【备考必备】托福TPO24阅读长难句资料汇总
托福阅读TPO24-1 Lake Water
Tpo24Lake WaterWhere does the water in a lake come from, and how does water leave it? Water enters a lake from inflowing rivers, from underwater seeps and springs, from overland flow off the surrounding land, and from rain falling directly on the lake surface. Water leaves a lake via outflowing rivers, by soaking into the bed of the lake, and by evaporation. So much is obvious.The questions become more complicated when actual volumes of water are considered: how much water enters and leaves by each route? Discovering the inputs and outputs of rivers is a matter of measuring the discharges of every inflowing and outflowing stream and river. Then exchanges with the atmosphere are calculated by finding the difference between the gains from rain, as measured (rather roughly) by rain gauges, and the losses by evaporation, measured with models that correct for the other sources of water loss. For the majority of lakes, certainly those surrounded by forests, input from overland flow is too small to have a noticeable effect. Changes in lake level not explained by river flows plus exchanges with the atmosphere must be due to the net difference between what seeps into the lake from the groundwater and what leaks into the groundwater. Note the word "net": measuring the actual amounts of groundwater seepage into the lake and out of the lake is a much more complicated matter than merely inferring their difference.Once all this information has been gathered, it becomes possible to judge whether a lake’s flow is mainly due to its surface inputs and outputs or to its underground inputs and outputs. If the former are greater, the lake is a surface-water-dominated lake; if the latter, it is a seepage-dominated lake. Occasionally, common sense tells you which of these two possibilities applies. For example, a pond in hilly country that maintains a steady water level all through a dry summer in spite of having no streams flowing into it must obviously be seepage dominated. Conversely, a pond with a stream flowing in one end and out the other, which dries up when the stream dries up, is clearly surface water dominated.By whatever means, a lake is constantly gaining water and losing water: its water does not just sit there, or, anyway, not for long. This raises the matter of a lake’s residence time. The residence time is the average length of time that any particular molecule of water remains in the lake, and it is calculated by dividing the volume of water in the lake by the rate at which water leaves the lake. The residence time is an average; the time spent inthe lake by a given molecule (if we could follow its fate) would depend on the route it took: it might flow through as part of the fastest, most direct current, or it might circle in a backwater for an indefinitely long time.Residence times vary enormously. They range from a few days for small lakes up to several hundred years for large ones; Lake Tahoe, in California, has a residence time of 700 years. The residence times for the Great Lakes of North America, namely, Lakes Superior, Michigan, Huron, Erie, and Ontario, are, respectively, 190,100,22,2.5, and 6 years. Lake Erie’s is the lowest: although its area is larger than Lake Ontario’ s, its volume is less than one-third as great because it is so shallow-less than 20 meters on average.A given lake’s residence time is by no means a fixed quantity. It depends on the rate at which water enters the lake, and that depends on the rainfall and the evaporation rate. Climatic change (the result of global warming?) is dramatically affecting the residence times of some lakes in northwestern Ontario, Canada. In the period 1970 to 1986, rainfall in the area decreased from 1,000 millimeters to 650 millimeters per annum, while above-average temperatures speeded up the evapotranspiration rate (the rate at which water is lost to the atmosphere through evaporation and the processes of plant life).The result has been that the residence time of one of the lakes increased from 5 to 18 years during the study period. The slowing down of water renewal leads to a chain of further consequences; it causes dissolved chemicals to become increasingly concentrated, and this, in turn, has a marked effect on all living things in the lake.paragraph1: Where does the water in a lake come from, and how does water leave it? Water enters a lake from inflowing rivers, from underwater seeps and springs, from overland flow off the surrounding land, and from rain falling directly on the lake surface. Water leaves a lake via outflowing rivers, by soaking into the bed of the lake, and by evaporation. So much is obvious.1. The phrase So much in the passage refers to○the negative effects of overland flow, rain, and evaporation on river water levels○water that a lake loses to outflowing rivers, to the lake bed, and to evaporation○the importance of rivers to the maintenance of lake water levels○the information given about ways that water can enter or exit a lakeparagraph2: The questions become more complicated when actual volumes of water are considered: how much water enters and leaves by each route? Discovering the inputs and outputs of rivers is a matter of measuring the discharges of every inflowing and outflowing stream and river. Then exchanges with theatmosphere are calculated by finding the difference between the gains from rain, as measured (rather roughly) by rain gauges, and the losses by evaporation, measured with models that correct for the other sources of water loss. For the majority of lakes, certainly those surrounded by forests, input from overland flow is too small to have a noticeable effect. Changes in lake level not explained by river flows plus exchanges with the atmosphere must be due to the net difference between what seeps into the lake from the groundwater and what leaks into the groundwater. Note the word "net": measuring the actual amounts of groundwater seepage into the lake and out of the lake is a much more complicated matter than merely inferring their difference.2. The word in the passage is closest in meaning to○results○increases○resources○savings3. Which of the following can be inferred from paragraph 2 about the movement of water into a lake?○Heavy rain accounts for most of the water that enters into lakes.○Rainfall replaces approximately the amount of water lost through evaporation.○Overland flow into lakes is reduced by the presence of forests.○Seepage has a smaller effect on water level than an y other input.4. Why does the author use the phrase Note the word "net" in the passage?○To emphasize the impact of seepage on water levels○To point out that seepage is calculated differently from river flows and atmospheric exchanges○To compare the different methods of calculating seepage○To emphasize the difficulty of obtaining specific values for seepage inputs and outputsparagraph3: Once all this information has been gathered, it becomes possible to judge whether a lake’s flow is mainly due to its surface inputs and outputs or to its underground inputs and outputs. If the former are greater, the lake is a surface-water-dominated lake; if the latter, it is a seepage-dominated lake. Occasionally, common sense tells you which of these two possibilities applies. For example, a pond in hilly country that maintains a steady water level all through a dry summer in spite of having no streams flowing into it must obviously be seepage dominated. Conversely, a pond with a stream flowing in one end and out the other, which dries up when the stream dries up, is clearly surface water dominated.5. The word Conversely meaning to○on the other hand○in the same way○in other words○on average6. According to paragraph 3, which of the following best describes a seepage-dominated lake?○A lake that is fed by streams but still has fluctuating water levels○A lake with a constant water level that has no streams or rivers as inputs○A lake with a stream flowing into it and a stream flowing out of i t○A lake that has surface and underground inputs but loses water during dry seasonsparagraph4: By whatever means, a lake is constantly gaining water and losing water: its water does not just sit there, or, anyway, not for long. This raises the matter of a lake’s residence time. The residence time is the average length of time that any particular molecule of water remains in the lake, and it is calculated by dividing the volume of water in the lake by the rate at which water leaves the lake. The residence time is an average; the time spent in the lake by a given molecule (if we could follow its fate) would depend on the route it took: it might flow through as part of the fastest, most direct current, or it might circle in a backwater for an indefinitely long time.7. It can be inferred from paragraph 4 that the length of time a given molecule of water remains in a lake○depends entirely upon the average speed of a lake' s currents○can be measured b y the volume of the lake alone○can be greater or lesser than the residence time○is similar to the length of time all other molecules remain in that lakeparagraph5: Residence times vary enormously. They range from a few days for small lakes up to several hundred years for large ones; Lake Tahoe, in California, has a residence time of 700 years. The residence times for the Great Lakes of North America, namely, Lakes Superior, Michigan, Huron, Erie, and Ontario, are, respectively, 190,100,22,2.5, and 6 year s. Lake Erie’s is the lowest: although its area is larger than Lake Ontario’ s, its volume is less than one-third as great because it is so shallow-less than 20 meters on average.8. According to paragraph 5, Lake Erie's residence time is lower than Lake Ontario's for which of the followingreasons?○Lake Erie has a larger area than Lake Ontario.○Lake Ontario is shallower than Lake Erie.○Lake Ontario has a greater volume than Lake Erie.○Lake Erie receives less rainfall than Lake Ontario.9. Why does the author discuss the Great Lakes in paragraph 5?○To demonstrate the extent to which residence times vary from lake to lake○To illustrate how residence times are calculated for specific lakes○To argue that the residence time of a lake increases with area○To emphasize that Lake Tahoe' s residence time is unusually longParagraph 6: A given lake's residence time is by no means a fixed quantity. It depends on the rate at which water enters the lake, and that depends on the rainfall and the evaporation rate. Climatic change (the result of global warming?) is dramatically affecting the residence times of some lakes in northwestern Ontario. Canada. In the period 1970 to 1986, rainfall in the area decreased from 1,000 millimeters to 650 millimeters per annum, while above-average temperatures speeded up the evapotranspiration rate (therate at which water is lost to the atmosphere through evaporation and the processes of plant life). Thechemicals to become increasingly concentrated, and this, in turn, has a marked effect on all living things in the lake.○expected○additional○serious○unfortunate11. According to paragraph 6, which of the following explains the increase in residence time of some lakes of northwestern Ontario?○The amount of water flowing into the lakes has increased.○The rate of evaporation has decreased more sharply than the amount of rainfall.○The renewal of the lakes' water has slowed due to changes in climate.○Plants have required less water from the lakes12. According to paragraph 6, residence time is affected by all of the following EXCEPT○amount of rainfall○rate of evaporation ○temperature of surrounding air○concentration of chemicals in lake waterparagraph3: Once all this information has been gathered, it becomes possible to judge whether a lake’s flow is mainly due to its surface inputs and outputs or to its underground inputs and outputs. [■] If the former are greater, the lake is a surface-water-dominated lake; if the latter, it is a seepage-dominated lake. [■] Occasionally, common sense tells you which of these two possibilities applies. [■] For example, a pond in hilly country that maintains a steady water level all through a dry summer in spite of having no streams flowing into it must obviously be seepage dominated. Conversely, a pond with a stream flowing in one endand out the other, which dries up when the stream dries up, is clearly surface water dominated. [■]13. Look at the four squares III that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage.Of course, a lake may be neither surface-water-nor seepage-dominated if, for example, its inputs are predominantly surface and its outputs are predominantly seepage.Where would the sentence best fit? Click on a square to add the sentence to the passage.14. Directions: An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below. Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas in the passage. Some sentences do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage.This question is worth 2 points.Water enters, remains, and eventually leaves a lake in a variety of ways.●●●Answer Choices○By measuring the water quantities at each of a lake's inputs and outputs, it can be determined whether water enters the lake mainly from surface or groundwater sources.○Changes in lake level and volume are caused principally by the amount of evaporat ion of water into the atmosphere.○It is sometimes possible to decide whether a lake is surface water dominated or seepage ○dominated by simple observation at different seasons.○The average period of time that molecules of water spend in a lake—the residence time—varies from lake to lake and overtime within a particular lake.○The residence times of surface-water-dominated lakes are usually longer than those of seepage-dominated lakes.○The residence time of a lake frequently depends on the kinds of organis ms to be found in the lake.参考答案:1.42.23.34.45.16.27.38.39.110. 211. 312. 413. 414.By measuring the...It is sometimes possible to decide...The average period of time。
托福阅读TPO24(试题+答案+译文)第2篇-BreathingDuringSleep整理
托福阅读TPO24(试题+答案+译文)第2篇:BreathingDuringSleep整理为了关心大家备考托福阅读，提高成果，下面我给大家带来托福阅读TPO24(试题+答案+译文)第2篇:Breathing During Sleep，盼望大家喜爱!托福阅读原文【1】Of all the physiological differences in human sleep compared with wakefulness that have been discovered in the last decade, changes in respiratory control are most dramatic. Not only are there differences in the level of the functioning of respiratory systems, there are even changes in how they function. Movements of the rib cage for breathing are reduced during sleep, making the contractions of the diaphragm more important. Yet because of the physics of lying down, the stomach applies weight against the diaphragm and makes it more difficult for the diaphragm to do its job. However, there are many other changes that affect respiration when asleep.【2】During wakefulness, breathing is controlled by two interacting systems. The first is an automatic, metabolic system whose control is centered in the brain stem. It subconsciously adjusts breathing rate and depth in order to regulate the levels of carbon dioxide (CO2) and oxygen (O2), and the acid-base ratio in the blood. The second system is the voluntary, behavioral system. Its control center is based in the forebrain, and it regulates breathing for use in speech, singing, sighing, and so on. It is capable of ignoring or overriding the automatic, metabolic system and produces an irregular pattern of breathing.【3】During NREM (the phase of sleep in which there is no rapid eye movement) breathing becomes deeper and more regular, but there is also a decrease in the breathing rate, resulting in less air being exchanged overall. This occurs because during NREM sleep the automatic, metabolic system has exclusive control over breathing and the body uses less oxygen and produces less carbon dioxide. Also, during sleep the automatic metabolic system is less responsive to carbon dioxide levels and oxygen levels in the blood. Two things result from these changes in breathing control that occur during sleep. First, there may be a brief cessation or reduction of breathing when falling asleep as the sleeper waxes and wanes between sleep and wakefulness and their differing control mechanisms. Second, once sleep is fully obtained, there is an increase of carbon dioxide and a decrease of oxygen in the blood that persists during NREM.【4】But that is not all that changes. During all phases of sleep, several changes in the air passages have been observed. It takes twice as much effort to breathe during sleep because of greater resistance to airflow in the airways and changes in the efficiency of the muscles used for breathing. Some of the muscles that help keep the upper airway open when breathing tend to become more relaxed during sleep, especially during REM (the phase of sleep in which there is rapid eye movement). Without this muscular action, inhaling is like sucking air out of a balloon—the narrow passages tend to collapse. Also there is a regular cycle of change in resistance between the two sides of the nose. If something blocks the good side, such as congestion from allergies or a cold, then resistance increases dramatically. Coupled with these factors is the loss of the complex interactions among the muscles that can change the route of airflow from nose to mouth.【5】Other respiratory regulating mechanisms apparently ceasefunctioning during sleep. For example, during wakefulness there is an immediate, automatic, adaptive increase in breathing effort when inhaling is made more difficult (such as breathing through a restrictive face mask). This reflexive adjustment is totally absent during NREM sleep. Only after several inadequate breaths under such conditions, resulting in the considerable elevation of carbon dioxide and reduction of oxygen in the blood, is breathing effort adjusted. Finally, the coughing reflex in reaction to irritants in the airway produces not a cough during sleep but a cessation of breathing. If the irritation is severe enough, a sleeping person will arouse, clear the airway, then resume breathing and likely return to sleep.【6】Additional breathing changes occur during REM sleep that are even more dramatic than the changes that occur during NREM. The amount of air exchanged is even lower in REM than NREM because, although breathing is more rapid in REM,it is also more irregular, with brief episodes of shallow breathing or absence of breathing. In addition, breathing during REM depends much more on the action of the diaphragm and much less on rib cage action.托福阅读试题1.According to paragraph 1, which of the following can be inferred about the diaphragm during sleep?A.During sleep the diaphragm requires increased movement of the rib cage.B.The diaphragm helps with breathing as movements of the rib cage decrease during sleep.C.The diaphragm requires a great amount of pressure to function properly.D.The diaphragm contributes to the effective functioning of the rib cage.2.According to paragraph 2, all of the following are true of the voluntary breathing system EXCEPT:A.It has its control center in the brain stem.B.It controls breathing for a number of activities during wakefulness.C.It is able to bypass the automatic system.D.It produces an irregular breathing pattern.3.The word exclusive in the passage (paragraph 3) is closest in meaning toA.consistentB.perfectC.partialD.sole4.According to paragraph 3, which of the following may occur just before NREM sleep begins?A.The automatic, metabolic system may increase its dependence on air exchanges.B.Breathing can stop for a short time as a person falls asleep.C.An increase in the oxygen level in the blood can occur as sleep becomes fully obtained.D.The level of carbon dioxide in the blood may drop suddenly.5.What is the authors purpose in stating that inhaling is like sucking air out of a balloon?(in paragraph 4)A.To refute the argument that additional effort is necessary for breathing during sleep.B.To argue that REM sleep is more important than NREM sleep.C.To illustrate the difficulty of breathing during sleep.D.To illustrate how blockage of narrow passages can be prevented during sleep.6.All of the following are mentioned in paragraph 4 as being characteristic of breathing during sleep EXCEPTA.relaxation of the muscles involved in the respiratory system.B.changes in resistance between the two sides of the nose.C.easier airflow in the passages of the upper airway.D.absence of certain complex muscle interactions.7.According to paragraph 5, what happens during NREM sleep when inhaling is difficult?A.There is an immediate, automatic, adaptive increase in breathing effort.B.The sleeping person takes several inadequate breaths before the breathing effort is adjusted.C.The coughing reflex causes the breathing effort to adjust.D.The airways become cleared as the blood removes irritants.8.It can be inferred from paragraph 5 that a very mild irritation during sleep will likely cause the sleeping person toA.increase the breathing effort.B.wake up and remove the source of irritation.C.cough while still sleeping.D.stop breathing temporarily while still sleeping.9.The word considerable (paragraph 5)meaning toA.significant.B.Steady.ual.D.necessary.10.The word resume in the passage (paragraph 5) is closest in meaning toA.reduce.B.stop.C.readjust.D.restart.11.Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage (paragraph 6)? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.A.Because breathing is more shallow and irregular in REM than in NREM, less air is exchanged in REM.B.Breathing in NREM is less effective than breathing in REM because of irregular episodes of rapid breathing during NREM.C.Because breathing is more rapid in NREM sleep than in REM sleep, breathing often becomes shallow.D.Although REM has brief episodes of shallow breathing or lack of breathing, breathing is more rapid than in NREM.12. Look at the four squares [■] that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage. Where would the sentence best fit? Click on a square to add the sentence to the passage. To better understand breathing during sleep, it is, however, helpful to first understand how respiration works in general.paragraph1: Of all the physiological differences in human sleep compared with wakefulness that have been discovered in the last decade, changes in respiratory control are most dramatic. Not only are there differences in the level of the functioning of respiratory systems, there are even changes in how they function. Movements of the rib cage for breathing are reduced during sleep, making the contractions of the diaphragm more important. [■]【A】Yet because of the physics of lying down, the stomach applies weight against the diaphragm and makes it more difficult for the diaphragm to do its job. [■]【B】However, there are many other changes that affect respiration when asleep.paragraph2: [■]【C】During wakefulness, breathing is controlled by two interacting systems. [■]【D】The first is an automatic, metabolic system whose control is centered in the brain stem. It subconsciously adjusts breathing rate and depth in order to regulate the levels of carbon dioxide (CO2) and oxygen (O2), and the acid-base ratio in the blood. The second system is the voluntary, behavioral system. Its control center is based in the forebrain, and it regulates breathing for use in speech, singing, sighing, and so on. It is capable of ignoring or overriding the automatic, metabolic system and produces an irregular pattern of breathing.13.Directions: From the seven statements below, select the statements that correctly characterize breathing during wakefulness and those statements that correctly characterize breathing during sleep. Drag each answer choice you select into the appropriate box of the table. Two of the answer choices will NOT be used. This question is worth 3 points.A.The role of the rib cage increases and the role of the diaphragm decreases.B.Carbon dioxide in blood rises and oxygen drops.C.The coughing reflex is extremely complex.D.A great deal of effort is used for breathing.E.Upper airways are resistant to colds and allergies.F.There is a drop in the volume of air that is exchanged.G.Automatic and voluntary respiratory systems are both involved.1 )WakefulneA B C D E F G2 )SleepA B C D E F G托福（阅读答案）1.以diaphragm做关键词定位至第三句和第四句，说ribcage运动变少，使得diaphragm更重要，但stomach的压力使得diaphragm工作起来更困难，B是正确答案。
托福TPO24【综合写作】阅读+听力文本
小编为托福考生们准备了托福综合写作TPO24,希望各位考生们在TPO写作真题里能够得到锻炼，祝广大托福考生能够取得理想成绩。
TPO 24ReadingAnimal fossils usually provide very little opportunity to study the actualanimal tissues, because in fossils the animals' living tissues have been largelyreplaced by minerals. Thus, scientists were very excited recently when itappeared that a 70-million-year-old fossil of Tyrannosaurus rex (T. rex), adinosaur, might still contain remains of the actual tissues of the animal. Thediscovery was made when researchers deliberately broke open the T. rex’s legbone, thereby exposing its insides to reveal materials that seem to be remainsof blood vessels, red blood cells, and collagen matrix.First, the breaking of the fossilized leg bone revealed many smallbranching channels inside, which probably correspond to hollows in the boneswhere blood vessels were once located. The exciting finding was the presence ofa soft, flexible organic substance inside the channels. This soft substance mayvery well represent the remains of the actual blood vessels of T. rex.Second, microscopic examination of the various parts of the inner bonerevealed the presence of spheres that could be the remains of red blood cells.Tests showed that the spheres contained iron-a material vital to the role of redblood cells in transporting oxygen to tissues. Moreover, the spheres had darkred centers (substances with iron tend to be reddish in color) and were alsoabout the size of red blood cells.Third, scientists performed a test on the dinosaur leg bone that showedthat it contained collagen. Collagen is a fibrous protein that is a main component of living bone tissue, in which it forms a so-called collagen matrix. Collagen (or its chemical derivatives) is exactly the kind of biochemical material that one would expect to find in association with bone tissue. ListeningAs much as we would like to have the remains of actual dinosaur tissue,there are sound reasons for being skeptical of the identifications made in the reading.First, the soft, flexible substance inside the bone channels isn’t necessarily the remains of blood vessels. It is much more likely to be something else. Like what? You might say. Well, long after an organism is died, bacteria sometimes colonize hollows, empty areas in bones, like the channels that once held blood vessels. When bacteria lived inside bones, they often leave behind traces of organic material. What the researchers in the reading are identifying as blood vessels might just be traces of soft and moist residue left by bacteria colonies.All right. What about the iron-filled spheres? Well, the problem is that scientists found identical reddish spheres in fossils of other animals found in the same place. That includes fossils of primitive animals that did not have any red blood cells when they were alive. Clearly, if these spheres appear in organisms that did not have any red blood cells, then the spheres cannot be the remains of red blood cells. The spheres probably have a very different origin. They are probably just pieces of reddish mineral.Third, the collagen. The problem is that we have never found collagen inanimal remains that are older than one hundred thousand years. Collagen probably cannot last longer than that. Finding collagen from an animal that lived seventy million years ago would really contradict our ideas about how long collagen can last. It is just too improbable. The most likely explanation for the presence of collagen is that it doesn’t come from the T.rex, but from another much more recent source. For example, human skin contains collagen, so the collagen may have come from the skin of the researchers who are handling the bone.。
托福备考托福阅读34套TPO样题+解析+译文TPO24--1 Lake Water
托福考试 复习托福阅读TPO24(试题+答案+译文)第1篇:Lake Water托福阅读原文【1】Where does the water in a lake come from, and how does water leave it? Water enters a lake from inflowing rivers, from underwater seeps and springs, from overland flow off the surrounding land, and from rain falling directly on the lake surface. Water leaves a lake via outflowing rivers, by soaking into the bed of the lake, and by evaporation. So much is obvious.【2】The questions become more complicated when actual volumes of water are considered: how much water enters and leaves by each route? Discovering the inputs and outputs of rivers is a matter of measuring the discharges of every inflowing and outflowing stream and river. Then exchanges with the atmosphere are calculated by finding the difference between the gains from rain, as measured (rather roughly) by rain gauges, and the losses by evaporation, measured with models that correct for the other sources of water loss. For the majority of lakes, certainly those surrounded by forests, input from overland flow is too small to have a noticeable effect. Changes in lake level not explained by river flows plus exchanges with the atmosphere must be due to the net difference between what seeps into the lake from the groundwater and what leaksinto the groundwater. Note the word "net": measuring the actual amounts of groundwater seepage into the lake and out of the lake is a much more complicated matter than merely inferring their difference. 【3】Once all this information has been gathered, it becomes possible to judge whether a lake’s flow is mainly due to its surface inputs and outputs or to its underground inputs and outputs. If the former are greater, the lake is a surface-water-dominated lake; if the latter, it is a seepage-dominated lake. Occasionally, common sense tells you which of these two possibilities applies. For example, a pond in hilly country that maintains a steady water level all through a dry summer in spite of having no streams flowing into it must obviously be seepage dominated. Conversely, a pond with a stream flowing in one end and out the other, which dries up when the stream dries up, is clearly surface water dominated.【4】By whatever means, a lake is constantly gaining water and losing water: its water does not just sit there, or, anyway, not for long. This raises the matter of a lake’s residence time. The residence time is the average length of time that any particular molecule of water remains in the lake, and it is calculated by dividing the volume of water in the lake by the rate at which water leaves the lake. The residence time is an average; the time spent in the lake by a given molecule (if we could follow its fate) would depend on the route it took: it might flow through as part of the fastest,most direct current, or it might circle in a backwater for an indefinitely long time.【5】Residence times vary enormously. They range from a few days for small lakes up to several hundred years for large ones; Lake Tahoe, in California, has a residence time of 700 years. The residence times for the Great Lakes of North America, namely, Lakes Superior, Michigan, Huron, Erie, and Ontario, are, respectively, 190,100,22,2.5, and 6 years. Lake Erie’s is the lowest: although its area is larger than Lake Ontario’ s, its volume is less than one-third as great because it is so shallow-less than 20 meters on average.【6】A given lake’s residence time is by no means a fixed quantity. It depends on the rate at which water enters the lake, and that depends on the rainfall and the evaporation rate. Climatic change (the result of global warming?) is dramatically affecting the residence times of some lakes in northwestern Ontario, Canada. In the period 1970 to 1986, rainfall in the area decreased from 1,000 millimeters to 650 millimeters per annum, while above-average temperatures speeded up the evapotranspiration rate (the rate at which water is lost to the atmosphere through evaporation and the processes of plant life).【7】The result has been that the residence time of one of the lakes increased from 5 to 18 years during the study period. The slowing down of water renewal leads to a chain of further consequences; it causesdissolved chemicals to become increasingly concentrated, and this, in turn, has a marked effect on all living things in the lake.托福阅读试题1.The phrase So much in the passage (paragraph 1) refers toA.the negative effects of overland flow, rain, and evaporation on river water levels.B.water that a lake loses to outflowing rivers, to the lake bed, and to evaporation.C.the importance of rivers to the maintenance of lake water levels.D.the information given about ways that water can enter or exit a lake.2.The word gains in the passage (paragraph 2) is closest in meaning toA.results.B.increases.C.resources.D.savings.3.Which of the following can be inferred from paragraph 2 about the movement of water into a lake?A.Heavy rain accounts for most of the water that enters into lakes.B.Rainfall replaces approximately the amount of water lost through evaporation.C.Overland flow into lakes is reduced by the presence of forests.D.Seepage has a smaller effect on water level than any other input.4.Why does the author use the phrase Note the word "net" in the passage (paragraph 2)?A.To emphasize the impact of seepage on water levels.B.To point out that seepage is calculated differently from river flows and atmospheric exchanges.C.To compare the different methods of calculating seepage.D.To emphasize the difficulty of obtaining specific values for seepage inputs and outputs.5.The word Conversely in paragraph 3 meaning toA.on the other hand.B.in the same way.C.in other words.D.on average.6.According to paragraph 3, which of the following best describes a seepage-dominated lake?A.A lake that is fed by streams but still has fluctuating water levels.B.A lake with a constant water level that has no streams or rivers as inputs.C.A lake with a stream flowing into it and a stream flowing out of it.D.A lake that has surface and underground inputs but loses water during dry seasons.7.It can be inferred from paragraph 4 that the length of time a given molecule of water remains in a lakeA.depends entirely upon the average speed of a lake' s currents.B.can be measured by the volume of the lake alone.C.can be greater or lesser than the residence time.D.is similar to the length of time all other molecules remain in that lake.8.According to paragraph 5, Lake Erie's residence time is lower than Lake Ontario's for which of the following reasons?ke Erie has a larger area than Lake Ontario.ke Ontario is shallower than Lake Erie.ke Ontario has a greater volume than Lake Erie.ke Erie receives less rainfall than Lake Ontario.9.Why does the author discuss the Great Lakes in paragraph 5?A.To demonstrate the extent to which residence times vary from lake to lake.B.To illustrate how residence times are calculated for specific lakes.C.To argue that the residence time of a lake increases with area.D.To emphasize that Lake Tahoe' s residence time is unusually long.10.The word further in the passage (paragrapg 6)is closest in meaning toA.expected.B.additional.C.serious.D.unfortunate.11.According to paragraph 6, which of the following explains the increase in residence time of some lakes of northwestern Ontario?A.The amount of water flowing into the lakes has increased.B.The rate of evaporation has decreased more sharply than the amount of rainfall.C.The renewal of the lakes' water has slowed due to changes in climate.D.Plants have required less water from the lakes.12.According to paragraph 6, residence time is affected by all of the following EXCEPTA.amount of rainfall.B.rate of evaporation.C.temperature of surrounding air.D.concentration of chemicals in lake water.13. Look at the four squares III that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage. Where would the sentence best fit? Click on a square to add the sentence to the passage. Of course, a lake may be neither surface-water-nor seepage-dominated if, for example, its inputs are predominantly surface and its outputs are predominantly seepage. paragraph3: Once all this information has been gathered, it becomes possible to judge whether a lake’s flow is mainly due to its surface inputs and outputs or to its underground inputs and outputs. [■]【A】If theformer are greater, the lake is a surface-water-dominated lake; if the latter, it is a seepage-dominated lake. [■]【B】Occasionally, common sense tells you which of these two possibilities applies. [■]【C】For example, a pond in hilly country that maintains a steady water level all through a dry summer in spite of having no streams flowing into it must obviously be seepage dominated. Conversely, a pond with a stream flowing in one end and out the other, which dries up when the stream dries up, is clearly surface water dominated. [■]【D】14. Directions: An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below. Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas in the passage. Some sentences do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage. This question is worth 2 points.Water enters, remains, and eventually leaves a lake in a variety of ways.A.By measuring the water quantities at each of a lake's inputs and outputs, it can be determined whether water enters the lake mainly from surface or groundwater sources.B.Changes in lake level and volume are caused principally by the amount of evaporation of water into the atmosphere.C.It is sometimes possible to decide whether a lake is surface water dominated or seepage dominated by simple observation at differentseasons.D.The average period of time that molecules of water spend in a lake—the residence time—varies from lake to lake and overtime within a particular lake.E.The residence times of surface-water-dominated lakes are usually longer than those of seepage-dominated lakes.F.The residence time of a lake frequently depends on the kinds of organisms to be found in the lake.托福阅读答案1.So much指代前文，说water是怎么enter怎么leave的，所以正确答案是D。
托福阅读TPO长难句分析
托福阅读TPO长难句分析今天我们就以举例来托福托福阅读TPO长难句：举例1If the pores are large, the water in them will exist as drops too heavy for surface tension to hold, and it will drain away; but if the pores are small enough, the water in them will exist as thin films, too light to overcome the force of surface tension holding them in place; then the water will be firmly held.分析：1 并列复合句2 if引导的条件状语从句分句1：the pores（主） are （系）large（表）分句2：the water（主） in them（定） will exist（谓） as drops （状）too heavy for surface tension to hold（定）分句3：it （主）will drain away（谓）分句4： if the pores are small enough,分句5：the water（主） in them （定）will exist （谓）as thin films（状）, too light to overcome the force of surface tension（定） holding them in place（定）分句6： the water （主）will be firmly held（谓）翻译：空隙很大，其中的水会以雨滴的形式存在，重力足以克服表面张力，水会流走；但是如果空隙足够小，水会以薄片的形式存在，重力不足以克服表面的张力，因此水会被稳稳地保存在空隙表面举例2For example, some early societies ceased to consider certain rites essential to their well-being and abandoned them, nevertheless, they retained as parts of their oral tradition the myths that had grown up around the rites and admired them for their artistic qualities rather than for their religious usefulness.分析：并列复合句分句2：Nevertheless引导的并列句分句3：That引导定语从句分句1：some early societies（主） ceased to（谓） consider certain rites essential to their well-being and abandoned them（宾）分句2： they（主） retained （谓）as parts of their oral tradition （状）the myths （宾）and admired（谓） them（宾） for their artistic qualities rather than for their religious usefulness（状）分句3：the myths （主）that had grown up （谓）around the rites（状）翻译：比如，早期的一些科学家已经不再认为一些宗教仪式对他们的幸福生活是必要的，并且抛弃了这些仪式。
托福阅读长难句精选
托福阅读长难句精选为了让大家更好的准备托福考试，给大家整理托福阅读长难句，下面就和大家分享，来欣赏一下吧。
托福阅读长难句1一般情况下，句子主语、宾语和句子中其他部分的名词可能因包含大量前置或后置定语成分而变得非常复杂，而整句的谓语动词，其前后最多有副词作修饰，所以相对容易判断。
我们一旦找到整句谓语动词，它的施动者-主语、受动者-谓语以及主干也自然容易进一步识别。
例句1：A desire to throw over reality a lightthat never was might give away abruptly to the desire on the part of what wemight consider a novelist-scientistto record exactly and concretely thestructure and texture of a flower.这个句子里出现的动词有throw, was, might give, mightconsider和record等。
首先，动词不定式不能作谓语，去掉throw和record;was 后不能紧跟情态动词，所以was和might give应属不同的句子，往前看我们发现that never was形成S+V格式，且紧跟着名词light后，再根据句意判断可知that never was 为a light的后置定语从句;稍作判断可知to throw over reality a light 为不定式做A desire的后置定语，此时吧它的不定式后置定语及alight的后置定语拿掉可得到简化结构：A desire might give awayabruptly to thedesire…。
Abruptly显然修饰动词短语give away。
至此我们得到a desire(S)+might giveaway(V)+thedesire(O), 经过这样的简化，整句主干已经得到;至于might consider, 明显和它前面的we组成S+V格式，这个从句跟在on the part of 后面做整句宾语thedesire的后置定语从句纵观整句，主语谓语后都跟了较长的定语成分，造成我们判断它们终结位置的困难。
托福阅读备考之长难句分析集锦
托福阅读备考之长难句分析集锦在托福阅读考试中，最让大家为难的是长难句了。
对长难句阅读要学会化繁为简，才有助于托福阅读的答题；下面小编给大家带来托福阅读备考之长难句分析集锦，供大家参考学习。
托福阅读备考之长难句分析：二战之后的加拿大托福阅读长难句：二战之后的加拿大Basic to any understanding of Canada in the 20 years after the Second World War is the country's impressive population growth.(倒装结构Basic to any understanding…is…)要理解二战之后20年中的加拿大，就必须了解该国惊人的人口增长。
分句1：Basic to any understanding of Canada in the 20 years after the Second World War分句2：is分句3：the country's impressive population growth分句1，2，3共同构成倒装句，正常的语序应该是3，2，1，即：该句的正常语序是The country's impressive population growth is basic to any understanding of Canada in the 20 years after the Second World War.本句是一个简单句，只不过使用了倒装，谓语动词是is.托福阅读备考之长难句分析：深海底部环境托福阅读长难句：深海底部环境Totally without light and subjected to intense pressures hundreds of times greater than at the Earth’s surface，the deep—ocean bottom is a hostile environment to humans，in some ways as forbidding and remote as the void of outer space.(定语后置in some ways…)【译句】由于完全没有光，而且承受着比在地球表面大数百倍的极大压力，深海底部对人类而言是一个充满敌意的环境，在某些方面就像外层空间一样险恶和遥远。
托福阅读词汇：TPO24 Moving into Pueblos
智课网TOEFL备考资料托福阅读词汇：TPO24 Moving into Pueblos摘要：托福阅读词汇：TPO24 Moving into Pueblos!小编为大家整理的托福阅读TPO24-Moving into Pueblos中的所有有价值学习的词汇，学术词汇较多，希望可以帮助到大家。
托福阅读词汇：TPO24 Moving into Pueblos!小编为大家整理的托福阅读 TPO24-Moving into Pueblos中的所有有价值学习的词汇，学术词汇较多，希望可以帮助到大家。
扫码立即获取托福阅读词汇：TPO24 Moving into Pueblos资料：在托福备考中，词汇是基础。
在托福阅读备考时，考生为了提高阅读速度，往往需要一段时间的词汇积累。
但是参照以往的考生备考经验已经大多教师的建议，最高效的记忆托福阅读词汇的方法还是从阅读过程中积累。
所以小马托福小编为了减轻大家在积累过程中的前期工作，为大家整理出TPO24-Moving into Pueblos中的所有有价值学习的词汇，分享给大家，希望大家可以学习一下，从一点一滴开始学习词汇。
核心词汇音标词性释义近义词例句dwelling ['dwelɪŋ] n. 住处;寓所 residence Some 3,500 new dwellings are planned for the area.extended-family -- n. 大家庭 -- Last year, Choi Hyun-sil and her husband Kim Kyung-ho led their extended family through a perilous two-month odyssey across China to arrive in Seoul in December.autonomy [ɔː'tɒnəmɪ] n. 自治，自治权 self-rule If that means autonomy, doesn't it risk similar demands in other provinces inclined to break away?construction [kən'strʌkʃ(ə)n] n. 建设;建筑物;解释;造句 building Weak housing sales mean fewer jobs in the construction industry, which normally powers economic recoveries.elevation [,elɪ'veɪʃ(ə)n] n. 高地;海拔;提高 height Morgan's elevation was welcomed by David Collier, who has worked alongside him as ECB chief executive.communal ['kɒmjʊn(ə)l] adj. 公共的;公社的 -- The poisonous atmosphere comes at a still fragile time in the development of Muslimcommunal life.dense [dens] adj. 稠密的;浓厚的;愚钝的 crass Your kids choose their lunch from the bakery and you picnic in beautiful denseforest.traumatic [trɔː'mætɪk] adj. 外伤的;创伤的 -- Chronic traumatic encephalopathy is a degenerative, dementia-likebrain disease linked to repeated brain trauma.aggregated ['ægrigitid] adj. 聚合的;合计的 polymeric There are concerns that personal content will become aggregated for marketing or other purposes.hygienic [haɪ'dʒiːnɪk] adj. 卫生的，保健的;卫生学的 sanitary She also recommended standard hygienic procedures such as washing hands before eating or cooking.influential [,ɪnflʊ'enʃ(ə)l] adj. 有影响的;有势力的 predominant Gary Panter has been one of the most influential figures in visual culture sincethe mid-1970s.corresponding [,kɒrɪ'spɒndɪŋ] adj. 相当的，相应的;一致的 consistent But the corresponding boost to debt and consumption in America has come from the stockmarket.arable ['ærəb(ə)l] adj. 适于耕种的;可开垦的 tillable Arable farmers do not expect to irrigate their crops, unlike fruit and vegetable farmers.construct [kən'strʌkt] v. 建造，构造;创立 institute Obviously, it's simply a facility that took a lot to construct and a lot to operate.dominate ['dɒmɪneɪt] v. 控制;支配;占优势 advantage over Australian-based companies now dominate New Zealand's media and banking sectors and are making inroads into retail.culminate ['kʌlmɪneɪt] v. 到绝顶;达到高潮;达到顶点 top The labor action is to culminate in a two-day nationwide general strike on Oct. 19-20.infringe [ɪn'frɪn(d)ʒ] v. 侵犯;违反;破坏 destroy No one may invoke cultural diversity to infringe human rights or to limit their scope.学术词汇音标词性释义canyon ['kænjən] n. 峡谷cliff [klɪf] n. 悬崖;绝壁dam [dæm] n. 水坝;障碍reservoir ['rezəvwɑ: (r)] n. 水库;蓄水池terrace ['terəs] n. 平台;梯田;阳台hemisphere ['hemɪsfɪə] n. 半球相关推荐:李笑来新托福词汇题整理托福词汇完整版含机经单词小马托福听力分类词汇文本+音频相关字搜索：托福阅读词汇：TPO24。
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矿产资源开发利用方案编写内容要求及审查大纲
矿产资源开发利用方案编写内容要求及《矿产资源开发利用方案》审查大纲一、概述
㈠矿区位置、隶属关系和企业性质。
如为改扩建矿山, 应说明矿山现状、
特点及存在的主要问题。
㈡编制依据
(1简述项目前期工作进展情况及与有关方面对项目的意向性协议情况。
(2 列出开发利用方案编制所依据的主要基础性资料的名称。
如经储量管理部门认定的矿区地质勘探报告、选矿试验报告、加工利用试验报告、工程地质初评资料、矿区水文资料和供水资料等。
对改、扩建矿山应有生产实际资料, 如矿山总平面现状图、矿床开拓系统图、采场现状图和主要采选设备清单等。
二、矿产品需求现状和预测
㈠该矿产在国内需求情况和市场供应情况
1、矿产品现状及加工利用趋向。
2、国内近、远期的需求量及主要销向预测。
㈡产品价格分析
1、国内矿产品价格现状。
2、矿产品价格稳定性及变化趋势。
三、矿产资源概况
㈠矿区总体概况
1、矿区总体规划情况。
2、矿区矿产资源概况。
3、该设计与矿区总体开发的关系。
㈡该设计项目的资源概况
1、矿床地质及构造特征。
2、矿床开采技术条件及水文地质条件。