雅思阅读摘要题逐句
摘要题是次主力题型，出题率大概60%，难度适中，考的时候一般出一共4-6题。
摘要题出题通常有2类：1. 按照摘要覆盖全文的程度，可分为全文摘要和部分段落摘要。这个前者会比后者难些；2. 按照答题的方式，可分为填空式摘要和选择式摘要。前者是“所见即所得”式的答题，只要在文中确定了答案，即使不认识词或词组也没关系，但是后者正好相反，在文中确定答案以后，你如果不认识词就没办法从备选答案中选出答案。因此，后者难一些。
我们知道雅思考试中有个28法则，说的就是80%的题都从原文中20%的核心内容出题，那怎么才能快速的找到这20%呢？下面就来看一下我们的答题步骤。
第一步，阅读答题指引部分，确定摘要文章是所给阅读文章的全篇还是一个部分，如果是填空式摘要，要弄清每个空是否有NO MORE THAN X WORDS的限制，好，大家来看个例子，大概看上去这里面哪个部分是重点啊？
如果是选择是摘要，就要了解所给单词是否可以多次使用。看例子吧！这个里面哪句话最醒目啊？
第二部，雅思考试应首先在文章后面的问题中寻找关键词，需要回答的问题中总会有些词或短语与文章中的某些词或短语意思相同、相近或者相关的，所以不用觉得它很难找。一般我们寻找关键词的顺序是问句主语中的名词 > 谓语动词（行为动词）> 宾语部分的名词，就是我们通常说的主谓宾哈。这些关键词也是有特征的，一般都是一下几种：。。12345. 如果能在一组题中找到第一个问题里面的关键词和最后一个问题的关键词，然后就能定位其他答案一定是出在他们之间的段落内，对吧，这样我们就能缩小了答案的范围，就不用通篇阅读了。好，我们看看这个例子，一起找找哪些词是关键词啊？
第三部，利用语法和词法的知识来判断填空部分的词性。通过判别词性，我们可以缩小选词目标，节省时间，对吧！有的时候，很少一部分情况下，我们需要转换词性，比如填空所需要的是一个名词，但是原文中只有形容词，那我们肯定是要转换这个形容词为名词来做题了，对不对。好，我们看看这个例子，大家先看一下原文中的句子，然后看看问题中他需要我们填什么词呢？首先ARE是系动词，后面大约都跟着名词，对不对，如果大家填入的是个名词，那就正中下怀了，因为are不仅仅可以为系词，还可以是被动语态be的符号，对不对，所以这里面答案应该是modified。
第四步，最重要的就是要整句读，也就是说题目的大意要和原位大意相一致，才能定位说答案就在这个句子里面。所以就是说。。。。意思就是所填单词的句子是肯定的，那我们原文中句子的大意也要是肯定的才行。还要确定所填的词或词组在句子中起的作用是肯定还是否定的，不能改变了原文中的意思，对吧。
无论那一种形式的摘要题，我们都需要借助语法和词法的知识，分析所需要填空的题目在原文中的相关句子的含义，如果要填的词是名词，我们还要注意单复数形式。如果是动词，我们还要看这个动词的主语是什么，如果主语是单数，那这个词在一般现在是的情况下，一定是第三人称单数。还有一些连接词我们要注意，例如“however, but, on the other hand”等等这些词是可以改变句子性质的；但是，像”also, and, as well as”这些词可以保持句子的性质不变，对吧。还要注意一点就是要特别注意摘要题中的代词，每个代词都代表了一个词或者名词短语，我们要找出填空后面的代词，才能确定它代表了什么，然后帮助我们做题，对不对？
好，让我们来具体联系一下！第一个剑桥5，第二个剑桥4.
2019年雅思考试阅读理解模拟练习试题及答案
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雅思阅读八大题型之填空题
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雅思阅读真题
Climate and Country Wealth Why are some countries stupendously rich and others horrendously poor? Social theorists have been captivated by this question since the late 18th century, when Scottish economist Adam Smith argued in his magisterial work The Wealth of Nations that the best prescription for prosperity is a free-market economy in which the government allows businesses substantial freedom to pursue profits. Smith, however, made a second notable hypothesis: that the physical geography of a region can influence its economic performance. He contended that the economies of coastal regions, with their easy access to sea trade, usually outperform the economies of inland areas. Coastal regions and those near navigable waterways are indeed far richer and more densely settled than interior regions, just as Smith predicted. Moreover, an area's climate can also affect its economic development. Nations in tropical climate zones generally face higher rates of infectious disease and lower agricultural productivity (especially for staple foods) than do nations in temperate zones. Similar burdens apply to the desert zones. The very poorest regions in the world are those saddled with both handicaps: distance from sea trade and a tropical or desert ecology. The basic lessons of geography are worth repeating, because most economists have ignored them. In the past decade the vast majority of papers on economic development have neglected even the most obvious geographical realities. The best single indicator of prosperity is gross national product (GNP) per capita – the total value of a country's economic output, divided by its population. A map showing the world distribution of GNP per capita immediately reveals the vast gap between rich and poor nations. The great majority of the poorest countries lie in the geographical tropics. In contrast, most of the richest countries lie in the temperate zones. Among the 28 economies categorized as high income by the World Bank, only Hong Kong, Singapore and part of T aiwan are in the tropical zone, representing a mere 2 percent of the combined population of the high-income regions. Almost all the temperate-zone countries have either high-income economies (as in the cases of North America, western Europe, Korea and Japan) or middle-income economies (as in the cases of eastern Europe, the former Soviet Union and China). In addition, there is a strong temperate-tropical divide within countries that straddle both types of climates. Most of Brazil, for example, lies within the tropical zone, but the richest part of the nation – the southernmost states –is in the temperate zone. There are two major ways in which a region’s climate affects economic development. First, it affects the prevalence of disease. Many kinds of infectious diseases are endemic to the tropical and subtropical zones. This tends to be true of diseases in which the pathogen spends part of its life cycle outside the human host: for instance, malaria (carried by mosquitoes) and helminthic infections (caused by parasitic worms). Although epidemics of malaria have occurred sporadically as far north as Boston in the past century, the disease has never gained a lasting foothold in the temperate zones, because the cold winters naturally control the mosquito-based
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雅思阅读归纳填空题解题技巧及实例
雅思阅读归纳填空题解题技巧及实例 朗阁雅思培训中心 归纳填空题是雅思考试阅读理解部分的高频题型，几乎每场考试必有。在阅读理解的诸多题型中，此类题型可以应用的方法技巧较多，若能掌握好这些技巧方法，并将其组合起来，视情况灵活运用的话，归纳填空应该会成为得分的一块宝地。朗阁专家在此总结了此类题型解题的一些方法，供考生们参考。 归纳填空题的答题要求分为两类：1. 用原文中的原词填空，有字数的限制，例如不超过二或三个词；2. 从所提供的单词表中选词填空。那么，下文在介绍解题方法时，对这两类答题要求分别简称为1和2。 一．短文全文大意的帮助 首先把短文的全文迅速通读一遍，掌握大意。不要在没有掌握全文大意的情况下立即做题，看一句填一句。虽然短文的词数不多，但作为一篇文章，总有一定的主体思想，句与句之间意思上是相连的，整篇短文就是一个有机的整体。通读全文，有利于掌握文章的逻辑思维，顺着思路选词来填，就比较容易做对了。许多考生往往不先通读短文全文，上来就匆忙去找词填空。看似快，实际上选词时看来看去，思前想后，犹豫不决，不知选哪个才对，反而大大减慢了速度。 二．利用信号词来定位和定词 归纳填空题的形式为一篇短文，文中有若干个空，要求考生在其中填词。空格前后往往会有信号词，我们可以借助之在原文中定位，再在所定位部位的附近范围内找出该采用的原文原词（对于1）或断定该填的单词表中的同义词（对于2）。不少情况下，在空格前和后的信号词，相对应地也是出现在原文中正确的词的前和后的，前后信号词的“夹击”下，更方便我们选对词了。所以信号词技巧也仍然是这种题的重要技巧。
三．空格前后的上下文的帮助 空格肯定是处于句子中的，亦即所谓空格无非是一个句子抽掉了其中的某个词（语）所形成的。因此，在整篇短文大意的大背景下，再考虑空格前后的上下文意思，然后将在1或2中备选的数个词（语）进行比对，就不难确定该填入哪个了。空格前后上下文的意义与全篇短文主体思想的结合分析，在决定选词上尤为重要，注意运用这点，能使我们做题快许多。 四．语法知识的帮助 一些基本的语法知识对于我们确定词性范围甚或选定具体的词都有直截了当的决定作用，又简单又快。空格前后的词往往都提示了空格中的词是何种词性，是否比较级，谓语或非谓语，单数还是复数，及物动词或不及物动词，等等。例如，空格之前是a的话，表明空格该填的是个可数名词的单数形式，而且该名词的发音是以辅音音标开头的（否则，空格前的a 就该是an了）。 上面的几种方法技巧若能够熟练掌握，并能在做题时灵活机动地运用，一般都可以收到满意的效果。尤其是对于2，往往就用一、三、四的方法，而不用去看原文，都能填对相当数量的空格，甚至全部空格。因为2是题目提供了一个单词表让你从中选，表中的单词范围毕竟比原文的小多了，加上一、三两法篇章和句子意义逻辑上的筛选，以及方法四语法逻辑上的筛选，三重过滤之下，很容易就能断定某些空格该有的词。试看下面的例子： Summary Homeopathy differs from conventional medicine in a number of ways. Conventional medicine views symptoms as an indication of something wrong in the body, whereas homeopathy sees them as signs that the body is attempting to (1) ______________. The uses of medication differ also. Many types of conventional medication (2) ______________ but if the medicine is taken away, the illness returns. The intention of homeopathy is to bring about a complete cure. Homeopathic remedies are (3) ___________ than conventional medicine
雅思阅读SUMMARY题型解答
今天给大家介绍雅思阅读SUMMARY题型该如何解答 一、SUMMARY题型要求 雅思阅读该类题目是一小段文字，是原文或原文中的几个段落主要内容的缩写或改写，称之为摘要。摘要中有几个空白部分要求考生填空。 SUMMARY要求考生要对原文的内容结构有精确的把握，更需要考生运用一定的综合概括能力，将原文和缩写文章进行词句、词语的比较，提取原文信息。 按照范围，摘要可分为两种： 全文摘要（8－10题）和部分段落摘要（涉及2－3段，5－6题）。 全文摘要，摘要信息来自全文，题目空格的数目较多。 部分段落摘要，摘要信息来自原文某几个连续的段落，题目空格的数目较少。 最近雅思考试中出现的大部分是部分段落摘要，信息来自原文连续的两到三段，题目空格的数量在5 题左右。对于部分段落摘要，有的在题目要求中会指出它来自原文的哪些段落，如complete the summary below of the first two paragraphs of the reading passage。 但大部分的部分段落摘要只是在题目要求中说它是原文的一个摘要或部分段落摘要，并不指出它来自原文的哪些段落。 按照填空内容，摘要也可分为三种：原文原词、从多个选项中选词和自己写词。 原文原词的题目要求中常有from the reading passage 的字样。从多个选项中选词，选项的数目常常超过题目空格的数目。从多个选项 中选词或自己写词的题目要求中没有from the reading passage 的字样，有时会有using the information in the passage 的字样。 先看选项，按词性归类。注意是否有同根异性词选项（其中可能一个是答案）。以先猜后找方法解题：猜——用语法；找——回原文。 最近雅思考试中，绝大部分是原文原词或从多个选项中选词，很少有自己写词的。这类题在A类和G类考试中出现的频率一般都是每两次考一次， 每次考一组，共五题左右。 二、SUMMARY解题步骤 （1）雅思考试该类题型，要求仔细读摘要的第一句话，找出它在原文中的出处，通常是和原文某段话的 第一句相对应。确定填空部分是所给阅读文章的全篇还是部分的SUMMARY，确定是用题目所提供的单词表填空，还是需要自己从原文中挑选 单词填空。如果题目要求中已经指出了摘要的出处，则此步可以略去不做。 （2）略读缩写文章，了解大致内容，迅速回原文定位，确定是哪一段落的SUMMARY，或是涉及哪些段落的内容。 把空格前后的词作为signal words，到原文中去找这些词的对应词。 对应词的特点如下： a．原词 b．词性变化；如空格前的词为threatening, 形容词，原文中的词为threat, 名词。
雅思阅读填空题(让考官告诉你)
雅思阅读summary填空题是雅思阅读题中常见题型, 在阅读考试中占较大的比重. 同时也是众多考生头痛的一种题型. 因为此题型不仅考查考生快速准确理解阅读文章的主旨能力, 也考查考生对定位,同义转化以及语义间逻辑关系的灵敏度. 总的来说, 雅思阅读summary填空题主要有两种形式: 一种是单词填空式, 这种形式主要针对文章全文或者部分段落写出的一篇摘要, 空出若干空格, 要求考生从文章中寻找相应的单词进行填空; 另一种是单词选择式, 就是在第一种形式的基础上, 额外提供了一个词库, 要求考生从词库中选词填空. 下面环球雅思的老师将详细讲解如何快速而有效的解答这两种形式的summary填空题. 单词填空式 解题策略 对于单词填空式题, 一般把握三个关键信息: 逻辑关系词, 语法属性, 定位. 首先, 观察空格前后是否有语义间有逻辑关系的连接词, 即逻辑关系词推断. 这类表示空格前后内容逻辑关系的连接词主要包括:
①表示因果关系的词, 如because, as, since, for, due to, thanks to, as a result of等. 在考试中, 在因果关系中除了一些连接词的衔接外, 还有一些表示因果关系的大词, 如trigger, breed, induce, engender, generate, be responsible for, affect, determine等, 这些词在语义中隐含了因果关系. 所以也是考生在解题中值得注意的. ②表示转折关系的词, 如but, however, while, yet, instead, rather, whereas等 ③表示让步关系的词, 如despite, in spite of, although等 ④表示并列关系的词, 如and, both…and…, neither…nor等 ⑤表示举例关系的词, 如such as, for example等 观察有无这类词的目的在于为了回原文定位时, 能缩小寻找范围, 使定位更加准确. 在文章阅读中, 题目中的某些单词会进行同义转换而变得面目全非，但是句意不会变，语义关系不会变，这是最可靠的定位依据。从而逻辑关系词对于考生在解题中把握语义间的内在关系起了关键作用. 如剑桥4 Test 2 Passage 1 Lost for words 一篇中的summary 题中This great variety of languages came about largely as a result of geographical ___Q1______. But in today’s world, factors such as government initiatives and ____Q2_____ are contributing to a huge decrease in the number of languages. One factor which may help to ensure that some endangered languages do not die out completely is people’s increasing appreciation of their ____Q3_____.
雅思阅读图表题实例分析
雅思阅读图表题实例分析 雅思阅读图表题一般难度不大，但是想要轻松拿到满分却也不容易。希望下面的这篇雅思阅读图表题实例分析可以帮助大家更好地备考雅思阅读图表题。 一、图表题简介 图表题主要考察生快速寻读定位，并理解细节信息的阅读能力。一般来说，图表题常见的有三种形式： 统计表(Table)——文章中会有很明显的时间标志，主要以表格的形式出现;原理图(Diagram)——在文章的某段或者某几段之间，会有一个详细地对于该物体的结构的介绍;流程图(Flow Chart)——一个物体的制作过程或者一种动植物的生长周期过程，需要你填写其中的某几个过程。 二、图表题的做题方法 1. 注意题目要求 因为这类填空题中一般都会出现“…NO MORE THAN * WORDS…”, 大家要注意具体不超过几个字。 2. 浏览图表，找到关键词 大家一看到图表题，就会将目光自动聚焦到图表上，希望能尽快找到有用信息帮助定位。举个例子吧：
这是剑8 Test 4 Passage 3的最后一个题型。我们可以看到，除了空格之外，有用的信息就只有one method of collecting ants 和funnel。因为这是最后一道题，通过前面的做题过程我们可以迅速排除前两种采集蚂蚁的办法，然后根据funnel可以定位到第三种采集方法，也就是原文第四段： ……One of the most successful ways to collect them is to gather the leaf litter in which they are foraging and extract the ants from it. This is most commonly done by placing leaf litter on a screen over a large funnel, often under some heat. As the leaf litter dries from above, ants (and other animals) move downward and eventually fall out the bottom and are collected in alcohol placed below the funnel. This method works especially well in rain forests and marshy areas…… 3. 将原文和题目仔细比较，找到答案
1月9日雅思阅读真题
1月9日雅思阅读真题 一、考试概述：本次新年的第一场考试又是AB卷。A卷第一篇话题讲了生物的生存不确定性，第二篇介绍了音乐的力量，第三篇讲了课堂大小对于学习效果的影响。的话题是两新一旧，第一篇内容为古生物化石，第二篇是情绪影响人的行为，第三篇是儿童文学 二、具体题目分析 A卷Passage 1：题目：Living with uncertainty 题型：判断7+简答6 题号：新题 答案：1-7 判断题1 FALSE2 TRUE3 NOT GIVEN4 TRUE5 NOT GIVEN6 FALSE7 TRUE 8-13简答题 8 lit fires9 saltbush10 European farming11 wheat12 pear13 Tellers (目前无明确回忆，答案仅供参考) Passage 2： 题目：The power of music 题型：段落信息匹配5+Summary 4+人名配理论4 文章大意：待补充 答案：14-18信息配段落14. D15. I16. C17. F18. E 19-22 Summary without word list 19 physical health20 disabled21 brain scans
22 walking 23-26人名配理论23 C24 B25 A26 A (答案仅供参考) Passage 3： 题名：Does class size matter? 题型：段落信息匹配5+分类配对9 文章大意：待补充 答案：27-31 段落信息匹配27 D28 E29 A30 C 31 B 32-40 Classification32 A33 C34 B35 C36 A37 C38 A39 B40 A (目前无明确回忆，答案仅供参考) B卷Passage 1： 题目：The History of building telegraph lines 题型：判断6+简答7 文章大意：电报的发展史 相似文章： A The idea of electrical communication seems to have begun as long ago as 1746, when about 200 monks at monastery in Paris arranged themselves in a line over a mile long, each holding ends of 25 ft iron wires. The abbot, also a scientist, discharged a primitive electrical battery into the wire, giving all the monks a simultaneous electrical shock. “This
雅思阅读提高填空题正确率的5个技巧
雅思阅读提高填空题正确率的5个技 巧 很多雅思考试都觉得雅思阅读考试的填空题有难度，不知道用什么技巧才行，今天给大家带来了提高填空题正确率的5个技巧，希望能够帮助到大家，下面就和大家分享，来欣赏一下。 【雅思阅读高分技巧】提高填空题正确率的5个技巧 雅思阅读考试的填空题怎么做 1、首先我们要仔细阅读第一句话，找出它在*中的位置在哪里，通常是和原文某段话的第一句相对应.如果题目要求中已经指出了摘要的出处，则此步可以略去不做。同时，特别注意一下空格前后的词，然后到原文中寻找对应的。 2、特别注意题目要求中是否有字数限制。若要求从原文选词或自己写词，会有字数要求，如Use ONE OR TWO WORDS等，答案必须满足这个要求。 3、若从原文选词，只能选原文中连续的几个词，不能改变它们的顺序，切忌。
4、从选项中选词，要注意看题目要求是写答案本身，还是写选项前的代表字母。选项前有代表字母的，肯定是要求答代表字母。最近的考试中，选项前大部分都有代表字母。 5、一般有字数限制，选原文中的词不能改变他们的顺序，越是生词越可能是答案。 雅思阅读的做题顺序也有技巧 具体方法如下： 一、首先决定要以什么样的顺序做题。真正的雅思考试并不是想象中的由易到难，很有可能一开始的*就很难。设想，如果用30分钟先解决一道难题，再用剩下的30分钟去完成两道简单的题目，效果注定不好!试举剑桥4中TEST 2 为例，三篇*分别“lost for words”, “alternative medicine in Australia”, “play is a serious business”.乍一看第三篇*题目是最简单的，实际上它反而是最难的。 二、题型决定做题顺序，而不是题目。“lost for words”题型分别是：summary, 人名理论matching, yes/no/not given. “alternative medicine in Australia”题型分别是：multiple choices, yes/no/not given, 填空题. “play is a serious business”题型分别是：信息段落配对，多选多，人名理论配对。初步分析题型后还可以细化，理清做题思路。第一篇*难度适中，summary 属主旨类型
雅思图表题常用句型
雅思图表题常用句型 雅思图表题数字对比是很多考生都很头痛的事情，一旦没有掌握好顺序，就有可能是整个描写都混乱起来，所以大家掌握一些关于数字对比的雅思图表题常用套句是非常必要的，也是非常有好处的。 下面哥为大家整理了雅思图表题数字对比常用套句，供童鞋们参考，以下是详细内容。There was a (very) sudden/rapid/dramatic/significant/sharp/steep/steady/gradual/slow/slight+increase/jump/ri se/decrease/drop/fall/fluctuation 注意：上述很多词不可用于修饰fluctuation+in the number of XXX from 第一时间to 第二时间/ between 第一时间and 第二时间 描述稳定的data The number of XXX remained steady/stable from (第一时间) to (第二时间) / between (第一时间) and (第二时间) The number of XXX stayed the same from (第一时间) to (第二时间) / between (第一时间) and (第二时间) There was little change / hardly any change / no change in the number of XXX from from (第一时间) to (第二时间) / between (第一时间) and (第二时间) 描述不同状态的data Noun form: steady drop / sharp rise peak / dramatic fall / sharp drop Verbal form: (to) bottom out / (to) reach the bottom / (to) increase gradually / (to) reach a plateau / (to) remain steady 描述the highest point以及the lowest point 高点极值 The monthly prof it / The figures / The situation ... +peaked in (月份/年) <准确时间点用at XXX> at XXX% / XXX(极点data)或者reached a peak / a high point at XXX% / XXX(极点data) 低点极值 XXX bottomed out / reached+rock / the bottom / a low point或者hit a trough 此外，在描述过程中还有很多的conjunctional words/sentences，最常用的固定搭配如下： 并列：as well as(句首/中), also, as well(句尾), either, neither, too, moreover, furthermore, in addition, additionally, besides, what’s more, apart from ..
雅思阅读经典题
Written by Rad Danesh Thursday, 17 May 2007 Read the passage and answer the questions. Use your predicting skills. Note the type of questions. Antarctic Penguins Though penguins are assumed to be native to the South Pole, only four of the seventeen species have evolved the survival adaptations necessary to live and breed in the Antarctic year round. The physical features of the Adelie, Chinstrap, Gentoo, and Emperor penguins equip them to withstand the harshest living conditions in the world. Besides these four species, there are a number of others, including the yellow feathered Macaroni penguin and the King penguin that visit the Antarctic regularly but migrate to warmer waters to breed. Penguins that live in Antarctica year round have a thermoregulation system and a survival sense that allows them to live comfortably both on the ice and in the water. In the dark days of winter, when the Antarctic sees virtually no sunlight, the penguins that remain on the ice sheet sleep most of the day. To retain heat, penguins huddle in communities of up to 6,000 of their own species. When it's time to create a nest, most penguins build up a pile of rocks on top of the ice to place their eggs. The Emperor penguin, however, doesn't bother with a nest at all. The female Emperor lays just one egg and gives it to the male to protect while she goes off for weeks to feed. The male balances the egg on top of his feet, covering it with a small fold of skin called a brood patch. In the huddle, the male penguins rotate regularly so that none of the penguins have to stay on the outside of the circle exposed to the wind and cold for long periods of time. When it's time to take a turn on the outer edge of the pack, the penguins tuck their feathers in and shiver. The movement provides enough warmth until they can head back into the inner core and rest in the warmth. In order to reduce the cold of the ice, penguins often put their weight on their heels and tails. Antarctic penguins also have complex nasal passages that prevent 80 percent of their heat from leaving the body. When the sun is out, the black dorsal plumage attracts its rays and penguins can stay warm enough to waddle or slide about alone. Antarctic penguins spend about 75 percent of their lives in the water. A number of survival adaptations allow them to swim through water as cold as -2 degrees Celsius. In order to stay warm in these temperatures, penguins have to keep moving. Though penguins don't fly in the air, they are often said to fly through water. Instead of stopping each time they come up for air, they use a technique called "porpoising," in which they leap up for a quick breath while swiftly moving forward: Unlike most birds that have hollow bones for flight, penguins have evolved hard solid bones that keep them low in the water. Antarctic penguins also have unique feathers that work similarly to a waterproof diving suit. Tufts of down trap a layer of air within the feathers, preventing the water from penetrating the penguin's skin. The pres?sure of a deep dive releases this air, and a penguin has to rearrange the feathers through a process called "preening." Penguins also have an amazing circulatory system, which in extremely cold waters diverts blood from the flippers and legs to the heart. While the harsh climate of the Antarctic doesn't threaten the survival of Antarctic penguins, overheating can be a concern, and therefore, global warming is a threat to them. Temperate species have certain physical features such as fewer feathers and less blubber to keep them