淮师英美文学名词解释期末复习要点

一、英美文学名词解释

英国文学

1.Romance (P2)

The romance was a long composition, sometimes in verse, sometimes in prose, It is

a literary genre popular in the medieval England. It sings knightly adventures or other heroic deeds. Chivalry (such as bravery, honor, generosity, loyalty and kindness to the weak and poor) is the spirit of romance. The medieval romances were tales of chivalry or amorous adventure occurring in King Arthur's court. "Sir Gawain and the Green Knight" is an example of a medieval romance.

浪漫是一个漫长的成分,有时在诗,有时在散文里,它是一个文学流派在中世纪的英国,唱流行骑士的冒险或其他的英雄事迹。骑士精神(如勇敢、荣誉、慷慨、忠诚和善良弱者和穷人)是浪漫的精神。中世纪的浪漫骑士精神的故事或多情的冒险发生在亚瑟王朝的。《高文爵士和绿衣骑士”的一个例子是一个中世纪的浪漫。

2. Epic

Epic is an extended narrative poem in elevated or dignified language, like Homer’

s Iliad and Odyssey. It usually celebrates the feats of one or more legendary or traditional heroes. The action is simp le but magnificent. Today, some long narrative works, like novels that reveal an age and its people, are also called e pic.

史诗是一种扩展的叙事诗在高架或高贵的语言,像荷马的《伊利亚特》和《奥德赛》。通常庆祝的一个或多个传奇或传统的英雄壮举。简单而华丽的动作。今天,一些长叙事作品,如小说,揭示时代和人民,也被称为史诗。

3.Folk ballad (P7)

The folk ballad was one of the earliest forms of literature. Folk ballads have no known authors. They were transmitted orally from generation to generation and were not set down in writing until centurie s after they were first sung. The subject matter of folk ballads stems from the everyday life of the co mmon people. Devices commonly used in ballads are the refrain, incremental repetition, and code la nguage. A later form of ballad is the literary ballad, which imitates the style of the folk ballad.

民间歌谣是最早的文学形式之一。民间歌谣没有已知的作者。他们世代口头传播,没有制定书面世纪直到他们第一次唱。民谣的主题从百姓的日常生活。设备常用的民谣是避免,增量重复,和代码语言。后来的民谣形式是文学民谣,模仿民间歌谣的风格。

4. Renaissance (P12)

The Renaissance, therefore, in essence, is a historical period in which the European humanist thinker s and scholars tried to get rid of those old feudalistic ideas in Medieval Europe, to introduce new idea s that express the interests of the rising bourgeoisie, and to recover the purity of the early church fro m the corruption of the Roman Catholic church. Humanism is the essence of the Renaissance

文艺复兴时期,因此,从本质上说,是一个历史时期的欧洲人文主义思想家和学者试图摆脱那些旧的封建思想在中世纪的欧洲,引入新思想,表达上升的资产阶级的利益,和恢复早期教会的纯度腐败的罗马天主教会,人文主义是文艺复兴的精华。

5.Sonnet

Sonnet is a type of poem consisting of one single fourteen-line stanza. It was perfected by the Italian poet in the 13th century and introduced into England in the early 16th century. A sonnet usually expr ess a single theme or idea. Sonnets are usually divided into two types: Italian sonnet and the English or Shakespearean sonnet\十四行诗是一种诗组成的一个14线节。这是完美的意大利诗人在13世纪和16世纪初传入英格兰。一首十四行诗通常表达一个主题或想法。十四行诗通常分为两种类型:意大利十四行诗和英语或莎士比亚的十四行诗

6.Enlightenment (P44)

Enlightenment, also known as the Age of Reason, was a time when man began to use his reason to d iscover the world, casting off the superstition and fear of the medieval world. The effort to discover t he natural laws which governed the universe led to scientific, political and social advances. Enlighten ment thinkers examined the rational basis of all beliefs and in the process rejected the authority of ch urch and state.

启蒙运动,也被称为理性时代,当时的人开始用他的理由来发现世界,摆脱中世纪的迷信和恐惧。努力发现统治宇宙的自然法则导致科学、政治和社会进步。启蒙思想家检查所有信仰的理性基础,在这个过程中拒绝了教会和国家的权威

7. Neoclassicism (P45)

English Neoclassicism is a type of classicism which draws its name from its finding in classical litera ture of ancient Greek and Roman writers and in contemporary French neoclassical writings the mode l for its literary expressions and a group of attitudes toward life and art. The neoclassicist believed th at the artistic ideals should be order, logic, restrained emotion and accuracy and literature’s service to humanity. They followed some fixed laws and rules. It dominated English literature in the restoratio n age and in the 18th century, a period that includes the major achievements of John Dryden，Alexander Pope and Samuel Johnson.

8.Romanticism

An artistic and intellectual movement originating in Europe in the late 18th century and characterized by a heightened interest in nature, emphasis on the individual's expression of emotion and imaginati on, departure from the attitudes and forms of classicism.

English literary romanticism is from the publication of Wordsworth and Coleridge’s Lyrical Ballads in 1798 to the death of Sir Walter Scott in 1832.

一种艺术和智力运动起源于欧洲在18世纪晚期,以提高对自然的兴趣,强调个人情感和想象力的表达的,偏离了态度和形式的古典风格。

英语文学浪漫主义从华兹华斯和柯勒律治的抒情诗集的出版在1798年死亡的1832年沃尔特·斯科特爵士。

9.Gothic novel (P83)

A novel in which supernatural horrors and an atmosphere of unknown terror pervades the action. The setting is often a dark, mysterious castle, where ghosts and sinister humans roam menacingly. Horac

e Walpole invented the genre with his Castle o

f Otranto. (Gothic elements include these:

1.Ancient prophecy, especially mysterious, obscure, or hard to understand.

2.Mystery and suspense

3.High emotion, sentimentalism, but also pronounced anger, surprise, and especially terror

小说中,超自然的恐怖和未知的恐怖的氛围弥漫。设置通常是一个黑暗、神秘的城堡,鬼和邪恶的人类蔓延并威胁。霍勒斯·沃波尔发明了风格与他的奥特兰托城堡。(哥特式元素包括:

1.古代预言,尤其是神秘、模糊或难以理解。

2.神秘和悬念

3.高情感,感情主义,但也明显的愤怒,惊讶,尤其是恐惧

10. Modernism (P136-137)

Modernism was an international movement in literature and arts, especially in literary criticism, bega n in the late 19th century and flourished until 1950s. Modernism takes the irrational philosophy and t he theory of psychoanalysis as its theoretical base. The major themes of the modernist literature are t he distorted alienated and ill relationships between man and nature, man and society, man and man, man and himself. In English literature it is particularly associated with the writings of T. S. Eliot, Ez ra Pound, James Joyce, Virginia Woolf, W. B. Yeats, and Joseph Conrad.

现代主义文学和艺术是一个国际运动,特别是在文学批评,始于19世纪晚期,盛行,直到1950年代。现代主义以非理性哲学和精神分析理论为其理论基础。现代主义文学的主题是扭曲的疏远和生病的人与自然之间的关系,人与社会,人与人,人与自己。在英语文学特别是与t·s·艾略特的著作,庞德,詹姆斯·乔伊斯,弗吉尼亚·伍尔夫,叶芝,约瑟夫·康拉德。

11.Stream of consciousness

Stream of consciousness is one of the modern literary techniques. It is the style of writing that attempts to imitate the natural flow of a character’s thoughts, feelings, reflections, memories, and mental images as the character experiences them. It was first used in 1922 by the Irish novelist James Joyce. Those novels broke through the bounds of time and space, and depicted vividly and skillfully the unconscious activity of the mind fast changing and flowing incessantly, particularly the hesitant, misted, distracted and illusory psychology people had when they faced reality. The modern American writer William Faulkner successfully advanced this technique. In his stories, action and plots were less important than the reactions and inner musings of the narrators. Time sequences were often dislocated. The reader feels himself to be a participant in the stories, rather than an observer. A high degree of emotion can be achieved by this technique.

意识流是现代文学的技术之一。写作的风格,尝试模仿角色的自然流动的思想,感情,倒影,记忆,和心理图片人物的经历。这是第一次使用1922年爱尔兰小说家詹姆斯·乔伊斯。这些小说突破了时间和空间的界限,和生动的描绘,巧妙地心灵的潜意识活动快速变化和不断流动,特别是犹豫,迷离,心烦意乱,虚幻的心理人当他们面对现实。现代美国作家威廉·福克纳成功先进的这种技术。在他的故事,情节行动和不太重要的叙述者的反应和内心深思。时间序列通常是混乱的。读者感觉自己是故事的参与者,而不是一个观察者。高度的情感可以通过这种方法来实现。

12. Imagism

Imagism is a school of poetry that flourished in North America and England, but especially in the United States, at the beginning of the Twentieth century. Imagists rejected the sentimentalism of late 19th century verse in favor of a poetry that relied on concrete imagery. Imagist poems, which are typically written in free verse, are generally short since Imagists seek above all else to write concentrated poetry. They seek to render the poet’s response to a visual impression as concisely and precisely as possible.

意象派是学校盛行于北美和英国的诗歌,尤其是在美国,20世纪初。意象派诗人的感情主义拒绝了19世纪后期诗歌的诗歌,依赖于具体的意象。意象派诗人的诗歌,这通常用自由诗体,通常短由于意象派诗人首先寻求集中写诗。他们试图呈现诗人的反应尽可能简明和准确的视觉印象。

13. Blank verse

Blank verse is a type of poetry, distinguished by having a regular meter, but no rhyme. In English, the meter most commonly used with blank verse has been iambic pentameter. Blank verse was introduced into English verse by Henry Howard, Earl of Surrey, who along with his older friend Sir

Thomas Wyatt also introduced the sonnet and other Italian poetic forms into English poetry in the sixteenth century. It soon became the standard metre for dramatic poetry and a widely used form for narrative poems. Much of the finest verse in English---by Shakespeare, Milton, Wordsworth---has been written in blank verse.

无韵诗是诗歌的一种,拥有一个良好的常规仪表,但没有押韵。在英语中,最常用的仪表与无韵诗是抑扬格五音步。无韵诗是由亨利·霍华德引入英语节的萨里伯爵和他的年长的朋友托马斯爵士怀亚特还介绍了意大利十四行诗和其他诗歌形式在16世纪英国诗歌。很快的标准米戏剧性的诗歌和广泛使用的叙事诗歌形式。英文最好的诗句————莎士比亚、弥尔顿、华兹华斯——已经被用无韵诗。

14. The Spenserian stanza

The Spenserian stanza is a fixed verse form invented by Edmund Spenser for his epic poem The Faerie Queen. Each stanza contains nine lines in total: eight lines in iambic pentameter followed by a single line in iambic hexameter. The rhyme scheme of these lines is "ababbcbcc."

斯宾塞诗体是一个固定的诗歌形式发明的埃德蒙·斯宾塞的史诗精灵女王。每个节总共有9行:八线在随后抑扬格五音步抑扬格六步格的诗一行。这些线条的韵律方案是“ababbcbcc。”

15.Iambic pentameter

Iambic pentameter is a poetic line consisting of five verse feet, with each foot an iamb—that is, an unstressed syllable followed by a stressed syllable. Iambic pentameter is the most common verse line in English poetry.

抑扬格五音步是一个诗意的线组成的五节脚,脚一个iamb-that,不重读的音节重读音节。抑扬格五音步是最常见的诗歌在英语诗歌。

16.Ballad stanza

In poetry, a Ballad stanza is the four-line stanza, known as a quatrain, most often found in the folk ballad. This form consists of alternating four- and three-stress lines. Usually only the second and fourth lines rhyme (in an a/b/c/b pattern). The longer first and third lines are rarely rhymed.

在诗歌、歌谣节是普拉节,称为四行诗,最常发现的民间歌谣。此表格由交替四次和three-stress行。通常只有第二行和第四行押韵(a / b / c / b模式)。时间越长,第一和第三行押韵。

17. Lake Poets

Wordsworth, Coleridge and Southey were also called the Lake Poets, because they lived and knew one another in the last few years of the 18th century in the district of the great lakes in Northwestern England, and shared a community of literary and social outlook in their work. All three of them had radical inclinations in their youth but later turned conservative.

华兹华斯、柯勒律治和骚塞也称为“湖畔诗人,因为他们生活和知道彼此在过去几年的18世纪英格兰西北部的五大湖地区,和共享一个社区的文学和社会前景的工作。所有三个人激进倾向的青年,但后来转向保守。

18. Heroic Couplet

A heroic couplet is a traditional form for English poetry, commonly used for epic

and narrative poetry.Heroic Couplet refers to iambic pentameter lines rhymed in pairs. The rhyme is always masculine.It is called “heroic” because in England, it is usually used in heroic https://www.360docs.net/doc/bf18386953.html,e of the heroic couplet was first pioneered by Geoffrey Chaucer.

英雄双音句体指英诗的一种形式，通常用于史诗和叙事诗。英雄偶句诗指的是抑扬格五音步成对行押韵。所压的韵很阳刚。

它被称为“英雄”,因为在英国,它通常被用于英雄诗。英雄双音句体的使用首先由乔叟开创。

19. Morality play

The Morality plays or Moralities sprang up in England in the 15th century alongside of the Mystery and Miracle plays. They are different in that the morality play doesn’t tell stories from the Bible nor about the lives of the saints, but is a dramatized allegory in which abstract virtues and vices such as Mercy, Conscience and Shame, appear in personified form, in order to illustrate moral or religious doctrines.

道德戏剧或道德出现了15世纪在英格兰与神秘的奇迹。他们是不同的,道德剧不讲故事从圣经中也没有关于圣人的生活,而是一个戏剧化的寓言中抽象的美德和恶习如仁慈、良心和耻辱,拟人化的形式出现,为了说明道德或宗教教义。

20. Theatre of the Absurd

The Theatre of the Absurd is a designation for particular plays of absurdist fiction written by a number of primarily European playwrights in the late 1950s, as well as one for the style of theatre which has evolved from their work. Their work expressed the belief that human existence has no meaning or purpose and therefore all communication breaks down. Logical construction and argument gives way to irrational and illogical speech and to its ultimate conclusion, silence.

荒诞派戏剧是指定为特定扮演的荒诞小说写的一些主要欧洲剧作家在1950年代末,以及一个用于戏剧的风格已经从他们的工作。他们的工作表示相信,人类生存没有意义或目的,因此所有通信分解。逻辑结构和论证了非理性的和不合逻辑的言论,其最终结论,沉默。

美国文学

1.Transcendentalism (P26)

Transcendentalism has been defined as the recognition in man of the capacity of acquiring knowledg e transcending the reach of the five senses, or of knowing truth intuitively, or of reaching the divine without the need of an intercessor.

placed emphasis on spirit, or the Over soul as the most important thing in the universe stressed the i mportance of the individual

offered a fresh perception of nature a symbolic of the Spirit or God

stressed the power of intuition

被定义为获取知识的识别人的能力超越的五种感官,或凭直觉认识真理,或达到的神圣而不需要一个代祷者。

强调精神,或在灵魂中最重要的事情在宇宙中强调个人的重要性

提供了一个新鲜的看法自然精神的象征或神

强调直觉的力量

2.Naturalism (P83-84)

Naturalism accepted the more negative interpretation of Darwin’s evolutionary theory and used it to account for the behavior of those characters in the literary works where regarded as more or less co mplex combination of inherited attributes, their habits condition by social and economic forces. Ame rican Naturalism is evolved from hen the author’s tone in writing becomes less serious and less sym pathetic but more ironic and more pessimistic. It is no more than a gloomy philosophical approach to reality, or to human existence. Dreiser is a leading figure of this school

自然主义接受了达尔文的进化理论的负面解读,用它来解释那些文学作品中人物的行为视为或多或少地继承的属性的复杂组合,他们的习惯条件的社会和经济力量。美国自然主义是从母鸡作者写作的语气变得严肃和同情,但更多的讽刺和悲观。这只不过是一场阴郁的哲学方法的现实,或人类生存。德莱塞是这所学校的一位领军人物

3.American modernism (P166)

American Modernism is a cultural movement which began in the beginning of the 20th century wit h its core period between World War I and World War II and continuing into the 21st century. it’s key elements are experimentation, anti-realism, individualism and a stress on the cerebral大脑的 rather than emotive aspects. It was a movement of artists and designers who rebelled against late 19th century academic and historical tradition,and embraced the new economic, social and political a spects of the emerging modern world. Among American writers, the best-known Modernists are T. S. Eliot, Ezra Pound, Ernest Hemingway, William Faulkner and so on.

美国现代主义是一种文化运动始于20世纪初,其核心在第一次世界大战和第二次世界大战时期,一直持续到21 century.关键元素是实验,anti-realism,个人主义和大脑的压力大脑的而不是感情方面。这是一个运动的艺术家和设计师的背叛19世纪末学术和历史传统,并接受新的经济、社会和政治方面的新兴现代世界。美国作家中,最著名的现代主义是t·s·艾略特、庞德、海明威、福克纳等。

4.The Lost Generation (P167)

The Lost Generation:is a term used by Gertude Stern to describe the post –WWI generation of American writers::man and women haunted by a sense of betrayal and emptiness brought about by the destructiveness of the war. Full of youthful idealism, these individuals sought t he meaning of the life, drank excessively, had love affairs and created some of the finest American lit erature to date. The three best-known representatives of Lost Generation are F.Sccot Fitzgerald,Ernes t hemingway and John Dos Passos.

失落的一代:是一个术语Gertude船尾用来描述后第一次世界大战一代美国作家::男人和女人被背叛和空虚的感觉所带来的破坏性的战争。充满了年轻的理想主义,这些人寻求生命的意义,过度饮酒,恋爱了一些最优秀的美国文学。最著名的三个迷惘的一代的代表F.Sccot菲茨杰拉德,欧内斯特·海明威和约翰·多斯帕索斯。

5. Symbolism

Symbolism is the writing technique of using symbols. It’s a literary movement that arose in France in the last half of the 19th century and that greatly influenced many English writers, particularly poets, of the 20th century. It enables poets to compress a very complex idea or set of ideas into one image or even one word. It’s one of the most powerful devices that poets employ in creation.

使用符号象征意义的写作技巧。在法国文学运动的兴起在过去19世纪上半叶,极大地影响了许多英语作家,尤其是诗人,20世纪的。它使诗人压缩一套非常复杂的想法或创意转化为一个图像,甚至一个词。最强大的设备之一,诗人采用的创造。