2008年6月21日雅思A类机经
2008年6月大学英语六级考试A卷(真题+答案)
2008年6月大学英语六级考试A卷（真题+答案）Part ⅠWriting (30 minutes)注意：此部分试题在答题卡1上Part ⅡReading Comprehension(Skimming and Scanning)(15 minute s)Directions: In this part, you will have 15 minutes to go over the passage quickly and answer the questions on Answer Sheet 1 For quest ions 1-7,choose the best answer from the four choices marked A),B),C) and D. For questions 8-10,complete the sentences with the information given in the passage.What will the world be like in fifty years?This week some top scientists, including Nobel Prize winners, gav e their vision of how the world will look in 2056,fron gas-powered ca rs to extraordinary health advances, John Ingham reports on what the world’s finest minds believe our futures will be.For those of us lucky enough to live that long,2056 will be a wor ld of almost perpetual youth, where obesity is a remote memory and ro bots become our companions.We will be rubbing shoulders with aliens and colonizing outer spa ce. Better still, our descendants might at last live in a world at pe ace with itself.The prediction is that we will have found a source of inexbaustib le, safe, green energy, and that science will have killed off religio n. If they are right we will have removed two of the main causes of w ar-our dependence on oil and religious prejudice.Will we really, as today’s scientists claim, be able to live for ever or at least cheat the ageing process so that the average person lives to 150?Of course, all these predictions come with a scientific health wa rning. Harvard professor Steven Pinker says: “This is an invitation to look foolish, as with the predictions of domed cities and nuclear-powered vacuum cleaners that were made 50 year ago.”Living longerAnthony Atala, director of the Wake Forest Institute in North Car olina, belives failing organs will be repaired by injecting cells int o the body. They will naturally to straight to the injury and help heal it. A system of injections without needles could also slow the age ing process by using the same process to “tune” cells.Bruce Lahn, professor of human genetics at the University of Chic ago, anticipates the ability to produce“unlimited supplies” of tran splantable human organs without the needed a new organ, such as kidne y, the surgeon would contact a commercial organ producer, give him th e patient’s immuno-logical profile and would then be sent a kidney w ith the correct tissue type.These organs would be entirely composed of human cells, grown by introducing them into animal hosts, and alloweing them to deveoop int o and organ in place of the animal’s own. But Prof. Lahn believes th at farmed brains would be “off limits”.He says: “Very few people w ould want to have their brains replaced by someone else’s and we pro bably don’t want to put a human brain ing an animal body.”Richard Miller, a professor at the University of Michigan, thinks scientist could develop“an thentic anti-ageing drugs” by working o ut how cells in larger animals such as whales and human resist many f orms of injuries. He says:“It’s is now routine, in laboratory mam ma ls, to extend lifespan by about 40%. Turning on the same protective s ystems in people should, by 2056, create the first class of 100-year-olds who are as vigorous and productive as today’s people in their 6 0s”AliensConlin Pillinger ,professor of planerary sciences at the Open Uni versity,says:”I fancy that at least we will be able to show that lif e didi start to evolve on Mars well as Earth.”Within 50years he hope s scientists will prove that alien life came here in Martian meteorit es(陨石).Chris McKay,a p lanetary scientist at NASA’s Ames Research Center. believes that in 50 years we may find evidence of alien life in ancie nt permanent forst of Mars or on other planers.He adds:”There is even a chance we will find alien life forms he re on Earth.It mightbe as different as English is to Chinese.Priceton professor Freeman Dyson thinks it “likely” that life f orm outer space will be discovered defore 2056 because the tools for finding it, such as optical and radio detection and data processing,a re improving.He a ys:”As soon as the first evidence is found,we will know what to look for and additional discoveries are likely to follow quickly.S uch discoveries are likely to have revolutionary consequences for bio logy, astronomy and philosophy. They may change the way we look at ou rselves and our place in the universe.Colonies in spaceRichard Gottprofessor of astrophysics at Princeton,hopes man will set up a self-sufficient colony on Mars,which would be a “life insu rance policy against whatever catastrophes,natural or otherwise,might occur on Earth.“The real space race is whether we will colonise off Earth on to other worlds before money for the space programme runs out.”Spinal injuriesEllen Heber-Katz,a professor at the Wistar Institude in Philadelp hia,foresees cures for inijuries causing paralysis such as the one th at afflicated Superman star Christopher Reeve.She says:”I believe that the day is not far off when we will be able to profescribe drugs that cause severes(断裂的) spinal cords to heal,hearts to regenerate and lost limbs to regrow.“People will come to expect that injured or diseased organs are meant to be repaired from within,inmuch the same way that we fix an a ppliance or automobile:by replancing the damaged part with a manufact urer-certified new part.”She predict that within 5 to 10 years finge rs and toes will be regrown and limbs will start to be regrown a few years later. Reparies to the nervous system will start with optic ner ves and,in time,the spinal cord.”Within 50years whole body replaceme nt will be routine,”Prof.Heber-Katz adds.ObesitySydney Brenner,senior distinguished fellow of the Crick-Jacobs Ce nter in California,won the 2002 Noblel Prize for Medicine and says th at if there is a global disaster some humans will survive-and evoliti on will favour small people with bodies large enough to support the r equired amount of brain power.”Obesity,”he says.”will have been so lved.”RobotsRodney Brooks,professor of robotice at MIT,says the problems of d eveloping artificial intelligence for robots will be at least partly overcome.As a result,”the possibilities for robots working with peop le will open up immensely”EnergyBill Joy,green technology expert in Califomia,says:”The most sig nificant breakthrought would be to have an inexhaustible source of sa fe,green energy that is substantially cheaper than any existing energ y source.”Ideally,such a source would be safe in that it could not be made into weapons and would not make hazardous or toxic waste or carbon di oxide,the main greenhouse gas blamed for global warming.SocietyGeoffrey Miller,evolutionary psychologist at the University of New Mexico,says:”The US will follow the UKin realizing that religion is nor a prerequisite (前提)for ordinary human decency.“This,science will kill religion-not by reason challenging fai th but by offering a more practical,uniwersal and rewarding moral fra meworkfor human interaction.”He also predicts that “ahsurdly wasteful”displays of wealth w ill become umfashionable while the importance of close-knit communiti es and families will become clearer.These there changer,he says,will help make us all”brighe\ter,w iser,happier and kinder”.注意：此部分试题请在答题卡1上作答。
05-08雅思A类作文题
2005年1月- 2008年9月雅思A类（学术类）作文TASK 2 考题汇总/zhuanti/2008kaoshi.htm05.01.08Nowadays, people get information through news and papers, but meanwhile are uncertain about the truth of these news. Should we believe the journalists? What qualities should a good journalist or correspondent have?05.01.15Some teachers say students should be organized into groups to study. Others argue students should be made to study alone. Tell the benefits of each study method. Which one do you think is more effective?05.01.22Recent years, the number of crimes committed by young people in major cities throughout the world is increasing. Discuss this issue. Give reasons and suggest some solutions.05.02.05Food can be produced much more cheaply today because of improved fertilizers and better machinery. However, some of the methods used to do this may be dangerous to human health and may have negative effects on local communities. To what extent do you agree or disagree?05.02.19Leisure is a growing industry, but people no longer entertain themselves as much as they used to because the use of modern technology has made them less creative. Do you agree or disagree?05.02.26People can perform everyday tasks, such as shopping and banking as well as business transactions, without meeting other people face-to-face. What are the effects of this on individual and society as a whole?05.03.05Some people think visitors to others countries should imitate local customers and behaviors. Some people disagree; they think the host country should welcome cultural differences. Discuss the two views and give your opinion. 05.03.12It is generally believed that education is of vital importance to the development of individuals and the well-being of societies. What should education consist of to fulfill both these functions?05.03.19Some people think that cultural traditions may be destroyed when they are used as money-making attractions aimed at tourists. Others believe it is the only way to save these traditions. Discuss on both sides and give your opinion.05.04.02Pressure on the school and university students is increasing and students are pushed to hard work when they are young. Do you think it is a positive or negative development?05.04.09Nowadays education quality is very low. Some people think we should encourage our students to evaluate and criticize their teachers. Others believe that it will result in a loss of respect and discipline in the classroom. Discuss on both sides.05.04.16The advantages brought by the spread of English as a “global language” will outweigh the disadvantages. To what extent do you agree or disagree with this view?05.05.14Some school leavers travel or work for a period of time instead of going directly to university. What are the advantages and disadvantages?05.05.21many people are optimistic of the 21st century and see it as an opportunity to make positive changes to the world. To what extent do you share their optimism? What changes would you like to see in the new century?05.05.28Nowadays, some universities offer graduate students skills that assist to find employment, but some people believe the main function of a university should be to access knowledge for its sake. What‟s your opinion?05.06.11The government is responsible for protecting a nation‟s cultural identity. Thus, some people believe new buildings should be built in traditional styles. To what extent do you agree or disagree with this opinion?05.06.18Sending criminals to prison is not the best method of dealing with them. Education and job training are better ways to help them. Do you agree or disagree?05.06.25Some people think that the news media nowadays have influenced people‟s lives in negative ways. To what extent do you agree or disagree?05.07.09Some people think the government should pay for health care and education, but other people claim that it can benefit only the workers, not the employers. Do you agree or disagree?05.07.16Many employees may work at home with the modern technology. Some people claim that it can benefit only the workers, not the employers. Do you agree or disagree?05.07.23The detailed description about crime will affect the people and cause many social problems. Some people say that the media should be strictly controlled. Do you agree or disagree?05.08.06Many people say that we have developed into a “throw-away” culture, because we are filling up our environment with so many plastic bags and rubbish that we cannot fully dispose of. To what extent do you agree with this opinion and what measures can you recommend reducing this problem?05.08.13Some scientists believe that studying the behavior of 3-year-old children can tell which children would grow up to be criminals. To what extent in your opinion is crime a product of human nature or is it possible to stop children from growing up to be criminals?05.08.20Some people think that people moving to a new country should accept new culture in the foreign country rather than living as a separate minority group with different lifestyle. Do you agree or disagree?05.09.03Children who grow up in families which are short of money are better prepared with the problems of adult life than children who are brought up by wealthy parents. To what extent do you agree or disagree?05.09.10The only way to improve the safety on our own road is to have stricterpunishment for driving offenders. To what extent do you agree or disagree? 05.09.17Some people think that using animals for experimentation purpose is cruel, but other people think that is necessary for the development of science. Discuss both views and give your opinion.05.10.15In many countries, good schools and medical facilities are available only in cities. Some people think new teachers and doctors should work in rural areas for a few years, but others think everyone should be free to choose where they work. Discuss and give your own opinion.05.10.22The speeding up of life in many areas such as travel and communication has negative effects on society at all levels—individual, national and global. To what extent do you agree or disagree?05.10.29Some people think the increasing business and cultural contact between countries brings many positive effects. Others say it causes the loss of national identities. Discuss on both sides and give your opinion.05.11.12As global trade increases between different countries, many daily necessities are produced in other countries. Such goods are usually transported a long distance. Do the benefits of this trend outweigh its drawbacks?05.11.19Advertising encourages consumers to buy in quantity rather than promoting quality. To what extent do you agree or disagree?05.11.26The main purpose of public libraries is to provide books and they shouldn‟t waste their limited resources and space on providing expensive hi-tech media such as computer software, videos and DVDs. To what extent do you agree or disagree with this statement?05.12.03Far too little has been done to prevent animals and plants from dying out, although people have been aware of this problem for a long time. Why do people do so little about it? Give your suggestions on how to solve this problem.Many people believe that scientific research should be carried out and controlled by the governments rather than private companies. To what extent do you agree or disagree with this opinion?05.12.17It is more important for a building to serve a purpose than to look beautiful. Architects shouldn‟t worry about producing building as a work of art. Do you agree or disagree?06.01.07Some people believe they should keep all the money they have earned and should not pay tax to the state. Do you agree or disagree?06.01.14There are social, medical and technical problems associated with the use of mobile phones. What forms do they take? Do you agree that the problems outweigh the benefits of mobile phones?06.01.21Today, the advanced science and technology have made great changes to people‟s life, but artists such as musicians, painters and writers are still highly valued. What can arts tell us about life that science and technology cannot? 06.02.11In many countries, the proportion of older people is steadily increasing. Does this trend have more positive or negative effects on the society?06.02.18Some people believe that air travel should be restricted because it causes serious pollution and uses up the world‟s fuel resources. To what extent do you agree or disagree?06.02.25More and more measures to improve the security in large urban areas have been introduced in many countries because of the increased crime. Do the benefits of these measures outweigh the drawbacks?06.03.11In many countries more and more young people are leaving school but unable to find jobs. What problems do you think youth unemployment causes for individuals and the society? What measures should be taken to reduce the level of unemployment among youngsters?Some people think that teachers should be responsible for teaching students to judge what is right and wrong so that they can behave well. Others say that teachers should only teach students academic subjects. Discuss both views and give your opinion.06.03.25One long-distance flight consumes fuel which a car uses in several years‟ time, but they cause the same amount of pollution. So some people think that we should discourage non-essential flights, such as tourist travel, rather than to limit the use of cars. To what extent do you agree or disagree?06.04.08In the past century when a human astronaut first arrived on the Moon, he said, …It is a big step for mankind.‟ But some people think it makes little difference to our daily life. To what extent do you agree or disagree?06.04.22Some people think history has nothing or little to tell us, but others think that studying the past history can help us better understand the present. .Please discuss the two views and give your own opinion.06.04.29Some people think that national sports teams and individual men and women who represent their country should be financially supported by the government. However, others argue that they should be funded by non-government sources (e.g. Business, scholarships, etc. ) Discuss both views and give your opinion.06.05.13Housing shortage in big cities can cause severe social consequences. Some people think only government action can solve this problem. To what extent do you agree or disagree?06.05.20International tourism has become a huge industry in the world. Do the problems of international travel outweigh its advantages?06.05.27Some people think that using animals for experimentation purpose is cruel, but other people think that it is necessary for the development of science. Discuss both views and give your opinion.06.06.10Some people prefer to provide help and support directly to those in the local community who need it. Others, however, prefer to give money to national and international charitable organisations. Discuss both views and give your opinion.06.06.17The best way to solve the world‟s environmental problem is to increase the price of fuel. To what extent do you agree or disagree with this statement? 06.06.24Some people think that students benefit from going to private secondary schools. Others, however, feel that private secondary schools can have a negative effect on society as a whole. Discuss both these views and give your own opinion.06.07.08In many countries today there is insufficient respect to old people. What are the reasons? What problems might it bring to the society?06.07.22It is better for students at university to live far away from home than to live at home with their parents. To what extent do you agree or disagree with this statement?06.07.29Earlier technological developments brought more benefits and changed the lives of ordinary people more than recent technological developments. To what extent do you agree or disagree?06.08.05Some people think museums should be enjoyable places to attract and entertain young people, while others think the purpose of museums should be to educate, not entertain. Discuss both sides and give your own opinion.06.08.12In order to learn a language well, we should also learn about the country as well as the cultures and lifestyles of the people who speak this language. To what extent do you agree or disagree with this opinion?06.08.25Multi-cultural societies, in which there is a mixture of different ethnic peoples, bring more benefits than drawbacks to a country. To what extent do you agree or disagree?There is an increasing amount of advertising directed at children which encourages them to buy goods such as toys and snacks. Many parents are worried that these advertisements put too much pressure on children, while some advertisers claim that they provide useful information to children. Discuss both vies and give your opinion.06.09.16Some people think that the government should decide which subjects students should study at the university, while others think that students should be allowed to apply for the subject they prefer. Discuss the two vies and give your opinion.06.09.23It is suggested that all the young adults should undertake a period of unpaid work helping people in the community. Does it bring more benefits or drawbacks to the community and the young people?06.10.14Some people think the main purpose of schools is to turn the children into good citizens and workers, rather than to benefit them as individuals. To what extent do you agree or disagree with this opinion?06.10.21A country becomes more interesting and develops more quickly when its population includes a mixture of nationalities and cultures. To what extent do you agree or disagree with this opinion?06.10.28As most people spend a major part of their adult life at work, job satisfaction is an important element of individual well-being. What are the factors that contribute to job satisfaction? How realistic is the expectation of job satisfaction for all workers?06.11.04Some people think that good health is a basic human need, so the medical service should not be run by profit-making companies. Do you think the disadvantages of the private health care outweigh the advantages?06.11.18Some people think secondary school students should study international news as one of their subjects. Other people say this is a waste of valuable school time. Discuss both views and give your opinion.Exposure to international media such as films, TV and magazines has a significant impact on local cultures. What do you think has been the impact? Do you think its advantages outweigh the disadvantages?06.12.02Throughout history, male leaders always lead us to violence and conflict. If a society is governed by female leaders it will be more peaceful. To what extent do you agree or disagree with this opinion?06.12.09Modern buildings change the character and appearance of towns and cities. The government should insist that new buildings be built in traditional styles to protect cultural identity. To what extent do you agree or disagree?06.12.16Some people think that personal happiness is directly related to economic success. Others argue that happiness depends on different factors. Discuss both views and give your own opinion.07.01.06The world of work is changing rapidly. Working conditions today are not the same as before and people no longer rely on taking one job for life. Discuss the possible causes for these changes and give your suggestions on how people should prepare for work in the future. 07.01.13Some people think universities should provide graduates with the knowledge and skills needed in the workplace in the future. Others think the true function of the university is to give access to knowledge for its own sake. What do you think are the main functions of a university?07.01.20 =05.07.09Some people say the government should pay for the health care and education, but others say that it is not the gover nment‟s responsibility. Discuss both views and give your opinion.07.02.03 =04.02.28Individuals can do nothing to improve the environment. Only governments and large companies can make a difference. To what extent do you agree or disagree with this opinion?07.02.10 ≈05.11.26Maintaining public libraries is a waste of money since computer technology is now replacing their functions. To what extent do you agree or disagree?07.03.03 ≈04.12.04Some people think that schools should select pupils according to their academic abilities, while others believe that it is better to have pupils with different abilities study together. Discuss both views and give your own opinion.07.03.10With the increase in the use of mobile phones and computers, fewer people are writing letters. Some people think that the traditional skill of writing letters will disappear completely. To what extent do you agree or disagree? How important do you think is letter-writing?07.03.22 （深圳加考）Some people think that the government should provide assistance to all kinds of artists including painters, musicians and poets, etc. However, other people think that is a waste of money. Discuss both views and give your opinion.07.03.31 =05.02.26People can perform everyday tasks, such as shopping and banking as well as business transactions, without meeting other people face-to-face. What are the effects of this on an individual and the society as a whole?07.04.14The society would benefit from a ban on all forms of advertising because it serves no useful purpose, and can even be damaging. To what extent do you agree or disagree with this opinion?07.04.21 =06.09.02Consumers are faced with increasing numbers of advertisements from competing companies. To what extent do you think are consumers influenced by advertisements? What measures can be taken to protect them?07.04.28 =04.09.18Air transport is increasingly used to export types of fruits and vegetables to countries where they cannot be grown or are out of season. Some people say it is a good thing, but other people think it can't be justified. Discuss both views and give your own opinion.07.05.12 ≈06.09.23Some people believe that some unpaid community service should be a compulsory part of high school programmes (e.g. working in a charity, improving the relationship of neighbourhood or teaching sports to children) To what extent do you agree or disagree?07.05.19Computers are increasingly used in education. In which areas do you think are computers more important and in which areas are teachers more important?07.06.02 ≈ 06.05.20Many developing countries are currently expanding their tourist industries Why is this the case? Is it a positive development?07.06.09Some people claim that public museums and art galleries will not be needed because people can see historical objects and works of art by using a computer. Do you agree or disagree with this opinion?07.06.16In many countries traditional foods are being replaced by international fast foods. This is having a negative effect on both families and societies. To what extent do you agree or disagree?07.06.28 ( 加考)The natural resources such as oil, forests and fresh water are being consumed at an alarming rate. What problems does it cause? How can we solve these problems?07.07.07In some countries, secondary schools aim to provide a general education across a range of subjects. In others, children focus on a narrow range of subjects related to a particular career. For today's world, which system is appropriate?07.07.14In the last, lecture lectures were used as a way of teaching large numbers of student, but now with the development of technology for education, many people think there is no justification for attending lectures. To what extent do you agree or disagree?07.07.21As we are facing more and more problems which affect the whole planet, good relationships between different countries are becoming more important than ever before. To what extent do you agree or disagree?07.07.26 （加考）Team activities can teach more skills for life than those activities which are played alone. To what extent do you agree or disagree? 07.08.11It is known to all that the technological and scientific advances have made greater changes to the range and quality of our food. Some people regard it as an improvement while others believe that the change is harmful. Discuss both views and give your own opinion.07·08.18Some people think that we should invent a new language for international communication. Do the benefits of this outweigh the problems?07.08.25Some people say that it is the responsibility of individuals to save money for their own care after they retire. To what extent do you agree or disagree?07.09.01Some people think that studying in a college or university is the best way for students to prepare for their future career. But others think they should leave school as soon as possible to develop their career through work experience. Discuss both these views and give your own opinion.07.09.08The unlimited use of cars may cause many problems. What are those problems? In order to reduce the problems, should we discourage people to use cars?07.09.20 （北京、杭州、深圳）Many countries spend a lot of money in art. Some people think investment in art is necessary, but others say money is better spent on improving health and education. Discuss both these views and give your own opinion.07.09.22Higher education can be funded in several ways including the following three:1. All costs are paid by the government.2. All costs are paid by the student.3. All costs are paid by the student using loans from the government that must be repaid after graduation.Discuss the benefits of each option. Which is the best one?07.10.06 （加考）Today‟s children are living under more pressure from the society than children in the past. To what extent do you agree or disagree with this opinion?07.10.13Some employers think that formal academic qualifications are more important than life experiences and personal qualities when they look for anemployee. Why is it the case? Is it a positive or negative development?07.10.20Some people think it is better for children to begin to learn a foreign language at primary school than at secondary school. What's your opinion? Do you think the advantages outweigh the disadvantages?07.10.25Some people think the only purpose of prison is to punish crime. Others think it has other functions. Discuss the two views and give your opinions.07.11.03The government should pay for the course fees for everyone who wants to study at the university. To what extent do you agree or disagree?07.11.17Nowadays, a large amount of advertising is aimed at children, some people think there are lots of negative effects for children, and should ban it. To what extent you agree or disagree?07.11.24Some people believe that giving aid to poorer countries has more negative effects than the positive effects. To what extent do you agree or disagree? 07.12.01We have entered a throw-away society and fill the environment with rubbish. What are the causes and what are your solutions?07.12.08Many people believe that main aim for university education is help graduates to find better job, while some people believe that university education has wider benefit for individual and society. Discuss both view and give your opinion.07.12.15Today, it is common that TV news programmes show the images of disasters and violence to the public. Discuss the reasons and the effects on the individual and the society.08.01.10Some people believe that time spent on television, video and computer games can be valuable for children. Others believe this has negative effects on a child. Discuss both views and give your own opinion.08.01.12Some people think the best way of reducing crime is to give longer prison sentences. Others, however, think there are other better ways to reduce crime. Discuss both views and give your own opinion.08.01.19The older generations have very traditional ideas about the correct ways of life, thinking and behaviour. However, some people think that these ideas are not helpful for the young generation to prepare for modern life. To what extent do you agree or disagree with this opinion?08.01.26In countries where there is a high rate of unemployment, most pupils should be offered only primary education. There is no point in offering secondary education to those who have no hope of finding a job. To what extent do you agree or disagree with this statement?08.02.02Some people think it is acceptable to use animals for the benefit of humans. Other people think it is wrong to exploit animals for human purposes. Discuss both views and give your own opinion.08.02.14People living in big cities face many problems today. What are the problems? Should the government encourage people to live in regional towns?08.02.16“ Tomorrow is the most important thing in life. ” - US movie actor & director John WayneWhy is it important for individuals and countries to think about the future rather than focusing on the present?08.02.23In some countries, it is now possible for people to buy a wide variety of foods transported from all over the world. To what extent do the benefits of this development outweigh the drawbacks?08.03.01Most countries spend much money on education, as they start to realize the importance of education. In your opinion which two subjects are the most important for young people and which one is the least important?subjects: Literature SportsMathematics EconomyPhysics HistoryMusic Geography08.03.08As the number of cars increases, more money has to be spent on road systems. Some people think the government should pay for this. Others, however, think that the user should pay for the cost. Discuss both views and give your own opinion.08.03.13People should look after their health as a duty to the society they live in rather than personal benefits. To what extent do you agree or disagree?08.03.29Some people think it is the responsibility for government to ensure that people have healthy lifestyles. Others think people should have a free for their own lifestyles decisions. Discuss both views and give your own opinion.08.04.05 ＝06.03.25One long-distance flight consumes fuel which a car uses in several years' time, but they cause the same amount of pollution. So some people think that we should discourage non-essential flights, such as tourist travel, rather than to limit the use of cars. To what extent do you agree or disagree with this view?08.04.12Many people are busy with work and do not have enough time to spend with families and friends. Why does this happen? What are the effects of this on family life and society as a whole?08.04.19Some countries have an ever-increasing proportion of population who are aged 15 and younger. What is your opinion of the current and future effects it may have in those countries?08.04.24 （加考）School teachers used to be the source of information; however, some people argue that teachers are not as important as before as the increasing variety of information resources. What is your opinion?08.05.10Children can learn efficiently by watching television, so they should be encouraged to watch television regularly both at home and in school. To what extent do you agree or disagree?。
2008年6月大学英语六级考试真题详解(A卷)
2008年6月大学英语六级考试真题详解（A卷）Part ⅠWriting范文：Will E-books Replace Traditional Books?Recent decades have seen the rapid development of information technology. As a result, many electric inventions, including E-books, have found their way into our everyday life and have gained increasing popularity among common people.It’s no wonder that some people hold the idea that E-books will replace traditional books sooner or later because E-books have various advantages over the traditional ones. To start with, all the E-books can be downloaded from the internet directly, most of which are free of charge, while the traditional books in bookstores are much more expensive. What’s more, E-books can be stored more easily in our computers and are more convenient for people to carry around. Last but not the least, reading E-books has become a fashion in our life, which is particularly appealing to our young people.As far as I am concerned, nowadays traditional books are still the leading means of reading. ⑾However, with the further development of information technology and with the popularity of computer and internet, E-books will surely take the place of traditional books in the near future.Part Ⅱ Reading Comprehension (Skimming and Scanning)1. D）。
2008年6月CET4英语四级考试试卷 - 复合式听写
Section C注意：此部分试题请在答题卡2上作答。
We're now witnessing the emergence of an advanced economy based on information and knowledge. Physical(36)___, raw materials, and capital are no longer the key(37) ____ in the creation of wealth. Now, the(38) ____ raw material in our economy is knowledge. Tomorrow's wealth depends on the development and exchange of knowledge. And(39) ___ entering the workforce offer their knowledge, not their muscles. Knowledge workers get paid for their education and their ability to learn. Knowledge workers(40)____ in mind work. They deal with symbols: words,(41) ___ and data.2008年6月21日大学英语四级考试试题、答案、点评、听力材料汇总推荐：2008.6.21日英语四级考试试卷- 速读2008.6.21日英语四级考试试卷- 听力12008.6.21日英语四级考试试卷- 听力22008.6.21日英语四级考试试卷- 复合式听写2008.6.21日英语四级考试试卷- 选词填空2008.6.21日英语四级考试试卷- 阅读12008.6.21日英语四级考试试卷- 阅读22008.6.21日英语四级考试试卷- 翻译2008.6.21日英语四级考试试卷- 完型2008.6.21日英语四级考试试卷- 作文&范文汇总2008年6月21日英语四级听力音频下载2008年6月21日大学英语四级考试A、B卷答案(导航版)江涛、王宏:详解英语四级真题答案新东方点评08.6.21四级真题及答案2008.6.21英语四级考试A卷答案(交大外院版) 2008.6.21英语四级考试A卷答案(沪江昂立版) 2008.6.21英语四级考试A卷答案(新东方版)截图版：2008.6.21英语四级B卷截图版：2008.6.21英语四级A卷。
2008年11月20日无忧雅思A类考试机经
An Organization Describe a big organization that you know about. where this organization is what kind of people work there and explain why this organization is a good place for work What are the advantages of working for a big company, compared with the small company? And what are the disadvantages? why some people like working in small company? Why some business should be opened for 24 hours during day and night? museum
老人看报纸 电视 radio 区别 法律
是否很多中国人会选择当警察？ 警察须具备的素质？
为什么有人更愿意当律师？
中外法律差异？
法律对社会重要么？ 为什么有人会犯罪？
无忧雅思机经 机经中的机精
一封信 letter 会不会被 email 取代 有趣的事情 音乐 帮助 举一个你帮助过的人 你为什么要帮助他，做了些什么 你帮助完之后的感觉 要求具体描述 你周围的人都喜欢帮助别人吗 你们会一起去帮助别人吗 你是和谁学来的帮助别人 都学到了些什么 那个你向他学习的人帮助别人多久了，都做些什么 你认为现在社会需要志愿者吗 你认为现在的孩子们喜欢做志愿者吗 你认为学校是否支持孩子们去做志愿者 一个老人 旅行 政府应该怎样鼓励旅游事业 一个旅游性城市的缺点 人造和自然境观哪个更好一些？ 记者 认为一个记者应该具备的基本素质 是不是认为采访一个好的新闻要比一个坏的新闻容易。 采访一件事情的过程应该是怎样的 问记者是一个有危险性的职业，是不是应该加工资呢？如果要加的话，应该加多少呢？
2008年雅思考试写作真题题目汇总
2008年雅思考试写作真题题目汇总(截止10月25日)以下为2008年截止10月25日所有写作真题，重要的用红色的标出来了，得出了一个很简单的结论：既然是A类写作，主流内容如下：1、孩子的学习方式问题2、学生是否该多学实际技能还是学术课3、政府在社会问题中的职能4、飞机旅行造成的环境问题5、科技代替老师，书等问题。
6、why问题很少，还是以to what extend do you agree or dis为主赶紧以复习这几类的文章，思路，词汇，论据为主。
个人建议，仅供参考。
08.01.10Some people believe that time spent on television, video and computer ga mes can be valuable for children. Others believe this has negativeeffects on a child. Discuss both views and give your own opinion.08.01.12Some people think the best way of reducing crime is to give longer priso n sentences. Others, however, think there are other better ways to reduce crime. Discuss both views and give your own opinion.08.01.19The older generations have very traditionalideas about the correct ways of life, thinking and behaviour. However, some people think that these ideas are not helpful for the young generation to prepare for modern life. To what exte nt do you agree or disagree with this opinion?08.01.26In countries where there is a high rate of unemployment, most pupils sho uld be offered only primary education. There is no point in offering secondary education to those who have no hope of finding a job. To what extent do yo u agree or disagree with this statement?08.02.02Some people think it is acceptable to use animals for the benefit of huma ns. Other people think it is wrong to exploitanimals for human purposes. Discu ss both views and give your own opinion.08.02.14People living in big cities face many problems today. What are the proble ms? Should the government encourage people to live in regional towns?www.rr 08.02.16“ Tomorrow is the most important thing in life. ” - US movie actor & di rector John WayneWhy is it important for individuals and countries to think about the future rather than focusing on the present?08.02.23In some countries, it is now possible for people to buy a wide variety of foods transported from all over the world. To what extentdo the benefits of t his development outweigh the drawbacks?08.03.01Most countries spend much money on education, as they start to realize t he importance of education. In your opinion which two subjects are the most i mportant for young people and which one is the least important?subjects: Literature SportsMathematics EconomyPhysics HistoryMusic Geography08.03.08As the number of cars increases, more money has to be spent on road sy stems. Some people think the government should pay for this. Others, however, think that the user should pay for the cost. Discuss both views and give your own opinion.08.03.13People should look after their health as a duty to the society they live i n rather than personal benefits. To what extent do you agree or disagree?08.03.29Some people think it is the responsibility for government to ensurethat pe ople have healthy lifestyles. Others think people should have a free for their o wn lifestylesdecisions. Discuss both views and give your own opinion.08.04.05 ＝06.03.25One long-distance flight consumes fuel which a car uses in several years' time, but they cause the same amo08.04.12Many people are busy with work and do not have enough time to spend with families and friends. Why does this happen? What are the effects of this on family life and society as a whole?08.04.19Some countries have an ever-increasing proportion of population who are aged 15 and younger. What is your opinion of the current and future effects it may have in those countries?08.04.24 （加考）School teachers used to be the source of information; however, some peop le argue that teachers are not as important as before as the increasing varietyof information resources. What is your opinion?08.05.10Children can learn efficiently by watching television, so they should be en couraged to watch television regularlyboth at home and in school. To what ext ent do you agree or disagree?08.05.22 ＝04.10.23Schools should teach children some academic subjects which will be benef icial to their future careers. Therefore, other subjects such as music and sports are not important. To what extent do you agree or disagree with this opinion? 08.05.31Some people believe that the fittest and strongest individuals and teams al ways success in sports. Others think that success in sports depends on mental attitudes. Discuss both views and give your opinions.08.06.05University students always focus on one specialist subject, but some peopl e think universities should encourage their students to study a range of subject s in addition to their own subject. To what extent do you agree or disagree w ith this statement?08.06.14Many people think cheap air travel should be encouraged because it gives ordinary people freedom to travel further. However, others think this leads to environmental problem, so air travel should be more expensive in order to dis courage people from having it. Discuss the both sides and give your own opin ion.08.06.21Some people think that children should obeythe rules or do what their par ents and teachers want them to do. Other people think that children controlled too much can’t deal with problem themselves. Discuss both views and state y our own opinion.08.06.28Mobile phones and the Internet are very useful. However, it is rare for ol d people to use them. What ways could mobilephone and the Internet be usef ul to old people? How does the old people to be encouraged using this new t echnology?08.07.05Nowadays, more university students choose to study some practical subject s ( such as marketing, computer programming, etc.) instead of theoretical subje cts (such as economy, math, chemistry). Some people suggest that universities should focus on practical subjects, but not theoretical subjects. What do you ag ree or not agree?08.07.12Some people support the developments in agriculture such as factory farmi ng and creations of new types of fruits and vegetables, while others oppose thi s view. Discuss both views and give your opinion.08.07.26Some people think international cooperationhas brought benefits to world e nvironment protection, while some people think more benefits has been brought to international business. Discuss both views and give your own opinion.08.08.09 ≈ 04.04.17In some countries, governments are encouraging industries and businesses t o move out of large cities and into regional areas. Do you think the advantage s of this development outweigh its disadvantages? Give reasons for you answer and include exam ples from your knowledge or experiences.08.08.16 = 05.07.23Detailed description of crimes on newspaper and TV can have bad conseq uences on society, so this kind of information should be restricted on media. T o what extent do you agree or disagree with this statement?08.08.21International travel sometimes makes people more prejudicedrather than bo ard-minded. Give out reasons why it cannot bring benefits to those visitors. Do you have ways to improve people's understanding of the countries they visit?08.08.30 = 05.01.15Some teachers think it is effective for students to study in group while ot hers think it is better to study alone. What are the benefits of each way and which one do you think is more effective?08.09.06Once children start school, teachers have more influencethan parents on th eir intellectual and social development. To what extent do you agree or disagre e?08.09.13Many people think it is very important to protect environment but they m ake no effort to do it themselves. Why does it happen? How to solve this pro blem?08.09.18 = 05.06.18Putting criminals into prisons is not so effectivein dealing with them. Inste ad, education and job training should be offered to them. To what extent do y ou agree or disagree?08.09.27Students from poor background such as rural areas often find it difficult t o access to university education, so people think universities should make it sp ecially easy for them to study at. To what extent do you agree or disagree?08.10.04Many people are afraid to leave home because of crime. Some believe tha t more action should be taken to preventcrime, but others feel little can be do ne. What's your view?08.10.11Society is based on rules and laws. It could not function if individuals we re free to do whatever they want. To what extent do you agree or disagree?08.10.23 = 04.11.13Many people use distance-learning programmes(study material post, TV, Int ernet, etc.) to study at home, but some people think that it cannot bring the b enefit as much as attending college or university. To what extent do you agree or disagree with this opinion?08.10.25Economic progress is one way to measure the success of one country, wh ile some people think there are other factors. What other factors should be con sidered? Within these factors, do you think anyone is more importantthan the others?。
雅思(IELTS)大作文机经(已更新至9月22日)
雅思(IELTS)大作文机经(已更新至9月22日)2012年1月7日Some people think developing countries should invite foreign companies to open branches, offices and factories to promote their economies. Others say that they should keep the foreign companies out and depend more on their own local companies. Describe both views and give your opinion.2012年1月12日Some people believe that governments should make investment in building public libraries in every town, while others think it is a waste of money because we have access to information via Internet. Discuss both these views and give your own opinion.2012年1月14日Some people think that social skills are as important as academic qualifications. To what extent do you agree or disagree?2012年1月21日Most of the urgent problems can only be solved with international cooperation. To what extent do you agree or disagree?2012年2月4日Some people think that young people should follow traditions of their society, and others think young people should be free to behave as they will. Discuss both views and give your opinion.2012年2月9日The spread of multinational companies and resulting increase of globalization produces positive effects for everyone. To what extent to you agree or disagree?2012年2月18日Some people think the technology makes life complex, so we should make the life simpler without using the technology. To what extent do you agree or disagree?2012年2月25日Nowadays，full-time university students tend to focus on their studying. Some people think it isessential for university students to be involved in other activities. To what extent do you agree or disagree?2012年3月10日In the future，there will be a higher proportion of older people than younger people. Is it a positive or negative development?2012年3月17日News media are important in modern society. Why are they so important? Are their influences generally positive or negative?2012年3月31日In some countries old people are highly valued, while in some cultures young people are highly valued. Discuss both views and give your opinion.2012年4月12日Do you think how important it is for people to want success in life ? Is ambition a positive or negative characteristic?2012年4月14日Nowadays, there is a trend that reports of media focus on problems and emergencies rather than positivedevelopments. Some people think it is harmful to individuals and to society. To what extent do you agree or disagree?2012年4月21日Some people think planning future is a waste of time and people should focus on the present. To what extent do you agree or disagree?2012年4月28日In modern world, it is no longer necessary to use animals for food or use animal products, for instance, clothing and medicines. To what extent do you agree or disagree?2012年5月10日Nowadays consumers are faced with the advertisements from competitive companies. To what extent do you agree that consumers are influenced by advertisements? What measures should be taken to protect them?2012年5月12日In most countries，prison is an effective solution for the problem of crime. Some people think it is a more effective solution to provide a bettereducation. To what extent do you agree or disagree?2012年5月19日The increase in food production owes much to fertilizers and better machinery, but some people think that it has a negative impact on human health and community. To what extent do you agree or disagree?2012年5月26日Some people believe that the government should support the funds for the arts, while some other people suggest that the money should be used for public health and education. Discuss both views and give your opinion.2012年6月9日Some people think news have no connection to people’s lives, so then it is a waste of time to read the news in the newspaper and watch television news programs. To what extent do you agree or disagree?2012 年6月14日Many people believe that scientific research should be carried out and controlled by the government rather than private companies. To what extent do you agree or disagree?2012年6月16日An increasing number of people do not know their neighbors, and there is no longer a sense of community.What do you think are the causes of this situation? What solutions can you suggest?2012年6月30日Some visitors are interested in other countries’ culture and tradition. How can visitors learn it?Why are other visitors not interested in it?2012年7月7日Advertisements encourage consumers to buy in quantity rather than in quality. To what extent do you agree or disagree?2012年7月12日It is better for students to live away from home while studying at university than living with parents. To what extent do you agree or disagree?2012年7月21日In most cities and towns, the high volumes of road traffic have become a problem. What are the causes and what actions could be taken to solve the problem?2012年7月28日Some people believe arts such as painting and music cannot directly improve the quality of people’s lives so that government money should be spent on other things. To what extent do you agree or disagree?2012年8月4日In many countries, there are 24 -hour TV programs. Is it a positive or negative development?2012年8月9日Nowadays, mobile phones and internet have become increasingly important in people’s social life. What are the advantages and disadvantages of this?2012年8月11日A large number of young people cannot find jobs after they leave school. What problems will youth unemployment cause in individual and for society? What measures should be taken to reduce the level of unemployment among young people?2012年8月25日In some countries, museums charge people for admission, while in some other countries, people are admitted into museums free of charge. Do you think the advantages of charging admission outweigh itsdisadvantages?2012年9月1日Many countries spend a lot of money preparing competitors to take part in major sports competitions such as the Olympics, football world cup etc. Some people think that it would be better to spend this money to encourage children to take part in sports in a young age. To what extent do you agree or disagree?2012年9月6日Some people believe that everyone has the right to receive university education，so the government should make it free to all people regardless of their financial background. To what extent do you agree or disagree?2012年9月15日Since money for postgraduate research is limited, some people think financial support from the government should be only provided for scientific research rather than the research for less useful subjects. To what extent do you agree or disagree?2012年9月22日In some countries, young people are not onlyricher but also safer and healthier than ever before. However, they are less happy. What do you think are the causes of this? What solutions can you suggest?。
6月21日雅思口语真题
6月21日雅思口语真题2014年6月21日雅思口语真题：回忆1悉尼UNSW 都是好恶心的问题…趴1 职业为什么选这个专业为什么选这个学校上一次怎么过的生日周末怎么过…趴2 一个有interesting job的人趴3 老人和小孩在你们国家怎么过生日大家都喜欢运动吗作为职员该有什么品质…只求低空飞过回忆2P1,work/study,birthday,p2good law,p3,quantification of police, international law,would it use the same in dif countries in the future?which aspect... Writing:maps/y pp changing career during working life n is it positive or negative.RMIT,Melbourne.回忆3口语刚考完，a family member part2. Important building in your city; part3.人们对古建筑的态度，为什么没有很好的保护，应该怎么做回忆14天津外国语，r4。
P1什么大学，哪里人，为啥选这所学校，第一天报道感觉。
P2描述参观游玩过的一个城市。
P3为什么有人选择大城市居住，居住在大城市有何利弊。
考官是年轻的亚裔Lady，用眼神鼓励我尽可能多说，尽管我表现的差强人意，但是全程都微笑地看着我。
我的首战结束，大家加油。
回忆15天外r5瘦高白人男子.P1名字，专业，字典P2.描述一门学习过的课程P3.关于教育的各种问题。
P1只低头看题板，P2P3开始有眼神交流，喜欢点头但不爱笑，有问题没听清会解释，感觉人还算nice回忆16621er，天津外国语，RM3 美国大叔……开考前还让我等他一会儿他要去厕所……额……P1 work or study .. time...cooking... P2 童年礼物P3 好多关于玩具的问题唉………嘛都不说了，分享回忆攒人品!回忆17619天外，RM10，一个白人老大爷，紧张，中间几个问题没听清，经常打断。
2008年6月大学英语六级考试A卷真题及答案
2008年6月大学英语六级考试A卷真题及答案Part ⅠWriting (30 minutes)注意：此部分试题在答题卡1上Part ⅡReading Comprehension(Skimming and Scanning)(15 minutes)Directions: In this part, you will have 15 minutes to go over the passage quickly and answer the questions on Answer Sheet 1 For questions 1-7,choose the best answer from the four choices marked A),B),C)and D. For questions 8-10,complete the sentences with the information given in the passage.What will the world be like in fifty years?This week some top scientists, including Nobel Prize winners, gave their vision of how the world will look in 2056,fron gas-powered cars to extraordinary health advances, John Ingham reports on what the world‟s finest minds believe our futures will be.For those of us lucky enough to live that long,2056 will be a world of almost perpetual youth, where obesity is a remote memory and robots become our companions.We will be rubbing shoulders with aliens and colonizing outer space. Better still, our descendants might at last live in a world at peace with itself.The prediction is that we will have found a source of inexbaustible, safe, green energy, and that science will have killed off religion. If they are right we will have removed two of the main causes of war-our dependence on oil and religious prejudice.Will we really, as today‟s scientists claim, be able to live for ever or at least cheat the ageing process so that the average person lives to 150?Of course, all these predictions come with a scientific health warning. Harvard professor Steven Pinker says: “This is an invitation to look foolish, as with the predictions of domed cities and nuclear-powered vacuum cleaners that were made 50 year ago.”Living longerAnthony Atala, director of the Wake Forest Institute in North Carolina, belives failing organs will be repaired by injecting cells into the body. They will naturally to straight to the injury and help heal it. A system of injections without needles could also slow the ageing process by using thesa me process to “tune” cells.Bruce Lahn, professor of human genetics at the University of Chicago, anticipates the ability to produce“unlimited supplies” of transplantable human organs without the needed a new organ,such as kidney, the surgeon would contac t a commercial organ producer, give him the patient‟s immuno-logical profile and would then be sent a kidney with the correct tissue type.These organs would be entirely composed of human cells, grown by introducing them into animal hosts, and alloweing th em to deveoop into and organ in place of the animal‟s own. But Prof. Lahn believes that farmed brains would be “off limits”.He says: “Very few people would want to have their brains replaced by someone else‟s and we probably don‟t want to put a human brain ing an animal body.”Richard Miller, a professor at the University of Michigan, thinks scientist could develop“an thentic anti-ageing drugs” by working out how cells in larger animals such as whales and human resist many forms of injuries. He says:“It‟s i s now routine, in laboratory mammals, to extend lifespan by about 40%. Turning on the same protective systems in people should, by 2056, create the first class of 100-year-olds who are as vigorous and productive as today‟s people in their 60s”AliensConli n Pillinger ,professor of planerary sciences at the Open University,says:”I fancy that at least we will be able to show that life didi start to evolve on Mars well as Earth.”Within 50years he hopes scientists will prove that alien life came here in Martian meteorites(陨石).Chris McKay,a planetary scientist at NASA‟s Ames Research Center.believes that in 50 years we may find evidence of alien life in ancient permanent forst of Mars or on other planers.He adds:”There is even a chance we will find alien life f orms here on Earth.It mightbe as different as English is to Chinese.Priceton professor Freeman Dyson thinks it “likely” that life form outer space will be discovered defore 2056 because the tools for finding it, such as optical and radio detection and data processing,are improving.He ays:”As soon as the first evidence is found,we will know what to look for and additional discoveries are likely to follow quickly.Such discoveries are likely to have revolutionary consequences for biology, astronomy and philosophy. They may change the way we look at ourselves and our place in the universe.Colonies in spaceRichard Gottprofessor of astrophysics at Princeton,hopes man will set up a self-sufficient colony on Mars,which would be a “life insurance policy against w hatever catastrophes,natural or otherwise,might occur on Earth.“The real space race is whether we will colonise off Earth on to other worlds before money for the space programme runs out.”Spinal injuriesEllen Heber-Katz,a professor at the Wistar Institude in Philadelphia,foresees cures for inijuries causing paralysis such as the one that afflicated Superman star Christopher Reeve.She says:”I believe that the day is not far off when we will be able to profescribe drugs that cause severes(断裂的) spinal cords to heal,hearts to regenerate and lost limbs to regrow.“People will come to expect that injured or diseased organs are meant to be repaired from within,inmuch the same way that we fix an appliance or automobile:by replanc ing the damaged part with a manufacturer-certified new part.”She predict that within 5 to 10 years fingers and toes will be regrown and limbs will start to be regrown a few years later. Reparies to the nervous system will start with optic nerves and,in time,the spinal cord.”Within 50years whole body replacement will be routine,”Prof.Heber-Katz adds.ObesitySydney Brenner,senior distinguished fellow of the Crick-Jacobs Center in California,won the 2002 Noblel Prize for Medicine and says that if there is a global disaster some humans w ill survive-and evolition will favour small people with bodies large enough to support the required amount of brain power.”Obesity,”he says.”will have been solved.”RobotsRodney Brooks,professor of robotice at MIT,says the problems of developing artificia l intelligence for robots will be at least partly overcome.As a result,”the possibilities for robots working with people will open up immensely”EnergyBill Joy,green technology expert in Califomia,says:”The most significant breakthrought would be to have an inexhaustible source of safe,green energy that is substantially cheaper than any existing energy source.”Ideally,such a source would be safe in that it could not be made into weapons and would not make hazardous or toxic waste or carbon dioxide,the main greenhouse gas blamed for global warming.SocietyGeoffrey Miller,evolutionary psychologist at the University of New Mexico,says:”The US will follow the UKin realizing that religion is nor a prerequisite (前提)for ordinary human decency.“This,scien ce will kill religion-not by reason challenging faith but by offering a more practical,uniwersal and rewarding moral frameworkfor human interaction.”He also predicts that “ahsurdly wasteful”displays of wealth will become umfashionable while the importance of close-knit communities and families will become clearer.These there changer,he says,will help make us all”brighe\ter,wiser,happier and kinder”.注意：此部分试题请在答题卡1上作答。
雅思真题机考机经新日完整版
雅思真题机考机经新日完整版雅思真题机考机经新日HEN system office room 【HEN16H-HENS2AHENS8Q8-HENH1688】T E S T52016年10月29日READING PASSAGE 1You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 7-13, which are based on Reading Passage below.Ants Could Teach AntsThe ants are tiny and usually nest between rocks in the south coast of England. Transformed into research subjects at the University of Bristol, they raced along a tabletop foraging for food - and then, remarkably, returned to guide others. Time and again, followers trailed behind leaders, darting this way and that along the route, presumably to memorise landmarks. Once a follower got its bearings, it tapped the leader with its antennae, prompting the lesson to literally proceed to the next step. The ants were only looking for food, but the researchers said the careful way the leaders led followers - thereby turning them into leaders in their own right - marked the Temnothorax albipennis ant as the very first example of a non-human animal exhibiting teaching behaviour."Tandem running is an example of teaching, to our knowledge the first in a non-human animal, that involves bidirectional feedback between teacher and pupil," remarks Nigel Franks, professor of animal behaviour and ecology, whose paper on the ant educators was published last week in the journal Nature.No sooner was the paper published, of course, than another educator questioned it. Marc Hauser, a psychologist andbiologist and one of the scientists who came up with the definition of teaching, said it wasunclear whether the ants had learned a new skill or merely acquired new information.Later, Franks took a further study and found that there were even races between leaders. With the guidance of leaders, ants could find food faster. But the help comes at a cost for the leader, who normally would have reached the food about four times faster if not hampered by a follower.This means the hypothesis that the leaders deliberately slowed down inorder to pass the skills on to the followers seems potentially valid. His ideas were advocated by the students who carried out the video projectwith him.Opposing views still arose. however. Hauser noted that mere communicationof information is commonplace in the animal world. Consider a species, for example, that uses alarm calls to warn fellow members about the presenceof a predator. Sounding the alarm can be costly, because the animal may draw the attention of the predator to itself: But it allows others to flee to safety, ""Would you call this teaching?" wrote Hauser. '"The caller incurs a cost. The naive animals gain a benefit and new knowledge that better enables them to learn about the predator's location than if thecaller had not called. This happens throughout the animal kingdom, but we don't call it teaching, even though it is clearly transfer of information."Tim Caro, a zoologist, presented two cases of animalcommunication. He found that cheetah mothers that take their cubs along on hunts gradually allow their cubs to do more of the hunting -- going, for example, from killing a gazelle and allowing young cubs to eat to merely tripping the gazelle and letting the cubs finish it off. At one level, such behaviour might be called teaching ——except the mother was not really teaching the cubs to hunt but mere/y facilitating various stages of learning. In another instance, birds watching, other birds using a stick to locate food such as insects and so on, are observed to do the same thing themselves while finding food later. .Psychologists study animal behaviour in part to understand theevolutionary roots of human behaviour, Hauser said. The challenge in understanding whether other animals truly teach one another, he added, is that human teaching involves a "theory of mind" - teachers are aware that students don't know somethi ng. He questioned whether Franks’ leader ants really knew that the follower ants were ignorant, Could they simply have been following an instinctive rule to proceed when the followers tapped them on the legs or abdomen? And did leaders that led the way to food ——only to find that it had been removed by the experimenter——incur the wrath of followers？That, Hauser said, would suggest that the follower ant actually knew the leader was more knowledgeable and not merely following an instinctive routine itself.The controversy went on, and for a good reason. The occurrence of teaching in ants, if proven to be true, indicates that teaching can evolve in animals with tiny brains. It is probably the value of information insocial animals that determines when teaching will evolve,rather than the constraints of brain size.Bennett Galef Jr., a psychologist who studies animal behaviour and social learning at McMaster University in Canada, maintained that ants were unlikely to have a "theory of mind" - meaning that leaders and followers may well have been following instinctive routines that were not based on an understanding of what was happening in another ant's brain. He warned that scientists may be barking up the wrong tree when they look not only for examples of humanlike behaviour among other animals but humanlike thinking that underlies such behaviour. Animals may behave in ways similar to humans without a similar cognitive system, he said, so the behaviour is not necessarily a good guide into how humans came to think the way they do. Questions l-5 Look at the following statements (Questions l-5) and the list of 'peoplein the box below.Match each statement w/th the correct person, A, B, C or D.Write the correct letter A, B, C or D, in boxes1/-5 on your answer sheet.NB You may use any letter more than once.1 Animals could use objects to locate food.2 Ants show two-way, interactive teaching behaviours.3 It is risky to say ants can teach other ants like human beings do.4 Ant leadership makes finding food faster.5 Communication between ants is not entirely teaching.List of PeopleA NigeIFranksB Marc HauserC Tim CaroD Bennett Galef Jr.Questions 6-9Choose FOUR letters, A-H.Write your answers in boxes 6-9 0n your answer sheet.Which FOUR of the following behaviours of animals are mentioned in the passage?A touch each other with antennaB alert others when there is dangerC escape from predatorsD protect the youngE hunt food for the youngF fight with each otherG use tools like twigsH feed on a variety of foodsQuestions 10-13Do the following statements agree with the claims of the writer in Reading Passage l.In boxes 10-13 on your answer sheet, writeTRUE if the statements agrees with the information FALSE if the statements contradicts with the informationNOT GIVEN if there is no information on this10 Ants' tandem running involves only one-way communication.11 Franks' theory got many supporters immediately after publicity.12 Ants' teaching behaviour is the same as that of human.13 Cheetah share hunting gains to younger ones.READING PASSAGE 2You should .spend about 20 minutes on Questions 14-26, which are based on Reading Passage 2 below.The Development of PlasticsWhen rubber was first commercially produced in Europe during the nineteenth century, it rapidly became a very important commodity, particularly in the fields of transportation and electricity. However, during the twentieth century a number of new synthetic materials, called plastics, superseded natural rubber in all but a few applications.Rubber is a polymer ——a compound containing large molecules that are formed by the bonding of many smaller, simpler units, repeated over andover again. The same bonding principle — polymerisation —underlies the creation of a huge range of plastics by the chemical industry.The first plastic was developed as a result of a competition in the USA.In the 1860s, $10,000 was offered to anybody who could replace ivory ——supplies of which were declining ——with something equally good as a material for making billiard balls. The prize was won by John Wesley Hyatt with a material called celluloid. Celluloid was made by dissolving cellulose, a carbohydrate derived from plants, in a solution of camphor dissolved in ethanol. This new material rapidly found uses in the manufacture of products such as knife handles, detachable collars and cuffs, spectacle frames and photographic, film. Without celluloid, thefilm industry could never have got off the ground at the end of the 19th century.Celluloid can be repeatedly softened and reshaped by heat, and is known as a thermoplastic. In 1907 Leo Baekeland, a Belgian chemist working in the USA, invented a different kind ofplastic by causing phenol and formaldehyde to react together. Baekeland called the material Bakelite,and it was the first of the thermosets —— plastics that can be cast and moulded while hot, but cannot be softened by heat and reshaped once they have set. Bakelite was a good insulator. and was resistant to water, acids and moderate heat. With these properties it was soon being used in the manufacture of switches, household items, such as knife handles, and electrical components for cars.Soon chemists began looking for other small molecules that could be strung together to make polymers. In the 1930s, British chemists discovered that the gas ethylene would polymerise under heat and pressure to form a thermoplastic they called polythene,. Polypropylene followed in the 1950s. Both were used to mdke bottles, pipes and plastic bags. A small change in the starting material - replacing a hydrogen atom in ethylene with a chlorine atom ——produced PVC (polyvinyl chloride), a hard, fireproof plastic suitable for drains and gutters. And by adding certain chemicals,a soft form of PVC could be produced, suitable as a substitute for rubberin items such as waterproof clothing. A closely related plastic was Teflon, or PTFE [polytetrafluoroethylene). This had a very low coefficient of friction, making it ideal for bearings, rollers, and non-stick frying pans. Polystyrene, developed during the 1930s in Germany, was a clear, glass-like material, used in food containers, domestic appliances and toys. Expanded polystyrene —— a white,rigid foam —— was widely used in packaging and insulation. Polyurethone,.s, also developed in Germany,found uses as adhesives, coatings, and —— in the form of rigid foams -as insulation materials. They are all produced from chemicals derived from crude oil, which contains exactly the same elements —carbon and hydrogen — as many plastics.The first of the man-made fibres, nylon, was also created in the 1930s.Its inventor was a chemist called Wallace Carothers, who worked for the Du Pont company in the USA. He found that under the right conditions, two chemicals ——hexamethylenediamine and adipic acid ——would form a polymer that could be pumped out through holes and then stretched to form long glossy threads that could be woven like silk. Its first use was to make parachutes for the US armed forces in World War II. In the post-war years nylon completely replaced silk in the manufacture of stockings. Subsequently many other synthetic fibres joined nylon, including Orlon, Acrilan and Terylene. Today most garments are made of a blend of natural fibres, such as cotton and wool, and man-made fibres that make fabrics easier to look after.The great strength of plastic is its indestructibility. However, this quality is also something of a drawback: beaches all over the world, even on the remotest islands, are littered with plastic bottles that nothing can destroy. Nor is it very easy to recycle plastics, as different types of plastic are often used in the same items and call for different treatments. Plastics can be made biodegradable by incorporating into their structure a material such as starch, which is attacked by bacteria and causes the plastic to fall apart. Other materials can be incorporated that gradually decay in sunlight ——although bottles made of such materials have to be stored in the dark, to ensure that they donot disintegrate before they have been used.Questions 14-20 Complete the table below.Choose NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS from the passage for each answer.Write your answers in boxes 14-20 on your answer sheet.Questions 21-26Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 2.In boxes 21-26 on your answer sheet, writeTRUE if the statements agrees with the information FALSE if the statements contradicts with the informationNOT GIVEN if there is no information on this21 The chemical structure of plastic is very different from that of rubber.22 John Wesley was a famous chemist.23 Celluloid and Bakelite react to heat in the same way.24 The mix of different varieties of plastic can make the recycling more difficult.25 Adding starch into plastic can make plastic more durable.26 Some plastic containers have to be preserved in special conditions. READING PASSAGE 3You shoulcl spend about 20 minutes on Questions 27-40, which are based on Reading Passage 3 below.Global Warming in New ZealandFor many environmentalists, the world seems to be getting warmer. As the nearest country of South Polar Region, New Zealand has maintained an upward trend in its average temperature in the past few years. However,the temperature in New Zealand will go up 40C in the next century whilethe polar region will go up more than 60C. The different pictures of temperature stem from its surrounding ocean which acts like the air conditioner. Thus New Zealand is comparatively fortunate.Scientifically speaking, this temperature phenomenon in New Zealand originated from what researchers call "SAM" {Southern Annular Mode), which refers to the wind belt that circles the Southern Oceans including New Zealand and Antarctica. Yet recent work has revealed that changes in SAM in New Zealand have resulted in a weakening of moisture during the summer, and more rainfall in other seasons. A bigger problem may turn out to be heavier droughts for agricultural activities because of more water loss from soil, resulting in poorer harvest before winter when the rainfall arrive too late to rescue.Among all the calamities posed by drought, moisture deficit ranks the first. Moisture deficit is the gap between the water plants need duringthe growing season and the water the earth can offer. Measures of moisture deficit were at their highest since the 1970s in New Zealand. Meanwhile, ecological analyses clearly show moisture deficit is imposed at different growth stage of crops. If moisture deficit occurs around a crucial growth stage, it will cause about 22% reduction in grain yield as opposed to moisture deficit at vegetative phase.Global warming is not only affecting agriculture production. Whenscientists say the country's snow pack and glaciers are melting at an alarming rate due to global warming, the climate is putting another strain on the local places. For example, when the development of global warmingis accompanied by the falling snow line, the local skiing industry comes into a crisis. The snow line may move up as the temperature goes up, and then the snow at the bottom will melt earlier. Fortunately, it is going to be favourable for the local skiing industry to tide over tough periods since the quantities of snowfall in some areas are more likely to increase. What is the reaction of glacier region? The climate change can be reflected in the glacier region in southern New Zealand or land covered by ice and snow. The reaction of a glacier to a climatic change involves a complex chain of processes. Over time periods of years to several decades, cumulative changes in mass balance cause volume and thickness changes, which will affect the flow of ice via altered internal deformation and basal sliding. This dynamic reaction finally leads to glacier length changes, the advance or retreat of glacier tongues. Undoubtedly, glacier mass balance is a more direct signal of annual atmospheric conditions.The latest research result of National Institute of Water and Atmospheric (NIWA) Research shows that glaciers line keeps moving up because of theimpacts of global warming. Further losses of ice can be reflected in Mt. Cook Region. By 1996, a 14 km long sector of the glacier had melted down forming a melt lake (Hooker Lake) with a volume. Melting of the glacier front at a rate of 40 m/yr will cause the glacier to retreat at a rather uniform rate. Therefore, the lake will continue to grow until it reachesthe glacier bed.A direct result of the melting glaciers is the change of high tides that serves the main factor for sea level rise. The trend of sea level risewill bring a threat to the groundwater system for its hyper-saline groundwater and then pose a possibility to decrease the agricultural production. Many experts believe that the best way to counter this trendis to give a longer-term view of sea level change in New Zealand. Indeed, the coastal boundaries need to be upgraded and redefined.There is no doubt that global warming has affected New Zealand in many aspects. The emphasis on the global warming should be based on the joints efforts of local people and experts who conquer the tough period. For instance, farmers are taking a long term, multi-generational approach to adjust the breeds and species according to the temperature, Agriculturists also find ways to tackle the problems that may bring to the soil. In broad terms, going forward, the systemic resilience that's been going on a long time in the ecosystem will continue.How about animals' reaction? Experts have surprisingly realised that animals have unconventional adaptation to global warming. A study has looked at sea turtles on a few northern beaches in New Zealand and it is very interesting to find that sea turtles can become male of female according to the temperature. Further researches will try to find out how rising temperatures would affect the ratio of sex reversal in their growth. Clearly, the temperature of the nest plays a vital role in the sexes of the baby turtles,Tackling the problems of global warming is never easy in New Zealand, because records show the slow process of global warming may have adifferent impact on various regions. For New Zealand, the emission of carbon dioxide only accounts for % of the world's total, which has met the governmental standard. However, (NewZealand's effort counts only a tip of the iceberg. So far, global warming has been a world issue that stillhangs in an ambiguous future.Questions 27-32Choose the correct letter, A, B, C or D.Write the correct letter in boxes 27-32 on your answer sheet.27 What is the main idea of the first paragraph?A The temperature in the polar region will increase less than thatin New Zealand in the next century.B The weather and climate of New Zealand is very important to itspeople because of its close location to the polar region.C The air condition in New Zealand will maintain a high quality because of the ocean.D The temperature of New Zealand will increase less than that ofother regions in the next 100 years because it is surrounded bysea.28 What is one effect of the wind belt that circles the Southern Oceans?A New Zealand will have more moisture in winds in summer.B New Zealand needs to face droughts more often in hotter months in a year.C Soil water will increase as a result of weakening moisture in the winds.D Agricultural production will be reduced as a result of more rainfall in other seasons.29 What does "moisture deficit" mean to the grain and crops?A The growing condition will be very tough for crops.B The growing season of some plants can hardly be determined.C There will be a huge gap between the water plants needed and the water the earth can offer.D The soil of grain and crops in New Zealand reached its lowest production since 1970s.30 What changes will happen to skiing industry due to the global warming phenomenon?A The skiing station may lower the altitude of skiing.B Part of the skiing station needs to move to the north.C The snowfall may increase in part of the skiing station.D The local skiing station may likely to make a profit because of the snowfall increase.31 Cumulative changes over a long period of time in mass balance will lead toA alterations in the volume and thickness of glaciers,B faster changes in internal deformation And basal sliding.C larger length of glaciers.D retreat of glacier tongues as a result of change in annual atmospheric conditions.32 Why does the writer mention in the sixth paragraph?A To use a particular example to explain the effects brought by glacier melting.B To emphasize the severance of the further loss of ice in Mt. Cook Region.C To alarm the reader of melting speed of glaciers at a uniform rate.D To note the lake in the region will disappear when it reach the glacier bed.Questions 33-35Complete the summary below.Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passage for each answer.Write your answers in boxes 33-35 on your answer sheet.Research data shows that sea level has a closely relation with thechange of climate. The major reason for the increase in sea level is connected with 33________________________. The increase in sea level is also said to have a threat to the underground water system, thedestruction of which caused by rise of sea level will lead to a high probability of reduction in 34________________________ In the long run, New Zealanders may have to improve the 35 _______________________if they want to diminish the effect change in sea levels.Questions 36-40Do the following statements agree with the claims of the writer in Reading Passage 3.In boxes 36-40 0n your answer sheet, writeTRUE if the statements agrees with the information FALSE if the statements contradicts with the informationNOT GIVEN if there is no information on this36 Farmers are less responsive to climate change than agriculturists.37 Agricultural sector is too conservative and resistant to deal withclimate change.38 Turtle is vulnerable to climate change.39 The global warming is going slowly, and it may havedifferenteffects on different areas in New Zealand.40 New Zealand must cut carbon dioxide emission if they want to solvethe problem of global warming.。
- 1、下载文档前请自行甄别文档内容的完整性，平台不提供额外的编辑、内容补充、找答案等附加服务。
- 2、"仅部分预览"的文档,不可在线预览部分如存在完整性等问题,可反馈申请退款(可完整预览的文档不适用该条件!)。
- 3、如文档侵犯您的权益，请联系客服反馈,我们会尽快为您处理(人工客服工作时间：9:00-18:30)。
听力：
S1：v30081
8 Hill Road
North Park
C090*/C029LU
0777*******
Politics
Book Keeping
West Avenue
mirror
1.80 meters
Tuesday
Fridge
bus stop
Main Road
S2：几个景点旅游介绍，第一个是个恐龙博物馆
1 恐龙的bones
2 170个恐龙的 footprints
3 recommend artificial light/walking （大家注意，这里不会只有artificial,她
也说了walking啥，注意听吧）tour
进入下一个景点
4 好象是说加拿大某地的 early history
5 这个地方的什么很著名能够运用进Industry: mineral well/wool (肯定不止有
mineral,当时还想了半天well,wool,wood,应该是well, 矿井)
6 blue in color
下一个景点，一条世界最干净的河
7 这条河是 cleanest
8 我们最好可以stop at rest area(要大写吗？也有人写west, 但我记得念的r )
9 horse ride need a permit/pack mate（个人认为是后者，中间有停顿，记不清楚
了）
10 by boat
S3：v34=v06120
telephone the employer
vocational courses
type of jobs
hours
telephone
employer
domestic work
childcare
10am
4pm
new year
S4：v30062
plate
image
A rubber blanket
cut
folded
paper jams
air pump
in 11 months/ in 15 months
by railway tracks
publishing/ delivery/ distribution
阅读：
第一篇：
机器人的，MIT和日本的一些研究。A 到 G六段文章
前四个个是matching题，A到G中选四段内容分别与题干相符的：
1一个成人一样大小的机器人
2honda机器人和别的机器人的比较
3各种正面和负面的意见
4
5-10：
是T/F/NG
具体我得仔细想才可能回忆起来
11-？summary：
我记得的好像有 17years，back package ，intelligence？
第二篇：
对于VENUS现象观测的：就是各种科学家各种理论和行动，到18世纪天文知识的流行
1-6是关于各个科学家所做的一些事情,题干大概：
1.虽然他努力了但还是没有看到venus。（文章中有一个呆在那看了几年都错过的）
2.一个家伙跑了很远的路看到了venus现象的，有用的（某个船长）
3，一个预测而且观测到了的（忘名字了）
4，给出了运动规律的（牛顿）
两个忘了，想起来再补
接下来是TFNG
其中有一个是说：准确地测出了日地距离的：错
18世纪人们开始关心天文，免得对于科学的无知。我写了TRUE
其他忘了接下来是summery只记得
East India company，Royal society，newspapers
第三篇：
A到G关于大猩猩世界中的文明化现象
前五题是matching。
这个不记得清楚了，似乎还简单
中间是TFNG
只记得
某学者的观察包含了一些动物中的什么文明现象什么的:我写了TRUE
然后是问答：
只记得
两个科学家开始观测的地点，坦桑尼亚
什么时候开始有比较好的记录可能性。1990s
那些观测点的猩猩习惯于什么：observers
写作：
小作文：
日本人的工资变化与黑白电视机和彩色电视机价格变化的趋势。
大作文：
外太空探测有无必要。
口语：
part1:
学习还是工作？工作时什么最困难？
高中老师是不是都很好？好老师有什么必要条件？
家乡
shopping
TV programme
工作学习
音乐
sports
住flat还是house
part2:
描述一个客人来我家
performance or shows you have seen
photo
A work place
law
someone you would like to spend time with
A gift
a pollution of a place you have vistied
game
news
a trip
music
organizationg
magazine
形容一个你没学过但想学的东西
网络新闻
你对记者看法
法律
Talk about a performance or a drama you have ever seen.
拍摄技巧
历史上有名的照片
传统表演节目
旅行社
电视是否会取代收音机
有趣的新闻
报纸和杂志的区别
小时候玩的游戏
婚礼
帮助过你的人
做记者要有什么素质
帮助别人的事情
志愿者 国际帮助有什么作用
礼物
博物馆
一本书
一个对你有影响的人
一个国产电影
TEENAGERS
travel
一个尊敬的老人
long journey