高职高专行业英语系列教材 《商务英语》课文翻译及课后练习答案

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商务英语函电1-9课翻译及答案 (2)

商务英语函电1-9课翻译及答案 (2)

Lesson 1 Importer’s Self-introduction译文信件一进口商自我介绍麦克唐那和伊万有限公司美国纽约劳顿大街58号福建鞋业进出口公司中国福建福州保定大街45号送交:销售部吴刚先生敬启者:我们从伏特威廉公司得知贵司商号与地址,特此来函,希望能同贵司发展商务关系。

多年来,本公司经营休闲鞋类进口生意,目前想扩展业务范围。

请惠寄商品目录与报价单。

如贵司产品价格有竞争力,本公司必定向你方试订。

恭候回音。

麦克唐那和伊万有限公司(签名)麦克. 伊万经理谨上2010年4月20日信件二回信福建鞋业进出口公司中国福建福州保定大街45号麦克唐那和伊万有限公司美国纽约劳顿大街58号敬启者:感谢贵公司四月二十日的来函,我们非常渴望与贵公司建立商务关系。

我们鞋厂致力于设计和生产各种传统和时尚男女鞋产品。

我们已开发和上市了室内拖鞋,棉拖鞋,新款刺绣拖鞋;童鞋和棉鞋。

可以满足国内外不同市场需求。

谨遵要求另函奉上最新的出口商品目录及报价单,涵括目前可供的出口商品。

如你方对任何一款感兴趣,请让我方知道。

期盼你方具体询盘。

福建鞋业进出口公司(签名)吴刚经理谨上2010年5月10日习题答案I. Basic Training1.Translate the following expressions into Chinese.报价一流的进口商出口产品范围定单广泛的联系具体询盘最新目录有竞争力的价格2.Choose the best answer.1) b 2) b 3) c 4) a 5) d 6) b 7) c 8) c 9) bII. Improving TrainingTranslate the following sentence into English.1) We would like to introduce our business range.2) We obtained your name and address from Mr. Smith, who have done business with us for many years.3) We shall appreciate it if you could tell us the goods you are interested in.4) We have received many enquiries from abroad.5)They used to import machines from UK, but now they would like to establish business relationswith us.6) We are the leading importer of electronic products in Lagos.7) If your price is competitive, we would like to place with you an order for 500 electric bicycles.III. Letter-writing Practice1. Finish the following letter by translating the expressions given.1) obtained your name and address2) establish business relations /enter into business relations3) leading importers4) We appreciate your catalogue and quotations.5) If your prices are competitive2. Write a letterDear sirs,We are one of the leading importers of electric goods in this city and shall be pleased to establish business relations with your firm.At present we are interested in your electric fans, details according to our Enquiry Note No. 1345 enclosed,and shall be glad to receive your lowest quotation as soon as possible.We would like to mention that if your price is attractive and delivery date acceptable, we shall place an order with you immediately.Your early reply will be highly appreciated.Yours faithfully,Lesson 2Exporter’s Self-introduction译文信件一出口商来信敬启者:承蒙东京工商会的介绍,我们获悉你方是贵国最大的纺织品进口商之一。

商务综合英语教材2课后习题翻译.doc

商务综合英语教材2课后习题翻译.doc

商务综合英语教材2课后习题翻译.doc1.我不喜欢上火车站给人送行。

(see…of!)I don't like to see people off at the railway station.2.公司星期一晚上为你举办告别晚会,七点半有车到旅馆来接你。

(pick up)The company is giving a farewell party for you on Mon day eve ning. A car will come to your ho tel to pick you up at ha If past seve n.3.她太激动了,情不自禁地热烈拥抱我。

(give ...an embrac e)She was so excited tha t she couldn *t help givi ng me a warm embrace4.我从未摆脱局外人的感觉。

(out of place)I never quite succeed in o vercoming th e sense of b eing out of place?5.她环视房间,想看看谁在那儿。

(glanee)She glan ced round th e room to se e who was th ere.6.他的大鞋子看起来像只小船。

(look 1 ike)His big shoes look I ike small bo ats.7.你应该把鸡蛋搅进面粉,而不是反过來做。

(folding)Yo u should fol d the eggs i nto the flou r in stead of doing it in the opposit e way.1.他认为他们之间的婚约只不过是个交易而己。

(no more t han)He think s that the m arriage betw een them is no more thana business deal.2.他把身上的钱花了个精光。

国际商务英语课文翻译 国际商务英语教程第三版课后答案

国际商务英语课文翻译 国际商务英语教程第三版课后答案

国际商务英语课文翻译国际商务英语教程第三版课后答案导读:就爱阅读网友为您分享以下“国际商务英语教程第三版课后答案”资讯,希望对您有所帮助,感谢您对 的支持!Lesson 2II1. In recent years, as the country’s vigorous economic development has facilitated its foreign trade, its total export and import value between 193 and 2003 increased by 20%, as compared with only 7.5% between 1982 and 1992.2. The greatly improved communications and transportation resulting from technological progress have speeded up the movements of merchandise, personnel and information between different countries and lowered operating costs, thus bringing about the rapid growth of internationalbusiness.3. Today fewer restrictions on the cross-border movements of merchandise and services imposed by governments of all countries enable these countries’residents to have access to goods and services at lower prices and make it possible for domestic enterprises to raise efficiency because of foreign competition.4. In order to support and facilitate international business, companies and governments have developed relevant services such as the establishment of bank credit agreements, the conclusion of clearing arrangements and the enactment of the international postal agreement, thus ensuring the successful handling and growth of international business.5. Under the pressure of increased foreign competition, in order to maintain competitiveness and seek survival and development, companies have to extend their operations to international markets, respond to foreign sales opportunities and vigorously increase their international business.Lesson 3I.1. Large increase in industrial and agricultural production in manycountries and regions2. Lead to industrial countries’rapidly rising demand for food and rawmaterials3. The import volume of industrial products that has increased 15 times4. A drastically/sharply increased demand for agricultural exports fromdeveloping countries5. A decrease in the demand for natural raw materials such as cotton andnatural rubber.6. The development of the production of synthetic substitutes and anincrease in their output.7. Contribute to the industrial development and economic growth ofdeveloping countries8. The important beneficial effects that international trade has on theeconomic development of all countries9. be conducive to the development of less developedcountries’manufacturing and production of manufactured goods.10 stimulate and facilitate the international flow of capital betweendeveloped and developing nations11. The vehicle for the transmission of new technology and newmanagerial skill12. The less developed countries that have reaped major benefits frominternational trade.13. The relationship between international trade and long-run economicdevelopment14. Absorb advanced technology from developed nations at a faster rate. II.1. The emergence and development of international trade has promotedthe normal operation and constant expansion of all countries’process of reproduction, raise their levels of productive forces, contributed to the internationalization of production and capital and brought about the economicdevelopment in other fields.2. Focusing on the effects of exports on employment and income,Keynes and his followers hold that a trade surplus can expand means of payment, lower interest rates and spur a price increase and investment, thus contributing to the alleviation of a country’s domestic crisis and an increase in employment.3. Some other economists believe that the emergence and developmentof international trade can expand commodity markets, promote technological progress and an improvement in the process of production, spur an increase in output and contribute to a change in the structure of investment, thus leading to the development of the entire national economy. 4. The development of foreign trade achieved by developing countriesbrings about an increase in foreign exchange earnings and the introduction/ importation of advanced/ up-to-date foreign technology, which plays an important role in making good these countries’shortage of capital and promoting their technological progress.5. In the past years, along with absorbing foreign capital, China hasspared no effort to develop its foreign trade, imported large quantities of precision machinery and equipment and sophisticated technology, exported various kinds of industrial and agricultural products, thus greatly contributing to economic development and the achievement of socialist modernization.Lesson 4 II1.Nontariff trade barriers,which refer to the protectionist measurescharacterized by quantitative import restrictions,are used by developed countries and some developing countries to interfere with and impede the free flow of merchandise and services be.tween nations.2.Since the mid.1970s,as a result of the outbreak of the global economiccrises,accompanied by the intensification of contention for international markets, the developed countries have been forced to resort to nontariff trade barriers designed to restrict imports, in an attempt to overcome their difficulties.3.Like tariff trade barriers,nontariff trade barriers have the effects ofrestricting imports and bringing about price increases in the domestic market of an importing country,thus imposing a heavy burden on the people of Western developed countries. 4.In recent years, some trade policies and regulations carried out by theUnited States have discriminated against China and imposed severe restrictions on some of its exports to the United States.5.It is likely that in the future the United States and other Westerncountries will still impose restrictions 011 the exports of China’s textiles and other labor—intensive products,to which China will strongly(decidedly)0biect.Lesson 5II1. In order to move efficiently the goods to importing country, the export firm must perform three essential functions involving a series of activities in the export transaction.2. Before an export transaction is carried out, the exportermust either conduct a check on the new customer’s financial and credit standing through an international credit report or revise the old customer’s credit standing and payment record.3. As an important component of the export process, the exporter and importer negotiate the sales terms and conditions, the obligations of both parties, and other terms of the sales contract.4. An agreement that the exporter and importer have entered into on sales terms and conditions becomes a binding contract, which is a firm commitment that is acceptable to both buyer and seller after it is confirmed by both parties in writing.5. In the whole export process, the importer is often required to obtain an import license and sometimes also a foreign exchange permit in order that the goods conform to the importing country’s import regulations and smoothly reach the importer.Lesson 6II1.A sales channel in international trade refers to the process ofcirculation in which goods flow from a country’s producer to the foreign ultimate customer or user and to the intermediary commercial establishments through which title to goods is transferred.2. In the process of international commodity circulation,whether a saleschannel is unimpeded and highly efficient or not directly affects the turnover rate,profit and market share of goods.3.Acting as the export sales department for many manufacturers,anexport management company either purchases goods directly from manufacturers and then resells them overseas for its Own account Or operates on a commission basis.4.Acting as an independent sales agent on a case-by-case basis, an exporttrading agent on a case-by-company performs a sourcing or wholesale function between buyer and seller without assuming any responsibility to either party in a transaction.5.Local distributors in the host country are used by many manufacturersas a sales channel to facilitate foreign sales,since they are familiar with the host country’s market situation and its social and economic environments and are able to carry out the best market strategy and manage after-sale customer service.Lesson 7 II1. Trade terms are used to specify the structure of export prices and thedivision of responsibility and liability between the seller and the buyer with regard to procedures, cost and risks that are involved in delivering goods to the buyer by the seller.2. Under the CIF term, the seller must also provide a complete set ofshipping documents including transportation and insurance documents at his own expense.3. If we conclude business with you on CFR basis, how much can youreduce from your CIF price so that we can make a comparison (…so that we can compa re them)4. Will you please make us an offer for Forever Brand Bicycles 26”?Please quote your lowest CIF New York price based on a minimum order of 10,000 units.5. We can make the following offer:Article: HL 302 Drawer LockPrice: at U.S. $5 per piece EXW Shanghai Annual minimum order: 100,000 pieces Packing: in cartons Payment: by irrevocable L/C available by sight draft Delivery: 60 days after receipt of L/CRevision 1IV.1. In 1980, the average annual growth rate of low income developing countries’GDP was 5.9 percent, as compared with 3.5 percent of middle-income countries and 1.4 percent for industrialized countries.11。

商务英语(高级)课后练习资料

商务英语(高级)课后练习资料

Unit 1将题后的单词转换为适当的词性,填入空格内:1 The ( ) of yellow and blue form bine2 The store is in an ideal ( ) to draw tourists.situate3 The thief's ( ) of guilt closed the case.confess4 There is no ( ) between the nations.relate5 He had a long telephone ( ).converse答案:1 combination2 situation3 confession4 relation5 conversation找出与中括号内单词意义相近的单词:1. Steam can [generate] electricity by turning an electric generator.a.changeb.producec.stopd.spread2. He earned high [commendation] from the people for his bravery.a.rewardb.pridec.praised.consideration3. The policeman [halted] the speeding car to see if the driver was drunk.a.stoppedb.foundc.chasedd.caught4. I have a [sore] throat from cold.a.strongb.weakc.cleard.painful5. I will show you the [magnificent] palace of the king.a.grandb.ancientc.dulld.colorful答案及解析:1. 正确答案:b题目翻译:发电机可以转化让水蒸汽产生电. 选项翻译:a.改变b.产生c.停止d.覆盖2. 正确答案:c题目翻译:他的勇敢赢得了人们很高的赞扬选项翻译:a.报答b.自毫c.表扬d.考虑3. 正确答案:a题目翻译:警察让超速的车停下检查司机是否喝酒. 选项翻译:a.停止b.发现c.追捕d.拿4. 正确答案:d题目翻译:我感冒喉咙痛. 选项翻译:a.强壮b.微弱c.干净d.痛5. 正确答案:a题目翻译:我带你去看国王华丽的宫殿. 选项翻译:a.伟大的b.古代的c.钝的d.彩色的Unit 2完整拼出下列句中空格处的单词(注意是完整拼出):1. Although he was a f( )e at school, he became a successful man later. 失败者2. He was so c( )s to know what was in the letter that he opened it ,even though it was addressed to his sister. 好奇的3. Will you be quite f( )k with me about this matter? 坦白的4. In their school they have an i( )l of ten minutes for recess. 间隔的时间5. The police watched the cafe to which the robber was known to r( )t. 常去答案及解析:1. 正确答案:failure 题目翻译:尽管他在学校是个失败者,最后他还是成了一个成功的人.2. 正确答案:curious 题目翻译:他太好奇信里是什么,就打开了,尽管是寄给他姐姐的.3. 正确答案:frank 题目翻译:你能非常坦白的告诉我这件事吗?4. 正确答案:interval 题目翻译:在学校里,有十分钟的休息时间.5. 正确答案:resort 题目翻译:警察们监视了强盗们常去的咖啡馆.1. [compliment] a.conflict b.blame c.success d.failure2. [indifferent] a.delicious b.dull c.curious d.magnificent3. [deceitful] a.dull b.grand c.neutral d.frank4. [momentary] a.everlasting b.transient c.liberal d.important5. [withdraw] a.haul b.draw c.advance d.cooperate答案解析:1. 正确答案:b 斜体翻译:赞美选项翻译:a.冲突b.责备c.成功d.失败2. 正确答案:c 斜体翻译:冷淡的选项翻译:a.美味的b.钝的c.好奇的d.华丽的3. 正确答案:d 斜体翻译:骗人的选项翻译:a.钝的b.伟大的c.中立的d.坦白的4. 正确答案:a 斜体翻译:暂时的选项翻译:a.永远的b.短暂的c.自由的d.重要的5. 正确答案:c 斜体翻译:缩回,撤退选项翻译:a.拖,拉b.拉c.前进d.合作Unit 3找出与中括号内单词意义相近的单词:1. We could see the [blaze] of a cheerful fire through the window.a.pitchb.ragec.furyd.flames2. My parents will be [disappointed] if I failed the examination again.a.despairedb.disappearedc.vanishedd.released3. They put meat in the [trap] to attract the lion.a.rugb.ragc.snared.freight4. The church bells [summon] people to worship.a.callmitc.prayd.attract5. The dog seemed [testless] as if he sensed some danger.a.shallowb.uneasec.generousd.painful6. Your friendship is most [precious] to me.a.firmb.evidentc.ruded.valuable7. We heard a wolf [howl] near the house.a.disappearb.yellc.drownd.thrust8. He refused to join the army, believing that he had no [moral] right to kill.a.ethicalb.normalc.soundd.bold9. The car is my [property], you can't use it without my permission.a.facultyb.possessionc.resortd.responsibility10. The doctor said that the patient's heart was [sound].a.healthyb.curiousc.candidd.neutral1. 正确答案:d题目翻译:透过窗户可以看到焰花. 选项翻译:a.搭b.愤怒c.愤怒d.火焰2. 正确答案:a题目翻译:如果我的考试再不通过,我父母会失望. 选项翻译:a.失望b.消失c.消失d.释放3. 正确答案:c题目翻译:他们把肉扔进陷阱吸引狮子. 选项翻译:a.地毯b.破布c.圈套d.货物4. 正确答案:a题目翻译:教堂的钟声叫人们去做礼拜. 选项翻译:a.叫b.做c.祈祷d.吸引5. 正确答案:b题目翻译:如果感到一点危险,狗看起来会很不安. 选项翻译:a.浅的b.心神不安c.慷慨的d.疼痛6. 正确答案:d题目翻译:你的友谊对我非常珍贵. 选项翻译:a.坚实的b.明显的c.粗鲁d.有价值的7. 正确答案:b题目翻译:我听见狼在房子附近咆哮. 选项翻译:a.消失b.吼叫c.淹死d.插入8. 正确答案:a题目翻译:他拒绝了参军,他相信没有必要为了道义杀人. 选项翻译:a.道德b.正常的c.声音d.粗9. 正确答案:b题目翻译:这个车归我所有,没有我的允许你不能用. 选项翻译:a.能力b.财产c.常去d.责任10. 正确答案:a题目翻译:医生说这个病人的心脏是健康的. 选项翻译:a.健康的b.好奇的c.坦率的d.中立的Unit 4找出一个与其它三个不相关的单词:1. a.wet b.curious c.moist d.damp2. a.sum b.wage c.salary d.pay3. a.require b.demand c.claim d.desire4. a.sketch b.bulk c.outline d.plan5. a.dishonor b.shame c.shade d.humiliation6. a.firm b.hard c.solid d.damp7. a.notorious b.infamous c.horrible d.disreputable8. a.rage b.fury c.anger d.scorn9. mon b.unusual c.numerous d.frequent10. a.evident b.absolute c.clear d.obvious答案解析:1. 正确答案:b选项翻译:a.湿b.好奇c.潮湿d.潮湿2. 正确答案:a选项翻译:a.总额b.工资c.工资d.支付3. 正确答案:d选项翻译:a.要求b.需求c.请求d.欲望4. 正确答案:b选项翻译:a.草图b.堆c.概述d.计划5. 正确答案:c选项翻译:a.不诚实b.羞耻c.树荫d.耻辱6. 正确答案:d选项翻译:a.牢固的b.硬的c.坚实的d.潮湿的7. 正确答案:c选项翻译:a.臭名远扬b.臭名昭著c.可怕的d.不体面8. 正确答案:d选项翻译:a.愤怒b.生气c.生气d.轻蔑9. 正确答案:c选项翻译:a.通常b.常常c.众多d.经常10. 正确答案:b选项翻译:a.显然b.绝对c.清楚d.明显Unit 5 配对阅读1 Y ou will be responsible for the operation of a computer system.2 Y ou must be able to forecast what people will want to wear.3 Y ou will be able to work with people from many different countries and backgrounds.4 Y ou will have a qualification which covers two subject areas.5 It is necessary to have worked in this sector before.6 Y ou will need to keep in contact with the headquarters of the organization.7 The advertisement emphasises the need to have a suitable approach to important people.ABUSINESS MANAGERY ou will be responsible for our global business within specific countries and will have a good understanding of international distribution, possibly based on previous experience, plus the ability to work in markets that are highly varied in their culture. Y ou will be fluent in a second language, be willing to travel extensively, and preferably have a degree.BDEPARTMENT STORE BUYERBased at our head office in London, you will select and order stock from our suppliers in Italy. Y ou will need to predict fashion trends and build a strong relationship with our Italian office. Y ou will have gained your buying experience in women's fashion and will hold a degree in design with a business studies component.CLEGAL SERVICES ADMINISTRA TORAs head of the legal office, your work will include managing the office IT network, typing reports, diary maintenance and supervision of another staffmember. Y ou will need good organizational skills in order to keep ahead of a varied workload. Y ou will be dealing with senior executives and government officials, so a mature and efficient manner is essential.DREGIONAL LEISURE SITES MANAGERY ou will be responsible for budgetary planning, contract negotiations, local marketing and effective administration. Y ou will communicate frequently with our main office using the latest technology. Y our experience could be from any business sector but you should enjoy outdoor life and will ideally possess an estate management qualification.1. C2. B3.A4.B5.A6.D 7C 8.FUnit 6主题选择阅读Questions 13-20Read the artic le below about stress management, and answer questions 13-20 on the opposite page.A Lesson In Stress ManagementDemands placed on us at work can often lead to considerable worry and discomfort. There are, however, ways of protecting ourselves from the stress we face at work. We interviewed Jane Collard, a consultant in stress management.1. In Jane Collard's opinion, stress is becoming an increasingly common feature of the workplace. Stress is a highly individual reaction, which varies considerably from person to person, and it is difficult for some employees to avoid it. Indeed, stress is regarded by many as part of the organizational culture of our institutions: it comes with the job. Recent figures indicate that time taken off work because of stress has increased by 500 per cent since the 1950s. Undoubtedly, changes in working conditions have led to greater pressure at work at all levels. With reductions in staffing, workloads for individual employees have increased. In addition, many employees are left worrying about the security of their jobs.2. On the stress management courses that she runs, Jane Collard tries to make the trainees realise that stress in itself is not harmful. Everyone needs a certain level of stress to enable them to feel motivated and to perform effectively. A complete absence of stress can be as damaging as overstress, since it can make people lose interest in their work, and even lead to depression. The difficulties occur when the amount of stress rises above a level which is healthy for a particular individual. If this happens, the effects are very obvious and the trainees are taught to recognize the signs. Stress may be expressed physically, for example through headaches and tiredness, or through emotional problems such as depression. A person suffering from stress may also start to behave differently, and can be difficult to deal with.3. While it may not always be possible to prevent stress, there are a number of ways in which it can be controlled. The first thing that the trainees learn is how to manage their time effectively.This involves, first of all, setting realistic goals for both the short and long term. Once this framework has been established, tasks are then prioritised on a daily basis. The trainees are also reminded that when they are under pressure the less important items should be left, and they should never hesitate to delegate. Everyone is encouraged to look at ways of reducing 'wasted time ', for example by grouping similar tasks together or dealing with items immedkiately.4. Jane feels that one of the most useful features of the course is that it enables trainees to deal with those demands or deadlines that they regard as unreasonable. They are encouraged to avoid being defensive, but at the same time they are advised not to be afraid of saying 'no'. They are asked to give reasons only if necessary. The training helps them to foresee difficult situations or unwanted demands, and they learn how to prepare themselves mentally. Everyone is encouraged not to get stuck in negative thought patterns, where stress can feed a circular sense of helplessness. One solution they discuss is to think of a more encouraging alternative for each negative message. They learn, for example, to remind themselves that nothing terrible happens when a demand is refused or a deadline missed. Life goes on.Questions 13-16For questions 13-16, choose the best title for each numbered paragraph from the list below.For each numbered paragraph 1-4, mark one letter (A-G) on your Answer Sheet.Do not use any letter more than once.13 Paragraph 1 ______ 14 Paragraph 2 ______15 Paragraph 3 ______ 16 Paragraph 4 ______A Higher stress levels among top managersB Coping with stress through a positive attitudeC Time lost at work through sicknessD Causes of increased stress in the work environmentE Explanations for missed deadlinesF stress reduction through better organisationG Typical problems associated with stress13.D 14.G 15.F 16.BUnit 7 主题选择阅读A Lesson In Stress ManagementDemands placed on us at work can often lead to considerable worry and discomfort. There are, however, ways of protecting ourselves from the stress we face at work. We interviewed Jane Collard, a consultant in stress management.1. In Jane Collard's opinion, stress is becoming an increasingly common feature of the workplace.Stress is a highly individual reaction, which varies considerably from person to person, and it is difficult for some employees to avoid it. Indeed, stress is regarded by many as part of the organizational culture of our institutions: it comes with the job. Recent figures indicate that time taken off work because of stress has increased by 500 per cent since the 1950s. Undoubtedly, changes in working conditions have led to greater pressure at work at all levels. With reductions in staffing, workloads for individual employees have increased. In addition, many employees are left worrying about the security of their jobs.2. On the stress management courses that she runs, Jane Collard tries to make the trainees realise that stress in itself is not harmful. Everyone needs a certain level of stress to enable them to feel motivated and to perform effectively. A complete absence of stress can be as damaging as overstress, since it can make people lose interest in their work, and even lead to depression. The difficulties occur when the amount of stress rises above a level which is healthy for a particular individual. If this happens, the effects are very obvious and the trainees are taught to recognize the signs. Stress may be expressed physically, for example through headaches and tiredness, or through emotional problems such as depression. A person suffering from stress may also start to behave differently, and can be difficult to deal with.3. While it may not always be possible to prevent stress, there are a number of ways in which it can be controlled. The first thing that the trainees learn is how to manage their time effectively. This involves, first of all, setting realistic goals for both the short and long term. Once this framework has been established, tasks are then prioritised on a daily basis. The trainees are also reminded that when they are under pressure the less important items should be left, and they should never hesitate to delegate. Everyone is encouraged to look at ways of reducing 'wasted time ', for example by grouping similar tasks together or dealing with items immedkiately.4. Jane feels that one of the most useful features of the course is that it enables trainees to deal with those demands or deadlines that they regard as unreasonable. They are encouraged to avoid being defensive, but at the same time they are advised not to be afraid of saying 'no'. They are asked to give reasons only if necessary. The training helps them to foresee difficult situations or unwanted demands, and they learn how to prepare themselves mentally. Everyone is encouraged not to get stuck in negative thought patterns, where stress can feed a circular sense of helplessness. One solution they discuss is to think of a more encouraging alternative for each negative message. They learn, for example, to remind themselves that nothing terrible happens when a demand is refused or a deadline missed. Life goes on.17 Most people agree that the recent increase in stress is due to changes in ____________.18 The trainees are taught that the right level of stress at work is important for good.19 Trainees learn that one way of limiting stress is by deciding upon.20 One of the most important parts of the course is learning how to react to___A levels of performanceB shorter deadlinesC employment practicesD higher levels of sicknessE unfair demandsF successful management structureG practical targets17.C 18.A 19.G 20.EUnit 8 完形填空Employment Opportunities for Graduates with the Provincial BankThe Provincial Bank is one of the biggest (example) ____________ institutions in the U.K. With its 1,900 branches and 58,000 employees, it has (21) ____________ a household name. Almost 4,000 of these employees (22) ____________ managerial or executive positions. The bank has an outstanding (23) ____________ of profitability, which has been achieved by introducing innovations at the same time as maintaining leadership of the (24) ____________. The bank's comprehensive training programme concentrates on (25) ____________ the most important skills that graduates need in order to (26) ____________ early management responsibility. Trainees take responsibility for their own continuous self-development through visiting other branches and departments, and by (27)____________ courses in management skills. They also receive training in order to increase their knowledge of the bank's (28) ___________. The bank supports (29)____________ of staff who wish to take professional examinations, and its Graduate Training Scheme is (30)_____________ to the nationally recognized Diploma in Management.Obviously the quality of its mangers is of (31)____________ importance to the bank's performance. It welcomes good graduates in any subject area, (32)____________ they can demonstrate the ability to influence events, and have the potential to (33)____________ both as leaders and as part of a team. Most graduate trainees join the Retail Banking division initially. Those starting on this programme will soon have the (34)____________ to work in other parts of the bank and can (35)____________ a varied and flexible working life.Example:A budgetary B fiscal C financial D economic Example21 A opened B entered C turned D become22 A hold B do C keep D own23 A career B catalogue C record D experience24 A area B trade C record D market25 A making B reaching C developing D heightening26 A present B treat C deal D handle27 A observing B attending C involving D staying28 A services B goods C creations D abilities29 A colleague B members C people D persons30 A qualified B combined C fastened D linked31 A main B vital C necessary D superior32 A therefore B thus C provided D only33 A succeed B realize C gain D overcome34 A choice B chance C likelihood D probability35 A forecast B believe C suppose D expect21.D 22.A 23.C 24.B 25.C 26.D 27.B 28.A 29.B 30.D 31.B 32.A 33.A 34.B 35.DUnit 9 辨错Questions 36-40Read the text below about a special kind of competition.In most of the lines 36-40 there is one extra word which does not fit. One or two lines, however, are correct.If a line is correct, write CORRECT on your Answer Sheet.If there is an extra word in the line, write the extra word in CAPITAL LETTERS on your Answer Sheet.Examples:0 The international Y outh Skills Olympics is a vocational skills competition in 0 C O R R E C T00 which the young people demonstrate their achievements in a range of areas. 00 T H E36 The competition, which there is held every two years, is organized by the international37 Training Organisation. All U.K. competitors qualify for the team by getting through38 a tough national competition.Their backgrounds are vary from arts to sciences,39 and students to the self-employed. Since they do not know which skill area they40 will be tested in, they must to train for everything before the start of the competition.36.THERE 37.CORRECT 38.ARE 39.CORRECT 40.TOUnit 10 辨错Questions 41-45Read the text below about market research.In each line 41-45 there is one wrong word.For each line 41-45,write the correct word in CAPITAL LETTERS on your Answer Sheet. Examples:0 Y our business will only success if customers like your product 0 S U C C E E D00 or service and are prepared to give you money in exchange about it 00 F O RMarket Research41 Before you start a business, it is importance to undertake market research42 and to assess the results with great care: you need to finding out about your43 potential customers and the state of the market, included your competitors.44 The more detailed your market research are, the more profitable your business45 is likely to be. Carry out your study thorough, and repeat it to ensure your results are reliable.41.IMPORTANT 42.FIND 43.INCLUDING 44.IS 45.THOROUGHLYUnit 11 配对阅读1 Others in his field think very highly of him.2 His ideas have spread beyond the business world.3 He felt that people should be able to enjoy their work.4 His ideas are more complex than they seem.5 He did a variety of interesting things before writing his books.6 His most successful book was written with a colleague.7 He is particularly skilled at forecasting important developments.8 Contact with the military was an early influence on his thinking.A John AdairAdair is the pioneering British thinker in the theory of leadership. He was the first person in the UK to hold a professorship in Business Leadership and has published a series of influential books on the subject.Despite his quiet appearance, Adair has had a colourful life, serving in a Bedouin regiment and working on an Arctic fishing boat! His initial interest in leadership came from his army experience and he used to lecture at the highly prestigious academy where British army offices are trained. He now works as an international consultant.B Edward de BonoDe Bono is unusual among major gurus for two reasons: firstly, he was born not in one of the great industrial nations but on the tiny island of Malta. Secondly, his ideas have reached a wider audience than just managers, so that his books have become essential rending in many different disciplines.Most of de Bono s work has been concerned with the way human beings can train themselves to think more creatively. This apparently simple idea has resulted in37 books and a highly successful career as a lecturer and consultant.C Peter DruckerProbably no other single thinker has done as much as Drucker to establish management as a serious area of study. Certainly, his fellow management thinkers consider him one of the founding fathers of the discipline, and his books and articles are quoted more than those of any other management writer.His first book was published as far back as 1939, yet he is still writing and teaching. His greatest distinction has been his ability to predict coming trends in business and economics. As a result, his ideas are treated with the greatest respect and interest.D Frederick HerzbergAlthough relatively few contemporary management students will have read his books, Herzberg s name is instantly recognisable to anyone who has studied industrial organisations. This is because the American psychologist was responsible for introducing the concept of motivation into management thinking.As a young man, Herzberg became deeply interested in mental illness and the human need for mental and emotional satisfaction. This led him to criticise the approach of many companies to job design, and to argue for the need for job enrichment to stimulate employees efforts.E Tom PetersThe American s reputation was created in the I 980s by the spectacular success of one book, In Search of Excellence, co-written with Robert Waterman. The two were working together as management consultants and no-one expected their first (and only) book to end up selling 5 million copies worldwide!Although his ideas have been criticised, Peters popularity as a speaker and writer has continued to grow. So much so that Peters has created his own business to market books, videos and consultancy based on his work.1C 2B 3D 4B 5A 6E 7C 8AUnit 12 配对阅读1 Genuine feedback would release resources to be used elsewhere.2 Managers are expected to enable their staff to work effectively.3 Experts are unlikely to facilitate a move to genuine feedback.4 There are benefits when methods of evaluating performance have been negotiated.5 Appraisals tend to focus on the nature of the face-to-face relationship between employees and their line managers.6 The idea that employees are responsible for what they do seems reasonable.7 Despite experts‟ assertion, management structures prevent genuine feedback8 An increasing amount of effort is being dedicated to the appraisal process.APerformance appraisal is on the up and up. It used to represent the one time of year when getting on with the work was put on hold while enormous quantities of management hours were spent in the earnest ritual of rating and ranking performance. Now the practice is even more frequent. This of course makes it all the more important how appraisal is conducted. Human resources professionals claim that managers should strive for objectivity and thus for feedback rather than judgement. But the simple fact of the matter is that the nature of hierarchy distorts the concept of feedback because performance measure are conceived hierarchically. Unfortunately, all too many workers suffer from the injustices that this generates.BThe notion behind performance appraisal- that workers should be held accountable for their performance-is plausible. However, the evidence suggests that the premise is wrong. Contrary to assumptions appraisal is not an effective means of performance improvement- it is judgement imposed rather than feedback, a judgement imposed by the hierarchy. Useful feedback , on the other hand, would be information that told both the manager and worker how well the work system functioned, and suggested ways to make it better.CWithin the production system at the car manufacturer Toyota, there is nothing that is recognizable as performance appraisal. Every operation in the system has an associated measure. The measure has been worked out between the operators and their manager. In every case, the measure is related to the purpose of the work. That measure is the basis of feedback to the manager and worker alike. Toyota‟s basic idea is expressed in the axiom “bad news first” . Both managers and workers are psychologically safe in the knowledge that it is the system- not the worker –that is the primary influence on performance. It is management‟s responsibility to ensure that the workers operate in a system that facilitates their performance.DIn many companies , performance appraisal springs from misguided as assumptions. To judge achievement, managers use date about each worker‟s activity, not an evaluation of the process or system‟s achievement of purpose. The result is that performance appraisal involves managers‟ judgement overruling their staff‟s, ignoring the true influences on performance. Thus the appraisal experience becomes a question of pleasing the boss, particularly in meetings, which is psychologically unsafe and socially driven, determining who is “in” and who is “ out”.EWhen judgement is replaced by feedback in the true sense, organizations will have a lot more time to devote to their customers and their business. No time will be wasted in appraisal . This requires a fundamental shift in the way we think about the organization of performance appraisals, which almost certainly will not be forthcoming from the human resources profession.keys:关于员工评估和反馈的文章。

商务综合英语教材2课后习题翻译.doc

商务综合英语教材2课后习题翻译.doc

1.我不喜欢上火车站给人送行。

(see...off)I don't like to see people off at the railway station.2.公司星期一晚上为你举办告别晚会,七点半有车到旅馆来接你。

(pick up)The company is giving a farewell party for you on Monday evening. A car will come to your hotel to pick you up at half past seven.3.她太激动了,情不自禁地热烈拥抱我。

(give...an embrace)She was so excited that she couldrft help giving me a warm embrace4.我从未摆脱局外人的感觉。

(out of place)I never quite succeed in overcoming the sense of being out of place・5.她环视房间,想看看谁在那儿。

(glance)She glanced round the room to see who was there.6.他的大鞋子看起来像只小船。

(look like)His big shoes look like small boats・7.你应该把鸡蛋搅进面粉,而不是反过来做。

(foldinto)You should fold the eggs into the flour in stead of doing it in the opposite way.1.他认为他们Z间的婚约只不过是个交易而已。

(no more than)He thinks that the marriage between them is no more than a business deal.2.他把身上的钱花了个精光。

外经贸商务英语函电课文翻译及练习答案(L1-L8)

外经贸商务英语函电课文翻译及练习答案(L1-L8)

外经贸商务英语函电课文翻译及练习答案(L1-L8)第一篇:外经贸商务英语函电课文翻译及练习答案(L1-L8) Chapter IIEstablishing Business Relations Lesson OneDeveloping Client BaseChinese Version: 敬启者:我方从贸易向导网获悉贵方行名与email地址,并得知你方需求购圆珠笔。

我们在此介绍本公司及产品,以期与你方建立业务关系。

如果你对我们任何产品感兴趣,请告知,我们乐意提供详情。

作为积极的制造商,我们每月都有推出新产品。

如果你们感兴趣,我们乐意定期为你们提供新信息。

谨上Key to ExercisesI.Translate the following expressions into Chinese or vice versa: 1.进出口2.建立业务关系3.想要购买4.贸易向导5.最新设计6.specialize in7.be of interest to8.be on the market9.manufacturer pany profilesII.Fill in each of the following blanks with a proper preposition: 1.in, for2.of, of, to3.into,with,in,of4.from,of, in, with, for, of5.of,ofIII.Fill in the missing words in the following blanks with the first letter given: introduce, range, attach, trust, items, interest, interested, receiving, which, quotationsIV.Translate the following sentences into Chinese: 1.伦敦史密斯有限公司向我们介绍,贵公司是纺织品的主要进口商。

商务英语课后练习答案总结

商务英语课后练习答案总结

Lesson Two Establishment of Business Relations英译汉1. 我们热烈欢迎贵公司希望与我们在纺织品业务方面建立直接业务关系的愿望。

2. 贵方()希望同我们建立业务关系的信已经收到,谢谢。

3. 我们专营中国皮鞋出口,希望同贵公司在该业务方面进行交易。

4. 我们猜想你方驻我国商赞处已把我公司介绍给贵方以同你们建立业务关系。

5. 我们是一家经营轻工产品的国营进出口公司。

6. 我们是巴基斯坦纺织品的主要进口商之一,故写信给贵方,希望建立直接的贸易关系。

汉译英1. Through the introduction of Freeman & Co., we knew that you are one of the leading importers of light industrial products in your country.2. We are a state-owned corporation, specializing in the export of metals, and have engaged in this line of business for many years. Our products have won favorable comments abroad.3. We are desirous of establishing business relations with your corporation so as to expand the sales of our products at your end.4. The Commercial Counselor’s Office of your Embassy in China has informed us that you intend to import Lathes from China and we are writing to you in the hope that we may establish business relations with you in this line.5. We will send you our quotations and samples immediately upon receipt of your specific enquiry.6. Please let us know your specific requirement so that we can send you by separate post our catalogue and quotation.Lesson Three status Enquiry英译汉1. 司奈特公司最近写信告诉我们,他们是德国的大进口商,希望在机床业务方面与我们建立业务关系,因为我们对该公司情况不了解,如果您能为我公司获取有关该公司的资料,将不胜感激。

高级商务英语课后习题及答案

高级商务英语课后习题及答案

一.判断1.We operated at break-even point for most of 1 999.→2.Prices really began to take off early this year.↑3.The over-supply of shares depressed the markets. ↓4.Performance of the shares exceeded all expectations. ↑5.The markets showed investors' lack of confidence.↓6 None of the analysts predicted the collapse.↓7 Merger rumours caused share prices to shoot up. ↑8 Prices fluctuated but remained fairly steady overall.→9. He's been overtaxing himself a bit lately.↓10.Our new line manager's realty created a team spirit. ↑11.Some members of staff are struggling to cope with some of the new technology.↓12.We have noticed that old courtesies have tended to disappear since we've been using e-mail.↓13.My new workstation makes it a bit more convenient for doing any confidential work.↑14.Flexible working means there's less of a conflict between my work and home life.↑二.选词填空1.The telecoms sector was rocked when Vodafone launched a hostile takeover bid for Mannesmann.2 After merging with an Italian company, we had to re-assess our language training needs.3 The chairman told shareholders that accepting the offer would lead tolong-term growth in sales.4 The merger will help us to secure a competitive advantage over our biggest rivals.5 There is no doubt that the merger will deliver substantial cost benefits6 To fight a hostile bid, the company announced plans to streamline the workforce by cutting 2000 jobs.7 The move led to a major restructuring programme,especially in duplicated areas such as administration.8 After a period of major expansion through acquisition, we began to lose focus of our core activities.P39-40I Organizers can promote an exhibition by placing an advertisement in a newspaper or magazine.2 Exhibition organizers often respond to esquires with a standard letter of reply3 Companies interested in exhibiting have to complete an application_ form and send samples.4 The design of the stand and publicity material needs to fit in with our corporate image.5 Earls Court hosts many top international events throughout the year.6 One of the main benefits_ for exhibitors is the chance to meet customers face to face.7 Exhibition organizers often reserve a number of stands for first time exhibitors.8 Buyers come from independent retailers as well as large department stores.9 At an exhibition, visitors can see the actual goods rather than just photos in brochures.1. Organisers can promote an exhibition by placing an advertisement in a newspaper or magazine.2 Exhibition organisers often respond to enquiries with a standard letter of reply3 Companies interested in exhibiting have to complete an application _ form and send samples.4 The design _ of the stand and publicity material needs to fit in with our corporate image.5 Earls Court hosts many top international events throughout the year.6 One of the main benefits for exhibitors is the chance to meet customers face to face.7 Exhibition organisers often reserve a number of stands for first time exhibitors.8 Buyers come from independent retailers as well as large department stores.9 At an exhibition, visitors can see the actual goods rather than just photos in brochures1. Many UK financial service companies are particularly keen to _invest in China.2 Ensure that you warn your hosts in advance if you intend to use audio-visual equipment.3 This year direct UK exports to amount to China are estimated to well over £ I bn.4 Having entered China, many UK companies are now looking to _buil to their success.5 When entering the Chinese market, a company has to allow for _ regional differences.6 Another tip for companies is to participate in as many local trade fairs and exhibitions as possible.7 Mailshots are not advisable as the Chinese rarely respond to them.8 Visitors should _enquire about the host's children as the family counts above all else in China.P52e-business is using internet __ technology to transform basic business processes.Most large companies now have a website _ where customers can access product information.The Internet is very flexible and allows companies to update their news bulletins _ very quickly.Many people worry about using credit cards to make financial transactions over the Internet.More and more people are getting connected to the Internet and then buying goods onlineMany large companies have a secure company-wide computer network called an intranetThe challenge is to integrate _ Internet technologies into the company's business processes.In order to access the World Wide Web, you need to use a web browser Companies have to remember that e-business is about customers and not technology.5aP85I We pay competitive salaries because we don't want our people to feel_unappreciated and undervalued.2 Some managers are _incapable of understanding that an employee's goals might not be the company's.3 You can motivate workers by ensuring that they always have interesting and varied work.4 I find it a lot easier when I'm working towards specific objectives and goals.5 Progress meetings tend to be spontaneous and held at pretty _irregular intervals.6 Any motivational technique will be ineffective if the employees are determined not to enjoy their work.7 All the way through the negotiations both sides remained _inflexible _ on the issue of longer hours.8 Management dismissed the union's behaviour as irresponsible and unreasonable.三.介词填空I The company is separated into several different business units.2 People come together fora specific purpose and then go on to join new teams,3 Some managers worry that staff can only work if they're under direct supervision.4 I spend most of my day working on the company network.5 Some people find it hard to cope with working from home.6 Management should encourage staff to use information on behalf of the organization.P511.There's a connection betweenlifestyle and performance in the workplace.2 The use of e-mail has a definite impact on things like formality in the office environment.3 We're very dependent on_ the intranet, so if it goes down our operations are badly affected,4 Some jobs, such as marketing, are more suited to flexible working than others.5 I bumped into_ Sarah at the cafe this morning.6 The company I'm working for now has even got a gym and a cafe on site.5aP87I I prefer working on big projects because I like to have something to get my teeth into2 A lot of the problem stems from a personality clash between Helen and her iMe manager.3 Attitudes _to motivational techniques vary substantially within the workforce.4 In terms of pay and conditions, I don't think we are falling _behind our competitors.5 There's a lack _of promotion opportunities.6 Not working overtime is often seen _as a failure to show commitment to the company.5bP861.Headhunting is on the increase as advertising becomes less and lesscost-effective.2 Headhunters are able to target people who are not actually _on the job market.3 A headhunter will always make a careful note of names _for future reference.4 Recruitment in the UK is divided into agency recruitment, advertising or executive search.5 Headhunters can offer companies access to commercially sensitive information.6 Executive search firms monitor Internet forums, noting any interesting names they come across_7 The headhunter assists _in the offer process.8 You don't need to be fed up _with_ your job to be susceptible to an approach from a headhunter,9 A brilliant contribution to___ an Internet forum could possibly attract the attention of a headhunter.四.阅读1bP14Research has shown that in today's dynamic working environment the traditional job description is no longer doing its job. Today's jobs are not (I) static_ - they are constantly changing. This leads to (2) ambiguity_ , with employees uncertain of their precise work roles. This can be illustrated by the following quotation from a job description: 'Meet or exceed customer (3) expectations The initial reaction may be that this (4) statement_ is perfectly clear but on closer examination it poses a number of questions. For example, is it (5) authoring employees to do whatever they feel is necessary to (6) achieve_ this end without restrictions? Or is it saying (7) _ follow our procedures and this will be the outcome? Who knows? Perhaps the manager, but the description certainly does not (8) clarify_ things sufficiently from the employee's point of view.1.Many firms now offer home-based working opportunities√2.to their staff as those demands for more flexible3.arrangements grow. Companies such like the BBC, for4.example, are running pilot schemes where managers, √5.journalists, producers and accountants all have work from6.home. The manager of one project said, 'It is popular with √7.all staff. They are lot happier, use their time more8. productively and are less stressed. They are saving money √9.by not commuting and can spend themselves more time10.with their families.' He also mentioned the need for √11.home-based staff and to be able to cope with technology.12.'Good information technology support is the absolutelycrucial to the success of an一home-working scheme.3aP391 With a reference to your letter dated 13 November, in2 which you requested information about our forthcoming √3 exhibition 'Management in Action', please do find4 enclosed details about this and future events in the region. √5 'Management in Action' which is the showcase event for6 the region's major business training organizations. This √7 year's exhibition it includes thirty free taster workshops,8 covering these areas such as motivation, health and safety,9 team-building, presentation skills and e-commerce. If you√10 require any further information, and please do not11 hesitate to contact either myself or Elizabeth Wellington √12 on 01952 345642. We are look forward to hearing from you in the near future.5aP85I The findings are being based on interviews with ten senior2 managers and two directors which as well as a3 questionnaire sent to more than fifty employees at the √4 leisurewear manufacturer's main production facility in √5 Suffolk. It was found that such levels of staff motivation6 were extremely low throughout of the organization. In7 particular, staff expressed any dissatisfaction with their8 current salary levels and said they felt undervalued by the√9 company. It was also found that those inflexible working10 hours are a certain major grievance among staff at all √11 levels. Other reasons given for job dissatisfaction included √12 uncooperative colleagues, lack of the clear objectives and too much responsibility.P25The first time I ever bought (I) shares _was in I 988. It was during the(2)_flotation of British Telecom. I didn't really know anything about the stock market but a friend of mine is a (3) _broker and he told me BT would be a safe(4) investment _. Since then, he's also taught me all about how to read the(5)listings _ in the financial press. Of course, I pay him some (6) _commission but I think he gives me a lot more help than he would a normal client. He'll phone me, for example, if he hears a rumour about a (7) merger _ or a takeover. He also gives me good information about companies, such as who pays their shareholders the biggest (8) dividends _ and things like that. His advice doesn't guarantee success, of course, but it's certainly a great help.P52Many companies have recently been taking their first tentative steps in the world of electronic business. Initially. they expected the Internet to be (I) _no/litte more than an 'add on' to (2) their _ current business procedures. However, companies are now discovering (3)that/how electronic business will not just prove to be an efficient or cheaper sales channel (4) _but willfundamentally change the way they do business. Companies in sectors (5) _ such as retailing or financial services are already realising substantial savings by using the Internet to encourage (6)the _ growth of 'self-service' activities for customers and suppliers. Corporate intranets now allow staff to access training at (7) _any_ time and make travel arrangements and file expenses on-line, reducing the costs (8) _which/what . are common to such processes.Advanced Technologies plc, the automobile components manufacturer, yesterday agreed (I) _to_ consider an offer from the French-based Avignon Group of 68p a share. This latest bid, which (2)is _ an increase of13 p on their original offer, beats (3) _that of German rival Hellman AG, who last week offered 60p a share. The bid values Advanced at £ 19m, almost twice (4) its market capitalization when it was floated in 1996. It is not yet clear (5) whether_ Hellman will return with a counter-bid. Advanced Chairman Tom McGillis said the company would (6) _ not contact any other parties for two weeks (7)while _ it considered Avignon's newest offer An Avignon spokesman said that the merger would deliver immediate benefits to the company (8) _such as cost savings andlong-term sustainable shareholder value.Well. I've been here for a few months now and l<m really enjoying it. It's quite different from my last job. for one thing. the working (I) environment is definitely very different from the old company. The managers have (2) pushed flexible working up the agenda and (3) identified areas where it would make more (4) sense to work from home. After all, if we are all (5) Iogged onto the same network, then the (6) location of your workstation doesn't really matter, does it? It's just as easy to (7) contribute to a team using e-mail and the telephone. Working from home is a win-win situation because it increases efficiency and cuts the time it (8) takes traveling to the office.P98increased exposed to international business means that Japanese companies are not always as traditional as in the past. (2) However there are still a number of important cultural factors which need to be considered when doing business in Japan.•During negotiations, it is common for there to be long periods of silence (3) while your Japanese colleagues formulate their response.•The Japanese will still usually avoid saying 'no'. You may (4) therefore leave a meeting with the wrong impression.•Japanese meetings tend to be more formal than those in the USA, with people being addressed by their title and surname (5) as opposed to their first names.•Dress is a very important issue for the Japanese, with a smart suit and tie, the expected dress code in all business situations.•Business remains still very much a male domain and(6) although inroads have been made by Japanese women, it is still unusual to find them in high level positions. (7) Similarly works in senior position' tend to be older than their counterparts in the USA.。

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商 务 英 语 Unit 1 课文B 入世后中国面临的挑战 经济全球化不可逆转。历史经验告诉中国不要因为害怕挑战而闭关自锁。任何国家都不能逃避由国际竞争与合作所带来的变化。中国加入世贸组织带来了根本性变化,代表着中国对外改革开放迈上了一个新台阶。在世贸组织的框架内,中国所要面对的基本要求和义务就是遵守世贸组织的一系列国际条款。也就是说,中国的经济活动和国际贸易必须遵守体现先进的现代市场经济的国际规则。这种先进文化能消除贫困、愚昧并带来财富。然而,现代市场经济与计划经济中形成的中国传统观点和思维模式并不兼容。中国面临的挑战难以避免地主要表现在思维、管理和经济运行机制等许多方面。 计划经济下形成的传统思想会发生巨大的变化。例如,看到有人变得富有,人们会认为是因为腐败,受贿和裙带的关系;有时,人们也会轻视私有或者集体经济;所有这一切主要是因为中国经济传统上轻视商业的原因。我们所面临的挑战就是要改变人们不合时宜的想法,为私有和集体经济创造良好的法律、政策、财政、人性化和公众性的社会环境。只有如此,中国企业才能增强竞争力,以免入世后被外国企业所击败。 中国经济面临来自管理活动中政府干预太多的挑战。中国政府所要做的就是要改善管理经济的能力以应对市场经济体制的需求。人们逐渐认识到计划经济模式下通过政府垄断不能保持好现代经济系统的正常运作。解决这些问题的唯一途径就是下放权力,给与企业更多的独立自主权,允许它们面向市场。将政府直接管理经济转变为间接的宏观经济调控例如政企职责分开,减少政府干预企业的经济活动,取消指令性计划代之以税收,信用和汇率等经济手段。从市场经济的角度来看,计划经济的传统结构应进一步打破,政府与市场的关系也应合理重构,破除行政垄断以促进经济发展和社会进步,改善道德规范和国家竞争意识,增强企业的国际竞争力。 为应对入世挑战,中国一直寻求并采用有效的措施以调整国内经济,如: 1、 保持适当的经济增长速度;2、调整好经济结构与发展新型产业;3、加强环境建设和环境保护;4、推动农业产业化提高农民收入;5、建立社会保障体系;6、解决好失业问题;7、推进城市化进程;8、深化体制改革转变政府职能;0、建立现代企业制度;10、创造良好政治环境发展私有企业和中小型企业。 另外,为了深化各经济领域的改革,应该进一步转换国有企业的运行机制以满足市场经济的要求;应该明确企业的权力与义务;政企分开;科学地管理企业。再者,经济增长方式也应该从劳动密集型转变为劳动集约型。当然,公司和企业自身也应努力重新调整和适应新形势。如果他们不能对市场经济变化做出迅速的回应,在激烈的竞争中许多公司和企业就会被淘汰出局。 总之,机遇与挑战并存。加入世贸组织不仅可以发展中国经济,也可以推动世界经济的发展,为亚洲和世界经济注入新的活力。 Unit 2 股 市 运 作 20年前由约翰.肯尼迪和丹尼斯.哈维共同创建的肯尼迪.哈维公司。五年前,前任董事长丹尼斯患癌症去世,这使得公司董事会失去了主心骨,最后由丹尼斯的儿子马修担任董事长一职,因为他拥有500多万股股票,占公司股份的52%。为了建立一家分公司,公司必须大量增加法定资本。因此,董事们建议召开董事会讨论上市事宜。公司通过该提议,这样任何人都可以自由购买、交易公司股票。但董事们提议发行一种特殊的股票,只有内部员工才可以低价交易这种股票。 我们分析一下以上这个案例:没有资金,企业无法取得成功。企业最初的资金来源于股东。为了给新的分公司融资,企业决定发行股票。股票是股权凭证,说明股票的持有者有权获得债权人索取后的资产。由于股权代表对企业的所有权,只要拥有企业51%以上的股份,就可以控制董事会的选举权、人事配置权,或者只要公司业绩无法满足大多数股东要求,还可以改革现行的董事会结构。 作为资本市场的一部分,股市是某一特定企业交易股票的场所。由投资银行在一级市场负责新股发行业务。像美林银行等投资银行是买卖双方的中介。然而,已发行的股票通常在二级市场上交易,纽约股票交易所、美国股票交易所是二级市场的典范,另外还有一个柜台外交易市场,该市场专门用于二级市场以外的交易。1971年,纳斯达克电脑报价系统应运而生。 季若•莱斯是一名销售经理,他将一半的时间用于办公室工作,另一半时间出门会见顾客。但是最近他打算在工作之余购买一些股票,因为股票行情持续下跌,而且美联储刚刚公布下调利率0.25%。下一步就是让人头痛的选股,因为这就好比大海捞针。最后,通过仔细观察股市变化,他选择了1000股通用汽车。通用汽车是道琼斯指数中的一支蓝筹股,所以他估计会得到可靠的收益。让我们迅速的浏览一下到9月底的股市情况:股市闪亮收盘,道琼斯指数涨至11689.24,涨幅为0.17%。蓝筹股表现强劲,麦当劳、英特尔、IBM等重要的上市公司均出现上涨。通用汽车股票上涨至32.28美元,涨幅2.8%。该股上涨的原因是法国雷诺、日本日产与通用汽车结成三方联盟的协商进展顺利。 人们投资股市,是为了获取投资收益,他们可以通过底价购买,高价抛售,从中赚取差价,但是股市是有风险的,无法保证固定收益。在以上季若的案例中,通用汽车的蓝筹股确实是上涨了,但这并不意味着其股票价格一定会上涨。 事实上,股市是最敏感、最具投机性的场所。股价会不停的上涨或下跌。股价通常与公司的业绩牢牢绑在一起。如果公司的经营业绩上升,那么股价看涨,否则,股价看跌。利率下降,股市会飙升。某个上市公司的丑闻被暴光了,股市则会跳水。它可以拖累大盘向下。安然公司就是一个典型的例子,其股票经历了从牛股,熊股到垃圾股的整个过程。因此,投资股市时,我们必须了解大量的信息,比如经济是增长还是下跌,通涨指数,利率以及其他影响上市公司业绩的信息,此外,投资者可以通过阅读上市公司的公开财务报告获得诸如每股投资回报率等相关数据,还可以参考股票价格指数和股市指标获得关于现行股价和股市涨跌的信息。 尽管股市有诸多不确定因素,六分之一的美国成年人仍投资股市,这也使得股票交易量大大增加。为什么呢?这是因为他们梦想着在股市上能大发横财。 Unit 3课文二 市场选择 美国宝洁公司旗下有许多品牌的洗衣粉、洗手皂、香波、护肤品和一次性婴儿尿布,如:汰渍、舒肤佳、玉兰油、激爽、潘婷、海飞丝、沙宣和帮宝适等。而且,宝洁公司在不同的跨国市场还有很多其他的品牌。例如,它在拉丁美洲有16种不同品牌的洗衣产品,在欧洲、中东和非洲则有19种。这些宝洁的品牌常常出现在同一家超市的货架上相互竞争。为什么宝洁的同一类商品确有好几个品牌,而不是将所有的资源用来打造一个领军的品牌?因为,不同的消费者需要购买价值不同的商品,以洗衣产品为例,人们用洗衣产品来清洗衣服,但是他们还有别的要求,比如价格便宜、可以漂白、可以使衣服柔软或者具有一定的香味等。这就把洗衣产品的消费者分为若干群体,每一个群体都有其特殊的要求。 市场细分 在这个纷繁复杂的世界里,没有任何一家公司会天真到想要满足所有人的全部需求,这也是一种无谓的野心。营销人员早就意识到要想他们的努力有成效,并取得最后的成功,他们就必须要将一个或几个市场“化整为零”,这就是“细分市场”。 市场细分是指根据消费人群的人口、心理、地理和对商品的期望值等因素,将有着对相类似产品感兴趣的人群分组。 在确定细分市场的时候,营销人员通常要考虑消费者的地理、人口、心理和使用习惯等要素。 1、地理因素 营销人员要根据消费者的不同国籍、民族,所处的国家或地区,将其分为不同的细分市场。例如,加拿大坎布尔食品公司在密西西比销售法式浓汤,在得克萨斯销售带辣味的奶油汤。 2、人口因素 消费者因不同的年龄、性别、民族、宗教信仰、教育背景和收入,会有不同的消费取向,因此可以分为不同的群体。宝洁公司向年龄在50岁以上的女性销售富含维他命和保湿成分玉兰油霜和乳液,宣称这一产品能改善皮肤的弹性和促进肌肤再生。 3、心理因素 我们还可以根据消费者的态度、感情和观点将市场细分。早在上世纪五十年代,福特公司和雪弗兰公司就因其针对不同消费者的性格特征而设计的广告闻名于世。福特的车主通常都很独立自主,也很大男子气。而选择雪弗兰的消费者则一般较保守,而且很节俭。 4、产品使用因素 购买了同一种商品的消费者还可以根据其使用要求的不同来细分。以圆珠笔为例,学生们一般倾向于购买颜色鲜艳、设计有趣的圆珠笔,而公司职员则希望该商品能坚固、耐用。 市场定位 在市场细分之后,企业应决定在那个细分市场怎样进行营销活动,这就是选择目标市场。目标市场是企业在细分市场的基础上,根据自身资源优势所选择的主要为之服务的那部分有同样需求的顾客群体。企业可以选择不同的营销战略:无差异性市场营销、差异性市场营销和集中性市场营销。 1、无差异性市场营销 如果采用这一战略,企业需要忽略细分市场的差异,向整个市场提供同一类产品。这种大规模的营销策略是将重点放在消费者的共同需求上,而不是满足其差异性的需求。可口可乐公司最初的营销战略就是采用这种形式。它的产品是面向整个市场来吸引大量的消费者的关注,现在,它的产品已经转为满足消费者减少热量和零咖啡因的需求了。 2、差异性市场 这一战略要求企业确定目标市场,并为其单独提供产品。通用汽车公司的营销口号是:“为每一个消费者的经济能力、目的和个性生产每一辆车。”耐克公司为跑步、击剑、健身操、自行车赛和垒球等运动项目提供比赛用鞋。通过针对市场差异性生产的产品,企业希望在细分市场里获得更高的销售量和更大的市场份额。 3、集中性市场营销 对于那些企业资源十分有限的公司来说,第三种战略十分具有吸引力。企业(利用其有限资源)在一个或几个细分市场里追求较高的市场份额。例如,美国奥史考士是世界上最大的机场救援卡车和前载式混凝土搅拌机生产商,德国泰脱拉公司生产了世界上80%的热带鱼饲料,另外,世界上80%的军用双筒望远镜都是由德国视得乐公司生产。 营销人员能够认识到整个市场是由许多有着不同需求的细分市场组成,这是营销史上的重大进步。有相似需求的消费者个人或组织都应被看作是一个单独的市场。 Unit 4 Transnational Enterprises Text A 跨国公司概述

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