Title OBJECTIVE QUALITY MEASURES FOR COMPRESSED IMAGES.
Endress+Hauser 产品说明书.pdf_1704535859.0087347
Flow measurement in utilitiesEnergy management in your hands – customized solutions for compressed air, gas, steam and water2Endress+Hauser is a global provider of solutions for instrumentation andautomation. Supplying the production and logistic sectors of the process industry, the company develops sensors and systems that obtain information from the process, transmits this data and processes it. High-quality products and cutting-edge services support our customers’ competitiveness with top-notch quality, dependability and ef fi ciency.Endress+Hauser works closely with universities and research institutes, and also cooperates with business partners and competitors. The company is committed to continuously expanding its industry-speci fi c know-how and ensuring the competence of its sales, marketing and service. The closely knit network of af fi liated production and marketing companies and regionalrepresentatives establishes and maintains the group’s powerful presence in all the world’s markets – in other words right on your doorstep.Endress+Hauser is a byword forindependence, continuity and long-term customer relationships. Our 50-plus years of application experience are the foundation on which we have built our wide range of products for metering fl ow, level, pressure and temperature, complete with liquidanalysis, recording and system components. Endress+Hauser is a single-source supplier, so you can always be con fi dent that we will have the optimum solution for your measurement requirements.Flow measurement as competenceEndress+Hauser ranks internationally as one of the leading producers of industrial fl owmeters for liquids, gases and steam. As a competence center, we have achieved a top position in the global market within the last 28 years. High accuracy, dependable metering, simple commissioning and low maintenance outlay – these are only some of the properties that our customers can always rely on.Endress+Hauser – Your PartnerSaving energy and costs – together! Are you the maintenance technician, engineer orplant manager whose job it is to maintain competentsupport for the gas, steam or water utilities of yourcompany? Are you the process or fi nance manager whohas to balance the trade-off between increasing plant effi ciency and reducing operating overheads and energy costs? Do you fi nd that the dictates of quality audits, standard operating procedures and environmental protection require ever-stricter process monitoring? Yes? Then you can count on Endress+Hauser fully and completely in regard to “Energy and Cost Savings”!Did you know ... ?• t hat electricity accounts for 75% of the total operating costs for air compressors over a ten year period?• t hat a 1/8in.leak in a compressed-air pipe will cost you $750 in energy losses per year?• t hat the energy cost of compressed air goes up approximately 9% for every unnecessary 14.7 psig of pressure?• t hat 18 to 30 ft/s isthe recommended maximum fl ow velocity for economical operationin compressed-air distribution systems and that the corresponding fi gure for steam pipes is 75 ft/s?• t hat leaks in outdated, underground distribution networks for steam or hot water can push energy costsup by as much as 50%? As a single-source supplier of process instrumentationwe can offer the all-inclusive solutions package youneed:• Wide range of premium fl owmeters• Customized solutions for your applications• C ompetent planning, commissioning andmaintenance (engineering, project management)• Professional support from specialists in all sectors• Worldwide service networkPut us to the test!334You can control only what you measure!Utilities such as gas, steam and water provide energy for plant operation in all sectors of industry. Vast quantities of energy are expended in producing, transporting and distributing fl uids, e.g. compressed air, saturated steam, natural gas, cooling or heated water. Every plant operator’s goal must therefore be to run and control his process as ef fi ciently as possible.Merely installing meters for fl ow, temperature or pressure is not enough to save energy. This is why Endress+Hauser has a comprehensiveproduct range for the recording andevaluating of data. These tools enable the objective assessment of energy consumption and plant ef fi ciency as a fi rst step towards leveraging improved plant performance that will translate into measurable energy savings.Endress+Hauser offers you high-quality meters, system components and intelligent solutions – matched to your application, matched to yourneeds.• Accurate and reliable measurement • Continous data collection • Optimized evaluation• Ensure long term competitivenessFlowmeters from Endress+Hauser take high process temperatures and process pressures in their stride.5Monitoring utilitiesWhether in heated or cooling systems,boilers or burners, whether compressed air or steam – the central tasks for monitoring utilities are always the same, regardless of the fl uid or where it is measured:Distribution Delivery / End-user consumption Allocation Monitoring (limit values, alarms) Leakage minimizationEnergy ef ficiencyFilter monitoring6ToolingPlanning / SelectionOnly correctly selected fl owmetersensure highest measuring accuracyduring operation. This in turn preventsproduct losses generating unnecessaryfollow-up costs. Using Applicator,a software package proven for over10 years, measuring locations canbe easily designed and documentedwithout a large amount of specializedknowledge.Flowmeters in utilitiesVortexdiameters larger than 65 ft. (2 meters).Benefi ts at a glanceW orldwide standards (since 1929)L ong tradition in metrology, widely ThermalDeltatop/-set t-mass7Commissioning / Con fi guring Besides commissioning via the local display, the ToF Tool – Fieldtool Package con fi guration and service program supports further process optimization and fi eld support for fl owmeters: device parameterization, data transfer, display of measured data, diagnostics and data monitoring, complete with evaluation and documentation.Maintenance / Veri fi cation In many processes, the function of fl owmeters must be periodically checked and tested due to internal or legal requirements. Fieldcheck is a NISTtraceable test and simulation device that permits in-situ checking of your installed fl owmeters without their removal or process interruption.burner control).Promag MODBUS7Data registration DisplayProwirl Deltatop/-set t-massOur solutions, your benefi tsTurnkey solutionsEndress+Hauser has one of the world’s most comprehensiveproduct portfolios for industrial instrumentation. Visualizationand evaluation of process data, however, are the real keys tobenefi t fully from fl ow measurement. Therefore, Endress+Hauserprovides you with a full range of special software packages longproven in the fi eld. The choice includes P-View, ControlCare, ToFTool – Fieldtool Package and FieldCare:• D isplay of all measuring points and measured variables(building layout)• A ccount balancing (consumption per hour, day, monthor year)TemperatureTemperaturePressureData logger• A llocation of consumption to cost centers• E ffi ciency comparisons (energy supply vs. consumption)Saving energy costsMaintaining an overview is crucial to effi cient operation and costoptimization. The benefi ts are:• Centralized availability of measured data• T ransparency of all fl uid and energy fl ows• D etection of energy losses (leakage)• R eliable allocation for cost centers• S ecurity by continous monitoring of plant operation and processvariablesFieldgate10Our calibration competence sets standardsTraceable and highly accurateFlowmeters with long-term stability and guaranteed, traceable accuracy are essential for monitoring utilities. These are the reasons why Endress+Hauser subjects all its fl owmeters to continuous quality checks throughout production and tests, calibrates and adjusts them on most state-of-the-art calibration systems in the world. These facilities combine 28 years of experience in the construction of calibration systems with cutting-edge metrology and automation technology. They are accredited by A2LA in the United States according to ISO/IEC 17025. That enables us to perform certi fi ed and traceable calibrations within the framework of ISO 9000 for our customers.The advantages of recognized, accredited calibration facilities worldwide are:• Traceability back to national standards • Worldwide acceptance • With of fi cial SCS, A2LA or CNAS certi fi cate (ISO/IEC 17025)• Periodic inspection by the national standard authorities Global calibration concept As an international player, Endress+Hauser operates in accordancewith internationally accepted standards for the accreditation of itsproducts and test methods. One unique facet of the company’soperations is that all Endress+Hauser’s fl ow calibration facilities are accredited by different national authorities – including for example SAS, A2LA and CNAS – in accordance with ISO/IEC 17025. Since all test resources are seamlessly traceable back to national standards,customers can invariably look to Endress+Hauser to providethe same uniformly high standard of quality, be it in product quality or in fi eld testing of their process facilities.The recently completed air calibration facility sets completely newconceptual and technological standards. Several adapter revolvers enable a rapid and precise clamping of the devices under test into the measurement section (½ to 4”/DN 15 to 100). Flow rates up to 22,046 lbs/h (10 000 kg/h) can be measured. A special climatecontrol system keeps the air in the calibration room at exactly 71.6°F (22°C) – day and night. It comes as no surprise, therefore,that this commercial calibration facility measures air fl ows with oneof the highest measuring accuracies in the world.11Around the world,any time of dayIt is our aim that all devices manufactured by Endress+Hauser should ensure high measuring accuracy andoperational safety – around the clock, seven days a week, throughout the entire life cycle of your plant. In order to keep things that way, we have established our own sales and service centers in more than 40 countries around the world. No matter whether you are located in Europe, Americas, Asia, Africa or Australia – we’re always close at hand!Consulting and planningCompetent technicians, engineers and application con-sultants come on site to help you fi nd the technically and economically ideal solution for your missioning and maintenanceNeed some fast advice on the phone, or support for a maintenance schedule? You decide what we should provide, because our sales and service centers are not only there to help in emergencies. They also maintain a helpdesk and ensure that spare parts and consumables are available whenever and wherever they are needed.The services at your disposal include:• Commissioning and con fi guration• Inspection and maintenance (maintenance contracts)• On-site, traceable calibration, control measurements • Repair service, spare parts, conversion kits • I ndividual maintenance concepts(IMS: Instrument Management Solutions)Training and informationBeing informed means being con fi dent. We organize training courses and seminars to pass on our know-how:• Industry-speci fi c seminars • Service seminars• Specialist seminars • Workshops • Technology forums • Introductory seminars • Special-interest subjects W@MThe web-based asset management W@M TM from Endress+Hauser is an open information system which provides technical and operative management tools with complete data transfer and archival – from commissioning to maintenance and service within a plant, at any time or location. This is attained within an open system based on Internet/Intranet technology, and incorporating software programs, products and services from Endress+Hauser.Always at your serviceCP 007D/24/en/12.10US/INDD CS10.10/SCUSAUSAEndress+Hauser, Inc.2350 Endress Place Greenwood, IN 46143Tel: 317-535-7138Sales: 888-ENDRESS Service: 800-642-8737Fax: 317-535-8498******************.com CanadaEndress+Hauser Canada 1075 Sutton DriveBurlington, ON L7L 5Z8Tel: 905-681-9292800-668-3199Fax: InternationalFor international locationsvisit: /worldwideMexicoEndress+Hauser México S.A. de C.V.Fernando Montes de Oca 21 Edificio A Piso 3Fracc. Industrial San Nicolás 54030 Tlalnepantla de Baz Estado de México MéxicoTel: +52 55 5321 2080Fax: +52 55 5321 2099********************.com ISO 9001 CertifiedSupplementary documentationFlow MeasurementFor Liquids, Gases and Steam Products and Services at a Glance FA005D/24/enFlow Measurement Selection GuideCP001D/24/enOn-site calibrationFocusing on meeting the special needs of our customers through cost reduction and increasing process up-timeCP988H/24/en。
英语作文写文件格式
英语作文写文件格式File format is an essential aspect of working with documents and files in the digital world. Understanding different file formats can help us choose the right format for our specific needs, ensure compatibility with different software and devices, and make it easier to share and distribute files. In this article, we will discuss some common file formats and their uses, as well as tips for choosing the right format for your documents.One of the most common file formats for text documentsis .docx, which is used by Microsoft Word and other word processing software. This format is widely supported and can be easily edited and converted to other formats. It is a good choice for creating documents that need to be shared and edited by multiple people.Another popular format for text documents is .pdf, which stands for Portable Document Format. PDF files are highly portable and can be viewed on almost any device, making them a great choice for distributing documents that need to be viewed by a wide audience. PDF files are also secure and can prevent editing, making them ideal for sharing finalized documents.For images, the most common file format is .jpg, which is a compressed format that is widely supported and can be easily shared online. If you need to preserve the quality of your images, you may want to use .png or .tiff formats, which are lossless and do not compress the image data. These formats are great for printing or editing images later on.When it comes to videos, there are several different file formats to choose from, including .mp4, .avi, and .mov. The best format to use will depend on your specific needs, such as video quality, file size, and compatibility with different devices and software. .mp4 is a popular choice for online videos, while .mov is commonly used for professional video editing.When choosing a file format, it is important to consider compatibility with different software and devices. For example, if you are sharing a document with someone who does not have Microsoft Word, you may want to save the document in .pdf format to ensure they can view it. Similarly, if you are creating a video that needs to be viewed on different devices, you may want to choose a format that is widely supported, such as .mp4.In conclusion, understanding different file formats and their uses can help us work more effectively with digital documents and files. By choosing the right format for our specific needs, wecan ensure compatibility, security, and ease of sharing. Whether you are creating a text document, image, or video, it is important to consider the best format to use to achieve your goals.。
人工智能辅助压缩感知技术结合三种T2WI_压脂技术的应用研究
研究论著人工智能辅助压缩感知技术结合三种T 2WI 压脂技术的应用研究李刚 黄锦彬 汪昕荣 雷漫诗 熊安妮 向青 邓锶锶 孟占鳌【摘要】 目的 探讨人工智能辅助压缩感知技术（ACS ）结合3种T 2加权像（T 2WI ）压脂技术在图像质量、成像时间及方案选择方面的优势。
方法 对因腰痛行常规腰椎MRI 平扫的30例患者，除了进行原有的检查序列外，再结合ACS 加行5组矢状位（SAG ） T 2WI 压脂序列，使用的3种T 2WI 压脂技术包括频率选择饱和法（FS ）、水脂分离成像技术（WFI ）及短反转时间的反转恢复技术（STIR ），共包括ACS -SAG -T 2WI -FS （A 组，30例）、ACS -SAG -T 2WI -WFI （B 组，30例）、ACS -SAG -STIR （C 组，30例）、SAG -T 2WI -FS （D 组，30例）、SAG -T 2WI -WFI （E 组，30例）、SAG -STIR （F 组，30例）6组序列。
通过客观评价指标信噪比（SNR ）、对比噪声比（CNR ）等，以及脊柱疾病诊断经验丰富的2名放射科医师对图像质量的主观评价评估检查效果。
结果 A 组 第4椎体、第4~5椎间盘、同层脊髓的SNR 、CNR 大于D 组；B 组第4椎体、第4~5椎间盘、同层脊髓的SNR 、CNR 大于E 组；C 组第4椎体、第4~5椎间盘、同层脊髓的SNR 、CNR 大于F 组（P 均 < 0.01）。
从成像时间看，A 组比D 组节省13.2%的时间，B 组比E 组节省8.9%的时间，C 组比F 组节省12.4%的时间（P 均 < 0.01）。
2名放射科医师对A 、B 、C 组的主观评价均高于D 、E 、F 组（P 均 < 0.01；2名医师评分具有一致性，Kappa=0.972、P < 0.01）。
结论 ACS 结合3种T 2WI 压脂技术在时间、质量上均优于单纯使用3种T 2WI 压脂技术。
基于PSNR与SSIM联合的图像质量评价模型
第27卷第2期2007年2月计算机应用Computer App licationsVo l. 27 No. 2Feb. 2007文章编号: 1001 - 9081 ( 2007) 02 - 0503 - 04基于PSNR与SSIM联合的图像质量评价模型祁云平1 ,马慧芳2 ,佟雨兵3 ,张其善3( 1. 西北师范大学物理与电子信息工程学院,甘肃兰州730070;2. 西北师范大学数学与信息科学学院,甘肃兰州730070;3. 北京航空航天大学电子信息工程学院,北京100083)(qiyunp ing@ si na. com )摘要:提出将峰值信噪比( PSNR )和结构相似度( SS I M )联合起来建立图像质量评价模型,先利用聚类分析法根据PSNR 值和SS I M 输出值对样本图像进行规整聚类,聚类结果用来对支持向量机进行小样本训练得到分类器,然后对不同类别的图像运用不同的质量评价规则,评价规则由二元线性回归法确定;最后,任一图像的分类采用支持向量机分类器实现。
实验结果表明该模型的输出能更有效地反映图像的主观质量。
关键词:聚类分析;小样本数据;质量评价;线性回归;支持向量机中图分类号: TP918. 8 文献标识码: AImage qua lity a ssessing m odel ba sed on PSNR and SS I MQ I Yun2p i ng1 , MA Hui2fang2 , TON G Yu2b i ng3 , ZHAN G Q i2shan3(1. College of Physics and Electronics Engineering, N orthwest N or m a l U niversity, Lanzhou Gansu 730070, C hina;2.College of M athem atics and Inform ation Science, N orthw est N or m a l U niversity, Lanzhou Gansu 730070, China;3.School of Electronics and Inform ation Engineering, B eihang U niversity, B eijing 100083, China)Abstract: Peak Signal Noise Ratio (PSNR ) and Structure S im ilarity (SS I M) were combined to set u p the im age quality assessing model. Cluster analysis was used to make the samp les data to be clustered into different kinds. The result as sm all data sets was used to train Support Vecto rMachines Classifier which was used to class any im age into different kinds according to PS NR and SS I M. The quality of the i m age with different kinds was assessed with different strategies. The results of the test show the model output can reflect the im age subjective quality effectively.Key words: cluster analysis; small data sets; quality assessing linear regression; Support Vector Machines (SVM )0 引言目前绝大部分图像压缩算法都采用有损压缩方法去除视觉冗余信息,压缩后牺牲了信源的部分信息。
索尼 Alpha 6100 数字单反相机说明书
Key Features24.2MP 2 and incredible image qualityThe Alpha 6100 boasts an impressive APS-C image sensor with approximately 24.2 effective megapixels, the latest BIONZ X™ image processing engine and the same front end LSI as used on Sony’s acclaimed full-frame cameras to deliver outstanding image quality with rich detail and true-to-life color reproduction. Area specific noise reduction results in low noise even at high ISO which ranges from 100 – 32,000 (Expandable up to ISO – 51,200). The design significantly increases readout speed, enabling functionality including 11fps continuous shooting 5, 4K recording 3 with full pixel readout without pixel binning and Full HD 120fps high-speed shooting.Superior autofocus with 4D FOCUS™The Alpha 6100 incorporates Sony’s unrivaled 4D FOCUS™ system for unsurpassed fast autofocus (AF) acquisition time that can lock focus on even the fastest moving subject in as little as 0.02 seconds 1. It also boasts an incredible 425 phase detection and 425 contrast detection AF points that are densely positioned over 84% of the image area, effectively tracking subjects as they move across the frame. Moreover, the Alpha 6600 takes full advantage of its enhanced fast hybrid AF for movies in both HD and 4K 3. Both AF detection accuracy and tracking performance have been boosted.Advanced Real-time Eye AF, humans and animals 6Advanced “Real-time Eye AF 6” employs (Ai) artificial intelligence, including machine learning , to detect and process eye data in real time, resulting in improved accuracy, speed and tracking performance of Eye AF. Eye AF can be employed for humans, animals 6 and when recording movie. With a half press of the shutter button, the camera can automatically detect the eyes of the subject and activate Eye AF in all autofocus modes. When in either AF-C or AF-A mode, eye capture is continuously maintained. Additionally, the preferred eye (right or left) of your subject can be selected as the focus point. Choices include Auto/Right Eye/Left Eye, and a Switch Right/Left Eye function is assignable to a custom function or the touchscreen panel.Real-time Tracking Autofocus“Real-time Tracking” is a state-of-the-art feature that utilizes a special object recognition algorithm that processes color, subject distance (depth), brightness (pattern) as spatial information, plus AI (Artificial Intelligence with machine learning) information including face and eye location, ensuring that all subjects can be captured with extreme accuracy and precision. This can be activated by a simple half press of the shutter button, or can be assigned to a custom function as well. The subject to be tracked can also be specified by touching it on the monitor when the Touch Tracking function is engaged.Real-time Eye AF for animals 6Advanced AI-based subject recognition technology now allows fast, precise, automatic detection and tracking of animal 6 eyes. This new capability can vastly increase success rates when photographing animals in a variety of settings or pets at home. Real-time Eye AF animal mode can be initiated either by pressing an assigned custom button or by half-pressing the shutter button.16-bit processing and 14-bit RAW outputImage sensor output is processed in 16-bit form by the front-end LSI and BIONZ X image processing engine before being output as compressed or uncompressed 14-bit RAW files that have smoother, more natural gradations for higher overall image quality. 14-bit RAW output is available even when shooting in silent or continuous mode.Up to 11fps 5 at 24.2MP with AE/AF trackingILCE-6100/BAlpha 6100 APS-C Mirrorless Interchangeable-LensCameraThe Alpha 6100 include a 24.2MP 2 Exmor™ CMOS image sensor, the latest BIONZ X™ image processor and a front-end LSI as implemented in Sony’s full-frame cameras, which combine to deliver all-round enhancements in image quality and performance across all areas of photo and video capture.The Alpha 6100 has been designed to allow for high resolution, continuous shooting at high frame rates. It features a front-end LSI that works with the image sensor, BIONZ X image processing engine and a newly designed shutter mechanism with ‘braking feature’ to enable continuous shooting at impressive speeds up to 11fps5 with continuous autofocus and auto-exposure tracking at full 24.2MP resolution while utilizing the mechanical shutter, and up to 8 fps5 with full AF/AE tracking while silent shooting.4K movie3 w/ full pixel readout, no pixel binningThe Alpha 6100 offers internal 4K (QFHD: 3840 x 2160) recording3 in Super 35mm format with full pixel readout and no pixel binning at 2.4x oversampling4 (6K equivalent) for the ultimate 4K footage with exceptional detail and depth. Additional the Alpha 6100 has the ability to record Full HD at 120 fps for up to 5x slow motion HD video7 and a mic jack with XLR compatibility via the MI shoe, focus peaking, clean HDMI output and much more.Touch Tracking for moviesTouch Tracking is beneficial for movie recording. Touch the subject to be tracked on the monitor, and the Real-time Tracking function will then process color, pattern (brightness), distance (depth), and face information to precisely and smoothly track the selected subject at the specified sensitivity and speed. It is also possible to half-press the shutter button or press the AF ON button while shooting to achieve fast focus (AF-S). This can be an advantage for weddingsor documentaries, where there is only one chance to capture a scene. In such cases the focus area selected in advance is applied.180-degree tiltable LCD touch screen for self-recordingThe fully tiltable (180-degree), 3” (3.0-type) LCD flip screen with 921k-dots of high-resolution allows for simple and effective selfie-style shooting for both still image and video capture. Utilizing this capability, vloggers will be able to check and monitor composition throughout their entire creative process. The LCD screen is also equipped with touch functionality, with options for Touch Pad, Touch Focus, Touch Shutter and new Touch Tracking which quickly activates “Real-time Tracking” through the touch screen.Wi-Fi®/NFC™/QR code for easy file transfer and remote control8Easily connect with NFC or QR code (for non-NFC devices) to smartphones or tablets with the built-in Wi-Fi® and Sony’s PlayMemories Mobile™ application available for free on the Android™ and iOS platforms8. Control your camera or transfer files to your device for fast and easy sharing without the need of a computer. It also supports Sony’s growing range of PlayMemories Camera Apps™, which add a variety of creative capabilities to the camera. Then when you’re done, you can use the free software to sort and manage your stills and video with PlayMemories Home™ or edit your RAW file with either Sony’s Image Data Converter or Capture One Express (for Sony). Make it your own with easy button and dial customizationMake operation more intuitive, quick and easy. You can assign any of 89 functions to any of 8 custom buttons. Independent function sets can be assigned for stills, movies, and playback. “My Dial” allows for frequently-used functions to be assigned to the control dial and control wheel. The My Menu function allows up to 30 frequently-used menu items to be registered. They can be re-ordered by frequency of use, and little-used items can be deleted, allowing the user to create a menu that reflects their usage patterns.Interval Recording7 for time-lapseInterval shooting7 (continuous shooting with a set interval) is possible to create time-lapse movies, without requiring an app or external interferometer. Shooting interval can be set to anywhere between 1 second and 60 seconds, and the number of shots to anywhere from 1 to 9999. AE tracking sensitivity can be set to ”High”, “Mid” or “Low” during interval shooting to control your exposure and silent shooting can be activated to reduce shutter vibration. To extend shooting periods, a mobile battery can be used while the internal battery remains in the camera. Still images shot can be edited into a time-lapse movie on a computer with the latest version of Imaging Edge software (Remote/Viewer/Edit) and PlayMemories Home.Slow and quick motion7Slow and quick motion7 offers an almost endless variety of creative ways to express the passage of time. Frame rates from 1 fps to 120fps (100fps) can be selected in eight steps for full HD up to 50 Mbps; 60x quick motion/5x slow in NTSC and 50x quick motion/4x slow in PAL.4K movie transfer to smartphone8By using the newly introduced smartphone app Imaging Edge Mobile, high-bitrate movies including 4K can be transferred to smartphones (Probability of transfer / playback depends on the performance of the smartphone). Refer to the product information for Imaging Edge Mobile for detailsImaging Edge desktop applicationsTo support an efficient, high speed, connected professional workflow, Sony provides “Imaging Edge” desktop applications. Use "Remote" to control and monitor shooting live on your PC screen; "Viewer" to quickly preview, rate, and select photos from large image libraries; and "Edit" to develop RAW data into high-quality photos for delivery. Get the best from Sony RAW files, and manage your productions more efficiently. To maximize convenience in image transfer, when utilizing the latest version of Sony’s Imaging Edge Mobile™ application, the camera can now transfer images to a connected smartphone even if the camera’s power is set to OFF. Refer to the download page for details: /disoft/d/Specifications1. Based on Sony research, CIPA-guideline-compliant internal measurement with an E 18-135mm F3.5-5.6 OSS lens mounted, Pre-AF off and viewfinder in use.2. Approximately, effective megapixels3. 3840×2160 pixels. A Class 10 or higher SDHC/SDXC memory card is required to record movies in the XAVC S format. UHS-I (U3) SDHC/SDXC card is required for 100Mbps4. Standard ISO 100 up to ISO 32000 expandable to ISO 100 to ISO 51200for still images5. High-speed continuous shooting is available at up to approx. 11fps in “Hi+” continuous shooting mode and up to approx. 8fps in “Hi” continuous shooting mode. Maximum fps will depend on camera settings.6. Accurate focus may not be achieved with certain subjects in certain situations.. Real-time Eye AF for Animals supports still images only and cannot be used in combination with tracking. Does not work with some types of animal.7. Wi-Fi does not work during interval shooting8. Imaging Edge Mobile Ver. 7.2 or later is required© 2019 Sony Electronics Inc. All rights reserved. Reproduction in whole or in part without written permission is prohibited. Sony is not responsible for typographical and photographic errors. Features and specifications are subject to change without notice. Sony, G Master, the Alpha logo and the Sony logo are trademark of Sony Corporation. All other trademarks are trademarks of their respective owners.。
Philips GoGEAR MP4播放器Ariaz16GB说明书
Philips GoGEAR MP4 player with FullSound™Ariaz16GB*SA4ARA16KFSuperior sound experienceAnd enjoy all the multimedia you can pack inTune in to amazing sound on the Philips GoGEAR Ariaz MP4 Player SA4ARA16KF with FullSound. Plus, enjoy music to the max without worrying about hearing damage with SafeSound. Discover and sync a universe of music with Songbird.Superb quality sound•Fullsound™ to bring your MP3 music to life•SafeSound for maximum music enjoyment without hearing damage •Built-in speaker for entertainment out loudComplements your life•6.1 cm/2.4" full color screen for fantastic video quality•Enjoy up to 26 hours of music or 5 hours of video playback •FM radio with RDS and 30 presets for more music options •Voice recording to take notes or record anything, anytime Easy and intuitive•LikeMusic for playlists of songs that sound great together •Folder view to organize and view media files like on your PCHighlightsFullSound™Philips' innovative FullSound technologyfaithfully restores sonic details to compressed MP3 music, dramatically enriching andenhancing it, so you can experience CD music without any distortion. Based on an audio post-processing algorithm, FullSoundcombines Philips' renowned expertise in music reproduction with the power of the latest generation Digital Signal Processor (DSP). The result is fuller bass with more depth and impact, boosted voice and instrument clarity, and rich detail. Rediscover your compressed MP3 music in true-to-life sound that will touch your soul and move your feet.SafeSoundNow you can enjoy your music freely and fully without worrying about the risk of hearing damage. Created by Philips, SafeSoundconsistently analyzes the sound level on your Philips GoGear MP3 player and alerts you if the volume and exposure could have possible impact on your long-term hearing. You can take action by adjusting the volume to a lower level or allow SafeSound to automatically regulate the volume for you – no need to fiddle with any settings. In addition, SafeSound provides daily and weekly overviews of your sound exposure so you can take better charge of your hearing health.Built-in speaker Go places with your GoGEAR player and have it sing out loud. The player comes with a built-in speaker that is powerful and precise, letting you enjoy and share sensational music and movie experiences – anywhere, everywhere. It takes away the hassle of hooking up external speakers, making the pleasure of sharing so much more delightful. GoGEAR turns up the enjoyment in entertainment.6.1 cm/2.4" full color screenA 6.1 cm/2.4" high resolution screen on your GoGEAR Ariaz offers excellent video quality and crisp, vivid images. Together with a full color menu, the large screen allows easy navigation of media files to complete thepackage for a all-round multimedia experience on the go.26-hour music or 5-hour videoPhilips offers you boundless entertainment. Your GoGEAR player comes with a compact built-in rechargeable battery for long-lasting power. Enjoy up to 26 hours of music, or 5 hours of video playback on a single charge. Just plug the power cable in to recharge the player – it's that simple.FM radio with RDS/ 30 presetsFM radio with RDS and 30 presets for more music options.Voice recordingVoice recording converts your GoGear player into a handy dictation machine. Besides playing music or listening to radio, you can also record notes or reminders for work or school, record shopping lists and phone numbers – even song lyrics. By pressing the recording button and speaking into the built-in microphone, voice messages are compressed and stored in the built-in internal memory. Voice recording gives you a highly portable voice recorder allowingyou to record anything, anytime and anywhere!Issue date 2019-05-31 Version: 1.0.512 NC: 8670 000 87484 EAN: 87 12581 63689 0© 2019 Koninklijke Philips N.V.All Rights reserved.Specifications are subject to change without notice. Trademarks are the property of Koninklijke Philips N.V. or their respective owners.SpecificationsPicture/Display•Backlight•Type:LCD•Diagonal screen size (cm): 6.10 cm•Diagonal screen size (inch): 2.4 inch •Resolution: 320 x 240 pixelsSound•Built-in speakers•Sound Enhancement: FullSound, SafeSound •Equalizer customizable•Equalizer settings: Balanced, Bright, Clear, Powerful, Warm•Channel separation: 45 dB•Frequency response: 20 - 18k Hz•Output power (RMS): 2 x 2.5 mW•Signal to noise ratio: > 84 dBAudio Playback•Compression format: MP3, WAV, WMA•ID3 Tag support: Song title, artist, album•MP3 bit rates: 8-320 kbps and VBR•MP3 sample rates: 16, 32, 48, 11.025, 22.050, 8 kHz •WMA bit rates: 5-320 kbps•WMA sample rates: 8, 11.025, 16, 22.050, 32, 44.1, 48 kHz•Digital Rights Management: NoVideo Playback•WMV9: 320 x 240, 30 fps, 512kbpsStill Picture Playback•Picture Compression Format: JPEG, BMP, PNG •Slide showAudio Capturing•Built-in microphone: mono•Voice recording: Yes, in WAVTuner/Reception/Transmission•Tuner Bands: FM•Station presets: 30•RDS: Program Type, Station Information, Station Name•FM radio recording: Yes, in WAVStorage Media•Built-in memory type: NAND Flash•Built-in memory (RAM): 16 GB•Music memory capacity, MP3: Up to 3600 tracks*•Mass storage class compliant•Mass Trans. Protocol Compliant Connectivity•Headphone: 3.5 mm•USB: USB 2.0Convenience•Keypad lock: Yes, option key•Superscroll•Firmware upgradeable: Yes, via SongBird•Battery charging indication: On user interface•Charge & play: when connected to PC•Customizable volume limit•Dedicated volume controls: No•Volume controlAccessories•Headphones•Quick start guide•USB cableGreen Specifications•Lead-free soldered productSystem Requirements•USB: Free USB port•Internet connection: Yes (for access to updatedsupport documents, manuals, future firmware andPC software upgrades)•PC OS: Windows XP (SP3) / Windows Vista /Windows 7Power•Battery Type:LI-Polymer•Rechargeable: Yes, via USB•Battery Capacity: 520 mAh•Playtime on internal battery: Up to 26 hours musicplayback or 5 hours video playbackDimensions•Packaging type: D-box•D-box dimensions (WxDxH): 90 x 30 x 150 mm•Product dimensions (WxDxH): 51.0 x 10.0 x 93.5mm•Product weight: 0.065 kgSoftware•Philips SongbirdPartners•7digital•Audible*Storage capacity based on 4 minutes per song and 64 kbps WMA or128 kbps MP3 encoding.*1GB = 1 billion bytes; available storage capacity will be less.*Actual transfer speed may vary based on your operating system andsoftware configuration.*Rechargeable batteries have a limited number of charge cycles andmay eventually need to be replaced. Battery life and number ofcharge cycles vary by use and settings.。
外文翻译原文--语音编码
Speech CodingAbstract：Speech coders have assumed considerable importance in communication systems as their performance, to a large extent, determines the quality of the recovered speech and the capacity of the system. The goal of all speech coding systems is to transmit speech with the highest possible quality using the least possible channel capacity. The most basic property of speech waveforms that is exploited by all speech coders is that they are bandlimited. Adaptive differential pulse code modulation (ADPCM) is a more efficient coding scheme which exploits the redundancies present in the speech signal.performance evaluation of speech coders have objective measures and subjective listening tests.Key Words：Speech coders;possible channel capacity; bandlimited; performance evaluation1 IntroductionSpeech coders have assumed considerable importance in communication systems as their performance, to a large extent, determines the quality of the recovered speech and the capacity of the system. Especially in wireless communication system, bandwidth is a precious commodity, and service providers are continuously met with the challenge of accommodating more users within a limited allocated bandwidth. Low bit-rate speech coding offers a way to meet this challenge. The lower the bit rate at which the coder can deliver toll-quality speech, the more speech channels can be compressed within a given bandwidth. For this reason, manufacturers and service providers are continuously in search of speech coders that will provide toll quality speech at lower bit rates.The goal of all speech coding systems is to transmit speech with the highest possible quality using the least possible channel capacity. This has to be accomplished while maintaining certain required levels of complexity of implementation and communication delay. In general, there is a positive correlation between coder bit-rate efficiency and the algorithmic complexity required to achieve it. The more complex an algorithm is, the more its processing delay and cost of implementation. A balance needs to be struck between these conflicting factors, and it is the aim of all speech processing developments to shift the point at which this balance is made toward ever lower bit rates.Speech signals have two properties which can be used in speech processing:V oiced speech signal show during certaintime intervals almost periodic behavior. Therefore, we can consider these signals as quasi-stationary signals for around 30 milliseconds.The spectrum of audio signals shows characteristic maxima, which are mostly 3~5 frequency bands. These maxima, called formants, occur because of resonances of thevocal tract.Speech coders differ widely in their approaches to achieving signal compression. Based on the means by which they achieve compression, speech coders are broadly classified into two categories: waveform coders and vocoders. Waveform coders use algorithms to encode speech so that the system output is an approximation to the input waveform. V ocoders encode speech by extracting a set of parameters that are digitized and transmitted to the receiver, where they are used to set values for parameters in function generators and filters, which, in turn, synthesize the output speech sound. Usually, the vocoder output waveform does not approximate the input waveform and may have an artificial, unnatural sound. Although the words of the speaker may be clearly understandable, the speaker may not be identifiable. With waveform encoders (e.g., PCM, DPCM, DM, and CVSD), it was demonstrated that VF-quality speech may be encoded at bit rates as low as 24 kbps. More advanced techniques reduce the required bit rate to 8 kbps, and speech coding is possible even at 2 kbps. Some techniques that are available to achieve coders at low bit rates are linear prediction (discussed as applied to DPCM), adaptive subband coding, and vector quantization. Adaptive subband coding allocates bits according to the input speech spectrum and the properties of hearing. With vector quantization, whole blocks of samples are encoded at a time, instead of encoding on a sample-by-sample basis. Examples are code excited linear prediction (CLEP) and vector-sum excited linear prediction (VSELP), used in digital cellular telephones. These coders emoloy linear-prediction-based analysis-by-synthesis (LPAS) techniques, in which the talker's speech signal is partitioned into 20-ms segments for analysis and synthesis. The encoder sequences through the possible codebook excitation patterns and the possible values for the filter parameters ti find a synthesized waveform that gives the best match to a speech segment. The encoder parameters that specify this best match are then transmitted to the receiver via digital data. The received data establish the parameters for the receiver speech synthesizer so that the voice signal is reproduced for the listener.One strive to use lower bit-rate codecs in order to reduce data transmission costs. However, lower bit-rata codecs require greater computation complexity, produce longer delays of the reproduced speech at the system output, and have poorer speech quality.2 Characteristics of Speech signalsSpeech waveforms have a number of useful properties that can be exploited when designing efficient coder. Some of the properties that are most often utilized in coder design include the nonuniform probability distribution of speech amplitude, the nonzero autocorrelation between successive speech samples, the nonflat nature of the speech spectra, the existence of voiced and unvoiced segments in speech, and the quasiperiodicity of voiced speech signals. The most basic property of speech waveforms that is exploited by all speech coders is that they are bandlimited. A finite bandwidth means that it can be time-discretized (sampled) at a finite rate and reconstructed completely from its samples, provided that the sampling frequency isgreater than twice the highest frequency component in the low pass signal. While the band limited property of speech signals makes sampling possible, the aforementioned properties allow quantization, the other most important process in speech coding, to be performed with greater efficiency.3 Adaptive Differential Pulse Code Modulation (ADPCM) Pulse code modulation systems do not attempe to remove the redundancies in the speech signal. Adaptive differential pulse code modulation (ADPCM) is a more efficient coding scheme which exploits the redundancies present in the speech signal. As mentioned earlier, adjacent samples of a speech waveform are often highly correlated. This means that the variance of the difference between adjacent speech amplitudes is much smaller than the variance of the speech signal itself, ADPCM allows speech to be encoded at a bit rate of 32 kbps, which is half the standard 64 kbps PCM rate, while retaining the same voice quality. Efficient algorithms for ADPCM have been developed and standardized. The CCITT standard G.721 ADPCM algorithm for 32 kbps speech coding is used in cordless telephone systems.In a differential PCM scheme, the encoder quantizes a succession of adjacent sample differences, and the decoder recovers an approximation to the original speech signal by essentially integrating quantized adjacent sample differences. Since the quantization error variance for a given number of bits/sample R, is directly proportional to the input variance, the reduction obtained in the quantizer input variance leads directly to a reduction of reconstruction error variance for a given value of R.In practice, ADPCM encoders are implemented using signal prediction techniques. Instead of encoding the difference between adjacent samples, a linear predictor is used to predict the current sample. The difference between the predicted and actual sample called the prediction error is then encoded for transmission. Prediction is based on the knowledge of the autocorrelation properties of speech.4 Frequency Domain Coding of SpeechFrequency domain coders are a chass of speech coders which take advantage of speech perception and generation models without making the algorithm totally dependent on the models used. In this class of coders, the speech signal is divided into a set of frequency components which are quantized and encoded separateky. In this way, different frequency bands can be preferentially encoded according to some perceptual criteria for each band, and hence the quantization noise can be contained within bands and prevented from creating harmonic distortions outside the band. These schemes have the advantage that the number of bits used to encode each frequency component can be dynamically varied and shared among the different bands.Many frequency domain coding algorithms, ranging from simple to complex are available. The most common types of frequency domain coding include sub-band coding (SBC) and block transform coding. While a sub-band coder drvides the speech signal into many smaller sub-bands and encodes each sub-band separately accordingto some perceptual criterion, a transform coder the short-time transform of a windowed sequence of samples and encodes them with number of bits proportional to its perceptual significance.5 Performance Evaluation of Speech CodersThere are two approaches to evaluating the performance of a speech coder in terma of itsability to preserve the signal quality. Objective measures have the general nature of a signal-to-noise ratio and provide a quantitative value of how well the reconstructed speech approximates the original speech. Mean square error (MSE) distortion, frequency weighted MSE, and segmented SNR, articulation index are examples of objective measures. While objective measures are useful in initial design and simulation of coding system, they do not necessarily give an indication of speech quality as perceived by the human ear. Since the listener is the ultimate judge of the signal quality, subjective listening tests constitute an integral part of speech coder evaluation.Subjective listening tests are conducted by playing the sample to a number of listeners and asking them to judge the quality varies with the age and gender of the speaker, the speed at which the speaker speaks, and other factors. The subjective tests are carried out in different environments to simulate real life conditions such as noisy, multiple speakers, etc., these tests provide results in terms of overall quality, listening effort, intelligibility, and naturalness. The intelligibility tests measure the listeners abliity to identify the spoken word. The diagnostic rhyme test (DRT) is the most popular and widely used intelligibility test. In this test, a word from a pair of rhymed words such as "thosedose" is presented to the listener and the listener is asked to identify which word was spoken. Typical percentage correct on the DRT test ranges from 75~90. The diagnostic acceptability measure (DAM) is another test that evaluates acceptability of speech coding systems. All these tests results are difficult to rank and hence require a reference system. The most popular ranking system is known as the mean opinion score or MOS ranking. This is a five point quality ranking scale with each point associated with a standardized descriptions: bad, poor, fair, good, excellent.。
DICOM图像浏览器
Image Viewer using Digital Imaging and Communications inMedicine (DICOM)Trupti N. BaraskarDepartment of Information Technology, Maharashtra Institute of Technology, Pune University, Maharashtra, India Email: trupti_001@, baraskartn@Mobile No. +91-9922789956, +91-20-25462867Abstract- Digital Imaging and Communications in Medicine is a standard for handling, storing, printing, and transmitting information in medical imaging. The National Electrical Manufacturers Association holds the copyright to this standard. It was developed by the DICOM Standards committee. The other image viewers cannot collectively store the image details as well as the patient's information. So the image may get separated from the details, but DICOM file format stores the patient's information and the image details. Main objective is to develop a DICOM image viewer. The image viewer will open .dcm i.e. DICOM image file and also will have additional features such as zoom in, zoom out, black and white inverter, magnifier, blur, B/W inverter, horizontal and vertical flipping, sharpening, contrast, brightness and .gif converter are incorporated.Keyword - Digital Imaging and Communication in Medicine (DICOM), National Electrical Manufacturers Association (NEMA), Information Object Definitions (IOD), Value Representation (VR).I.IntroductionDICOM stands for Digital Imaging and Communication in Medicine. The DICOM standard addresses the basic connectivity between different imaging devices and also the workflow in a medical imaging department. The DICOM standard was created by the National Electrical Manufacturers Association (NEMA) and it also addresses distribution and viewing of medical images. The standard comprises of 16 parts [1] and it is freely available at the NEMA website: ./dicom.html[2] .Within the innards of the standard are also contained a detailed specification of the file format for images. The latest version of the document is as of 2008[3]. In this article present a viewer for DICOM images DICOM Image File FormatThis present a brief description of the DICOM image file format. Like other image file formats, a DICOM file consists of a header, followed by pixel data. The header comprises of the patient name and other patient particulars and image details. Important in the image details are the image dimensions - width, height and image bits per pixel. All these details are hidden inside the DICOM file in the form of tags and their values. Before it gets into tags and values, a brief about DICOM itself and related terminology is in place. In what follows, this explains only those terms and concepts related to a DICOM file. In particular, this does not discuss the communication and network aspects of the DICOM standard. Everything in DICOM is an object - medical device, patient, etc. An object, as in object oriented programming is characterized by attributes. DICOM objects are standardized according to IODs (Information Object Definitions). An IOD is a collection of attributes describing a data object. In other words, an IOD is a data abstraction of a class of similar real world objects which defines the nature and attributes relevant to that class [4]. DICOM has also standardized on the most commonly used attributes and these are listed in the DICOM data dictionary [6]. An application which does not find a needed attribute name in this standardized list may add its own private entry, termed as a private tag; proprietary attributes are therefore possible in DICOM. Examples of attributes are study date, patient name, modality, transfer syntax UID, etc. As it can be seen, the attributes require different data types for correct representation. This “data type” is termed as Value Representation (VR) in DICOM. There are 27 such VRs defined[5], and these are AE, AS, AT, CS, DA, DS, DT, FL, FD, IS, LO, LT, OB, OF, OW, PN,SH, SL, SQ, SS, ST, TM, UI, UL, UN, US, and UT. For example, DT represents Date Time, a concatenated date time character string in the format YYYYMMDDHHMMSS.FFFFFF&ZZXX. An important characteristic of VR is its length, which should always be even. Characterizing an attribute are its tag, VR, VM (Value Multiplicity) and value. A tag is a 4 byte value which uniquely identifies that attribute. A tag is divided into two parts, the Group Tag and the Element Tag, each of which is of length 2 bytes. For example, the tag 0010 0020 (in hexadecimal) represents Patient ID, with a VR of LO (Long String). In this example, 0010 (hex) is the group tag, and 0020 (hex) is the element tag. The DICOM data dictionary gives a list of all the standardized group and element tags. Also important is to know whether a tag is mandatory or not. For data element type, five categories are defined - Type 1, Type 1C, Type 2, Type 2C, and Type 3. One more important concept is transfer syntax. In simple terms, it tells whether a device can accept the data sent by another device. EachCP1324,I nt e r nat i onal Conf e r e nc e on M e t hods and M ode l s i n Sc i e nc e and Te c hnol ogy (I CM 2ST-10)e di t e d by R. B. Pa t e l a nd B. P. Si ngh© 2010 A m e r i c a n I ns t i t ut e of Phys i c s 978-0-7354-0879-1/10/$30.00device comes with its own DICOM conformance statement, which lists all transfer syntaxes acceptableto the device. Transfer syntax tells how the transferred data and messages are encoded. Part [5 ] of the DICOM standard gives the transfer syntax as a set of encoding rules that allow application entities to unambiguously negotiate the encoding techniques (e.g., data element structure[8], byte ordering, compression) they are able to support, thereby allowing these application entities to communicate. (One more term here - Application Entity is the nameof a DICOM device or program used to uniquely identify it.)Transfer syntaxes for non-compressed images are:x Implicit VR Little Endian, with UID1.2.840.10008.1.2x Explicit VR Little Endian, with UID1.2.840.10008.1.2.1x Explicit VR Big Endian, with UID1.2.840.10008.1.2.2Images compressed using JPEG Lossy or Lossless compression techniques have their own transfer syntax UIDs. A viewer should be able to identify the transfer syntax and decode the image data accordingly; or display appropriate error messages if it cannot handle it. More points on a DICOM file, it is a binary file, which means that an ASCII-character-based text editor like notepad does not show it properly. A DICOM file may be encoded in Little Endian or Big Endian byte orders. Elements in a DICOM file are always in ascending order of tags. Private tags are always odd numbered. With this background, it is now time to develop into the DICOM File Format. A DICOM file consists of Preamble: comprising of 128 bytes, followed by, Prefix: comprising of the characters 'D', 'I', 'C', 'M', followed by, File Meta Header: This comprises, among others, of the Media SOP Class UID, Media SOP Instance UID, and the transfer syntax UID. By default, these are encoded in explicit VR, Little Endian. The data is to be read and interpreted depending upon the VR type. Data Set comprising of a number of DICOM Elements, characterized by tags and their values. The main functionality of a DICOM Image Reader is to read the different tags as per the transfer syntax and then use these values appropriately. An image viewer needs to read the image attributes - image width, height, bits per pixel and the actual pixel data. The viewer presented here can be used to view DICOM images with non-compressed transfer syntax. Open DICOM files with Explicit VR and Implicit VR Transfer Syntax, read DICOM files where image bit depth is 8 or 16 bits. Read a DICOM file with just one image inside it. Read a DICONDE file (a DICONDE file is a DICOM file with NDE - Non Destructive Evaluation - tags inside it). Display the tags in a DICOM file.Enable user to save a DICOM image as JPEG/GIF. This viewer is not intended to check whether all mandatory tags are present, open files with VR other than Explicit and Implicit - in particular, not to open JPEG compressed loss and lossless files. To read old DICOM files - requires the preamble and prefix for sure. Earlier DICOM files do not have the preamble and prefix, and just contain the string 1.2.840.10008 somewhere in the beginning. For the viewer, the preamble and prefix are necessary to read images which are not 8 bit or 16 bit in bit depth. In particular not to open color images, to read a sequence of images. Problem:Other file format used in modern times doesn’t have the facility to obtain the image of the patient and the related details together in the same document thus more storage space is required and difficulties are faced by the user.Solution:We can develop a viewer that that displays the patient details and image details in just one click and in just one file thus making it convenient for the end user. It also takes less storage space.II.Block Diagram Of DICOM FileStructureFigure 1. Block Diagram of DICOM file formatFile Header:The header consists of a 128 byte File Preamble, followed by a 4 byte DICOM prefix. The header may or may not be included in the file [9].Preamble Prefix128 bytes=??? ???4 bytes = ‘D’, ‘I’, ‘C’, ‘M’Table 1: DICOM File HeaderThe DICOM standard does not require any structure for the fixed size preamble. It is not required to be structured as a DICOM data element with a tag and a length. It is intended to facilitate access to the imagesand other data in the DICOM file by providing compatibility with a number of commonly used computer image file formats. If the File preamble is not used by an application profile or a specific implementation, all 128 bytes shall be set to 00H. This is intended to facilitate the recognition that the preamble is used when all 128 bytes are not set as specified above. The file preamble may for example contain information enabling a multi-media application to randomly access images stored in a DICOM data set. The same file can be accessed in two ways: First by a multi-media application using the preamble and second by a DICOM application which ignores the preamble. The four byte DICOM prefix shall contain the character string "DICM" encoded as uppercase characters of the ISO 8859 G0 Character Repertoire. This four byte prefix is not structured as a DICOM data element with a tag and a length.Sample output:Figure 2. Image view at DICOM file formatData Set:Data Element: A unit of information as defined by a single entry in the data dictionary [6]. An encoded Information Object Definition (IOD) attribute that is composed at a minimum three fields: Data Element Tag, Value Length, and Value Field. For some specific transfer syntaxes, a data element also contains a VR field where the value representation of that data element is specified explicitly.Data Element Tag: A unique identifier for a data element composed of an ordered pair of numbers (a group number followed by an element number).Data Element Type: Used to specify whether an attribute of an Information Object Definition. This translates to whether a Data Element of a Data Set is mandatory, mandatory only under certain conditions, or optional.Data Set: Exchanged information consisting of a structured set of Attribute values directly or indirectly related to Information Objects. The value of each Attribute in a Data Set is expressed as a Data Element. A collection of data elements ordered by increasingdata element tag number that is an encoding of the values of attributes of a real world object.Pixel Data: Graphical data (e.g., images or overlays) of variable pixel-depth encoded in the pixel data element, with value representation OW or OB. Additional descriptor data elements are often used to describe the contents of the pixel data element.Value Field: The field within a data element that contains the value(s) of that data element.Value Length: The field within a data element that contains the length of the value field of the data elementValue Representation (VR): Specifies the data type and format of the value(s) contained in the value field of a data element. A data set represents an instance of a real world information object. A data set is constructed of data elements. Data elements contain the encoded values of attributes of that object. The construction, characteristics, and encoding of a data set and its data elements are discussed here.Data Elements: A Data Element is uniquely identified by a Data Element Tag. The Data Elements in a Data Set shall be ordered by increasing Data Element Tag Number and shall occur at most once in a Data Set. There are 2 types of data elementStandard Data Elements have an even Group Number that is not (0000, eeee), (0002, eeee), (0004, eeee), or (0006, eeee). [5]Private Data Elements have an odd Group Number that is not (0001, eeee), (0003, eeee), (0005, eeee), (0007, eeee), or (FFFF, eeee).Although similar or related Data Elements often have the same Group Number; a Data Group does not convey any semantic meaningNote: A Data Element shall have one of three structures. Two of these structures contain the VR of the Data Element (Explicit VR) but differ in the way their lengths are expressed, while the other structure does not contain the VR (Implicit VR). All three structures contain the Data Element Tag, Value Length and Value for the Data Element. See Figure 2.Implicit and Explicit VR Data Elements shall not coexist in a Data Set and Data Sets nested within it. Whether a Data Set uses Explicit or Implicit VR, among other characteristics, is determined by the negotiated Transfer SyntaxFigure 3. Data set and Data elements structureData Element Field:A data element is made up of fields. Three fields are common to all three data element structures; these are the Data Element Tag, Value Length, and Value Field.A fourth field, Value Representation is only present in the two Explicit VR Data Element structures. The definitions of the fields are [6]:Data Element Tag: An ordered pair of 16-bit unsigned integers representing the group number followed by element number.Value Representation: A two byte character string contains the VR of the data element. The VR for a given data element tag shall be as defined by the data dictionary. The two characters VR shall be encoded using characters from the DICOM default character set.Value Length:A 16 or 32-bit (dependent on VR and whether VR is explicit or implicit) unsigned integer containing the explicit length of the value field as the number of bytes (even) that make up the value. It does not include the length of the data element tag, value representation, and value length fields.A 2-bit length field set to undefined length (FFFFFFFFH). Undefined lengths may be used for data elements having the Value Representation (VR) Sequence of Items (SQ) and Unknown (UN). For data elements with value representation OW or OB undefined length may be used depending n the negotiated transfer syntax.Value Field: An even number of bytes containing the Value(s) of the Data Element. The data type of value(s) stored in this field is specified by the data element's VR. The VR for a given data element tag can be determined using the data dictionary [6], or using the VR field if it is contained explicitly within the data element. The VR of standard data elements shall agree with those specified in the data dictionary. The value multiplicity specifies how many values with this VR can be placed in the value field. If the VM is greater than one, multiple values shall be delimited within the value field. The VMs of standard data elements are specified in the data dictionary value fields with undefined length are delimited through the use of sequence delimitation items and item delimitation data elements.RGB Color Model:A color in the RGB color model is described by indicating how much of each of the red, green, and blue is included. The color is expressed as an RGB triplet (r, g, b), each component of which can vary from zero to a defined maximum value. If all the components are at zero the result is black; if all are at maximum, the result is the brightest represent able white [11, 12, and 13].These ranges may be quantified in several different ways: From 0 to 1, with any fractional value in between. This representation is used in theoretical analyses, and in systems that use floating-point representations. Each color component value can also be written as a percentage, from 0% to 100%.ting, the component values are often stored as integer numbers in the range 0 to 255, the range that a single 8-bit byte can offer (by encoding 256 distinct values).High-end digital image equipment can deal with the integer range 0 to 65,535 for each primary color, by employing 16-bit words instead of 8-bit bytes. For example, the full intensity red is written in the different RGB notations as given table 2:Notation RGB tripletArithmetic(1.0, 0.0, 0.0) Percentage(100%, 0%, 0%)Digital 8-bit per channel(255, 0, 0)Table 2. RGB NotationIn this paper the digital 8-bit model as the input file is in binary for the RGB model and the ASCII code of the color has been used in almost all the algorithms of the features of the DICOM Image Viewer.III.System ArchitectureDescription:Parser: It is the first and the most important part of the project. It separates the data set and the image. The input to parser is .dcm file (i.e. a binary file) which is version 1.3, standardized by NEMA [10]. The output i.e. image and data set is then passed on to next stage. DICOM Header: The header is the part which makes DICOM different from all the other file formats. The header encompasses of patient details and image information like pixel representation, height, width, file data length etc. Thus in this stage we read patient details and image information so that they can be processed further.Display Details: The Header details which are processed in the above stage are displayed.Image Processing: In this stage, various features like Zoom In, Zoom Out, Blur, B/W inverter, Horizontal and Vertical flipping, Sharpening, Contrast, Brightness and .gif converter are incorporated. The final processed image in then passed onto the next stage.DICOM Image Viewer: The final image is displayed in this stage.IV.Implementation Images:Figure 5. Image and Text ViewerFigure 6. Invert ImageFigure 7. Blur imageFigure 8. White Inverter imageFigure 9. Zoom In ImageFigure 10. Sharpen ImageFigure 11. Flip Horizontal Image[10]Boqiang Liu, Minghui Zhu, Zhenwang Zhang, CongYin, Zhongguo Liu and Jason Gu* “Medical ImageConversion with DICOM” IEEE2007[11]Foley J., A. van Dam, Fejner S. Hughes J., Computergraphics - principles and practice, Second edition,Addison-Wesley, 1996[12]Gonzales R., R. Woods, Digital Image Processing,Adison Wesley, 1993[13]Marion A., An Introduction to Image Processing,Chapman and Hall, 1991Figure 11. Save Image FileV.ConclusionThe primary aim of this paper is to study “.dcm” fileformat and develop an image viewer with someenhanced features like Zoom, invert, brightness,sharpen and save image as “.gif” format.Implementation of algorithms e.g.. blur, horizontalflipping, vertical flipping black and white inversionetc. Benefits of the “.dcm” file format and imageviewer provides a greater leap to the present medicalscenario further helps for the future development ofvideo player for CT scan and MRI. Display the x-rayimage and the patient details together. Converts“.dcm” file to “.gif” file format. It is cost-effective inand helpful to health care industry. Because of theDICOM viewer images can be captured andcommunicated more quickly helps physician tomake diagnosis sooner and treatment decision can bemade quickly.References[1]Mario Mustra, Kresimir Delac, Mislav Grgic “Overviewof the DICOM Standard” 50th International SymposiumELMAR-2008, 10-12 September 2008, Zadar, Croatia[2]The DICOM Standard, /[3]Digital Imaging and Communications in Medicine(DICOM), NEMA Publications,"DICOM Standard",2008, available at:ftp:///medical/dicom/2008/[4]National Electrical Manufacturers Association “DigitalImaging and Communications in Medicine (DICOM)”Standards Publication PS 3.3-2004, 2009[5]National Electrical Manufacturers Association “DigitalImaging and Communications in Medicine (DICOM)”Standards Publication PS 3.5-2004, 2009[6]National Electrical Manufacturers Association “DigitalImaging and Communications in Medicine (DICOM)”Standards Publication PS 3.6-2004, 2009[7]National Electrical Manufacturers Association “DigitalImaging and Communications in Medicine (DICOM)”Standards Publication PS 3.7-2004, 2009[8]National Electrical Manufacturers Association “DigitalImaging and Communications in Medicine (DICOM)”Standards Publication PS 3.10-2004, 2009[9] “DICOM file structure.htmlCopyright of AIP Conference Proceedings is the property of American Institute of Physics and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use.。
JPEG_LS图像无损压缩算法的FPGA实现
输入原始图像 数据
S1
读入新像素x并 写入RAM
从RAM中读出 S2 相关像素Ra，
Rb，Rc，Rd
计算上下文参
S3
数Q
从RAM中读出 S4 A[Q]、B[Q]、
C[Q]以及N[Q]
S6
开始对像素进
将压缩数据送
S5 行无损压缩
入FIFO
向RAM中写入 S7 更新的上下文Leabharlann S8从FIFO中读出 压缩数据
素值记为 a、b、c、d，以此 4 个像素样本进行寻址和更 式如式（4）所示 ：
新，得到三个梯度值，即确认采用常规编码还是游程编
min ( Ra, Rb) Rc ≥ max ( Ra, Rb)
码。待编码像素的上下文模型如图 2 所示。
= P ( x) max ( Ra, Rb) Rc ≤ min ( Ra, Rb)
原始图像 数据
上下文建模
预测
预测误差 编码
压缩图像 数据
游程编码
图 1 JPEG_LS 无损压缩编码简化框图 Fig.1 Simplified block diagram of JPEG_LS lossless compression
coding
收稿日期 ：2023-04-13 作者简介 ：严丹丹（1986—），女，江苏兴化人，硕士研究生，工程师，从事算法研究及科研项目管理相关工作。
本文所提 JPEG-LS 是由国际电信联盟 ITU 于 1998 年 6 月发布的 ITU-T.87 标准和国际标准化组织 ISO 于 1999 年 12 月发布的 ISO-14495-1 标准，是面向连续色调 静止图像的无损及近无损压缩标准 [2]。JPEG-LS 压缩标 准 以 LOCO-I（Low Complexity Lossless Compression for Images, LOCO-I）算法为核心，包括常规编码、游 程编码、Golomb 编码 [3]。该算法在图片的无损压缩领域 具有高保真度及低复杂度的特点，易于硬件实现 [4,5]，与 现有的 JPEG、JPEG2000 等图像压缩算法相比，JPEGLS 无损压缩算法在硬件实现方面具有明显的优势 [5]。
基于视觉传达效果的图像压缩感知重建算法研究
文章编号:1007-757X(2021)04-0061-05基于视觉传达效果的图像压缩感知重建算法研究沈凤仙(三江学院计算机科学与工程学院，江苏南京210000)摘要：针对传统的图像压缩感知重建算法的视觉传达效果不好、成像质量低0缺4,将图像分块理论D入压缩感知图像重建，结合曲波变换具有适合表达边缘细节信息和曲线信息的优4,利用曲波变换对MRI图像进行稀疏表示，形成一种基于视觉传达效果的MRI图像压缩感知图像重构算法#选择信噪比、相对"误差和匹配度为评价m标，通过无噪图像、加噪图像、不同采样频率对重构图像质量影响进行3组实验#实验结果表明，图像重构时，在信噪比、相对"误差和匹配度3个评价m 标上，提出的算法GPBDCT均优于SIDCT和PBDCT，同时GPBDCT具有很强的抵抗噪声的能力，在保持图像细节和边缘方面效果很好#关键词：小波变换；曲波变换；压缩感知；正则化参数；采样频率；信噪比中图分类号：TN911.73文献标志码：AStudy on Image Compression Perceptual ReconstructionAlgorithm Based on Visual Communication EffectSHEN Fengxian(School of Computer Science and Engineering,Sanjiang University,Nanjing210000,China)Abstract:Aiming at the shortcomings of traditional image compression perceptual reconstruction algorithm,such as bad visual communicatione f ectandlowimagequality,thetheoryofimageblockisappliedintothereconstructionofcompressedpercep-ualimagesTCombiningtheadvantagesofcurvelettransform,whichissuitableforexpressingedgedetailsandcurveinforma-ion,the MRIimagesarerepresentedsparinglybycurvelettransformTAn MRIimagereconstructionalgorithmbasedonvisual communication effect is proposed.The signal-to-noise ratio,relative—error and matching degree are selected as the evaluation indexes.The results of three groups of experiments show that the quality of reconstructed images is affected by noise-free images,noisy images and different sampling frequencies and PBDCT is superior to SIDCT and PBDCT in SNR,relative—error and matching degree.PBDCT has strong ability to resist noise and is good at preserving image details and edges.Key words:wavelet transform；curvelet transform；compression perception；regularization parameter；sampling frequency%SNR0引言磁共振成像(Magnetic Resonance Imaging,MRI)技术能够提供活体组织的细节图像，同时具有对人体无辐射性伤害等优点，因此被广泛地应用于人脑、胸部、心脏以及人体其他部位结构的成像。