英语之概要写作技巧完整版
高考英语之概要写作技巧素材
概要写作（Summary writing），被称为“小作文”。
概要写作分值占据15分，考查的是考生阅读和写作的综合能力。
概要写作所给定的语篇一般在200-250字，内容丰富多样，包含故事、时政、科普等，体裁以记叙文、说明文为主，字数一般要求在50-60字，答案尽量符合“Key points of a summary”的要求。
一．正确认识概要写作1. Definition of summary writing（概要写作的定义）By summary, we mean a brief restatement, in your own words, of the content of a passage, an article, a chapter or a book.2. Key points of a summary（概要写作的要点）Conciseness（简要性）：Omit unnecessary details like examples, explanations and other unimportant information.Length: 1/4-1/3 of the original text.Completeness（完整性）：To include all the main and supporting points delivered in you own words in a condensed manner.Accuracy（准确性）：To give the same attention and stress to the points as the author does.Coherence（连贯性）：Rather than an outline listed as key words and phrases, a summary is a paragraph with necessary transitions and function structures to make it flow.Objectivity（客观性）：Do not include your own ideas or emotions on the topic. The summary should reflect the content of the original passage only.3. Steps to write a summary（概要写作的步骤）1）Skim the text to find out the general theme.2）Analyze the text’s structure to divide it into several sections, find out the main idea of each section and write it out briefly with your own words. (one sentence)3）Write down the key supporting points for each main idea without involving minor details.4）Organize the main and related supporting points in a logical order with necessary transitions to achieve coherence.5）Proofread for grammatical, spelling and punctuation mistakes.4. Beginning of a summary（概要写作的开头）Begin your summary with:*The author’s name*The article’s or chapter’s name*The author’s thesis statement—a general overview(survey) of the article.The Body:First of all, the author describes……He then points out that……In addition, the author talks about……Finally, the author suggests……Some other introductory phrases:*(The author) states in (this article) that…*(The author), in (this article) shows that…*In (this article), (the author) writes that…*As (the author) says in (this article),…*The main idea of (the author’s article) is…*The author believes (holds; maintains; claims; argues; points out; suggests; proposes) that + clause…*The author talks about (explains; describes; reveals; discusses; focuses on) + n.二．记叙文概要写作记叙文体的阅读材料，相比其他文体而言，写概要相对容易。
高考英语完作文概要写作答题技巧
高考英语完作文概要写作答题技巧（名师精讲解题技巧与方法，值得下载）概要写作要求读懂所给的阅读材料，用自己的语言高度概括文章的主要内容和观点，有三个步骤：1阅读a.把握文章体裁。
概要写作的前提是要理解原文。
首先，通读原文，把握文章体裁、中心思想和整体结构，根据文章的体裁特点来决定内容的取舍，可以从以下方面的内容(见下表)入手。
▲不同体裁文章的要点b.画出主题句或关键词，主题句一般出现在段首或段尾。
在找到主题句后，要分析主题句的意义，进一步确定衬托主题句的一些关键词（组）如动词、名词等。
c.整合概括大意。
根据阅读时获取的信息、主题句或关键词(组)等，对相关的内容进行整合，理清各层次、要点之间的关系，用自己的语言把词(组)扩展成句，归纳出各段落的大意，也就是表达的要点。
2写作概要写作不是对原文的简单复述，而是在透彻理解原文的基础上，对原文进行高度的概括。
注意以下几点：a.准确。
准确理解原文包括对原文中每个要点及与之相关的“一些重要论据，句子的理解等。
概要写作必须绝对忠实于原文，既不能遗漏任何要点，也不能随意添加内容。
概要写作的时态顺应与原文的时态，顺序一致。
由于概要写作是转述别人的事情或观点，所以，不管原文使用何种人称概要写作一般都要用第三人称。
b.客观。
在进行概要写作时，要依据原文作者的观点，客观地转述文中的要点，不要把自己个人的观点和看法掺杂进去，不要使用“ I think”和“ I believe”等主观性的词句。
由于概要写作不允许照抄原文中的句子，因此，可采用句型转换、同义词转化、语态互换等手法将原文中的句子进行改头换面，达到“雁过不留痕”的效果。
如可用单个词汇替换具有相同语法功能的单词和词组：用determine代替“ make up ones mind”;用therefore和to等表示逻辑意义的连接词代替较长的词组“ as a result”和“ in order to”等。
c.简洁。
由于概要写作的词数有限，所以，可以采取削“枝”去“叶”的方法来减少词数。
高中英语：概要写作--说明文型概要写作
说明文型概要写作写作技巧点拨(一)说明文型概要写作技巧：1.判定结构：判定说明文框架结构；2.浓缩文章：根据结构抓关键词，替换提炼关键词；3.客观表达：概要写作只能写原文作者的观点；4.高级表达：语言表达要多用高级句式。
(二)说明文的概要写作一般有三种参考模板：1.描写某事物的性质功能。
即“对象＋性质功能＋利弊”：In the passage the writer introduces...to us，especially its...(性质或功能)，from which we know...(对象带来的利弊)。
2.针对某个问题提出解决方法或措施。
即“问题＋解决方法”：The passage lists/indicates...(问题) and brings forth several measures/solutions to solve the problem，which includes...(方法1)，...(方法2) and...(方法3)。
3.介绍某现象及其原因、结果。
即“现象＋原因＋结果”：The author talks about...It is caused by...As a result/Consequently，...或：The author/writer states/presents(陈述/呈现) the phenomenon of...，because/but...(原因1/本质1)，and...(原因2/本质2)。
典例剖析阅读下面短文，根据其内容写一篇60词左右的内容概要。
Over the past few years，there has been a big increase in the number of people sharing information online.In this article，we will learn about some positive reasons for people to share information online.We often share information with our friends in the office or at home to educate，entertain，or pleasantly surprise them.In this way，we can connect with others.This is also true while sharing information online.If you look at the Facebook of your friends，you will realize that most of their updates are usually famous quotes，entertaining videos，inspirational images，funny jokes，etc.94% of those surveyed by The Ne w York Times said they put a lot of thoughts into how the content they are sharing will be beneficial to others.A lot of people share information online to picture their true self to the outside world.Some people，especially those who are shy and not comfortably talking about their areas of interest in the presence of others，find it extremely convenient to share that information online with others.According to the study,78% of the people said they shared information online because it helpsthem develop better relationships.Today，people are so busy that they do not have the time to meet each other personally.A lot of people now “meet” each other online，rather than in places like restaurants and pubs.Lastly，when we share our thoughts online，we are actively communicating with a large number of people who are a part of the World Wide Web.Sharing information will affect the viewpoints of others，or add to their understanding about the world.思路点拨通读全文可知，本文是一篇说明文。
2023年英语概要技巧(精选4篇)整理
2023年英语概要技巧(精选4篇)整理英语概要技巧(精选4篇)英语学科考试在题型上发生了巨大变化，写作部分将分为两部分：第一部分为应用文写作，其次部分为读后续写或概要写作。
两种形式在不同考次不定期交替使用。
下面我给大家共享，盼望能够关心大家!英语概要技巧（精选篇1）首先，审题，条理清晰保证不跑提示写作当中第一任务，其次个重要任务就是要做到条理清晰。
对于谈论文来说，正反面要清晰，对于说明文来说条理要清晰，对于描述文来说，谁干什么要清晰。
写主题句主题句是确保不跑题的前提，只有不跑题才有可得及格分。
写主题句嘴保险的方法就是把中文提纲的各句译成英语。
问题阐述适当用被动替换主动，这样能更客观地反映事实。
一句话用不同的句式来表达为了加强同学们对语法学问在写作中的敏捷应用尽量简单作文中的句式长句采纳的特别语法包括：宾语从句+分词结构做插入语+分词作后置定语(issued)+被动语态+缘由短语+定语从句。
保证作文符合字数要求的十二句作文法作文120-150个字，考生一般都盼望作文达到字数而又不至于写得太多，由于写得太多一方面暴露自己语言上的弱点，另一方面又会占用过多的时间。
写得太多还易跑题，一个有效的方法就是十二句作文法。
英语概要技巧（精选篇2）一、转变句子开头我们在写作中倾向于用与人有关系的词性,用名词和代词作为句子的开头, 如People, We, I, He, They,She等。
这这类词语使用过多,简单显单调。
试比较:People throughout the country have greatly demanded all kinds of nutritious food.There is a great demand across the country for all kinds of nutritious food.二、巧用连接词有时在作文中使用过多简洁句,成了简洁句堆砌;有的写简单句时, 动辄用so, and, then, but, or,however,yet等非但达不到丰富表达方式的目的,反而使句子结构松散、呆板。
高中英语概要写作题型解读与技巧
概要写作题型解读与技巧第一部分概要写作总体介绍1.题型介绍◆选材特点(1)所需阅读的短文词数在350以内;(2)所选材料体裁没有限制，以说明文、议论文和记叙文为主。
◆评分参考阅卷时主要考虑以下内容：(1)对原文要点的理解和呈现情况;(2)应用语法结构和词汇的准确性;(3)上下文的连贯性;(4)对各要点表达的独立性情况。
注意：理解准确，涵盖全部要求，完全使用自己的语言，准确使用相应的语法结构和词汇，得分相应比较高。
相反，如果概要写作部分出现两句以上整句抄自原文现象，得分档次将会大大降低;所写内容与所提供内容无关不得分。
2考查能力概要写作，简言之就是对所读过的文章简要概括，写出文章的中心大意，也可称之为摘要。
写概要时，读者要是把文章的具体信息用一些具有概括功能的词和句表述出来，而不是抄袭文章的原句，更不是把细节性信息作为中心，而是要通过对文章中的单词、词组和句子进行合理转换，对文章的具体信息进行概括，再用合适的语言表述出来。
这一题型主要考查学生对文章主旨大意的概括和准确获取关键词的能力，同时考查学生用简洁的语言概括文章重要信息的能力以及对文章整体结构的把握能力。
因此，概要写作是基于阅读理解和书面表达，是二者的有机结合体，是阅读理解和书面表达的沟通桥梁。
第二部分概要写作步骤和方法一．概括的写作步骤：1. 确定主题句。
确定阅读文章的主题句，一般在段首。
没有主题句的需要自己组合。
2. 寻找关键词。
分析主题句意义，确定关键词，关键词一般体现为名词、形容词，关键词的数目决定了概括的信息浓度。
3. 重构主题句。
概括的主题句逻辑上要统摄后面所有的支撑句。
可以从作者的写作目的逆推，反映写作目的主题句是高度抽象的，它基本决定了概括的质量。
4. 重组支撑句。
支撑句的意义在逻辑上受制于主题句，可以是补充过程或者提供证据。
口诀：简括为：缩长见短，省却细腻。
(括：概括性。
见：间接引语。
短：短的连词。
细腻：细节和例子)二．写概括的具体方法A.定时态：如果阅读材料是过去时，那么基本时态用过去时;如果是现在的，那么基本时态用现在时;不过，模板的开头语一般为现在时如The passage tells us that----- - --.B.定人称：一般情况下采用第三人称来写作。
（完整版）高考英语之概要写作技巧
（完整版）高考英语之概要写作技巧高考英语之概要写作技巧How to write a summary?1 随着2017上海英语高考新增加summary writing版块，大家也越来越多地开始关注“概要写作”，为2018高考做好准备。
今天，我们将从学习和教学的角度来谈谈“概要写作”。
Whatis a summary?通常，Summary 的定义如下：A summary is a written, shortened version of a piece of writing in which you use your wording to express the main ideas. (Lee Brandon, Kelly Brandon, 2014)解读概要写作就是用自己的语言概括原文的主旨大意和核心信息。
其中，关键词是：main ideas, shortened version, your wording，强调用“自己的语言”说出“主旨”。
其实，summary writing 中不仅仅包括主旨，也应该包含文中最主要的核心信息。
How to write a summary?英语强调学习过程，所以summary writing也不例外。
我们可以将summary writing分为两个环节：before you write a summary 以及when you write a summary. 并可以大致细化为以下步骤：●Before you write a summary1. Read the entire text and ask your self what the author’s purpose is.2. Reread the introductory paragraph(s) and find the thesis statement.3. Reread the rest of the text. In each paragraph, highlight, underline, or circle the main idea and key points.You can also annotate the important information.● When you write a summary1. Begin by stating the title of the text,the author’s fullname(if it’s given), and his or her purpose for writing.2. Use the text you highlighted or annotated to explain the author’s thesis and main ideas.3. Remember to:■ keep the summary short (about one-third to one-fourth as long as the original).■include only the original text’s main ideas. Do not include details, examples, information that is not in the original, or your own opinion.■ write the summary mostly in your own words but do not change the author’s ideas. (This is called paraphrasing.)解读1、内容：除了文章的标题和作者之外，主旨和核心信息必不可少。
高考英语概要写作
高考英语概要写作一、题型介绍：概要写作是新高考启用的新题型，给出一篇300字左右的文章(体裁多为说明文、记叙文，练习时偶见其它文体)，要求缩写成一篇不超过60字的小短文，缩写的内容覆盖原文的要点。
概要写作是对原文的高度浓缩，是阅读者在不改变原文的中心思想、体裁和结构的前提下用简洁、精炼的语言表述一篇文章的主要内容、基本观点或事实。
它主要包括阅读和写作两个过程。
二、满分要求：简洁全面连贯客观三、写作的技巧：1) 删除细节，只保留主要观点。
2) 把长段的描述变成短小、简单的句子。
如果材料中描述某人或某事用了十个句子，那么你只要把它们变成一两句即可。
3) 避免重复。
在原文中，为了强调某个主题，可能会重复论证说明。
但是这在摘要中是不能使用的。
应该删除那些突出强调的重述句。
4) 压缩长的句子。
如下列两例：“His courage in battle might without exaggeration be called lion-like.”可以概括为：”He was very brave in battle.”“He was hard up for money and was being pressed by his creditor.”可以概括为：“He was in financial difficulties.”5) 你还可以使用词组代替整句或者从句。
请看下面的例子：“Beautiful mountains like Mount Tai, Lushan Mountain, and Mount Huang, werevisited by only a few people in the past. Today, better wages, holidays withpay, new hotels on these mountains, and better train and bus services, havebrought them within reach of many who never thought of visiting them ten yearsago.”可以概括为：”Beautiful mountains like Mount Tai, once visitedby only a few people, are today accessible to many, thanks to better wages,paid holidays, new hotels and better transportation services.”6) 使用概括性的名词代替具体的词，比如：“She brought home several Chinese and English novels, a few copies of Timeand Newsweek and some textbooks. She intended to read all of them during thewinter vocation.”可以概括为：”She brought home a lot of books to read during thevocation.”7）巧妙使用连接词。
高考英语概要写作讲解+课件-2025届高三英语上学期一轮复习专项
概要写作（小作文）
把握文体特点
记叙文
六要素：what who when where why how
概要写作（小作文）
概要写作（小ቤተ መጻሕፍቲ ባይዱ文）
如何获取一篇文章的要点信息
④Finally, the anxiety of dating is greatly lessened with cyber-dating. Traditionally, men take the lead in dating. They are the ones who have to ask a woman out on a date. They have to risk rejection. It’s no better for women, however. Many women still wait for a man to ask them out first. Then, if they don’t want to go out with him, they have to let the man down gently. While it’s true that sometimes with cyber-dating men still get rejected and women still reject, you experience this in the privacy of your own home. Moreover, you never have to see the person again because you have never met! It’s the perfect solution.
高考英语概要写作方法技巧(7页)
高考英语概要写作方法技巧概要写作以语篇为载体，要求考生对所提供的文本进行简要的概括。
提供一篇350词以内的短文，要求考生基于该短文写出一篇60词左右的内容概要。
所选材料体裁没有限制，以说明文、议论文和记叙文为主。
写作方法Step 1：确定体裁，明确主题Step 2：明确文章结构（总-分，总-分-总，分-总，并列）Step 3：划主题句与关键信息Step 4：写纲要，打草稿Step 5：润色成文1.找准体裁，提炼要点①保留关键句要点，按体裁和内容②删除细节（删除具体例子，或归纳总结例子的过程、作用和结果），避免重复按体裁如下：记叙文，主要信息应包括：When? Where? Who? What? Why? How(时间先后顺序/事情发展顺序)? Result议论文，作者的观点。
作者如何论证自己的观点的 (举例证明的，归纳总结例证的内容和作用)结构①：原文【总-分/总-分-总（末段与首段观点相同）】→【总-分】结构②：原文【总-分-总（末段与首段观点相反）】→【总-分-总（加衔接词表转折关系）】结构③：原文【并列结构（段与段的观点并列、递进或相反）→【并列结构（加衔接词表并列/转折逻辑关系）】说明文，【解释一个理论】那么这个理论的特点和实际用途是什么？【解释一项实验等】实验的目的、对象、结果分别是什么？2.语言：同义词&词组替换；句式简化；句子重构①同义转换：近义词、同义词和词组的替换，尽量用单词替换短语（例: improve=promote, of great importance = greatly important）②句式转换：简化句子结构（例如，定语从句改成分词作后置定语；状语从句改成非谓语作状语；）③句子重构：调整词类（名词、动词、形容词转换）、时态、语态（主动变被动）等3.衔接（替换；省略；增加）：表逻辑关系的连接词①替换：并列关系and, moreover, furthermore, in addition,转折关系 but, instead, however, on the other hand②省略：并列观点有时可省略连接词;记叙文可省略衔接词。
高考英语概要写作解题技巧
概要写作What is a summary?A summary is a brief statement that gives only the main pionts of something, not the details. «牛津高阶英汉双解词典»考纲解读：该题型要求考生基于所提供的一篇350词以内的短文写出一篇60词左右的内容概要。
阅卷时将主要考虑以下内容：1.对原文要点的理解和呈现情况；read for key point/topic sentences2.应用语法结构和词汇的准确性和独创性；paraphrase/own words3.上下文的连贯性。
polish写作步骤：Step1 定位-Locate the topic sentences;Step2 改写-Rewrite the topic sentences in your own words;Step3 修改-Add some conjunctions and polish your summary.【Step1 定位】①Getting rid of dirt，in the opinion of most people，is a good thing. However，there is nothing fixed about attitudes to dirt.Tip1 ：Sentences beginning with signal words like “but,” “however”, “actually” etc. are often the focus.①In the early 16th century，people thought that dirt on the skin was a means to block out disease，as medical opinion had it that washing off dirt with hot water could open up the skin and let ills in. A particular danger was thought to lie in public baths. By 1538，the French king had closed the bath houses in his kingdom. So did the king of England in 1546. Thus began a long time when the rich and the poor in Europe lived with dirt in a friendly way. Henry ①，King of France，was famously dirty. Upon learning that a nobleman had taken a bath，the king ordered that，to avoid the attack of disease，the nobleman should not go out.Tip2 ：Omit(省略) detailed information and supporting sentences.Focus on repeated words or phrases.①Though the belief in the merit(好处) of dirt was long-lived，dirt has no longer been regarded as a nice neighbor ever sincethe 18th century. Scientifically speaking，cleaning away dirt is good to health. Clean water supply and hand washing are practical means of preventing disease. Yet，it seems that standards of cleanliness have moved beyond science since World War ①. Advertisements repeatedly sell the idea：clothes need to be whiter than white，cloths ever softer，surfaces to shine. Has the hate for dirt，however，gone too far?Tip3 ：Key words are often repeated. Find the logic between details and summarize it.①Attitudes to dirt still differ hugely nowadays. Many first-time parents nervously try to warn their children off touching dirt，which might be responsible for the spread of disease. On the contrary，Mary Ruebush，an American immunologist(免疫学家)，encourages children to play in the dirt to build up a strong immune system. And the latter(后者) position is gaining some ground.Tip4 ：The topic sentence is usually the first sentence or the last one;but sometimes is not necessarily so. In any case, it must convey the main idea.①Getting rid of dirt，in the opinion of most people，is a good thing. However，there is nothing fixed about attitudes to dirt.①In the early 16th century，people thought that dirt on the skin was a means to block out disease，as medical opinion had it that washing off dirt with hot water could open up the skin and let ills in. A particular danger was thought to lie in public baths. By 1538，the French king had closed the bath houses in his kingdom. So did the king of England in 1546. Thus began a long time when the rich and the poor in Europe lived with dirt in a friendly way. Henry ①，King of France，was famously dirty. Upon learning that a nobleman had taken a bath，the king ordered that，to avoid the attack of disease，the nobleman should not go out.①Though the belief in the merit(好处) of dirt was long-lived，dirt has no longer been regarded as a nice neighbor ever since the 18th century. Scientifically speaking，cleaning away dirt is good to health. Clean water supply and hand washing are practical means of preventing disease. Yet，it seems that standards of cleanliness have moved beyond science since World War ①. Advertisements repeatedly sell the idea：clothes need to be whiter than white，cloths ever softer，surfaces to shine. Has the hate for dirt，however，gone too far?①Attitudes to dirt still differ hugely nowadays. Many first-time parents nervously try to warn their children off touching dirt，which might be responsible for the spread of disease. On the contrary，Mary Ruebush，an American immunologist(免疫学家)，encourages children to play in the dirt to build up a strong immune system. And the latter(后者) position is gaining some ground.文章第一段提出论点：However, there is nothing fixed about attitudes to dirt ；第二段对应第二个要点：In the early 16th century，people thought that dirt on the skin was a means to block out disease；第三段对应第三个要点：dirt has no longer been regarded as a nice neighbor ever since the 18th century；最后一段对应第四个要点：encourages children to play in the dirt to build up a strong immune system. And the latter position is gaining some ground.【Step2 改写】改写句子基本方法1．同义替换法Tom thought of an idea. → An idea occurred to Tom.2．正话反说法I think wealth is less important than health. →I don’t think wealth is more important than health.3．正话反说法I think wealth is less important than health. →I don’t think wealth is more important than health.4．利用介词短语法We are sure to finish it in time because so many people are helping us. →With so many people helping us, we are sure to finish it in time.5．句式变化法(1)语态变换It is widely accepted that more people use computers in the world today. →Computers are widely used in the world today.(2)简单句变复合句The weather turned out to be very good.This was more than we could expect.→The weather turned out to be very good, which was more than we could expect.(3)连词衔接法He insisted on staying.He was not willing to go.→He insisted on staying rather than going.(4)词序改变法Professor White, Professor Smith and many other guests were present at the meeting.→Present at the meeting were Professor White, Professor Smith and many other guests.(5)利用特殊句式法Jim wants to go boating and his parents want to go boating, too.→Jim wants to go boating, and so do his parents.Have a try:1.Strange things were happening, but people thought little of them.(同义替换法)→Strange things were happening, but people ignored them.2.Jack didn't pass the driving test, but he still hoped to.→Although Jack failed to pass the driving test, he still hoped to.lions of people have tried to quit smoking, but failed.(正话反说法)→Millions of people have tried to quit smoking, but didn't succeed.4. Patience is very important.(词性转换法)→Patience is of great importance.5. Parents should give children more praise.(语态变换法)→Children should be given more praise.6. Children should be encouraged more. This will help them learn faster.(简单句变复合句)→Children should be encouraged more, which will help them learn faster.7. We should encourage students. We should not scold them.(利用介词短语法)→We should encourage students instead of scolding them.practice：1.However, there is nothing fixed about attitudes to dirt.People have different attitudes towards dirt.People have different opinions about dirt.2.In the early 16th century，people thought that dirt on the skin was a means to block out disease.In the early 16th century, people believed that dirt could help to prevent disease.In the early 16th century, people believed that dirt was a good way to prevent people from getting ill.3.Dirt has no longer been regarded as a nice neighbor ever since the 18th century.Since the 18th century, cleaning away dirt has been considered to be good to health.Since the 18th century, people have changed their belief that washing dirt off our body can prevent us from disease.【Step3 修改】写作修改常用关联词一、顺序first,second,third 首先、第二、第三firstly, secondly, thirdly, finally 首先、第二、第三、最后to begin with,then,furthermore,finally 首先、然后、其次、最后to start with,next,in addition,finally 首先、然后、其次、最后first of all,besides,last but not least 首先、其次、最后但同样重要的是most important of all,moreover, finally 最重要的、其次、最后二、并列and 和or 或者as well as 也not only... but(also) 不仅……而且both... and 既……又either ... or 要么……要么neither... nor 既不……也不for one thing...for another 一方面……另一方面三、对比/转折on (the) one hand...on the other hand... 一方面……另一方面on the other hand 另一方面on the contrary 与此相反nevertheless/however/yet/though 然而compared to/with 与……相比in contrast to/with 与……成对比in contrast/by contrast 对比之下despite/in spite of 尽管instead/instead of 代替，而不是after all 毕竟，终究四、递进even 甚至what's more/moreover/furthermore/besides 并且,此外in addition 另外besides sth./in addition to sth. 除……之外worse still=what's worse=to make matters worse 更糟糕的是五、例证such as 例如that is to say 也就是说namely 即in other words 也就是说as a matter of fact/in fact/actually 事实上for example/for instance 例如六、强调用语especially 特别indeed 确实at least 至少at most 最多not at all 根本不or rather 更确切地说particularly/in particular 特别地七、因果thanks to 多亏了because of/as a result of/on account of/due to/owing to 因为as a result 结果therefore 因此because/since/as/now that 因为for this reason 由于这个原因so...that/ such...that 如此......以至于八、总结on the whole 总的来说generally speaking 一般来说in one's opinion/view 在某人看来briefly/in brief/in short 总之as far as sb. is concerned 据某人认为as is known to all 众所周知to sum up=to summarize=to conclude 总之in summary/in conclusion 总之九、目的用语for this purpose因为这个目的so as to do=in order to do为了……in order that=so that为了……十、条件关系if 如果unless 除非once 一旦as long as/so long as 只要in case/in case of 万一，以防Have a try:1. Computers play an important part in science and technology. They are widely used in our daily life.→ Computers not only play an important part in science and technology, but they are also widely used in our dailylife.→ Not only do computers play an important part in science and technology, but they are also widely used in our daily life. 2.This is a cheap and simple way. There are dangers.→This is a cheap and simple way. However, there are dangers.3. Life-saving dogs have excellent speed. Another advantage is their light weight.→Life-saving dogs have excellent speed. Besides/ What's more/ In addition, another advantage is their light weight.4. College offers students a chance to understand themselves differently. Students learn more by communicating with different people.→ For one thing, College offers students a chance to understand themselves differently; for another, Students learn more by communicating with different people.5. When they got to America, they were excited. After arrival, they were struggling with their first jet lag(时差) and western food.→ On the one hand, when they got to America,they were excited. On the other hand, after arrival,they were struggling with their first jet lag(时差) and western food.附录：各档次的给分范围和要求档次描述第五档(21－25)—理解准确，涵盖全部要点。
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高考英语之概要写作技巧标准化管理处编码[BBX968T-XBB8968-NNJ668-MM9N]高考英语之概要写作技巧How to write a summary?1 随着2017上海英语高考新增加summary writing版块，大家也越来越多地开始关注“概要写作”，为2018高考做好准备。
今天，我们将从学习和教学的角度来谈谈“概要写作”。
Whatis asummary?通常，Summary 的定义如下：A summary is a written, shortened version of a piece of writing in which you use your wording to express the main ideas. (Lee Brandon, Kelly Brandon, 2014)解读概要写作就是用自己的语言概括原文的主旨大意和核心信息。
其中，关键词是：main ideas, shortened version, your wording，强调用“自己的语言”说出“主旨”。
其实，summary writing 中不仅仅包括主旨，也应该包含文中最主要的核心信息。
How to write a summary?英语强调学习过程，所以summary writing也不例外。
我们可以将summary writing分为两个环节：before you write a summary 以及when you write a summary. 并可以大致细化为以下步骤：●Before you write a summary1. Read the entire text and ask yourself what the author’s purpose is.2. Reread the introductory paragraph(s) and find the thesis statement.3. Reread the rest of the text. In each paragraph, highlight, underline, or circle the main idea and key points.You can also annotate the important information.● When you write a summary1. Begin by stating the title of the text,the author’s full name(if it’s given), and his or her purpose for writing.2. Use the text you highlighted or annotated to explain the author’s thesis and main ideas.3. Remember to:■ keep the summary short (about one-third to one-fourth as long as the original).■ include only the original text’s main ideas. Do not include details, examples, information that is not in the original, or your own opinion.■write the summary mostly in your own words but do not change the author’s ideas. (This is called paraphrasing.)解读1、内容：除了文章的标题和作者之外，主旨和核心信息必不可少。
如何概括主旨以及提取核心信息这又是一个新话题了，牵涉到学生的对文本主旨的把握、对文章结构的理解、对核心细节的甄别等，在之后的have a try当中，大家可以体会一下。
2、语言：必须是你自己的语言(your wording)。
即，你必须通过paraphrase的方式用自己的语言进行概要写作。
如果一定要用到原文的句子，必须使用quotation mark（“引号”）表示引用。
3、长度：Lee Brandon和Kelly Brandon (2014) 认为summary 应该是原文的1/3到1/4之间，Debra Daise（2016）等人认为：Reduce the length of the original by about two-thirds, although the exact reduction will vary, depending on the content of the original. 所以summary的长度大约就应该在原文的1/3左右。
Have a try下面的活动设计有很多Scaffolding（脚手架）帮你完成，感受一下summary writing的写作过程吧。
Summarize the following passage.Preparing for Your First Job InterviewBy Jim SweenyYou’ve just graduated from school. Now comes the scary part: interviewing for your first job. For many recent graduates, this is an anxiety-provoking time. However, there are some simple ways to prepare for this challenging experience.First, you should make a list of the questions you might be asked. In many job interviews, you have to answer questions about your academic experience and how it has prepared you for the job. For example, you might be asked to discuss how your participation in student government or sports has given you experience working on a team. You will, of course, also be asked how your experience and talents fit with the company’s goals.Once you’ve got your question, you should then think about possible answers and practice responding to them. Employers will expect you to talk in detail about your experience and use examples. Make sure that your answers describe particular situations you faced, the actions you took and the results you achieved. Once you’ve got your responses, try practicing on your friends or family members. This will make you feel comfortable speaking in front of a person.Finally, don’t get discouraged if you aren’t hired the first, second, or third time you interview. Think of every interview as practice for the most important one: the interview that will get you a job.（222 words）# 如果觉得一下子有困难，不妨先尝试思考并回答以下问题。
1. What is the author’s purpose for writing the text?A. He’s describing his first job interview experience.B. He’s comparing and contrasting two interviewing styles.C. He’s explaining how to get ready for a job interview.2. What is the thesis statement?3. What are the two main ideas that support the thesis statement?4. In the last paragraph, how does the author conclude the article?A. He restates the article’s main points.B. He makes a final suggestion.C. He makes a prediction about the future.如果如果你回答了以上问题，你已经对原文的main idea和 key information有了大致了解，动手写概要，八九不离十了。
# 写概要的时候，下面的checklist或许还可以帮你反思并规范内容。
Your summary…1. presents the originaltext’stitle.2. presents the author’s?full name.3. presents the author’s?purpose for writing.4. identifies the thesisstatement.5. identifies all of the text’s?main ideas.6. selects the key information?in the text.7. does not include details orother information notin the text.8. is mostly written in your?own words.9. is clear and easy to follow.如果你实在懒得写，你就根据上面的checklist对下面两篇同伴作品做一个判断吧~Which of the following two summaries is better WhySummary 1In the essay “Preparing for Your First Job Interview,” author Jim Sweeny gives advice to recent graduates who are interviewing for their first job. Specifically, he says that there are things they can do to prepare for the interview. First, Sweeny tells students that they should make a list of questions they might be asked. These questions are usually about how a person s school experience relates to the job he or she is applying for. Then Sweeny says that students should prepare answers to the questions and practice responding to them, and he explains a way to do this. In conclusion, he tells students not to get discouraged by the interviewing process.Summary 2In the essay “How to Prepare for Your First Interview,” author Sweeny give s advice to recent graduates who are interviewing for their first job. He says that looking for a first job is stressful, but there are ways to prepare for an interview. Sweeny says that students should be prepared to answer questions about their school experience and how it relates to the job they are applying for. In fact, the questions I was asked at my first interview were about myschool activities. In conclusion, he tells students not to get discouraged by the interviewing process.。