外文翻译

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五分钟搞定外文翻译

五分钟搞定5000字－外文文献翻译工具大全 /node/2151在科研过程中阅读翻译外文文献是一个非常重要的环节，许多领域高水平的文献都是外文文献，借鉴一些外文文献翻译的经验是非常必要的。

由于特殊原因我翻译外文文献的机会比较多，慢慢地就发现了外文文献翻译过程中的三大利器：Google“翻译”频道、金山词霸（完整版本）和CNKI“翻译助手"。

具体操作过程如下：1.先打开金山词霸自动取词功能，然后阅读文献；2.遇到无法理解的长句时，可以交给Google处理，处理后的结果猛一看，不堪入目，可是经过大脑的再处理后句子的意思基本就明了了；3.如果通过Google仍然无法理解，感觉就是不同，那肯定是对其中某个“常用单词”理解有误，因为某些单词看似很简单，但是在文献中有特殊的意思，这时就可以通过CNKI的“翻译助手”来查询相关单词的意思，由于CNKI的单词意思都是来源与大量的文献，所以它的吻合率很高。

另外，在翻译过程中最好以“段落”或者“长句”作为翻译的基本单位，这样才不会造成“只见树木，不见森林”的误导。

注：1、Google翻译：/language_toolsgoogle，众所周知，谷歌里面的英文文献和资料还算是比较详实的。

我利用它是这样的。

一方面可以用它查询英文论文，当然这方面的帖子很多，大家可以搜索，在此不赘述。

回到我自己说的翻译上来。

下面给大家举个例子来说明如何用吧比如说“电磁感应透明效应”这个词汇你不知道他怎么翻译，首先你可以在CNKI里查中文的，根据它们的关键词中英文对照来做，一般比较准确。

在此主要是说在google里怎么知道这个翻译意思。

大家应该都有词典吧，按中国人的办法，把一个一个词分着查出来，敲到google里，你的这种翻译一般不太准，当然你需要验证是否准确了，这下看着吧，把你的那支离破碎的翻译在google里搜索，你能看到许多相关的文献或资料，大家都不是笨蛋，看看，也就能找到最精确的翻译了，纯西式的！我就是这么用的。

毕设外文翻译是什么意思(两篇)

引言概述：在现代高等教育中，毕业设计（或称为毕业论文、学士论文等）是学生完成学业的重要环节。

而对于一些特定的专业，例如翻译专业，有时候还需要完成外文翻译这一项任务。

本文将探讨毕设外文翻译的意义和目的，以及为什么对翻译专业的学生而言这一任务极其重要。

正文内容：1.提高翻译能力和技巧外文翻译是一项对翻译专业学生而言十分重要的任务，通过进行外文翻译，学生们可以通过实践提高自己的翻译能力和技巧。

在这个过程中，他们可以学习如何处理不同类型的外文文本，熟悉不同领域的专业术语，并掌握一些常用的翻译技巧和策略。

2.扩展语言和文化知识毕设外文翻译要求学生们对翻译语言的相关知识和背景有一定的了解。

在进行翻译时，学生们需要遵循目标语言的语法规则，并确保所翻译的内容准确、清晰地传达源语言的意义。

通过这一过程，学生们可以进一步扩展自己的语言和文化知识，提高自己的跨文化沟通能力。

3.提供实践机会毕设外文翻译为学生们提供了一个实践的机会，让他们能够将在课堂上所学到的理论知识应用于实际操作中。

通过实践，学生们可以对所学知识的理解更加深入，同时也可以发现并解决实际翻译过程中的问题和挑战。

这对于学生们将来从事翻译工作时具备更好的实践能力和经验具有重要意义。

4.培养翻译专业素养毕设外文翻译要求学生们具备良好的翻译专业素养。

在进行翻译过程中，学生们需要保持专业的态度和责任心，严谨地对待每一个翻译任务。

他们需要学会如何进行翻译质量的评估和控制，以确保最终翻译稿的准确性和流畅性。

这一系列的要求和实践，可以帮助学生们培养出色的翻译专业素养。

5.提升自我学习和研究能力毕设外文翻译要求学生们进行广泛的文献阅读和研究，以便更好地理解所翻译的内容，并找到适当的翻译方法和策略。

在这个过程中，学生们需要培养自己的自主学习和研究能力，提高对学术和专业领域的敏感性，并能够独立思考和解决问题。

这将对学生们未来的学术研究和进一步的职业发展产生积极的影响。

总结：引言概述:毕业设计外文翻译（Thesis Translation）是指在毕业设计过程中，对相关外文文献进行翻译，并将其应用于研究中，以提供理论支持和参考。

外文文献及翻译

外文文献原稿和译文原稿DATABASEA database may be defined as a collection interrelated data store together with as little redundancy as possible to serve one or more applications in an optimal fashion .the data are stored so that they are independent of programs which use the data .A common and controlled approach is used in adding new data and in modifying and retrieving existing data within the data base .One system is said to contain a collection of database if they are entirely separate in structure .A database may be designed for batch processing , real-time processing ,or in-line processing .A data base system involves application program, DBMS, and database.THE INTRODUCTION TO DATABASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEMSThe term database is often to describe a collection of related files that is organized into an integrated structure that provides different people varied access to the same data. In many cases this resource is located in different files in different departments throughout the organization, often known only to the individuals who work with their specific portion of the total information. In these cases, the potential value of the information goes unrealized because a person in other departments who may need it does not know it or it cannot be accessed efficiently. In an attempt to organize their information resources and provide for timely and efficient access, many companies have implemented databases.A database is a collection of related data. By data, we mean known facts that can be recorded and that have implicit meaning. For example, the names, telephone numbers, and addresses of all the people you know. You may have recorded this data in an indexed address book, or you may have stored it on a diskette using a personalcomputer and software such as DBASE Ⅲor Lotus 1-2-3. This is a collection of related data with an implicit meaning and hence is a database.The above definition of database is quite general. For example, we may consider the collection of words that made up this page of text to be usually more restricted. A database has the following implicit properties:● A database is a logically coherent collection of data with some inherent meaning. A random assortment of data cannot be referred to as a database.● A database is designed, built, and populated with data for a specific purpose. It has an intended group of user and some preconceived applications in which these users are interested.● A database represents some aspect of the real world, sometimes called the miniworld. Changes to the miniworld are reflected in the database.In other words, a database has some source from which data are derived, some degree of interaction with events in the real world, and an audience that is actively interested in the contents of the database.A database management system (DBMS) is composed of three major parts: (1) a storage subsystem that stores and retrieves data in files; (2)a modeling and manipulation subsystem that provides the means with which to organize the data and to add, delete, maintain, and update the data; and (3) an interface between the DBMS and its users. Several major trends are emerging that enhance the value and usefulness of database management systems.●Managers who require more up-to-date information to make effective decisions.●Customers who demand increasingly sophisticated information services and more current information about the status of their orders, invoices, and accounts.●Users who find that they can develop custom applications with database systems in a fraction of the time it takes to use traditional programming languages.●Organizations that discover information has a strategic value; they utilize their database systems to gain an edge over their competitors.A DBMS can organize, process, and present selected data elements from the database. This capability enables decision makers to search, probe, and query database contents in order to extract answers to nonrecurring and unplanned questions that aren’t available in regular reports. These questions might initially be vague and/or p oorly defined, but people can “browse” through the database until they have the needed information. In short, the DBMS will “mange” the stored data items and assemble the needed items from the common database in response to the queries of those who aren’t programmers. In a file-oriented system, user needing special information may communicate their needs to a programmer, who, when time permits, will write one or more programs to extract the data and prepare the information. The availability of a DBMS, however, offers users a much faster alternative communications path.DATABASE QUERYIf the DBMS provides a way to interactively enter and update the database ,as well as interrogate it ,this capability allows for managing personal database. However, it does not automatically leave an audit trail of actions and does not provide the kinds of controls necessary in a multi-user organization .There controls are only available when a set of application programs is customized for each data entry and updating function.Software for personal computers that perform some of the DBMS functions has been very popular .Individuals for personal information storage and processing intended personal computers for us .Small enterprises, professionals like doctors, architects, engineers, lawyers and so on have also used these machines extensively. By the nature of intended usage ,database system on there machines are except from several of the requirements of full-fledged database systems. Since data sharing is not intended, concurrent operations even less so ,the software can be less complex .Security and integrity maintenance are de-emphasized or absent .as data volumes will be small, performance efficiency is also less important .In fact, the only aspect of a database system that is important is data independence. Data independence ,as stated earlier ,means that application programs and user queries need not recognize physical organization of data on secondary storage. The importance of this aspect , particularly for the personal computer user ,is that this greatly simplifies database usage . The user can store ,access and manipulate data at ahigh level (close to the application)and be totally shielded from the low level (close to the machine )details of data organization.DBMS STRUCTURING TECHNIQUESSpatial data management has been an active area of research in the database field for two decades ,with much of the research being focused on developing data structures for storing and indexing spatial data .however, no commercial database system provides facilities for directly de fining and storing spatial data ,and formulating queries based on research conditions on spatial data.There are two components to data management: history data management and version management .Both have been the subjects of research for over a decade. The troublesome aspect of temporal data management is that the boundary between applications and database systems has not been clearly drawn. Specifically, it is not clear how much of the typical semantics and facilities of temporal data management can and should be directly incorporated in a database system, and how much should be left to applications and users. In this section, we will provide a list of short-term research issues that should be examined to shed light on this fundamental question.The focus of research into history data management has been on defining the semantics of time and time interval, and issues related to understanding the semantics of queries and updates against history data stored in an attribute of a record. Typically, in the context of relational databases ,a temporal attribute is defined to hold a sequence of history data for the attribute. A history data consists of a data item and a time interval for which the data item is valid. A query may then be issued to retrieve history data for a specified time interval for the temporal attribute. The mechanism for supporting temporal attributes is to that for supporting set-valued attributes in a database system, such as UniSQL.In the absence of a support for temporal attributes, application developers who need to model and history data have simply simulated temporal attributes by creating attribute for the time interval ,along with the “temporal” attribute. This of course may result in duplication of records in a table, and more complicated search predicates in queries. The one necessary topic of research in history data management is to quantitatively establish the performance (and even productivity) differences betweenusing a database system that directly supports attributes and using a conventional database system that does not support either the set-valued attributes or temporal attributes.Data security, integrity, and independenceData security prevents unauthorized users from viewing or updating the database. Using passwords, users are allowed access to the entire database of the database, called subschemas. For example, an employee database can contain all the data about an individual employee, but one group of users may be authorized to view only payroll data, while others are allowed access to only work history and medical data.Data integrity refers to the accuracy, correctness, or validity of the data in the database. In a database system, data integrity means safeguarding the data against invalid alteration or destruction. In large on-line database system, data integrity becomes a more severe problem and two additional complications arise. The first has to do with many users accessing the database concurrently. For example, if thousands of travel agents book the same seat on the same flight, the first agent’s booking will be lost. In such cases the technique of locking the record or field provides the means for preventing one user from accessing a record while another user is updating the same record.The second complication relates to hardware, software or human error during the course of processing and involves database transaction which is a group of database modifications treated as a single unit. For example, an agent booking an airline reservation involves several database updates (i.e., adding the passenger’s name and address and updating the seats-available field), which comprise a single transaction. The database transaction is not considered to be completed until all updates have been completed; otherwise, none of the updates will be allowed to take place.An important point about database systems is that the database should exist independently of any of the specific applications. Traditional data processing applications are data dependent.When a DMBS is used, the detailed knowledge of the physical organization of the data does not have to be built into every application program. The application program asks the DBMS for data by field name, for example, a coded representationof “give me customer name and balance due” would be sent to the DBMS. Without a DBMS the programmer must reserve space for the full structure of the record in the program. Any change in data structure requires changes in all the applications programs.Data Base Management System (DBMS)The system software package that handles the difficult tasks associated with creating ,accessing and maintaining data base records is called a data base management system (DBMS). A DBMS will usually be handing multiple data calls concurrently.It must organize its system buffers so that different data operations can be in process together .It provides a data definition language to specify the conceptual schema and most likely ,some of the details regarding the implementation of the conceptual schema by the physical schema.The data definition language is a high-level language, enabling one to describe the conceptual schema in terms of a “data model “.At the present time ,there are four underling structures for database management systems. They are :List structures.Relational structures.Hierarchical (tree) structures.Network structures.Management Information System(MIS)An MIS can be defined as a network of computer-based data processing procedures developed in an organization and integrated as necessary with manual and other procedures for the purpose of providing timely and effective information to support decision making and other necessary management functions.One of the most difficult tasks of the MIS designer is to develop the information flow needed to support decision making .Generally speaking ,much of the information needed by managers who occupy different levels and who have different levels and have different responsibilities is obtained from a collection of exiting information system (or subsystems)Structure Query Language (SQL)SQL is a data base processing language endorsed by the American NationalStandards Institute. It is rapidly becoming the standard query language for accessing data on relational databases .With its simple ,powerful syntax ,SQL represents a great progress in database access for all levels of management and computing professionals.SQL falls into two forms : interactive SQL and embedded SQL. Embedded SQL usage is near to traditional programming in third generation languages .It is the interactive use of SQL that makes it most applicable for the rapid answering of ad hoc queries .With an interactive SQL query you just type in a few lines of SQL and you get the database response immediately on the screen.译文数据库数据库可以被定义为一个相互联系的数据库存储的集合。

外文翻译

Transformative green marketing:Impediments and opportunitiesMichael Jay Polonsky ⁎School of Management and Marketing,Deakin University,70Elgar Road,Burwood VIC 3125,Australiaa b s t r a c ta r t i c l e i n f o Article history:Accepted 22January 2011Available online 18February 2011Keywords:Green marketingMarketing and society Sustainability Systems thinkingTransformative marketingGreen marketing is not achieving its potential for improving the quality of life of consumers,while improving the natural ecosystem.The failure is the result of the inability of consumers,ﬁrms and governments to adopt systems thinking,in which macro-marketing perspectives are integrated into their respective micro-decisions,that is,the anthropocentric view of the natural world is disregarded.The paper discusses why the three groups above have had dif ﬁculties in embracing environmental issues,thus impeding real transformative green marketing from occurring.To address the dif ﬁculties three proposed actions need to be undertaken:(1)Marketers need to look for new ways of calculating and communicating value that integrates environmental value,thereby moving away from ﬁnancial measures which have no real environmental meaning.(2)Change the discourse regarding the environment,highlighting the importance of action and inaction,which needs to be based on increased education about the human –environment interface.(3)Marketing needs to refocus its emphasis on want satisfaction,shifting away from the acquisition of goods,thereby enhancing how marketers create value.Making these changes will allow marketers to operationalize transformative green marketing so the human condition and the natural system that humans operate within are both improved and bring about transformative green marketing.©2011Elsevier Inc.All rights reserved.1.IntroductionMarketing academics'and practitioners'interest in how environmental issues impact marketing activities continue to grow (Chamorro et al.,2009),but is certainly not new (Fisk,1974;Henion and Kinnear,1976).A range of marketing contexts examines the interface between the natural environment and;consumer behavior (i.e.,Diamantopoulos et al.,2003),marketing strategy (i.e.,Menon and Menon,1997),public policy initiatives (i.e.,Press and Arnould,2009)and macromarketing (i.e.,Kilbourne and Carlson,2008).Fisk (1974)suggests marketing is at least partly to blame for most of the world's environmental ills that often arise from consumption and over-consumption.Other authors suggest that marketing can assist in addressing environmental and other social problems (Sheth and Sisodia,2006).Unfortunately,much of the existing research fails to embed environmental issues as a core tenet of marketing thinking.Thus,marketing strategists often incorporate environmental considerations as an extra feature to be leveraged for competitive advantage (Ginsberg and Bloom,2004),rather than using the environment to shape strategy-improving market conditions and social welfare.Scholars de ﬁne green marketing using a range of terms (e.g.,green marketing,ecological marketing,environmental marketing,and even responsible marketing).These de ﬁnitions have a common focus on theexchange process (i.e.,choices and decisions),with a proviso that exchange considers and minimizes environmental harm (where all parities are assumed to be aware of all potential environmental harm).Whether or not these de ﬁnitions (and associated practices)seek to improve the quality of life of the world's citizens,or improve the natural environment,remains unclear.An effective de ﬁnition of green marketing,therefore,must integrate transformative change that creates value for individuals and society,as well as for the natural environment (i.e.,environmental restoration and improvement).Thus,transforma-tive green marketing is very different from a marketing perspective that focuses on not producing societal harm,as,at present,most marketers focus on meeting human needs rather than enhancing mankind's quality of life and improving the natural environment.Marketers and society rely on nature and natural resources;nature does not rely on humanity,even though society can negatively impact on it.Therefore,mankind (and,thus,marketing)and the natural environment are interdependent.While some might debate the extent of mankind's contribution to environmental problems,if the doomsayers are correct,failure to act in the medium term will result in the inability of the ecosystem to support present day consumption,potentially eliminating marketing as presently practiced (and possibly mankind).Therefore,it is surprising that the practice of marketing (and business strategy more generally)does not explicitly integrate and address environmental issues and how they impact society (Smart,2010).In the not-so-distant past,businesses were quick to respond to less signi ﬁcant marketing-related problems.For example,ﬁrms,consumers and governments reportedly spent hundreds of billions,if not trillions,of dollars dealing with theJournal of Business Research 64(2011)1311–1319⁎Tel.:+61392446968,+61392517083(International).E-mail address:Michael.Polonsky@.au.0148-2963/$–see front matter ©2011Elsevier Inc.All rights reserved.doi:10.1016/j.jbusres.2011.01.016Contents lists available at ScienceDirectJournal of Business Researchmillennium bug,or Y2K problem,as programmers feared that at 12.01AM on January12000,computers would incorrectly believe the year was1900which would cause systems to crash.The process of greening marketing seems to be viewed with signiﬁcantly less urgency on the part of most consumers,organizations and governments,even though the potential costs of inaction are much more serious and pervasive(Smart,2010;Varey,2010).Whether or not the marketing discipline(both academics and practitioners)truly understands and embraces the profound signiﬁcance of environmental issues remains unclear.A number of marketing academics call for a change in thinking about marketing,in which transformative green marketing would be included. For example,early in the discipline's history Kotler and Levy(1969) suggested that there needs to be a broadening of the marketing concept. More recently,others are questioning whether marketing needs to be reformed(Sheth and Sisodia,2006).In the consumer behaviorﬁeld, there is growing chorus of transformative consumer researchers(TCR) calling for marketing to make a positive social impact(Mick et al., forthcoming).The integration of environmental issues into marketing would extend the TCR view.For example,the Journal of Public Policy and Marketing has a forthcoming special issue focusing on TCR,and the Journal of Macromarketing recently published a special issue on sustainability,examining how marketing can assist in addressing the environmental ills faced today(Kilbourne,2010).Transformative green marketing extends this perspective incorporating environmental issues into core marketing activity,in the same way mankind is part of the natural system and not separated from the natural environment(Fisk, 1974;Smart,2010).2.The core problem:micronization of environmental issuesThe natural environment is a complex,all-encompassing system that integrates the atmosphere(air),geosphere(land),hydrosphere(water) and biosphere(all living species)(Neace,1995).Marketers understand the importance of business systems and use systems and network thinking extensively to address exchange issues,particularly in the business-to-business context(e.g.,Håkansson et al.,2009).Marketers, however,frequently ignore such broader system approaches to understand or integrate the natural environment into strategy formulation.The consideration of marketing's impact on the natural environment is often classiﬁed as macro-marketing,that is,how micro-marketing impacts society,society's inﬂuence on the broader macro-system and how systems interact(Fisk,1982).Unfortunately,academics and practitioners sometimes perceive a disconnection exists between macro-marketing and micro-marketing,which lies at the core of green marketing's inability to become transformational.The traditional micro-formation of marketing(Sheth et al.,1988)cannot easily capture environmental issues because classical micro-economics suggests that consumers(or individuals more generally)seek to maximize their own welfare(Russell and Russell,2010).Potentially,the welfare of society and the natural world is excluded unless they are embedded in individuals'values,that is,people integrate environmental issues in their decision-making because the environment is important to them. As will be described below,this perspective assumes that mankind controls their environment,which is clearly not the case.The fact that sustainability and environmental issues are generally macro-focused is at the core of the dilemma that transformational green marketing faces(van Dam and Apeldoorn,1996).How do marketers and society encourage micro-focused individuals and organizations to integrate broader macro issues and systems into their individual thinking?One might argue that this disconnection is one of the reasons why governments are forced to regulate activities to prevent distortions in the market from being exploited(Harris and Carman,1984).The lack of a macro-focus may also be why social marketers need to encourage consumers to change their behavior to create fewer negative personal impacts(Rothschild,1999),as short-term self-interest appears to outweigh the longer term beneﬁts.For example,the classic tragedy of the commons suggests that because no-one owns the shared communal space(i.e.,the commons)no individual has an incentive to protect the shared space.Thus,the aggregation of self-interested,individualist behavior destroys the value(i.e.,the shared space)for all(Libecap,2009).As a result,some regulation of individual behavior is needed so that the commons are available in perpetuity for all users.When considering environmental issues,the tragedy of the commons is a metaphor that can be translated to consumer behavior in markets,ﬁrms within countries,or even countries within regions, as in each case,the broader ecosystem is used by all but truly controlled by none.Are humans like the elephants in Africa?When unfettered by mankind,the elephants roamed the African plains with nature keeping their numbers in check.However,when they are artiﬁcially constrained on game reserves,culling is needed to ensure they do not eat themselves into starvation(van Aarde and Jackson, 2007).The barriers relating to transformational green marketing arise from this fundamental conﬂict between beneﬁts for the individual(person,ﬁrm,or nation)and beneﬁts for society,more broadly deﬁned as including the natural environment.The next section discusses how these economic actors'(i.e.,consumers,ﬁrms and governments)lack of a macro-focus lies at the heart of the green marketing dilemma.Then the article offers suggestions as to how marketers can possibly assist in using transformational green marketing to address the issue,and ends with some concluding remarks.3.Barriers associating with consumers,ﬁrms and governments3.1.Adopting transformative green marketingA network or stakeholder approach argues that within green marketing all economic actors are interconnected(Polonsky,1995), and the actors have the ability to facilitate or impede green marketing from becoming transformational.Marketers usually discuss the role of three main stakeholders–consumers,ﬁrms and governments–in enabling or regulating exchange processes(Fry and Polonsky,2004). The following three sub-sections seek to explain how existing(i.e., traditional)marketing perspectives inhibit the effective integration of the natural environment into marketing theory and processes,as well as identifying issues that need to be addressed for transformative green marketing to occur.3.2.ConsumersThe early green marketing research sought to better understand how to motivate consumers to behave in more responsible ways.Early authors initially placed an emphasis on motivating consumers to integrate environmental issues into their decision-making,for example, motivating people to recycle(Henion and Kinnear,1976).While macro-marketers suggested such changes in consumer orﬁrm behavior would lead to wider beneﬁts to society,micro-marketers focused on whether such environmental values could be leveraged to better target new segments of consumers(Ginsberg and Bloom,2004),thereby increasing loyalty(Shrum et al.,1995),reducing price sensitivity(D'Souza et al., 2007),or improving communication(Polonsky et al.,1997).Classical economic and consumer behavior theory suggests individuals make consumption decisions that maximize their own welfare.This,however,is done within a framework in which consumers usually think of themselves as the central actor in the exchange system. In such a view,the natural environment is a resource to facilitate this satisfaction(Varey,2010)rather than a stakeholder to whom consumers are responsible(Starik,1995).Such a human-centered1312M.J.Polonsky/Journal of Business Research64(2011)1311–1319perspective(i.e.,anthropocentric)possibly arises from the religious foundations of Western society:…Be fruitful,and multiply,and replenish the earth,and subdue it: and have dominion over theﬁsh of the sea,and over the fowl of the air,and over every living thing that moveth upon the earth.(Genesis1:28,italics added)Seeing nature as subservient to human needs inhibits consumers from taking a systems view,as man(and woman)is only one part of the natural system and,clearly,not the focal actor.As a result,leading authors such as Kilbourne and his numerous co-authors(e.g.,Kilbourne et al.,2002;Kilbourne and Carlson,2008)highlight that the core problem with consumption is the anthropocentric value system underlying the Western dominant social paradigm(DSP).This view suggests that micro-changes to consumption will be doomed to fail(or at least have a signiﬁcant uphill battle)if the anthropocentric view within the DSP is not changed(Kilbourne and Polonsky,2005).Even if environmental concern could be integrated as a cornerstone of the consumer psyche,the problem may still not be solved.Consumers will act in an environmentally-responsible fashion only if they believe such actions are in their best interest.Of course,some consumer segments do already seek to act in a way that considers their impact on the natural environment.For example,increasing numbers of consumers exist who“have freely chosen a frugal,anti-consumer life-style that features low resource use and environmental impact,i.e.,they are voluntary simpliﬁers”(McDonald et al.,2006,p.515).Such consumers believe that value accrues to them from behaving responsibly.However,why this realization has arisen in some consumers and not others is unclear.The degree to which consumers believe environmental issues are or will become problematic,is possibly related to the disagreement regarding the causes,responses and timeframes in which remedial action must be taken.In the case of the Y2K bug,a clear deadline for the potential disaster existed–12:01AM on1January2000,and the potential disaster was prominently discussed in the business and popular media(Tewksbury et al.,2004).For environmental issues,no ﬁxed deadlines exist and there is no media promotion(or even discussion)of the impending environmental Armageddon.In most cases,consumers believe environmental problems are somewhere in the future and,thus,are not something to worry about today.Even when consumers agree that environmental problems exist,there is no guarantee appropriate responses will occur.For example,the scientiﬁc community generally agrees that society will run out of key natural resources in the foreseeable future,such as oil.This concept has been referred to as Peak Oil and will occur when world resources of oil decline below the level needed to meet world demand(Gardi,2009).However, this has not resulted in wholesale changes in today's consumer behavior, and,in fact,dwindling oil reserves are not an issue that receives wide publicity in the press or policy debates.Consumers generally have difﬁculty with integrating future outcomes and consequences in their decision-making.For example, the fact that millions of people continue to take up smoking is surprising given the unequivocal evidence that smoking is bad for one's health,but consumers simply discount the future health consequences(Rindﬂeisch and Crockett,1999).Unfortunately for environmental marketing, researchers have found that consumers discount future environmental problems more so than other types of risk(Hendrickx and Nicolaij, 2004).Can marketers assist in making environmental problems more current and urgent in consumers'minds,thus stimulating action and providing real transformative solutions?The tragedy of the commons where all members of a community are interconnected is another issue impacting individual behavior,as consumers frequently see systems thinking(i.e.,connections amongst activities)as a barrier to behavior–How does my individual behavior impact on the wider natural system which is all encompassing?On the ﬂip-side,a problem occurs when individuals ask–How can my individual behavior make a difference?The perceived inability to make a difference in terms of environmental problems was an early impediment to a range of environmental behaviors,including increasing recycling behavior(Scholder-Ellen et al.,1991).While attempts can be made to change the way people think about environmental issues or to enable less environmentally-harmful behavior to occur,more success might be achieved using market mechanisms that increase the pressure for individual action(i.e.,change).For example,Linderhof et al.(2001)ﬁnd that when the cost of home-based waste removal is calculated on volume or weight,people reduce their waste and increase their recycling behavior.Thus,forcing increases in prices through regulation might bring about desired outcomes better than getting consumers to identify that waste is an environmental problem.While this may or may not result in an increase in underlying environmental awareness and concern,raising consumer costs may bring about the same environmental beneﬁt(i.e.,reduced waste).Finally,one of the core tenets of consumer marketing is that marketers frequently promote ownership as a way to achieve satisfaction,but increased consumption often results in environmental problems.The perceived need to consume is further exacerbated in some sectors where technological advances mean products are considered obsolete in18months or less(e.g.,in the computer and mobile phone sectors).Marketing assumes that value is created in buyer–seller exchanges,but wanting satisfaction and the ownership of goods are not necessarily the same.Consumers can meet their needs in a variety of ways(i.e.,alternatives exist)or even modify the wants that they have,for instance by practicing voluntary simplicity(Craig-Lees and Hill,2002). Therefore,consumers do not necessarily have to own the want-satisfying goods to extract want-satisfying value.Research even suggests that one's quality of life(as measured by happiness)and increased consumption can impede sustainable development(Zidansek,2007).The increased economic importance given to the service sector is an example of how wants can be met without ownership.Opportunities exist to expand this sector beyond renting homes,furniture or appliances,to renting all types of value creation.The potential hindrance is that,in some cases,goods have an inherent value that can appreciate over time in addition to satisfying wants(i.e.,some items may become ‘rare’and collectable,and thus have value outside want satisfaction). Other goods may continue to have,primarily,a functional value(e.g.,the newest plasma television)which is not necessarily maintained through ownership of the good.Consumers'preoccupation with goods rather than the underlying want-satisfaction means increased production is required to address consumers'desire to have ready access to want-satisfying goods that they may use infrequently(i.e.,a handyman might want to own all the tools he might ever need,rather than renting or collectively sharing those used infrequently).3.3.FirmsAt the most basic level,ﬁrms are collectives of individuals that,in many ways,suffer from the aggregation of individual problems at the corporate level.Taking a neoclassical economic perspective meansﬁrms have a responsibility to create value for the shareholders,although many argue that broader types of performance are also important(Hillman and Keim,2001).The core issue revolves around deﬁning the value of what is created.Marketing and management theorists propose that multi-dimensional measures of value can be developed,and this would include things such as the triple bottom line(TBL)that includes social and environmental value,in addition toﬁnancial value(Robins,2006).Unfortunately,aﬁrm'sﬁnancial performance is still the main focus. For example,research comparing the performance of traditional and responsibleﬁrms still uses traditionalﬁnancial measures,not multi-dimensional TBL-type measures(Johnson,2003).The focus,therefore,is on how to increase theﬁnancial bottom line,which explains why researchers are more interested in targeting green consumers and1313M.J.Polonsky/Journal of Business Research64(2011)1311–1319extracting more value from them,than focusing solely on the societal impact of marketing.In the alternative view,green marketing becomes transformational and contributes to consumers,society and the environment.Unfortunately,proﬁt,sales and otherﬁnancial/marketing measures have no relevance to the environment.Mother Nature does not have a checkbook,ﬁnancial balance sheet or a demand for traditional goods and,thus,unfortunately is not represented on corporate management boards nor is nature considered in most corporate decisions.The question of how to deﬁne corporate value in a meaningful way that integratesﬁrms'environmental impact is less frequently discussed in research.However,some academic areas such as social accounting seek to quantify the social value ofﬁrms(Knirsch and Székely,2005). But,again,these alternatives often revert to dollar assessments that may not capture the importance of environmental issues.Other areas,such as research into stakeholder theory,have partly begun to address these multi-faceted measures as well(Hillman and Keim,2001),but they too often fall back ontoﬁnancial measures of performance(Berman et al., 1999).Greening can be seen to createﬁnancial value in a number of ways,and extensive research examines how reducing harm can cut costs,reduce risk and,thus,increase the bottom line(Porter and Reinhardt,2007).Such approaches still use human-focused metrics to try and assign value to the environment(or,in reality,the costs of not looking after the environment).Marketing,as a change agent in the wider economic system,is not usually the focus of corporate or consumer activities.However, marketing innovations are bringing about signiﬁcant cultural changes (good and bad).For example,birth control advances change the dynamic between males and females in society,and the Internet is changing how information is created and communicated.Thus, embracing transformative environmental marketing can serve as an organizational stimulus for innovation,thereby improving value more widely,including citizens'quality of life.Although some of the problems identiﬁed earlier,such as a lack of perceived urgency,or the fact that not all environmental costs are assigned to producers,mean corporations are not pressured to address their negative environmental impacts.Shocks to the economic system can clearly have an impact on businesses.Take,for example,the rapid innovations to increase the fuel efﬁciency of automobiles.The innovations have resulted in lighter automobiles;more efﬁcient engines,alternative types of engines and fuels,systems to capture the pollution created,and even the development of alternative modes of transportation.Thus,someﬁrms within the transportation sector have been quick to exploit aspects of the environmental debate,although changing corporate direction needs to be a long-term strategy(Menon and Menon,1997).Unfortunately, the most recent turmoil in the US car market suggests that USﬁrms failed to embrace the impending environmental changes.Even when manufacturers have acted,they have not sought to redeﬁne personal travel and the need to travel,but rather they still focus on the individual automobile to address travel options(Kadirov and Varey,2010).Of course,some would argue thatﬁrms are making incremental attempts to redeﬁne the need for cars through video conferencing that allows people to meet without travel,and purchasing goods and services on the Internet,requiring fewer shopping trips.Increased public transportation alternatives also mean fewer cars are needed.Corporate and industry innovations can be more proactive and bring about environmental improvements.For example,the US-based Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design referred to as LEED building certiﬁcation(US Green Building Council,2010)is designed to produce buildings that have smaller environmental footprints and lower operating costs(Muse and Plaut,2008).While still more expensive to build,as its adoption increases,economies of scale will mean that costs will drop,further increasing the beneﬁts.All these actions are positive steps,ﬁrms still appear to be more focused on innovation and change that reduce costs,while complying with regulation or creating market value.Firms tend to be less focused on the environmental issues because of an underlying lack of value placed on responsible behavior,although examples exist of where these values are espoused(Hillman and Keim,2001).Given that businesses want to stay in business,they are more driven by economic forces than are their consumers.Unfortunately,without well-deﬁned performance measures that incorporate non-ﬁnancial beneﬁts to the environment, businesses will be unlikely to redeﬁne their activities,as such action would not create measurable value(even using theﬂawedﬁnancial measures available).In aﬁrm's quest for proﬁts,a potential problem can arise regarding the extent to which new products deliver substantive additional value to consumers,after taking into consideration the environmental impact associated with production,use and consumption.Marketers have long been criticized for producing goods that have built-in obsolescence (Guiltinan,2009)or trivial differentiation.This problem has been exacerbated by the decline in innovation cycles and rapid advancements in technology(Guiltinan,2009).For example,Moore's law suggests that computer capacity doubles every18months(Schaller,1997).While continuous product change can deliver incremental value to consumers,the question is at what environmental cost?Areﬁrms seeking to generate value through churn(i.e.,new purchases)or adding signiﬁcant consumer value?If the latter,ﬁrms might look at how products can be designed so they can be upgraded rather than replaced.Upgradable products would,in fact,deliver additional consumer value,as consumers would be able to extract additional value from existing investments rather than purchasing extra value by buying new products.Of course, consumers would need to value upgradability rather than owning the newest product.Marketers also tend not to think about the environmental costs of replacing goods.For example,why don't all retailers of mobile phones or computers automatically incorporate trade-ins through which they can then facilitate recycling or,at the very least,provide a reverse logistics system where extraction of the value from waste products can more easily occur?Someﬁrms seeking to recycle components of their products have found them to be a highly valuable income stream that also reduces the environmental costs associated with producing remanufac-tured components(McConocha and Speh,1993).In some countries, governments have imposed requirements onﬁrms to take back unused goods or packaging from the consumers(Livingstone and Sparks,1994). However,ﬁrms seem not to have knowledge about the full life-cycle environmental impacts of their actions.In some instances(i.e.,reverse logistics)managing the life-cycle could generate income streams and,in this area,the lack of corporate systems thinking about value and environmental impacts is highlighted(i.e.,failing to recognize the interdependence of mankind,production,consumption,and the environ-mental system).Theﬁnal corporate issue revolves around the question of growth. Businesses want to expand their markets and proﬁtability,but can growth occur in an environmentally sustainable fashion(van Marrewijk,2003)? This comes back to the very nature of the Western economic system. Investors want a reasonable return on their investments and,because of the competition amongstﬁrms for assets,those that increase their return attract more resources,and expectations for further growth are increased. Unfortunately,a value concept that is based onﬁnancial returns and discounts the natural environment will see the environment as a resource to exploit rather than a partner in existence.Just as service-dominant logic has emerged as a new perspective(Vargo and Lusch,2004),a need exists for an environmental dominant logic in which corporate and environmental values are intertwined.Unless the environment is given value,either as a resource or a cost to be minimized,the environment will continue to be under-considered in corporate decision-making.The impending introduction of regulated carbon abetment schemes will see this potential loophole partlyﬁlled because the environment(or rather pollution of the environment)will have a cost that must be addressed byﬁrms.However,such costs will not necessarily reﬂect the true value of the environment.Carbon pricing will stimulate innovation to reduce this cost,although,if carbon is1314M.J.Polonsky/Journal of Business Research64(2011)1311–1319。

外文文献怎么翻译

外文文献的翻译方法和技巧在科学研究领域，阅读和理解外文文献是非常重要的，因为这些文献包含了世界各地研究者的最新成果和观点。

然而，由于语言障碍，许多人可能觉得翻译外文文献是一项困难的任务。

本文将介绍一些有效的翻译方法和技巧，帮助读者更好地理解和翻译外文文献。

选择合适的翻译工具在翻译外文文献时，选择合适的工具是非常重要的。

一些常见的翻译工具包括在线翻译网站和翻译App。

这些工具可以帮助读者快速翻译文献，但需要注意的是，这些工具可能存在一定的翻译误差，因此在使用时要注意核对翻译结果。

保持原文的风格和语气在翻译外文文献时，要尽可能保持原文的风格和语气。

这样可以更好地传达原作者的意图和思想。

在翻译过程中，读者可以使用词典等工具帮助理解原文中的专业术语和文化背景，以确保翻译的准确性和通顺性。

注意语法和语法结构另一个翻译外文文献的重要方面是注意语法和语法结构。

外文文献往往使用复杂的句子结构和语法规则，因此在翻译时要保持句子的逻辑和结构。

正确理解原文中的句子结构和语法规则，可以帮助读者更好地翻译文献并消除歧义。

查找背景知识和参考资料翻译外文文献时，有时可能会遇到一些专业术语和概念，读者不熟悉。

在这种情况下，建议读者查找相关背景知识和参考资料，帮助理解原文中的内容。

这样不仅可以提高翻译的准确性，还可以扩展读者的知识面。

结语总的来说，翻译外文文献是一项需要一定技巧和耐心的工作。

通过选择合适的翻译工具、保持原文的风格和语气、注意语法和语法结构、查找背景知识和参考资料，读者可以更好地理解和翻译外文文献。

希望本文介绍的方法和技巧对读者有所帮助。

毕业论文外文翻译要求

毕业论文外文翻译要求
外国文献翻译是撰写毕业论文的重要环节之一，下面是一份要求700字的毕业论文外文翻译要求：
1. 翻译时间: 需在规定时间内完成翻译任务，以确保毕业论文
后续工作的顺利进行。

2. 原文准确性: 翻译必须准确无误，不得对原文进行任何删节、增补或变动。

3. 语言流畅度: 翻译应当具有良好的语言流畅度，不得过于生
硬或呆板。

4. 专业术语准确性: 翻译时要确保专业术语的准确性，避免词
义的混淆。

5. 语法错误及标点符号: 翻译应符合英文的语法规范，避免语
法错误和标点符号的错误使用。

6. 翻译风格: 翻译应当符合学术论文的要求，措辞恰当，语气
客观中立。

7. 格式要求: 翻译部分应与论文正文的格式一致，包括字体、
字号、行间距等。

8. 校对: 完成翻译后，需要进行一次仔细的校对工作，确保翻
译的正确性。

9. 原文附录: 翻译部分要同时附上原文，以便审查人员对翻译的准确性进行核对。

10. 翻译文档: 翻译文档要以电子文档的形式提交，确保方便审查人员查看。

以上要求旨在保证翻译的质量和准确性，对于撰写毕业论文非常重要。

翻译过程中，建议使用专业的翻译工具，如翻译记忆软件、专业词典等，以提高翻译的效率和准确性。

同时，积极与导师和专业领域的人进行交流和讨论，以解决翻译中的问题和困惑。

外文-翻译原文和译文

中国计量学院毕业设计（论文）外文翻译学生姓名：张玉星学号： 0901002102专业：知识产权班级：09知识产权3班外文文献题目1：Trademark Law and Litigation in China(1)外文文献题目2：Trademark Law and Litigation in China(2) 外文指导教师：王长秋二级学院：法学院2013年5月20日外文文献翻译译稿1：涉外商标在中国的诉讼(1)来源：International Marketing Review, 2000, V ol.17 (3), pp.272-286作者：Zhihong Gao本节报告了在上海试验的涉外商标案件的定性内容分析来推断法院如何解释和执行中国的商标法律。

定性内容分析（霍尔斯蒂，1969）是这个项目的一个合适的工具，因为案情细节比抽象数字能表达更多信息。

内容分析的数据来自中国知识产权的判决和决定（2009年），这是中国政府推出的符合“TRIPS协定”的透明度要求，并且基于网络的知识产权民事案件的数据库。

尽管这个数据库的覆盖面并不全面，但它正在不断地更新壮大，截止2008年已涵盖3000余例案件。

原告决定提交一份商标在中国的诉讼时有三种选择：发生侵权行为的地点，侵权货物的存放地点，或者被告住所地（最高人民法院，2002年，第6）。

上海位于中国长江三角洲产业基地的心脏，是中国最繁华的城市，是全国领先的商业中心，并且是一个重要的港口。

这个城市据说有比较多的权力勾结和侵权（“外国商标”，2004年）。

出于所有这些原因，上海的法院处理涉外商标案件的数量相对较高。

出于同样的原因，在这里报道的内容分析的重点在上海审理的案件。

与此同时，在其他一些地方审理的一些广为人知的案件也被详细分析，以便我们有一个全景透视。

中国知识产权的判断和决策网站记录截止2008年6月在上海结案的涉外商标案件46件（表2）。

在这些案件中的原告大多是来自发达国家的商标持有人，涉及到从消费品到工业产品服务的各种产品。

计算机外文翻译（完整）

计算机外⽂翻译（完整）毕业设计(论⽂)外⽂资料翻译专业：计算机科学与技术姓名：王成明学号：06120186外⽂出处：The History of the Internet附件： 1.外⽂原⽂ 2.外⽂资料翻译译⽂；附件1：外⽂原⽂The History of the InternetThe Beginning - ARPAnetThe Internet started as a project by the US government. The object of the project was to create a means of communications between long distance points, in the event of a nation wide emergency or, more specifically, nuclear war. The project was called ARPAnet, and it is what the Internet started as. Funded specifically for military communication, the engineers responsible for ARPANet had no idea of the possibilities of an "Internet."By definition, an 'Internet' is four or more computers connected by a network.ARPAnet achieved its network by using a protocol called TCP/IP. The basics around this protocol was that if information sent over a network failed to get through on one route, it would find another route to work with, as well as establishing a means for one computer to "talk" to another computer, regardless of whether it was a PC or a Macintosh.By the 80's ARPAnet, just years away from becoming the more well known Internet, had 200 computers. The Defense Department, satisfied with ARPAnets results, decided to fully adopt it into service, and connected many military computers and resources into the network. ARPAnet then had 562 computers on its network. By the year 1984, it had over 1000 computers on its network.In 1986 ARPAnet (supposedly) shut down, but only the organization shut down, and the existing networks still existed between the more than 1000 computers. It shut down due to a failied link up with NSF, who wanted to connect its 5 countywide super computers into ARPAnet.With the funding of NSF, new high speed lines were successfully installed at line speeds of 56k (a normal modem nowadays) through telephone lines in 1988. By that time, there were 28,174 computers on the (by then decided) Internet. In 1989 there were 80,000 computers on it. By 1989, there were290,000.Another network was built to support the incredible number of people joining. It was constructed in 1992.Today - The InternetToday, the Internet has become one of the most important technological advancements in the history of humanity. Everyone wants to get 'on line' to experience the wealth of information of the Internet. Millions of people now use the Internet, and it's predicted that by the year 2003 every single person on the planet will have Internet access. The Internet has truly become a way of life in our time and era, and is evolving so quickly its hard to determine where it will go next, as computer and network technology improve every day.HOW IT WORKS:It's a standard thing. People using the Internet. Shopping, playing games,conversing in virtual Internet environments.The Internet is not a 'thing' itself. The Internet cannot just "crash." It functions the same way as the telephone system, only there is no Internet company that runs the Internet.The Internet is a collection of millioins of computers that are all connected to each other, or have the means to connect to each other. The Internet is just like an office network, only it has millions of computers connected to it.The main thing about how the Internet works is communication. How does a computer in Houston know how to access data on a computer in Tokyo to view a webpage?Internet communication, communication among computers connected to the Internet, is based on a language. This language is called TCP/IP. TCP/IP establishes a language for a computer to access and transmit data over the Internet system.But TCP/IP assumes that there is a physical connecetion between onecomputer and another. This is not usually the case. There would have to be a network wire that went to every computer connected to the Internet, but that would make the Internet impossible to access.The physical connection that is requireed is established by way of modems,phonelines, and other modem cable connections (like cable modems or DSL). Modems on computers read and transmit data over established lines,which could be phonelines or data lines. The actual hard core connections are established among computers called routers.A router is a computer that serves as a traffic controller for information.To explain this better, let's look at how a standard computer might viewa webpage.1. The user's computer dials into an Internet Service Provider (ISP). The ISP might in turn be connected to another ISP, or a straight connection into the Internet backbone.2. The user launches a web browser like Netscape or Internet Explorer and types in an internet location to go to.3. Here's where the tricky part comes in. First, the computer sends data about it's data request to a router. A router is a very high speed powerful computer running special software. The collection of routers in the world make what is called a "backbone," on which all the data on the Internet is transferred. The backbone presently operates at a speed of several gigabytes per-second. Such a speed compared to a normal modem is like comparing the heat of the sun to the heat of an ice-cube.Routers handle data that is going back and forth. A router puts small chunks of data into packages called packets, which function similarly to envelopes. So, when the request for the webpage goes through, it uses TCP/IP protocols to tell the router what to do with the data, where it's going, and overall where the user wants to go.4. The router sends these packets to other routers, eventually leadingto the target computer. It's like whisper down the lane (only the information remains intact).5. When the information reaches the target web server, the webserver then begins to send the web page back. A webserver is the computer where the webpage is stored that is running a program that handles requests for the webpage and sends the webpage to whoever wants to see it.6. The webpage is put in packets, sent through routers, and arrive at the users computer where the user can view the webpage once it is assembled.The packets which contain the data also contain special information that lets routers and other computers know how to reassemble the data in the right order.With millions of web pages, and millions of users, using the Internet is not always easy for a beginning user, especially for someone who is not entirely comfortale with using computers. Below you can find tips tricks and help on how to use main services of the Internet.Before you access webpages, you must have a web browser to actually be able to view the webpages. Most Internet Access Providers provide you with a web browser in the software they usually give to customers; you. The fact that you are viewing this page means that you have a web browser. The top two use browsers are Netscape Communicator and Microsoft Internet Explorer. Netscape can be found at /doc/bedc387343323968011c9268.html and MSIE can be found at /doc/bedc387343323968011c9268.html /ie.The fact that you're reading this right now means that you have a web browser.Next you must be familiar with actually using webpages. A webpage is a collection of hyperlinks, images, text, forms, menus, and multimedia. To "navigate" a webpage, simply click the links it provides or follow it's own instructions (like if it has a form you need to use, it will probably instruct you how to use it). Basically, everything about a webpage is made to be self-explanetory. That is the nature of a webpage, to be easily navigatable."Oh no! a 404 error! 'Cannot find web page?'" is a common remark made by new web-users.Sometimes websites have errors. But an error on a website is not the user's fault, of course.A 404 error means that the page you tried to go to does not exist. This could be because the site is still being constructed and the page hasn't been created yet, or because the site author made a typo in the page. There's nothing much to do about a 404 error except for e-mailing the site administrator (of the page you wanted to go to) an telling him/her about the error.A Javascript error is the result of a programming error in the Javascript code of a website. Not all websites utilize Javascript, but many do. Javascript is different from Java, and most browsers now support Javascript. If you are using an old version of a web browser (Netscape 3.0 for example), you might get Javascript errors because sites utilize Javascript versions that your browser does not support. So, you can try getting a newer version of your web browser.E-mail stands for Electronic Mail, and that's what it is. E-mail enables people to send letters, and even files and pictures to each other.To use e-mail, you must have an e-mail client, which is just like a personal post office, since it retrieves and stores e-mail. Secondly, you must have an e-mail account. Most Internet Service Providers provide free e-mail account(s) for free. Some services offer free e-mail, like Hotmail, and Geocities.After configuring your e-mail client with your POP3 and SMTP server address (your e-mail provider will give you that information), you are ready to receive mail.An attachment is a file sent in a letter. If someone sends you an attachment and you don't know who it is, don't run the file, ever. It could be a virus or some other kind of nasty programs. You can't get a virus justby reading e-mail, you'll have to physically execute some form of program for a virus to strike.A signature is a feature of many e-mail programs. A signature is added to the end of every e-mail you send out. You can put a text graphic, your business information, anything you want.Imagine that a computer on the Internet is an island in the sea. The sea is filled with millions of islands. This is the Internet. Imagine an island communicates with other island by sending ships to other islands and receiving ships. The island has ports to accept and send out ships.A computer on the Internet has access nodes called ports. A port is just a symbolic object that allows the computer to operate on a network (or the Internet). This method is similar to the island/ocean symbolism above.Telnet refers to accessing ports on a server directly with a text connection. Almost every kind of Internet function, like accessing web pages,"chatting," and e-mailing is done over a Telnet connection.Telnetting requires a Telnet client. A telnet program comes with the Windows system, so Windows users can access telnet by typing in "telnet" (without the "'s) in the run dialog. Linux has it built into the command line; telnet. A popular telnet program for Macintosh is NCSA telnet.Any server software (web page daemon, chat daemon) can be accessed via telnet, although they are not usually meant to be accessed in such a manner. For instance, it is possible to connect directly to a mail server and check your mail by interfacing with the e-mail server software, but it's easier to use an e-mail client (of course).There are millions of WebPages that come from all over the world, yet how will you know what the address of a page you want is?Search engines save the day. A search engine is a very large website that allows you to search it's own database of websites. For instance, if you wanted to find a website on dogs, you'd search for "dog" or "dogs" or "dog information." Here are a few search-engines.1. Altavista (/doc/bedc387343323968011c9268.html ) - Web spider & Indexed2. Yahoo (/doc/bedc387343323968011c9268.html ) - Web spider & Indexed Collection3. Excite (/doc/bedc387343323968011c9268.html ) - Web spider & Indexed4. Lycos (/doc/bedc387343323968011c9268.html ) - Web spider & Indexed5. Metasearch (/doc/bedc387343323968011c9268.html ) - Multiple searchA web spider is a program used by search engines that goes from page to page, following any link it can possibly find. This means that a search engine can literally map out as much of the Internet as it's own time and speed allows for.An indexed collection uses hand-added links. For instance, on Yahoo's site. You can click on Computers & the Internet. Then you can click on Hardware. Then you can click on Modems, etc., and along the way through sections, there are sites available which relate to what section you're in.Metasearch searches many search engines at the same time, finding the top choices from about 10 search engines, making searching a lot more effective.Once you are able to use search engines, you can effectively find the pages you want.With the arrival of networking and multi user systems, security has always been on the mind of system developers and system operators. Since the dawn of AT&T and its phone network, hackers have been known by many, hackers who find ways all the time of breaking into systems. It used to not be that big of a problem, since networking was limited to big corporate companies or government computers who could afford the necessary computer security.The biggest problem now-a-days is personal information. Why should you be careful while making purchases via a website? Let's look at how the internet works, quickly.The user is transferring credit card information to a webpage. Looks safe, right? Not necessarily. As the user submits the information, it is being streamed through a series of computers that make up the Internet backbone.The information is in little chunks, in packages called packets. Here's the problem: While the information is being transferred through this big backbone, what is preventing a "hacker" from intercepting this data stream at one of the backbone points?Big-brother is not watching you if you access a web site, but users should be aware of potential threats while transmitting private information. There are methods of enforcing security, like password protection, an most importantly, encryption.Encryption means scrambling data into a code that can only be unscrambled on the "other end." Browser's like Netscape Communicator and Internet Explorer feature encryption support for making on-line transfers. Some encryptions work better than others. The most advanced encryption system is called DES (Data Encryption Standard), and it was adopted by the US Defense Department because it was deemed so difficult to 'crack' that they considered it a security risk if it would fall into another countries hands.A DES uses a single key of information to unlock an entire document. The problem is, there are 75 trillion possible keys to use, so it is a highly difficult system to break. One document was cracked and decoded, but it was a combined effort of14,000 computers networked over the Internet that took a while to do it, so most hackers don't have that many resources available.附件2：外⽂资料翻译译⽂Internet的历史起源——ARPAnetInternet是被美国政府作为⼀项⼯程进⾏开发的。

经典外文翻译两篇,中英对照

外文原文 1Building Materials Selection and SpecificationFae'q A. A. RadwanFaculty of Engineering, Near East University, KKTC, Lefkosa, Mersin 10, TurkeyAbstract: The limitations in the selection of the building materials and to the sustainability of any building construction materials that can be used are presented. The practices and techniques that can be used in reducing and minimizing the environmental impacts of building are discussed. Recommendations of using secondary and recycled materials in the construction of buildings are given. Framework for methods of assessment of the sustainability in building construction for environmental performance is presented.Key Words: Limitations, sustainability, environmental impacts, framework, climate.1. IntroductionThere is an apparently unbounded range of possibilities for the selection of building materials for the construction of structures of almost any shape or stature. Its quality will affect the structure function and long life, and requirements may differ with climate, soil, site size, and with the experience and knowledge of the designer. The factors that have the most outstanding solutions are impermeability, control of heat, air, and water flow, and the stability of the structure [1-3].Raw materials extraction, manufacturing processes, and the transportation of the materials to the project site have a multitude of impacts on the environment. These include the disruption of habitats and ecological systems, use of water, and, through energy use, the emissions of air pollutants and climate change gases. Building materials also have major impacts on the building occupants manufacture, construction of buildings and the use of building materials make a significant environmental impact internally, locally and globally. But it is not easy to deliver information to make adequate inclusion decisions considering the whole life cycle of a building. Decisions on sustainable building integrate a number of strategies during the design, construction and operation of building projects. Selection of sustainable building materials represents an important strategy in the design of a building.2.SustainabilityIn recent years, the concept of sustainability has been the subject of much disputation by academics and professionals alike. In 1987, the World Conference on Environment and Development defined sustainable development as development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs (WCED, 1987).Sustainability must address ecological impacts, regardless of conflicting interpretations of the WCED definition.A good sustainable product must give as much satisfaction as possible for the user. If not, it will be unsuccessful on the market and an economic failure.It is also important to inform people as to what basis a certain product is considered to be sustainable or not and why they should buy it [4- 5].When developing a new product, it is illustrative to move between the three corners Ecology, Equity and Economy in order to obtain a suitable balance so that each category can be fulfilled in the best way.·Ecology (environmental protection).·Equity (social equity).·Economy (economic growth).2.1 Materials Selection and SustainabilityAmong the notable technological developments of the 20th century has been the development of tens of thousands of new materials for use in construction and engineering. The construction industry has also grown to the point where it is a very large consumer of energy and materials. Concern for the environment and the impact of human activity on the Earth's ecological systems has now become clear sighted.We are faced with the problems of material selection and the environmental consequences of their use. Environmentalists have proposed various methods for assessing the impact of materials and energy use, these include ecological foot printing, ecological rucksacks, embodied energy and carbon dioxide values, and so on. Engineers have put forward rational selection methods for the choice of materials. These techniques will be reviewed and explored in an attempt to provide an environmentally-aware, materials selection method- logy for use in construction.Strictly, the term sustainable means that something is capable of being sustained not for an hour, or a day, or a week, month or year, but indefinitely.The implication is that if some process which uses materials and energy is described as sustainable, then the materials and energy which are consumed arecapable of being replaced by natural or other processes as fast as they are consumed. In many cases materials and energy appear to be consumed at a faster rate than they are being replaced. However, to make a judgment, we would need to know what the respective supply and consumption rates are in other words we need some quantitative or numerical index to help us [2].2.2 Environmental CriteriaSince construction uses such large quantities of materials, it has a major impact on the environment. In order to assess and evaluate such impact, a number of criteria or indices have been devised by economists, engineers and environmentalists, and the more important of these are the following [2].2.2.1 Embodied EnergyThis is quite simply the amount of energy consumed in manufacturing a unit quantity of a material, and it is usually expressed in kJ/kg. Its value is determined by the efficiency of the manufacturing plant. Values range from 275 GJ/tonne for aluminum (a high value) to 0.1 GJ/tonne for gravel aggregates (a low value) [2].2.2.2 Embodied Carbon DioxideEmbodied C02 is similar to embodied energy. It is the weight of C02 emitted during manufacture of unit weight of the material, and is usually expressed as kg of C02 per ton.Again, the value will depend upon the efficiency of the manufacturing plant [2].2.2.3 Ecological RucksackThe ecological rucksack concept was devised as a way of assessing material efficiency by F. Schmidt一Bleek [6]. He recognized that many tonnes of raw material could be extracted and processed to make just one kilogram of material. For example, the environmental rucksack for the precious metal platinum is 250,000:1.2.3 Rational Selection MethodThere are various approaches to the problem of selecting materials from the huge numbers now available. Designers can have recourse to materials property charts and data books. Alternatively, they can talk to their colleagues, hoping that by widening the knowledge circle, they will not omit a significant group of materials. Another strategy is simply to specify the same or a similar material to those used in previous, similar designs. All these are valid approaches, but they may result in the specification of a less than ideal material and overall, a less than optimal solution to the problem [3-5].The basis of the rational selection methods devised to date is a recognition that the performance of a component, artifact or structure is limited by the properties of the materials from which it is made. It will be rare for the performance of the item to depend solely on one material property; in nearly all cases, it is a combination of properties, which is important. To give an example, in lightweight design, strength to weight ratio of, and stiffness to weight ratio E/pwill be important. Ref. [3] has put forward the idea of plotting material properties against each other to produce material property maps. On these maps, each class of material occupies a field in material property space, and sub-fields map the space occupied by individual materials.These materials property charts are very information-rich they carry a large amount of information in a compact but accessible form. Interestingly, they reveal correlations between material properties, which can help in checking and estimating data, and they can also be used in performance optimization, in a manner such as that set out as follow.If we consider the complete range of materials, it immediately becomes apparent that for each property of an engineering material there is a characteristic range of values, and this range can be very large. For example, consider stiffness (Young's Modulus E). Materials range from jelly (very low stiffness) up to diamond (very high stiffness). The properties can span five decades (orders of magnitude),A number of conclusions can be drawn, including:(1) A rational selection method such the one put forward by Ashby is capable of incorporating environmental parameters such as embodied energy and C02 or the environmental rucksack concepts, thereby making possible rational selections based on environmental considerations.(2) This method is not as simple to use as the environmental preference method or the environmental profiles method. However, this rational method could be used to generate data for the environmental profiles and preference methods.(3) The construction industry needs to take steps to better integrate itself into the materials cycle. The quantity of demolition waste needs to be reduced, and more of it should be recycled. To this end, the building designers need to keep full records of materials of construction, and buildings need to be designed for easy dismantling at the end of their useful lives.2. 4 Ashby's Materials Selection MethodologyMaterials selection charts一Property interaction (not always causal)一First order optimization●Performance indices●Multiple constrains●Multiple design goals●Shape and material interaction一“Enhanced" performance indicesProcess selection [3, 4].3. Foundations and Construction ComponentIn any consideration of which building materials and alternatives can feasibly be integrated into the foundations of a large-scale development there are several limitations that must be considered.In terms of the actual materials that may be used, there are three main limitations. First, because of the large scale and heavy loads that the foundations must support, strength is imperative. Any materials must be consistently strong and able to effectively distribute the weight of the structure. The second major limitation is climate. In areas with sub-zero winter conditions, frost heave is a major consideration. For this reason, foundations must be deep enough to support the structure despite any changes in near-surface volume; shallow foundations will be insufficient unless certain innovative steps are taken. The limitation of climate also influences any decision on insulating foundations. Finally, there is the consideration of cost. This consideration is reliant on material availability, cost per unit, and building techniques and associated labor. For these reasons, the only materials that can feasibly be used are concrete and steel. Therefore, the alternatives for minimizing impact lie more in the methods of construction and any realistic structural changes that can be made.The three main foundation components of concrete, steel, and insulation will be examined as the only reasonable materials for the construction of a building with limitations such as the foundations [1].3.1 ConcreteIt is the fundamental component of the foundation construction, receiving the building loads through walls or posts and distributes them down and outwards through the footings. Concrete and cement have ecological advantages which include durability, long life, heat storage capability, and (in general) chemical inertness [8].The life cycle concerns of concrete are as follows. First, there is land and habitat loss from mining activities. Furthermore, the quality of both air and water quality suffer from the acquisition, transportation, and manufacture. Carbon dioxide emissions are also a negative environmental impact accrued through the production and use of concrete. Similarly, dust and particulate are emitted at most stages of the concrete life-cycle. $oth carbon dioxide and particulate matter have negative impacts on air quality [1]. Water pollution is also another concern associated with the production of concrete at the production phase. Fly ash is by-product of the energy production from coal-fired plants and increasing its proportion in cement is environmentally beneficial in two ways. First, it helps in reducing the amount of solid waste which requires disposal. As well, fly ash in the cement mixture reduced the overall energy use by changing the consistency of the concrete. Fly ash, increases concrete strength, improves sulfate foundation, decreases permeability, reduced the water ratio required, and improves the pump ability and workability of the concrete [9]. Now in the United States, the Environmental Protection Agency requires that all buildings that receive federa funding contain fly ash and most concrete producer: have access to this industrial waste [9].There are alternative methods of both making concrete and building foundations with this concrete that have environmental benefits, no matter the structure scale or climate. These include Autoclaved Aerated Concrete, the increased integration of fly ash into the cement mixture, and the use of pre-cast foundation systems to reduce resource use. Through consideration and possible integration of these alternatives, impacts could potentially be reduced.3.2 SteelAs wood resources are becoming limited, steel is increasingly popular with builders. In the case of a large-scale building, steel reinforcement is basically a necessity for overall strength and weight distribution.The initial life cycle impacts of steel use are similar to those of concrete. These include land and habitat loss from mining activities, and air and water quality degradation from materials acquisition and manufacture [1]. However, the largest proportion of steel used nowadays contains a percentage of recycled materials. In terms of improving environmental conditions by reducing impacts, this is the only real recommendation for the use of steel in building foundations; to purchase recycled steel products. Not only would this reduce industrial and commercial solid waste,such a decision would also reward the manufacturers of such products.3. 3 InsulationNew and innovative pre-cast building foundations are becoming increasingly available and feasible for implementation. These new systems can reduce the overall raw material use, as well as conserve energy through the creation of an efficient building envelope. A further used of this rigid insulation as a skirt around the building foundations helps to eliminate any potential frost problems, improve drainage, and help further reduce heat loss. A polyethylene air and water vapor barrier is applied above the insulating layer, as is a three to four inch layer of sand. These shallow foundation systems have excellent insulating properties, decreased use of raw materials for concrete, and comparatively low demands for labor. However, the use of rigid insulation is increased. Also, in soils where frost and drainage is a consideration additional piles in the centre of the foundation may be required to prevent movement. This increases the relative land disturbance, although it remains still much less than that of deep foundation systems. Shallow foundations are structurally sound and are becoming increasingly common in colder climates. There are strength considerations associated with these new techniques which must be addressed by someone with the technical ability to do so, before they can be feasibly recommended for the building of the new residence.As discussed above, there are limitations to the sustainability of any foundation construction materials used. In other words, there are environmental impacts associated with all types of foundations. For these reasons, a primary recommendation is the use of secondary materials (fly ash and recycled steel) in the construction of foundations.4. FrameworkThe material components of the building envelope, that is, the foundation, wall construction, insulation and roof, have been analyzed within a framework of primarily qualitative criteria that aim to evaluate the sustainability of alternate materials relative to the materials cited in the current foundation design. This analytical process has enabled the identification of several construction materials that can be feasibly integrated into current design and construction standards of the building envelope.The tools and strategies described below are useful in analyzing the relative benefits of different materials[9-14].Life-Cycle Assessment (LCA). LCA is a comprehensive analysis that takes intoconsideration all aspects of a material over its entire lifetime: raw materials extraction; manufacturing and processing; transport; use; and post-use recycling, reuse, or disposal. This approach enables a true "apples to apples" comparison between materials.The BEES system (Building for Environmental and Economic Sustainability) developed by the National Institute of Standards and Technology is the most widely used methodology. BEES provides materials with a score that can be compared to other similar products. At this time, however, a fairly limited number of materials have completed the BEES analysis.Life-Cycle Costing. Life-Cycle Costing is an analysis of the short- and long-term costs associated with a material, from purchase to ultimate recycling or disposal. This includes frequency of replacement, maintenance costs, and costs that are avoided through use of the material (or system). LCC is useful in looking beyond a comparison based solely on first costs. Similar to LCA, this type of analysis is not available for all materials, but a back-of-the-envelope calculation is usually fairly easy to work up.Certification. Many conventional building products are approved or certified by independent third party or government groups. The Forest Stewardship Council certifies the certifiers (Smart Wood and SCS) that assess whether forestry companies are using sustainable management practices to harvest wood. The Carpet and Rug Institute provides a Green Label for carpets that meet certain low-VOC criteria. Green Guard certifies products that meet strict indoor air quality criteria. The Department of Energy's Energy Star label identifies equipment and appliances that meet or exceed standards for energy efficiency. Scientific Certification Systems and Green Seal certify recycled-content claims and other green product claims made by manufacturers.5. ConclusionOver-consumption, resource utilization, pollution and over-population are examples of the perhaps most basic problems for the environment in the future. A more sustainable future can be achieved by producing more sustainable products causing less environmental impact. Materials and design are and will always be very important areas when developing more sustainable products.The Life Cycle Assessment concept might be the most effective way of determining the environmental impacts for all product stages from extract of material to the product disposal stage. A price must be set for restoration on everyenvironmental impact. Information can be received from official authorities pertaining to the environment in different countries. Renewable and easy recyclable materials are preferably used together with a design for easy recycling and repair of the products. Minimization of the energy connected to the product is also important. Full sustainability can never be achieved for products according to thermodynamic laws. However, the attempt to achieve more sustainability is a requisite if we want to preserve the earth for the coming generations. Education, research and spreading of information will be very important for the future in order to receive more sustainable products especially because the market demand is important in order to develop successful sustainable products.References[1] M. Davison, J. Persmann, J. Reid, J. Stange and T. Weins, Green BuildingMaterials Residence, A WATgreen/ERS 285 study.[2] J. L. Sturges, Construction Materials Selection and Sustainability, School of theBuilt Environment, Leeds Metropolitan University, UK.[3] M. F. Ashby, Materials Selection in Mechanical Design, Pergamon, Oxford, 1992.[4] M. F. Ashby and K. Johnson, Materials and Design: The Art And Science ofMaterials Selection in Product Design, Oxford: Butterworth-Heinemann, 2002 [5] L. Y. Ljungberg, Materials selection and design for development of sustainableproducts, Materials and Design 28(2007)466-479.[6] F. Berkhout and D. Smith, Products and the environment: an integrated approachto policy, Eur. Environ 9 (1999)174-185.[7] F. Schmidt-Bleek, Carnoules Declaration of the FactorTen Club, WuppertalInstitute, Germany, 1994.[8] A．Wilson，Building green on a budget,Environmental Building News8(5)(1999)．[9] G．E．Dieter，Engineering Design，McGraw-Hill，New York，l991．[10] Sandy Patience (Ed．)，The Role of Evidence in The Selection of BuildingProducts and Materials，Constructing Excellence in The Built Environment．[11] M．D．Bovea and R．Vidal，Increasing product value by integrating environmentalimpacts costs and customer valuation，J Resour Conserv Recycling 41(2004) 133-145．[12] N．S．Ermolaeva,M．B．G．Castro and P．V．Kandachar, Materials selectionfor an automotive structure by integrating structural optimization with environmental impact assessment，Materials and Design 25 (2004) 689．698．[13] M．Goedkoop and R．Spiensma，The Eco-Indicator 99：A Dam age OrientedMethod for Life Cycle Impact Assessment，Amersfooft：PRe consultant B．V．，2000．中文翻译 1建材选择和规格Fae'q A. A. RadwanFaculty of Engineering, Near East University, KKTC, Lefkosa, Mersin 10, Turkey摘要：建材选择的限制和可利用的任何建筑物工程材料的持久性显现出来。

毕业论文的外文翻译是什么

毕业论文的外文翻译是什么在如今全球化的时代，毕业论文的外文翻译变得越来越重要。

由于不同学术领域与研究主题在全球范围内的广泛交流，外文文献往往成为毕业论文写作的重要参考资源。

毕业论文的外文翻译不仅能够扩充研究数据来源，还能加深理解并对比国内外研究现状以提升研究质量。

本文将探讨毕业论文的外文翻译的定义、目的以及相关注意事项。

外文翻译的定义和目的毕业论文的外文翻译是指将英语、法语、德语、俄语或其他外文献的内容翻译成中文的过程。

它的目的是使学术研究者能够更好地理解和应用外文文献，以支撑他们的研究工作。

通过对外文献的翻译，学术界可以顺利进行国际交流与合作，拓宽知识视野。

研究者也能为毕业论文提供全球范围内的最新研究成果，提高论文的学术水平。

注意事项在进行毕业论文的外文翻译时，以下几个注意事项应牢记于心：1.准确性和可信性：翻译的准确性和可信性是首要关注的问题。

翻译者必须确保所翻译的内容与原文的意思保持一致，并尽量使用准确和专业的词汇。

对于生僻词汇或特定领域的术语，可以借助专业工具或咨询相关领域的专家以确保翻译的准确性。

2.语言风格的调整：毕业论文的外文翻译需要根据中文写作的习惯和规范进行语言风格的调整。

例如，外文中可能使用了复杂的句子结构或文化隐喻，翻译时应尽量使用简明清晰的中文表达，以确保读者能够准确理解研究内容。

3.文化背景的融入：语言与文化密不可分。

在外文翻译过程中，翻译者需要了解原文所处的文化背景，并适当融入到翻译中。

这样才能确保翻译的内容在目标文化中具有更好的可读性和可理解性。

4.保护原文作者的权益：毕业论文的外文翻译要尊重并保护原文作者的权益。

在翻译时，应注明原文出处，以遵守学术诚信规范，并尽量避免篡改、删减或误解原文的意思。

如果有需要，可以适度加入个人的理解或注释，但必须清晰标注为个人观点。

5.翻译工具的利用：在进行毕业论文的外文翻译时，可以利用翻译工具辅助翻译。

然而，机器翻译并不能完全取代人工翻译的重要性。

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厌氧折流板反应器与生物接触氧化组合工艺处理印染废水的性能摘要:利用厌氧折流式反应器生物组合工艺进行了接触氧化对印染废水处理的研究。

结果表明，pH值和氧化还原电位数值不断在ABR 1-6逐渐下降,当水力停留时间为12 h，色度去除率为92%，流出水的颜色ABR可以满足专业排放标准（一级）中国纺织印染行业。

总的组合工艺COD去除率达到为86.6%，排放水中COD可满足专业排放标准（二级）中国纺织印染产业。

关键词：印染废水；缺氧折流板反应器；生物接触氧化；氧化还原电位1．引言大量的合成染料是全世界生产每一年印染和一部分排出废水。

有一些染料，浆，染色助剂，酸或碱，纤维和印染废水中的无机化合物。

此外，一些染料中含有硝基，胺基重金属，如铜，铬，锌砷等。

组件将发生变化，因为不同的染料范畴，染色过程中，染料浓度和设备规模。

因此，废水质量不稳定。

一般来说，印染废水呈碱性，流量大，浓度高，组成成分复杂，污染严重，难于降解。

因此，很难满足只使用简单的排放标准生物处理过程，而物理化学治疗过程中需要运行费用高。

目前，研究者们逐渐发现新的治疗方法，其中废水水解在缺氧条件下，通过有氧处理。

厌氧水解-好氧处理的印染废水是在传统工艺的一些优点。

对于缺氧水解，水力停留时间（HRT）短，废水中的难降解有机物可以转化为可降解的物质，即对废水降解性能的改善大。

同时，COD可去除一部分。

考虑到许多厌氧微生物的生长速度慢，关键反应器的设计必须与缺氧污泥量大从生物反应器厌氧微生物的损失不大。

所以剩余污泥好氧回流利用增加缺氧污泥量方法。

在同一时间，在整个处理过程中污泥将平衡。

厌氧折流板反应器（ABR）作为水解工艺本研究采用。

有几个小隔间ABR反应器中，相分离缺氧条件产生的废水在每节车厢电流。

该反应器的类型约为流动活塞。

除了这些，ABR反应器具有较好的抗冲击负荷和耐久性能。

它有一些其他特性，如容易启动和无短流，平流和返流。

因此，组合工艺，一种ABR作为水解-生物接触氧化为好氧工艺进行研究。

2．方法2.1．系统配置实验装置原理如下图。

开放的ABR是由六个在前五部分作为水解池和反应池作为沉淀池。

每个部分两个取样旋塞上部和其剖面下方，与上一部分连通取水，而且可以取到少量的污泥。

设置A每室是分开的，水解两个部分。

流动室和其流动水解室上底部有一个45°反射指南，它用于污水污泥在一个反应器室混合。

这是一个441X156X353mm （L×W×H）的大小ABR和生物接触氧化池。

A的大小（L×W×H430X150X400mm）。

生物接触氧化是通过五个部分。

ABR中污泥的沉淀池是一个由泵使污泥回流的装置。

2.2．原废水的特性联合印刷和染色废水。

印刷和染色废水处理有限公司，南京市，中国公关。

废水的特性主色：紫色，明显是为200；pH值为12.2，COD值为1201.7mg L-1；温度17.8°C。

2.3．实验方法原废水的pH值调整到7.05。

随后，废水缓慢的通过泵进入ABR。

ABR的HRT掌握在12个小时，流出的ABR好氧处理进入生物接触氧化池。

最后，混合液进入沉淀池和污泥。

这是沉积在罐。

在稳定状态，收集水样本中ABR反应器与生物接触氧化池的废水。

测量样本颜色和COD浓度。

同时，为了控制氧化还原反应尽可能减少，电位（ORP）和pH值也被测量和控制在低的数值下。

3．结果与讨论3.1．在ABR ORP和pH值一般来说，在印刷的生物处理印染废水，溶解氧，pH和ORP通常用于检查和控制生化运行反应器，并表明生化过程的稳定性。

但在非有氧条件下，只有pH和ORP可以用于同样的目的。

传统上，pH值是一个参数用于控制厌氧消化，而ORP是应用于废水生物处理的控制参数含有氧化还原的范围，也就是说，ORP可用于好氧，缺氧厌氧条件下。

为了检查和控制生化反应器优选地运行，在这项研究中pH值和ORP作为检测和控制参数。

1-6号pH值分别为6.90，6.91，6.92，7，7.15和7.16。

pH值下降从7.05 到 6.90，在后部分，pH值呈现上升趋势。

在第二或第三号，pH值的变化是非常小及其升值仅为0.01，此外，pH值在其他实验中迅速上升，有些超过7.15。

因为这些，我们可以看到，pH值只有在前部分下降1，而在其他水解过程中的这种印染废水。

pH值在常见有机物的水解过程中是稳定状态。

因此对以上原因，紫外和可见光谱用于每个号的水样品测量。

根据紫外可见光谱所有样品，一个明显的特征吸收峰在波长254 nm处发现。

沿序号依次分布在ABR，相应的吸光度吸收峰依次降低。

重氮键在偶氮染料可以分开的偶氮还原酶缺氧或厌氧条件下进行，一个偶氮染料分子是由两个胺分子控股的–NH2组成的，可以用这个公式表示如下：R1-N=N-R2+4e-+4H+ →R1-NH2+R1-NH2其中，R1和R2是各种苯和萘的残留量。

在缺氧条件下胺可以有分解为氨氢化酶和水解酶的作用。

我们可以想象通过对水解微生物的作用，偶氮废水中产生的有机胺和氨。

和这些产品解决方案是碱性的，所以在试验中所有编号ABR反应器，有机胺和NH3的量逐渐增大。

在测量温度为11.4°C时NH3– N从1–6号浓度分别为18.0mg L-1，18.8mgL-1,19.4mgL-1， 20.7mgL-1，22.4mgL-1，26.8mgL-1。

由于NH3 –N浓度上升，因此NH3 – N 的增加浓度下降，pH值在抵消水解和有机碳的分解。

作为一个结果，pH值从1的6连续缓慢上升。

在缺氧条件下，为了有利于水解废水需要减少氧化的过渡状态。

但还原条件没有任何氧气不利于水解酸化废水的情况，所以不存在由于氧气进入实验而影响到实验的准确性是。

在这实验，测定ABR1-6号的ORP值分别为-53.9mv，-58.2mv，-61.8mv，-68.0mv，-88.4mv 和-92.4 mv。

根据这些ORP值，我们知道ABR1-6号实验中氧化还原电位水样品依次下降。

ORP 1-6号从-53.9mv下降到-92.4mv，所以缺氧程度依次加深，但所有的ORP值严格控制-100mV + 50mV之间。

3.2 .颜色去除颜色和其去除效率在ABR和生物接触氧化出水每节车厢的如图2所示。

原废水进入ABR 后，在1号颜色下降次数由200次到40次，然后在反应器内逐渐下降。

对应于实验的编号，1-6号色度的去除率从80%上升到92%。

结合紫外可见光谱，可以认为对印染废水中含有偶氮脱色效果很好。

此外，从原废水6号，表观颜色带紫色，桔黄，桔黄，橙黄色，淡黄色，浅黄色和浅的红棕色反过来。

只有预处理使用ABR，流出的颜色能满足专业排放标准（一级）纺织印染行业（GB4287-92）b标准。

当ABR出水进入后生物接触氧化，出水色度降至10倍，和色度的去除率上升了95%左右。

3.3．COD的去除COD和去除效率在ABR和生物接触氧化出水每节车厢的如图3所示。

沿间隔序列号COD 逐渐下降，原水进入ABR，COD从1-6号数值829.5mgL-1下降到513.9mgL-1。

对应于实验1-6编号，COD去除率从31%上升到57.2%。

COD下降值第一和第二隔室都相当大。

原因是废水的降解的物质是在两个隔间首先分解。

而在后隔断室，难降解有机物的化学结构被转移，他们被分解为可降解的中间产物，因此贡献是在后隔断室的COD去除较少。

随后，流出的ABR进入生物接触氧化池和沉淀池。

最后，出水COD为160.6mgL-1，与总COD去除率为86.6%。

出水COD能满足专业排放标准（二级）纺织印染行业（GB4287-92）。

4.结论此实验室规模的组合工艺的缺氧反应器生物接触氧化法是利用印染废水研究。

结果表明，组合工艺处理印染废水是一种较好的印染废水处理方法。

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