大学英语语法第四讲 介词

第四讲介词

一、分类

1 . 简单介词

指由一个单词构成的介词, 简单介词也可能由形容词、副词、名词、连词等转变而来, 常用的有:by, in, after , on, at , past , since, till , until , over, opposite, off, near , of, with, up, under, toward( s) , through , like, from, for , down , during, except , but , beyond,

between ,besides, beside, beneath, below, behind, before, among, along, against , above, across ,about , amid( st) , onto, underneath , unlike, round, next , despite, than, save 除??之外, 等。

2 . 以-ing 结尾的介词

这类介词由现在分词演变而来, 常用的有:excepting 除??外, including 包括, regarding 关于, barring 除??外, concerning 关于, touching 关于, considering 就??而言, saving 除外, respecting 关于, pending 在??之中(到??为止) , failing 如果没有(若无??时) , following 在??以后, 等。

3 . 合成介词

into 进入, outside 在??外, within 在??内, without 没有, throughout 遍及(贯穿) ,inside 在??内, upon 在??上, alongside 在

??旁边(沿着) , notwithstanding 虽然,等。

4 . 短语介词

这类介词是短语性的固定介词搭配, 可以是介词+ 名词, 介词+ 介词, 介词+ 分词, 介词+ 动词, 介词+ 形容词, 介词+ 副词等构成, 常用的有:out of 从??里面(从??中) , but for 要不是, ahead of 在??前, according to 根据,apar t from 除??外, along with 同??一起, because of 由于(因为) , together with 同??一起, as regards 关于, as to 关于(至于) , due to 由于, in front of 在??前面, in place of 代替, on behalf of 代表, near to 靠近, instead of 替代(而不) , next to 紧靠旁边(贴近) , on account of 由于(鉴于) , owing to 由于(因为) , with regard to 关于, in regard to 关于, prior to 在??前, in view of 考虑到, in spite of 尽管, in accordance with 根据,by means of 用(依靠) , as f rom 自??起, as for 至于, apar t from 除??外(若无) , except for 除??外, as concerns 关于, as compared with 同??相比, for want of 因为缺乏, at the cost of 以??为代价, over against 在??对面(正对着) , down to 下至( 直至) , away from 离开, irrespective of 不顾, with a view to 旨在(目的是) , on the point of正要??之际, in the event of 如果发生(万一) , for the sake of 为了, by way of 经由(通过) , up to 一直到, thanks to 由于(多亏) , previous to 先于, due to 由于, 等。

短语介词不同于介词短语。短语介词是用作介词的短语(如with a view to) , 不可独立使用, 本身不能作句子成分, 后面要跟名词、动名词或代词等; 介词短语是由介词+ 宾语构成的短语(如with a view to buying a car ) , 本身可作句子成分, 如作定语、状语等, 可独立使用。

I will help you for the sake o f our f riendship . 为了我们的友谊, 我是愿意帮助你的。( for the sake of 是短语介词, for the sake of our friendship 是介词短语, 作状语)

二、位置

1 . 介词通常位于名词或代词前

The book is beyond her ./The man is beneath contempt .

2. 在某些结构中, 介词可以放在句尾

1)在介词+ whom/ which/ what/ whose 结构位于句首的疑问句中, 介词常可放在句尾

Who is she talking to ?/Which desk did you put the book on ?

2)定语从句中位于that/ whom/ which 之前的介词也可以放在句尾

在这种情况下, 关系代词可以省略。但介词不可放在that 前面, 而必须放在句尾, that 可省略

This is the kind of life ( that , which) he is used to .

3)某些wh-词引导的名词性从句中, 关系代词为介词宾语位于从句句首时, 介词应后置

I don t know what you are driving at ./Money is what he is badly in need of .

4)动词不定式作状语, 需要介词同句中主语构成介宾关系时, 介词应后置

The lake is safe to swim in .

5)动词不定式作定语, 需要介词同动词不定式所修饰的名词构成介宾关系时, 介词应后置

It s a nice place to live in .

3 . 在某些“(不及物)动词+ 介词”结构中, 介词紧跟动词后

在这种结构中, 宾语不可放在动词和介词之间, 只能放在介词后面

The thief broke into the house .

三、介词的宾语

1)介词的宾语不仅限于名词和代词, 还可以是其他词类或句子等

名词He is walking along the river .

代词She is interested in it .

形容词Your plan is far f rom per f ect .

副词I can t see the tower clearly f rom here .

动名词She spent the morning in reading .

不定式He couldn t do anything except wait for the reply .

数词The students walked there in twos and threes .

疑问词+ 不定式That depends on which method to take .

疑问词引导从句He does not care about who will be promoted .

that 引导的从句I would go with you but that I am too busy .

2)介词后的其他结构:

He is away from home with his children alone . (名词+ 形容词)

With the sun down , night came on . (名词+ 副词)

He left home without a cent in his pocket . (名词+ 介词短语)

The night was beautiful with the moon shining brightly . (名词+ 现在分词)

His success depends on him (或his) working hard . (代词+ 现在分词)

They parted f rom each other without a word said . (名词+ 过去分词)

The soldiers returned with a man bound up in rope . (名词+ 过去分词)

He wandered about without anything to do . (代词+ 不定式)

She stayed late with a lot o f letters to write . (名词+ 不定式)

He stayed there three years with Jim his only f riend . (名词+ 同位语)

3)值得注意的是, 除了in that , except that , save that , but that , notwithstanding that 外,that 引导的从句不可直接作介词的宾语, 必须在介词和that 之间加上先行词, 一般是it

You can count on that your needs will be satisfied . (误)

You can count on it that your needs will be satisfied . (正)

4)能作介词宾语的形容词是不多的, 常见于下列固定词组中:

in common 共同, in common with 与??相同, in the open 在户外(公开地, 在露天) , in full 充分地(全部地) , far from+ adjective 远远不??, for the better 好转, in earnest 认真地, in brief ( short )简言之(总而言之) , for the worse 恶化(变坏) , for sure ( certain) 肯定地, at ( the) most 至多, at least 至少, for short 简称(缩写) , in bad( with sb . ) 失去??欢心, for good 永久地(一劳永逸地) , at ( the) longest 至多( 指日期) , from bad to worse 越来越坏(每况愈下) , to the full 尽量地(充分地) , of late 最近, on the whole 总的来说(大体上) , to the good 有好处(净增) , on the sly 偷偷地(秘密地) , to the cont rary 相反的(地) , in the wrong 错的, in the right 正确的( 有理的) , in the rough 大体上( 未完成) , in the red 亏损(出现赤字) , of late 近来, in the raw 处于自然状态的(裸露的) , in vain 徒劳(无效) , in particular 尤其(特别) , for better or worse 不论好坏(不管怎么样) ,at ( the ) latest 最迟, at one s ( it s ) + best . . .处于最??状态, at large 逍遥法外(一般的) , in the clear 按(两边之间的)内宽计算(无嫌疑, 无罪, 还清债务) , of old 昔日的(很久前)

They pledged to stand together f or better or worse .

介词短语作另一介词的宾语是常见的语言现象, 如: f rom behind the hill 从山后面,till after dinner 到晚饭后, since before the war 自战前以来

四、介词的语法功能

介词与其他词类或成分结合后方能在句子中充当语法成分, 构成介词短语。介词短语可

以作定语(须后置)、状语、表语、宾语补足语、另一介词的宾语, 间或作主语等。例如:

He is a man o f integrity . (定语)

Her eyes were tired f rom long reading . (状语)

The decision is o f great importance to me . (表语)

They found the machine in a bad state . (宾语补足语)

The dog ran out towards the criminal . (介词宾语)

On purpose or not on pur pose is of great difference . (作主语)

五、常见介词用法例解

1 . about

They gathered about the desk . 在??周围

He felt weak about the knees . 在??部位

She left on or about the eighth of May . 在??前后, 大约( a little more or less)

I haven t enough money about me then . 在??身边

There is something queer about him . 状貌, 属性

He has read about the adventure . 关于

What the hell are you about ? 从事

There is a mature wisdom about him . 这人颇有大智。(在??性格中)

about 构成的惯用短语:

(1) be about to 正要??, 正打算??They are about to leave .

(2) How about . . . ? (你觉得)??怎么样? (你认为)??好吗?How about a cup of tea ?

(3) What about . . . ? ??好吗? 怎么样了? (建议或询问消息)What about a walk ?

2 . above

The water was already above our knees . 在??的上方

The coat cost above10 . 多于, 超过

He is above me in rank . (在级别上)高于, 优于, 重于

The book is above my understanding . 超乎??之所及

He is above doing such things . 不屑于

Oxford is above Henley on the Thames . 从??往上游

The ship sank just above the island . 船在群岛正北方沉没。(在??北方)

He ran to the first building above the factory . 他朝工厂前方的第一幢楼房跑去。( 比??更远) above 构成的惯用短语:

above all 尤其是, 最重要的是above suspicion 无可怀疑

above praise 赞美不尽above criticism 无可指责

above reproach 无可厚非above price 价值连城

above the average 超过一般水平be above oneself 兴高采烈

above one s head ( understanding) 不可理解

above one s income (means) 入不敷出

3 . after

He will return af ter three o clock . 在??以后(时间)

Shut the door af ter you, please . 在??后面(位置)

Day a f ter day he worked on . 接着

Af ter water, food is the most important for human life . (地位, 重要性)低于, 次于

A f ter what has happened, he refused to accept it . 鉴于, 由于

A f ter all his effor ts , he failed at last . 尽管

All men seek af ter happiness . 追求, 追赶, 搜寻, 询问

She asked a f ter your health . 关于

It is a large hall fitted up af ter the Roman style . 以??为模仿对象

Jim was named af ter his father . 按照

His actions are not a f ter our expectations . 与??一致, 符合

He takes a f ter his mother . 像

after 构成的惯用短语:

after all 毕竟, 到底(作状语) day after day 日复一日

one after another 接二连三page after page 一页又一页地

year after year 年年岁岁wave after wave 一波又一波地

bus after bus 公共汽车一辆接一辆time after time 一次又一次

4 . against

My house stands against the church . 向着, 正对着

The resolution was adopted by a vote of 92 in favour to 9 against it. 逆, 反

Can you show any evidence against him ?对??不利

It was a race against time. 以??为竞争对手

The building was insured against fire. 以??为抵御(抵抗)对象

He saw a woman leaning against a pine t ree . 倚, 靠

The sunset was charming against the clear blue sky. 以??为背景

Our steel output is 3 , 000 tons this month as against 2 , 500 tons last month. 和??对比

You should balance what you spend against what you earn . 以??为标准

The rates against U . S . dollars have dropped. 以??为交换对象

5 . at

She lives at 15 Alley 20 Lane 150 Park Street. (地点)在??里, 在??上(比较: She lives on Park Street . ) The dog barked at the old man . 向, 朝

He retired at 60 . (时间)在??时刻, 在??岁时

The storm was at its worst. 处于??状态

He drank the wine at a gulp . 以??方式

Please go out at the back entrance . 经由, 通过

I found her at her desk . 忙于, 从事于

He was not at the garden party last night . 出席, 参加

The boat went at a speed of eighty miles an hour . 以??速度(程度)

The parents rejoiced at the news of his success . 因为, 由于

At a sign from him, she stopped talking . 作为对??的反应

He did it at her request . 按照, 应

We can see the tower at a distance . 从相隔(一段距离)的地方

She is a genius at music . 在??方面

at 构成的惯用短语:

affected at 感动moved at 感动

at the sight of 看到at the news ( sound) of 听到

at (one s) ease 在安乐中, 放心at ( one s) leisure 在闲暇时

at the thought of 想到at a drought 一口气

at liberty 闲暇, 自在, 随意at peace 和平, 心情平静

at large 自由自在at home 安适

at one s height 酒酣at stake 在危险中

at bay 陷入绝境at one s wit s end 智穷才尽

at the zenith 在高峰状态at one s convenience 在??方便时

at anchor 停泊at a standstill 停顿

at an end 结束at rest 休息, 静止

at a loss 迷惑, 茫然at sea 茫然

at fault 迷惑at sixs and sevens 混乱

at one s will 随意at one s beck and call 任人支配

at (one s) command 依??的命令at one s discretion 随??之意

at random 随便地at one s disposal 任人支配

at intervals 时时at one s summons 听凭使唤

at one s mercy 任人支配, 由??摆布at the expense of 以??为代价

at dusk 黄昏at one s service 任人使用

at length 详细地at hand 不远, 在身边

at least 至少at the risk of 冒险

at half price 半价at any rate 至少

at most 至多at cost 照原价

at a cost 亏本at all events 不管怎样

at one stroke ( blow) 一下子at a bargain 廉价

at full speed 以全速at the earliest ( latest ) 最早(迟)

at a trot 快步at a profit 获利

at the risk of 冒??的危险at the point of 就要

“敲门”既可以说knock at the door , 也可以说knock on the door, 但knock at 多用于“门”, 而knock on 还可用于其他事物, 如: knock on the desk , knock on the window。

6 . before

He died be f ore the war . (时间)在??之前

We should put quality be fore quantity . (顺序, 重要性)先于

He paused be fore the door . (位置)在??前面

True men choose death be fore dishonour . (宁可??而)不愿??

A bright future lies be f ore you . 等待着

before long 不久He will return be f ore long .

long before 很久以前He left his hometown long be fore .

7 . beyond

There is a village beyond the river . (空间)在??的那一边

He has gone beyond seas . (空间)在??以外

He stayed beyond the hour of welcome . 迟于, 晚于

The situation is beyond his control . 超出, 非??可及

He is beyond this kind of thing . (品质, 习性)超脱于

He did nothing beyond what he was told to do . 除??以外

The stars are beyond number . 星星无数。

The villa is beyond my means . 这幢别墅我买不起。

Good advice is beyond price . 良言无价。

beyond words 难以言喻beyond cont rol 难以控制, 不受控制

beyond all hope 毫无希望beyond belief 难以置信

beyond all comprehension 不可理解beyond dispute 无可争议

beyond all comparison 无可比拟beyond doubt 无可怀疑

beyond one s grasp 力所不及beyond cont roversy 无可争论

beyond criticism 无可非议beyond reproach 无可厚非

beyond human endurance 非人所能忍受beyond redemption 不可救药

beyond belief 不可信beyond the help of the doctor 无法医治

beyond description 无法描绘

8 . but (常用在no, nothing, nobody, all 等词后, 与except 同义, 表示“除??以外”) Nobody saw it but me .

but 构成的惯用短语:

(1) but for 要不是, 如果没有

But for your help ( = if it were not for your help) , he would have failed .

(2) nothing but 只是, 不过是That s nothing but a joke .

(3) anything but 决非He is anything but a scholar .

(4) all but 几乎, 差不多He was all but drowned .

(5) cannot but (后接原形动词)只好, 不能不He cannot but agree .

(6) the last but one ( two, three)倒数第二(三、四)He was the last but one to arrive .

9 . by

He was sitting by the door . 在??旁

The boat sailed south by east . (方向)偏于

They came by the nearest road . 通过, 经由

She ought to be here by now . 到(某时)之前

We work by day and sleep by night . 在??的时候

He had two girls by is first wife . 由??所生

The news came by telegram . 方式

He caught the thief by the coat . 握, 抓

There is not enough light to read by . 通过, 凭, 以

I met her by chance . 由于

Never judge a man by his looks . 根据, 按照

They sell the apples by the pound . 按??计算

He moved along inch by inch . (一个)接着(一个)

She is taller than you by a head . 以??之差

He swore by God . 以(神)的名义

Do as you would be done by. 对待

He is a scholar by temperament . 就(职业、本性、气质)来说

by 构成的惯用短语:

by rule 按规则year by year 年复一年

by degrees 逐渐地step by step 逐步

little by little 渐渐地honest by nature 天性诚实

Mary by name 名叫玛丽a teacher by profession 职业是教师

a grocer by trade 职业是杂货商by chance 偶然

by accident 偶然, 意外地by request 应邀

by good luck 侥幸by mistake 弄错

by turns 轮流larger by half 大一半

reduce by half 减少一半by way of 经由

too many by one 多一个by far 远, ??得多

by force 用武力by heart 熟记

by persuasion 凭说服by wholesale 批发

by sight 仅识其面by auction 拍卖

by contract 承包by post 邮寄

by express 以快件by appointment 约定

by means of 用?? by all means 用一切手段, 当然可以

by virtue of 凭借by airplane 乘飞机

10 . for

I did it only f or you . (目的)为了

The class t rains students for electronic engineers. 为得到, 为成为

He is the man f or the job . (对象, 用途)给, 适合

for 构成的惯用短语:

cut out for 有??才能bound for 启程往??

for all 尽管, 虽然for all I know 就我所知

for certain 的确for life 终生

for the present 暂时for good 永远

for the moment 暂时answer for 负责

for the time being 暂时

11 . from

She has been sick f rom youth . 从??起, 始于

He is sprung f rom royal blood . 从??来, 出自

The artist was always out painting f rom nature . 从, 根据

He trembled f rom fear . 由于

The wine is made f rom rice . (不可见原料)由??制成

The situation has turned f rom bad to worse . (情况, 状态的改变)从

They parted f rom each other at the station . (分离, 隔离)

He can t refrain f rom laughing . 免除, 阻止, 排斥

He is old enough to know right f rom wrong . 区别

The man died f rom a wound . 因??而, 因患??疾病而

from 构成的惯用短语:

from far 从远处from above ( below)自上(下)

from now on 从现在起from bad to worse 每况愈下

from top to bottom 彻头彻尾

12 . in

He was wounded in the leg . 在??里面

He ll be back in one year . 在??之内

The man was blind in one eye . 在??方面

It is a book in Chinese literature . 关于

He is in liquor . (状态)处于??之中

She is in business now . (职业, 活动)从事于

They came in threes and fours . (形式, 方式)以, 按照

Please underline the words in red ink . (材料)用, 以

The man in glasses is his father . 穿着, 戴着

There is only a probability of one in ten . (数量, 程度, 比例)以, 按

She saw in the man the qualities she admired . (能力, 性格)在??身上

What did you give him in return ? 为了, 作为

She speaks in a quiet voice 用(声音, 语言)

The beast in him roared . 他野性大发。(含有, 具有)

We saw her mother in her . 我们在她身上看到了她母亲的影子。(具有, 含有)

I believe in you . 我信任你。( have trust in 动作的对象)于

比较: I believe you . 我相信你的话。(what you have said)

注意, in 有一种用法, 语法上称为“同一性”, 指in 联系的两个名词所指相同. They saw in the king a tyrant . 他们认为那个国王是个暴君。

in 构成的惯用短语:

in chorus 合唱in whispers 低语

in full dress 盛装in disguise 假扮

in mourning 穿丧服in white 穿白衣服

in spectacles 戴着眼镜in high feather 兴高采烈

in a good ( bad, ill) humour 心情极(不)佳in a good (bad) mood 心情好(不好)

in high ( low, poor ) spirits 情绪高昂(低沉) in violation of 违反

in a good ( bad) temper 脾气好(坏) in anger 愤怒

in despair 失望in fun 开玩笑

in luck 幸运in distress 悲痛

in comfor t 在安乐中in trouble 处于困境

in the blues 忧郁in any event 无论如何

in conclusion 总之in pain 在痛苦中

in tears 流泪in alarm 惊惶

in wonder 惊奇in astonishment (/ surprise)惊奇

in hor ror 恐惧in fear 在恐惧中

in a fog 困惑in safety 在安全中

in need 在患难中in dilemma 进退维谷

in debt 负债in good order 秩序良好

in good condition 情况良好in good repair 情况良好

in chores 混乱in confusion 零乱

in one s way 妨碍in disorder 混乱

in haste 匆忙in good ( poor ) health 健康(不佳)

in sickness 患病in a fever 发烧

in fashion 流行in vogue 流行

in the air 传播in force 在施行中

in operation 在施行in touch 联系

in progress 在进行中in labour 在分娩中

in love 恋爱in public 公开地

in session 在开会(庭) in use 在使用中

in ruins 荒废in doubt 怀疑

in secret 秘密地in earnest 认真地

in the right 正确in the wrong 错误

in print 在印制in black and white 白纸黑字

in width 在宽度方面in length 在长度方面

in hand 在进行中, 在考察中in flower 开花

in shape 在形式上in every respect 在每一方面

in ( full) bloom 盛开in blossom 盛开

in heaps 堆积in rows 一排排

in the bud 含苞待放in the raw 在自然状态

in twos and threes 三三两两hand in hand 手携手

in broad daylight 在白昼in search of 寻求

in miniature 小型的in large ( small) quantities 大(小)

in quest of 寻求量的

in pursuit of 追求in favour of 赞成

in memory of 为纪念??而in honour of 对??表示敬意in reward for 作为??的报酬in behalf 为??的利益

in token of 作为??的表示in revenge of 作为??的报复in all proportions 按各种比例in addition 另外

in connection with 和??有关in brief 简单地说

in due course 在适当时候in essence 本质上

in fact 事实上in disrepute 声名狼籍

in the event of 万一in general 一般来说

lie in 在于?? in possession of 占有

in short 总之in line with 按照

in other words 换言之in opposition to 与??相反

in stock 有货in support of 支持

in par ticular 特别是in part 部分地

in terms of 用??的术语, 根据in turn 依次

in respect to 关于in no time 马上

in the eyes of 在??看来in regard to 关于

in the light of 根据in the interests of 为了??的利益

in the open 在露天in the main 基本上

in time 及时in all 总计

in vain 徒劳in times 常常

engaged in 从事于这一事实

immersed in 沉湎于indulged in 沉溺于

13 . into

She married into an influential family . 进, 入

The boy bumped into the door in darkness . 朝, 向, 触及

They talked far into the night . 持续到, 直到

The saplings have grown into big trees . 成为, 转为

He will go into business after graduation . 从事

2 into 18 is 9 . 除

14 . of

She is a friend of my brother s . (属于)??的

The house is made of stone . (可见原材料)由??制成

The matter is of great significance . 具有某种性质、状况

He is a giant of a man . 相似

The manager thought highly of your work . 关于

She is swift of foot . 在??方面

I did it of necessity . 因??

He was born o f an artist s family . 来自??

The t rees are bare o f leaf in winter . 除去, 分离, 剥去

The city of Nanjing is very beautiful . 同位关系

Her father died o f cancer . 由于

He did it of his own accord . 自动, 自愿

He is a musician of talent . ( = a talented musician)修饰关系

I know o f such a man . 我听说过这么一个人。(涉及)

of 构成的惯用短语:

of one s own accord 自愿of one s own choice 出于自己的选择

of one s own f ree will 出于自己的意志of oneself 靠自己, 自动地

a palace of a house 宫殿般的房子a mountain of a wave 山一般的海浪

ease sb . of 减轻relieve sb . of 解除, 减轻

lighten ( f ree) sth . of 减轻cure sb . of 治愈

heal sb . of 治疗break sb . ( oneself ) of 戒除

absolve of 赦免, 免除rid of 解除, 免除

clear ( wash) of 清除break of 分离

strip (divest) of 剥夺plunder of 抢夺

dispose ( dispossess) of 剥夺cheat of 骗取

defraud ( fleece) of 诈取bereave of 夺去

devoid of 没有, 空的empty of 空的

15 . on

He laid his hand on her shoulder . (接触, 支承)在??上

There is a cottage on the lake . 靠近, 在??旁

They made war on the enemies . 反对, 针对

We live on wages . 靠, 根据

Jack was on morning shift . 处于??情况中, 在从事??中

On entering the room I saw her . 在??的时候

He wrote a paper on Dickens . 关于, 触及

Jim was imprisoned on suspicion . 由于

She is on the committee . 是??的成员

I heard the news on the radio . 通过, 以??的方式

Have you identity papers on you ? 带在身上

They ve got a nice little cottage on the river ( on the road) . 在一条线上, 在旁边 on 构成的惯用短语:

on the ground( s) of 基于??的理由on account of 由于

on the wane 正在衰落, 正在亏缺on thorns 心烦

on edge 紧张on one s mind 在沉思

on duty 值班on guard 警戒

on the market 出售on holiday ( vocation)度假

on hire 出租on view 展出

on display 展示on trial 受审

on hand 在场, 现在在手头on a trip 旅行

on a picnic 野餐on half pay 支半薪

on the way 在旅途中on parade 游行

on the wing 飞行, 传播on the rise 上涨

on the increase 增加on the ebb 退缩, 减弱

on fire 失火, 愤怒on the watch 戒备, 注意

on the alert 警惕on the carpet 在讨论中

on the brink of 正要??的时候on the verge of 处于??的边缘on the point of 濒于on the margin of 接近??的边缘

act on principle 按原则办事on condition that 在??条件下

on this ( that) understanding 在此条件下on the decline 在下降on such terms 根据这样的条件have effect on 对??有影响

on purpose 故意on second thoughts 三思之后

on the cont rary 相反地on the average 平均

on pins and needles 坐立不安on behalf of 代表

on the one hand 一方面on the other hand 另一方面

have sth . on good authority 从可靠方面获悉某事

16 . out of

The boy took a piece of candy out of the box . 从??里面

Such things will happen in nine cases out of ten . 从??中

The boy is not yet out o f danger . 脱离

The family is out o f food . 缺乏, 没有

The plane flew out o f sight . 越出??之外

The man cheated the boy out o f his money . 丧失

We make furniture out of wood . 用??制成

He did it out of kindness . 出于, 由于

We talked her out o f her wrong plan . 放弃

out of 构成的惯用短语:

out of fear 出于恐惧out of necessity 出于必要

out of charity 出于仁慈out of pity 出于同情

out of revenge 出于报复out of control 失去控制

out of patience 不耐烦out of date 过时

out of sorts 不适out of work 失业

out of order 杂乱out of breath 上气不接下气

out of danger 脱险out of trouble 摆脱麻烦

out of hearing 听不见out of sight 看不见

out of fashion 不流行out of season 不合季节

out of politeness 不合礼节out of place 不适当

out of hand 失去控制out of proportion to 不匀称

out of step 不一致out of the ordinary 不平凡

out of wedlock 未婚的out of one s element 不得意, 不适应out of print 绝版out of temper 发怒

out of stock 缺货out of shape 健康不佳

out of practice 缺乏练习out of one s powers 力不能及

比较:

out of sight 看不见

in sight 看得见

out of danger 脱险

in danger 在危险中

out of trouble 脱离困境

in t rouble 在困境中

into t rouble 陷入困境

out of fashion 不流行

into fashion 流行起来

out of debt 不负债

in debt 负债中

into debt 负债

out of order 杂乱

in order 秩序井然

out of hand 失控

in hand 在控制下

out of practice 疏于练习

in practice 在练习中

out of one s way 避开

in one s way 妨碍

17 . to

The house looks to the south . 朝, 向, 往

There are ten miles to the nearest village . 离

She stayed here to the end of march . 到, 直到

Reading is to the mind what exercise is to the body . 对于

The situation has gone from bad to worse . 倾向于, 趋于

The poor man drank himself to death . (程度)到

The window opened to his calling . 对, 应

The door to the office is very thick . 属于, 归于

The wine is second to none . 比

The dish is not to his taste . 与??一致

They danced to the music . 随同, 伴随着

Let s drink to his health . 为了

To my amazement , he cancelled the meeting . (结果)致使 to 构成的惯用短语:

to a certain extent 在一定程度上to the contrary 相反

to a degree 非常according to 根据

to the good 有好处due to 由于

compare to 对比to one s benefit 对??有益

to one s taste 合胃口to some extent 在某种程度上

as to 关于, 至于to one s face 当??面

to one s credit 值得赞扬with reference to 关于

to one s utmost 尽力to and fro 来回地

prefer to 宁可burnt to death 烧死

to one s advantage 有利于frozen to death 冻死

moved to tears 感动得流泪to one s joy 使人快乐

to one s regret 使人后悔to one s disappointment 使人失望

to one s shame 使人丢脸to one s satisfaction 使人满意

to one s relief 使人安心in addition to 除??外

accustomed to 习惯于attached to 附属

18 .under

They slept under the stars . 在??下面

The sum is under what has been expected . 少于, 低于

He learned Spanish under his mother . (职位, 权力)低于, 在??之下They were under orders to leave . 受制于

The man walked under a heavy load . 在??重压下

Under these conditions, no progress is possible . 在(情况, 条件)下The road is under repair . 在??期间

He did it under the pretence of ignorance . 藉, 以

under 构成的惯用短语:

under discussion 在讨论中under considerations 在考虑中

under cultivation 在耕作中under sail 在航行

under fire 被攻击under repairs 在修理中

under investigation 在调查中under examination 在试验中

under trial 在试验中under the plow 在耕种中

under the hammer 在拍卖under the weather 患病, 经济困难

under orders 奉命under a cloud 受嫌疑, 处于窘境

under difficulties 在困难之中under the circumstances 在??情况下

under cont rol 在控制之下under the supervision of 在??监督下

under the direction of 在??指挥下under the control of 在??控制之下

under the vows of 在??誓愿之下under the command of 在??统率之下

under the yoke of 受??支配under the care of 在??照顾下

under one s wings 受保护under the protection of 受??庇护

under the auspices of 在??主办下under the influence of 在??影响下

under age 未成年under the mask of 在??假面具下

under the name of 以??名义under the pretext of 以??为借口

under the pretence of 以??为托辞under a false name 用化名

under the cloak (veil) of 佯扮,以??为托辞get under 制服

keep under 抑制, 征服serve under 在手下任职

under a name 用假名under ( in) the guise 装扮成, 在??的

under the plea of 以??为借口幌子下

under no necessity of 不需要under the necessity of 迫于需要

under the heel of 在??蹂躏下under one s thumb 受某人控制

under the rule of 受??的统治under the pat ronage of 在??保护之下

under the guidance of 在??领导下under the treatment of 由??治疗

under one s charge 由某人照顾

19 .with

He lived with his sister . 和??在一起, 同

He sympathizes with the little girl . 在??一边, 支持

She is a woman with a hot temper . 具有, 有??特征

It rests with you to decide . 由??负责

Have you any money with you ? 在??身上

With that remark , he left the room . 随着

What will you buy with the money ? 用, 以

Her face were white with fear . 由于

How are you getting along with your new job ? 对于, 至于

With all his faults , he is an honest man . 尽管, 虽然

She didn t dare to sleep with the windows open . 伴随情况

with 构成的惯用短语:

tremble with fear 恐惧得发抖shake with laughter 笑得全身发抖

in connection with 与??相联in touch with 与??接触

in contact with 与??有联系in line with 与??一致

comparable with 与??相比in harmony with 与??协调

in accordance with 与??一致endowed with 赋有

with reserve 有保留with open arms 热情地

with one accord 一致地with a will 坚定地

with a view to 为了with the exception of 除??之外

with a firm hand 坚决地

六、时间、地点、原因、关于、方法、价格、特性、进行等的介词(短语)用法要点

1 . 表示时间的介词

1) at

(1) at 表示某个时间点( point of time) , past 表示“过几分”, to 表示“差”几分; 美国英语中可用after 代替past , 可用of 代替to。例如:

at seven o clock , at 5: 30 p . m . (下午5 点30 分) , at eight minutes past ( after ) two(2点过8 分) , at nine to ( of) four (4 点差9 分)

(2)表示进餐的时间。at breakfast , at lunch , at supper, at dinner

(3)表示一天中的某个时间点, 如子夜、破晓、日出、正午、日落等。at midnight , at dawn, at sunrise, at noon , at sunset

(4)由表示“某一点”时间, 引申为表示“一??就”这一概念。例如:

The baby cried at the sight of its mother .

the theater 在看戏, at school在上课, at the telephone 在打电话, at one s ease 过得舒适, at odds 不和, at theheight 在高潮(正酣) , at war 在交战中, at pleasure 随意, at leisure 空闲。

②下列短语中的at 表示“样子, 态度”: at one sitting 一口气, at a bound 一跃, at a stroke 一举, at a mouthful 一口, at a blow 一击之下, at a glance 一瞥。

2) in

in 表示较长的时间(period of time) , 如年、月、日、周、季节、上午、下午等。

in 1995 , in a year , in two weeks, in autumn, in March, in the eighteenth century, in the morning, in the late afternoon

In the middle o f March the flowers will be in bloom . ( = in the middle, 指3 月10 号至20 号)花在3 月中旬开放。

At the middle of March the flowers will be in bloom . ( = around March 15th)花在3 月15 号左右开放。

人生时段的表示法: in the flower of youth 在青春时期, in the spring of life 在年轻时代, in the flush of life 在青春时代, in the school days 在学生时代, in one s youth在??年轻时代, in the prime of life 在壮年时代, in one s old age 在??晚年, in one s

life( time )在??一生中, in all one s life 在??整个一生中。

3)on

(1)特定的某一天。

on Monday, on April 5 , on New Year s Day, on New Year s Eve, on the tenth of May , on Christmas Eve

(2)某一天的早晨、中午或晚上。

on the morning of July 6( th) , on a dull afternoon of April 7( th) , on a cold night , on a quiet evening

如果morning, afternoon, evening 和night 前面有early 或late 等修饰词, 或者这些词前有表示具体钟点的名词, 通常要用in。例如: Late in the af ternoon o f a chilly day in February , he was sitting in the room alone over his wine .

At about three o clock in the morning of the next day, he reached the town .

(3) on + 动名词结构中的on 相当于as soon as, when, 指前后紧接的时间关系。通常只有reach , ar rive, hear , see, slip, snatch 这类非延续性动词的动名词才能这样用, 延续性动词则不可。on 可用upon 替代,“on + 动名词”可为“on + 名词”(动作名词)替代。当然, 这种用法中的on 也可省略, 只用现在分词。

On arriving at the hotel, he was greeted by the president .

Arriving at the hotel , he was greeted by the president .

4)of

of 表示时间用“of + a( n) + 周日、早晨、下午、黄昏”结构, 指一种经常性的行为, 即“一般??, 通常??”。of 还构成of old(从前, 往昔) , of late(近来) , of recent(近来)等表示时间的词组。

He usually takes a walk of an evening . 他通常在晚间散步。

5) during 和in 的差异

(1)表示一段时间时, during 和in 通常可以换用。但during 后的名词前必须有定冠词the, 而in 后的名词前有定冠词表示特指, 无定冠词表示泛指。

She did a lot for the army during ( in) thewar .

(2) during 强调动作的连续性, 指“在整个过程中”, 如果表示的是习惯性的或持续性的动作, 或指的是一项活动, 如同visit , meal , concert , service, voyage, stay 等名词连用时, 只能用during; in 则指一时性动作或短暂动作, 强调某事具体发生的时间。

She was in the headquarters during the war . (“在司令部”为持续性状态)

He worked in a chemical plant during 1988 .

另外, 我们可以说, during the visit ( stay, meal) , 但不能说in the visit ( stay, meal)。

6) during 和for 的差异

(1) during 概指一段不大确定的时间, for 则表示一段具体的时间, 指某一动作持续多久,常同几小时、几周、几个月、几年等数目字连用。比较:

He wrote f or one night . (写了整整一夜)

He wrote during the night . (在夜间写作, 但不一定整夜都在写)

(2)虽然有时候during 和for 可换用, 但如要表示某一状态或动作在某一具体时间内连续不断, 就必须用for, 而不用during。例如: They talked during ( f or) most of the night .

We ve known each other for f ive years . (不可用during)

7) after 和in 的差异

after + 表示一点时间的词, 表示具体的某时、某日、某月、某年后, after 后还可接某一具体事件。in + 表示一段时间的词, 谓语动词为非延续性动词时( marry , elect , open ,close . . .) , in 意为“在??以后”, 谓语动词为延续性动作时( clean, sleep, live . . .) , in 意为“在??以内”

A new t reaty will be signed af ter the f irst of May . 新条约将在5 月1 日后签署。(5 月1 日是一具体日子)

后”解)

①与表示完成意义的非延续性动词如complete, fulfil , finish, accomplish 等连用时, in 表示“在??之内”; 在与first , only 等词或与最高级连用时, 或者在否定句中, in 都是表示“在??之内”。

They will ful f il the task in six weeks . 他们将在6 个星期之内完成这项任务。

Wheat harvest was the best in several years . 小麦收成是几年中最好的。

②如果表示“在过去某一时间之后”, 用in 或after 均可。例如:

The concert began in ( after ) ten minutes . 音乐会在10 分钟后开始。

8) in 和for 的差异

表示将来时, in 用于肯定句, for 用于否定句; 表示一段时间时, 美国英语用in , 英国英语用for。

The moon will set in about one hour or so ./The moon will not set for about one hour or so .

It is the coldest winter in( for) ten years .

9) since 和after 的差异

since 后面接的是某一时间点, 表示从过去某一点时间延续到现在或过去, 主句谓语动词要用完成时态, 但当句子主语是it 时,

也可用一般现在时。after 作介词或连词可以表示时间, 同过去时或将来时连用, 但不能和现在时间发生关系, 不能同现在完成时连用。

Since her graduation, she has worked in the factory . (正)

A f ter her graduation, she worked ( will work) in the factory . (正)

10) after , behind 和later 的差异

(1) after 表示“在某一时间点、时间段或事件过去之后”, 常用于过去时, 但也可用于将来时; behind 表示“迟于, 落后于”; after 表示时间先后的顺序, behind 则表示位置, 意为“在??的后面”。

Just a f ter break f ast she arrived on her bicycle .

A tower stands behind the building .

(2) later 用于表示一段时间的名词短语后面, 可用于过去时或将来时, 指以某个时间点为起点, 经过一个时间段, 到某个时间点, 意为“??之后, 过了??”。

They left the hotel at seven o clock and two hours later a storm overtook them . 他们7 点钟离开旅馆的, 两个小时后遇上了暴风雨。

11) to, till 和until

(1)在f rom . . .to 结构中, to 可以同till , until 换用。

I studied at the college f rom1976 to ( till , until) 1979 .

(2)在表示“离某一事情还有多少时间, 把??推迟到某一时间”时, 可用to 或till。

It is only half an hour to ( till) supper . 离晚饭只有半个小时了。

(3) until 为正式用语, 可用于句首表示强调; till 在口语中常用, 一般不用于句首。另外,till 和until 后不可接地点名词。

Until(不用till) last month, I knew nothing about it .

12) by

by 意为“在或到??之前, 不迟于??”。

She will be here in two hours . (两小时之内)

She will be here by eight o clock . (8 点钟前)

She will be here till eight o clock . (待到8 点钟为止)

13) as

as 表示时间, 意为“在??时”。例如:

As a boy, Tom was very naughty . ( = when he was a boy)

14) inside of

inside of 意为“在??时间内”, 是美国英语。

I think the moon will rise inside of an hour .

15)with + 名词

这种结构也可表示时间, 意为“一??就, 随着”。

The red flag began to rise with the national anthem . 红旗随着国歌升起。

16) f rom 和since

只表示某个情况或动作从某个时候开始, 用from; 但若同现在完成时连用, 表示持续至说话时刻的情况或动作开始于某个时候要

He studied ( will study ) philosophy f rom the age of ten .

They have known each other since childhood .

17) as f rom和as of

as from、as of、on and after + 时间名词意为“从??日起”; beginning + 时间状语意为“从??起”; f rom and inclusive 意为“从??起”。另外, 还可用inclusive 或exclusive 表示强调。例如:

Beginning in May, the timetable will be changed . (从5 月份开始)

The road will be open to traffic on and af ter March 2nd . (从3 月2 日起)

The t reaty takes effect as of ( f rom) July 4 . (从7 月4 日起)

The supermarket will be closed f rom and inclusive today . (从今天起)

表示一次连续多少时间可用“数词+ straight ( successive, consecutive) + 名词”结构, 也可用“( for ) + 数词+ running”结构, running 可换成on end, in row, at a stretch , in succession 等。

She ran ten miles at a stretch . 她一口气跑了10 英里路。

2 . 表示地点和位置的介词(短语)

1) at , in 和on

(1) at 表示较狭窄或较小的地方(小村庄, 小城镇) , in 表示较大的地方(大城市, 大的空间)。例如:

I met her at the bus-stop ./She is still living in Nanjing .

(2)门牌号码前用at , road 前用on, street 前用in 或on。比较:

in the street 为英国英语, on the street 为美国英语。

Alice lives at 103 Wall St reet . (在华尔街103 号)/The accident happened in (on) this street , not on that road .

(3)把某个机构看成一个机关或组织时用at , 看成一个具体的地方时用in。

Her father works at Fudan University ./Her father lives in Fudan University .

(4)用在地点、地名前, at 把某处视为空间的一点, in 表示在某一范围之内。

They met at the teaching building .

He spent the whole morning studying in the teaching building .

(5) at 可以表示“有意、有目的”的行为。比较:

She sat at the desk . 她坐在桌旁。(可能写字、读书) (有目的)

She sat beside (或by) the desk . (无目的)

(6) on 和in。

on 意为“在??上”, 表示上下两者紧贴在一起, 即某物“接触”在另一物之上; in 表示“在??之中”。比较:

He put the book on the desk . (放在桌面上)/He put the book in the desk . (放在抽屉里)

照镜子”要说look in the mirror, 但不说look at the mirror

2)on 和underneath

underneath 是on 的反义词, 意为“某物紧贴在另一物的底下”, 即两者相接触。

It is said that there is a secret hall underneath the house .

3) under 和over

(1) under 和over 是一对反义词, 表示的是一种垂直概念, 指“在正下方, 正上方”, 一般没有接触的含义。

There are some chairs under the t ree .

(2) over 和under 还可以表示“上级、下级”; 另外, over 还有“覆盖, 横过, 超过, 控制”等意,above 则无此意。

He is over us . 他是我们的上司。/We are under him . 我们是他的下级。

She put a hankerchief over her face . (覆盖)/There is a bridge over the river . (横过)

He paid over 20 yuan for the shirt . (超过)/He had absolute control over the organization . (控制)

4) above 和below

(1) above 和below 是一对反义词, above 意为“高于”, below 意为“低于”, 两者既不表示相互接触, 也不表示上下垂直, 仅表示“在??的上方”和“在??的下方”。

The plane is flying above us . (在上面的天空中)/The sun has sunk below the horizon . (在地平线下)

(2) below 还可以表示“数量少于, 气温低于, 比??差”等; above 还表示“在??以北”(北面)”。

The circulation of the magazine has slumped to below 1, 800 copies .

Your reading speed is below the average .

The ship sank just above the island . 船在那座岛以北沉没。

5) beneath

(1)在表示“在??下”这层意义上, beneath 可以指垂直的上下关系和不垂直的上下关系, 也可以表示上下接触的意思。因此, 可

She was standing beneath(under ) a cherry tree . (垂直关系)

(2) beneath 还用于抽象意义, 表示“不值得, 不屑, 有失??的身份”等。

Don t do anything that is beneath you . (有失身份的事)

6) at , by 和beside

at 表示有目的地接近, 一般有接触的意思; by 和beside 往往表示偶然的接近, 不一定接触。注意, stand beside(站在??旁边)不同于stand by(支持??, 遵守??)。

She will be waiting for you at school gate at seven o clock tomorrow .

The girl stood by ( beside) her mother .

另外, beside 还有“与??无关, 与??相比”的含义。

The proposal he has put forward is beside the point . 他提的建议不在点子上。

7) near 和next to

near 意为“在??附近, 靠近”; next to 意为“紧挨着, 紧靠着”。

No birds or animals came near the lake ./She went and sat next to him .

另外, next to 还有“几乎”的意思; 在表达喜欢或不喜欢时, 还可用next to, 以此引出第二选择。

I knew next to nothing about her . 对她我几乎一无所知。

Next to Nanjing, I like Hangzhou . 我最喜欢南京, 但也喜欢杭州。

near to 可表示“对??亲密”, near 则不能。比较:

She is near the manager . 她在经理旁边。/She is near to the manager . 她同经理关系密切。

8) before, in front of, at the front of 和ahead of

(1) before 用于“某人前”(但在现代英语中也可用于某物前) , 其反义词是behind; in front of 用于“建筑物前”。

The tea had been set be fore her . A big pine t ree stood in f ront o f our house .

(2) in f ront of 和ahead of 指空间时常可换用, 但指时间时只能用ahead of。

They walked in f ront o f their teacher .

They walked ahead of their teacher .他们走在老师的前面。

We can finish the work ahead o f time .我们能够提前完成工作。

9) behind 和after

behind 表示方向、位置的先后, after 表示时间的先后; 但表示“随在??后”时, 两者均可用。例如:

The sun went behind a cloud ./He left immediately a f ter ( behind) the meeting .

Rain comes a f ter ( behind) the wind .

10) about , round 和around

表示“在??周围”时, about 指的是“靠近??的周围, 大概的周围, 含混的周围”, 不表示“把??团团围住”; round 和around 指的是一种“完全的周围, 封闭的周围”。另外,around通常表示静态的位置, round 既可表示静态的位置也可表示动态的动作。The students sat about the desk . (泛指在附近)

The students sat round ( around) the desk . (强调围桌而坐, 静态)

11) about , with, by 和on 的差异

(1)表示“带有, 持有”时, 可以用with , on 和about。

Have you any money with ( on, about) you ? 你身上带钱了吗?

(2)但是, 差别还是有的。on 表示“身上带着, 手头有”, 指口袋、衣服中带有( have sth . in sb . s pockets or clothes) , 作宾语的常是“笔、钱、手帕”等小件物品。带小件物品除可用on 外, 还可用about (强调地点) 和with (强调随同) ; 但表示携带较大的物品, 如typewriter , umbrella, recorder 等时, 则要用with; 用by 强调“在手头”; 表示人有某种异常或偶然的情况要用about , 而物有某种异常或偶然的情况要用with, 表示某人身上所固有的东西要用in。

There is something wrong with her . 她的情况有些不对。

You d better have a good dictionary by you .

The ring was found on his person . (在他身上)

There is something noble in him . 在他身上, 有某种高尚的东西。

There is something strange about her . 她有些怪异。

(3 )表示“身上有什么”, 可以说have sth . with sb . 或have sth . on or about sb . ; 但如果动词不是have, 而是take, carry, bring, 则只能用with, 不能用on 或about。Don t forget to take the dictionary with you . (不可用on 或about )

12) for , from, to, towards 和by

(1) for 表示目的地的方向, 常与sail , embark, set out , depar t , start , leave, bound 等连用; from 表示动作的起点。

(2) to 表示动作的目的地, 作“到达”解, 常与run, fly, walk, drive, ride, come, go,march , move, proceed, return 等连用; towards 指“朝着某个方向”, 没有“到达”的意思。towards 和toward 用法相同, 前者多用于英国, 后者多用于美国。

He walked towards the bus-stop . (走向)/He walked to the bus-stop . (走到, 不可用for )

(3)表示静止的方向时, to 和towards 可以换用; to 可以表示主观意志, 而towards 一般不表示主观意志。

The window looks to ( towards) the south ./He turned his gun to the guard . (主观意志)

Her seat was towards mine . (无主观意志)

(4) by 表示方向时, 有“偏于”的含义。

The boat is sailing nor th by east . 船正朝向北偏东的方向驶去。

13) in 和into 的差异

in 意为“在内”, 表示一种静止状态或一定范围内的动作; into 表示由外向内的动作。

He walked into a police station . 他走进了警察局。

He walked in a police station . 他在一个警察局里走着。

但是, 在同go, put , throw, disappear 等连用表示由外向内的动作时, 用in 或into 均可。

The spy threw the paper in(或into) the fire .

同样, on 表示状态, onto 表示动作。He helped her onto the bus .

14) inside 和within

(1) inside 表示“进入到里面”, into 只表示“由外向内”这一动作; inside 有“被围在内”的含义, 比in 更强调, 着重与“外面”( outside)对比; inside 还可表示“在??的内侧”, in 则不能。

John came into the study . (跨过门栏入书房)/John came inside the study . (进入书房内部)

A girl was standing inside the door . (门内侧)

(2) inside 通常指小的空间范围, within 多指大的空间范围。

I know what s inside the box ( bag) ./He lived within a castle for two years .

(3)在表示时间、距离时, inside 和within 均可表示“不超过”; 在美语中还常用inside of。

15) along, across , by, through , beyond 和past

(1) along 意为“沿着”, 同动态动词连用, 指一条线平行; across 则指两条线交叉, 一条线从另一条线上横过。

He walked along the road . 他沿着这条路走。/He walked across the road . 他横穿过这条路。

(2) across 的含义与on 有关, 表示动作是在某一物体的表面进行的, 指从一端到另一端或成十字交叉穿过; through 的含义与in

有关, 表示动作从物体中间穿过, 这个动作是在三维空间进行的, 四面八方均有东西; by 则表示从某物或某人的旁边经过, past

则表示路过。

She walked across the square . 她穿过广场。/She walked through the square . 她从广场中间穿过。

She walked by the square . 她从广场旁边走过。/She walked past the square . 她路过广场。

(3)在表示“架空”的意思时, across 强调“横过”, over 则着重“屹立”。

There is a bridge across the river . (桥与河横成十字形)

There is a bridge over the river . (桥屹立于河面之上)

16) through, over 和throughout 的差异

表示空间上的“遍及”时, throughout 比through 和over 更加强调; 也可以说all through ,all over。

如果“遍及”的宾语是“某个抽象范围”, 而不是“空间、区域”, 则只能用over。

Her researches spread over several branches of the subject .

17) up 和down

(1)表示动作时, up 指“由下而上”, down 指“由上而下”。

The car was running up the hill ./The car was running down the hill .

(2)表示静止的空间位置时, up 意为“在??高处, 在??上面”; down 意为“在??下面”。

The town is situated up the river . 这座小城位于河流的上游处。

The town is situated down the river . 这座小城位于河流的下游处。

(3)从乡下到城市、从南方到北方、从沿海到内地、从市区到宅区→up

从城市到乡下、从北方到南方、从内地到沿海、从宅区到市区→down

They have gone down to the count ry . 他们下乡去了。

They have gone up country on business . 他们因公去内地了。

(4) up 有“欢乐”的意味, 指情绪的高涨; down 有“忧伤”的意味, 指情绪的低落。

His spirits went up . 他情绪高起来了。/He is down in spirits . 他情绪消沉。

(5) up 表示速度的“快、高”; down 表示速度的“慢、低”。

The car speeded down to 40 kilomet res per hour . 这辆车减速到每小时40 公里。

(6) up 表示情况的“好转、上升”; down 表示情况的“差、劣、下降”。Things are looking up . 情况在好转。/She is down and out . 她一败涂地。

(7) up 表示“扩大、增加、增强”; down 表示“缩小、减少、减弱”。

The fire was burning up brightly . 火烧得旺起来了。/The fire was burning down . 火快要熄了。

(8) up 表示“有生气、有力、健康”; down 表示“疲乏、无力、生病”。

She is old but she keeps up ./She is down with influenza .

18) f rom和off 的差异

(1)在“离开, 与??分离”这层意义上, 表示陆上距离时, from 和off 可换用; 表示海上距离时, 只能用off。

The square is about ten miles f rom ( off ) my house .

(2)相互粘连在一起的两物分开或被分开时, 用off; 使处在一起(并非粘连)的两物分离时, 用from。The cover has come o f f the book .

(3) far from 作表语时意为“离??远, 远不, 远非, 不仅??”; 作状语时置于句首, 意为“不仅??(而且)??”。这种用法上的from 不可换为off。

That was f ar f rom the truth . 那绝不是事实。

19) between , among, amidst 和amid

(1) between 一般用于两者, among 用三者或三者以上。

The bus runs between Nanjing and Yangzhou .

(2) between 有时也可用于三者或三者以上, 强调其中每两者之间的相互关系或差别。

She doesn t eat anything between meals . 她除三餐外不吃任何东西。(早餐与午餐之间, 午餐与晚餐之间, 晚餐与早餐之间) (3)如果表示地理上的明显、准确的位置, 用between 指处于三者或三者以上之间, 不用among。

Luxemburg lies between Belgium, Germany and France . 卢森堡位于比利时、德国和法国之间。(卢森堡与比利时, 卢森堡与德国, 卢森堡与法国)

(4)如果三者或三者以上用and 连接, 表示两方的并列, 用between, 不用among。例如:

The city lies between a river and hills . 那座城市位于一条大河与群山之间。(大河为一方, 群山(三座以上)为另一方)

(5)表示地位基本相同的“共有、共同、分配”等概念时, 用between 可以指两者或两者以上; 指两者以上时, 意同among。例如: The big cake was divided between (或among) the members of the club .

(6) amidst 后可接复数可数名词, 也可以接表示质量、性质等的不可数名词; 而between 和among 只能接指人或物的可数名词, 不能接抽象单、复数名词。

He stood firm amidst temptations . (不可用between 或among)

They groped amidst the darkness . (不可用between 或among)

(7)另外, among 多用来表示“在友好的、善意的事物中”, amidst 多用来表示“在困难、危险或敌对中”。

She felt at ease among her father s friends .

He found himself amidst enemies ( the waves, difficulties, dangers , the snow, the dead, life s sor row, many inter ruptions, the storm) .

(8) among 表示处于易分辨的事物中, amidst 表示处于混杂的事物中。

He saw his father among the crowd . 他在人群中看见了父亲。

The spy is amidst the crowd . 间谍在人群中。

(9) among 表示在同类中, amidst 表示在异类中。

She was found among the dead . (在同类中: 她也死了)

She was found amidst the dead . (在异类中: 她还活着)

3 . 表示原因或理由的介词

1)of

(1) of 同die 连用, 表示疾病、中毒、悲伤、冻、饿等( thirst , heat , grief, poison , a fall , the bite of a snake, disappointment , old age, cancer, consumption, cholera 等)。

The old man died o f liver trouble (poison) .

(2) of 还可以表示生病的原因或情绪上的原因, 如害怕、骄傲、欢心、厌倦、羞愧、向往等。

She is sick of drinking too much . (饮酒过度)/The illness came of a high fever . (高烧)

2) from

from表示因伤或事故而死亡, 也可表示不明的死因(wound, overwork , carelessness, tortures,drinking too much wine 等)。

She died f rom hunger and pover ty ( a wound) .

同hunger , a disease, wounds, a wound 等连用时, 用die of 和die f rom均可。例如:

She died o f ( from) a disease .

for 表示某种内在的、心理上的原因, 常同表示喜、怒、哀、乐等抽象名词连用; 或为了某一目的、事业的原因; 或奖赏、处罚的原因。例如:

He trembled f or fear ./She died for the freedom of her people .

4)with

with 表示由外界影响到内的原因, 既可指生理上的, 也可指感情上的原因。例如:

They were dead tired with a day s walking ./The man bent with age .

5) through

through 表示偶然或消极的原因或动机, 常同neglect , negligence 等连用。例如:

She lost her job through carelessness ( neglect of duty) .

6) by

by 表示凶杀、暴力的原因, 也可以表示手段或方法, 有时相当于by reason of, 有时相当于by means of。例如:

The tyrant died by sword

7) in

in 也可以表示原因, 多指主观方面的原因。She rejoiced in her success .

8) at

at 常同表示“喜、怒、吃惊”等的词连用, 表示感情上、感觉上的原因或理由。

He is pleased at your telling the t ruth .

9)on

on 所表示的原因指依据或条件。

She came on my invitation ./I gave up the job on her advice .

10) due to

due to 在传统英语中只可用作表语, 但是现在用作状语已为人们所接受, 相当于owing to。

His death was due to natural causes .

11)owing to

owing to 通常用作状语, 但也用作表语。

I missed my flight owing to a traffic hold-up .Owing to his lacking in experience, John failed this time .

12) because of

because of 一般作状语, 不作表语; 但是如果主语是指某一个事实, 而不是一个名词, because of 也可用作表语。

He retired last month because o f illness .

13) thanks to

thanks to 只能作状语, 不能作表语, 意为“亏得, 幸亏, 由于”。

Thanks to the new findings , we now know more about the ancient empire .

on account of, because of 和owing to 后接that 从句时, 必须在that 前加the fact。

Her health is failing on account of the fact that she lacks exercises .

4 . 表示“关于、至于”的介词

1) in regard to, with regard to, regarding 和as regards

in regard to 和with regard to 中的to 为介词, 不是不定式符号, to 不可改用其他词。regarding后不可加to, as regards 中的s 不可省。

With ( In) regard to studying English , you should read widely and speak more .

He spoke to me regarding his future .

2) concerning, respecting 和touching

这三个词都是正式用语, 意义上相当于about , with regard to。concerning 还可同as 连用, 构成as concerning, 也可以说as concerns。He refused to answer questions concerning his private life ./A lot of problems arose respecting atmosphere pollution .

3)with respect to, in respect of, with ( in) reference to 和in the matter of

这几个词通常可以换用。with respect to 和with reference to 中的to 为介词; in the matter of 后一般接具体的物件

It s going to raise a lot of problems with respect to air pollution .

5 . 表示方法、手段或工具的介词

1) by

by 相当于by means of 或by dint of, 意为“凭, 靠, 以”; 注意下面三种结构:

by + 通讯工具(无冠词, 单数)→通讯方式

by + 交通工具(无冠词, 单数)→交通方式

by + 其他名词(无冠词, 单、复数)→方式、方法

The letter was sent by express . (快递)/She will let us know by telegram or by Telex . (电传)

如果不用by, 而是用in , on 等表示通讯方式, 须在名词前加the; 表示交通方式, 须

在名词前加a 或an。

by 构成的惯用语:

by way of 取道(通过, 以??方式) , by surprise 出其不意, by right ( s)按理, by hear t熟记, by leaps and bounds 飞快地, by no means 决不, by trade ( profession) 职业是?? , by rote 死板地, by word of mouth 口头, by hook or by crook 不择手段地, by force 凭武力(强迫) , by halves 不完全地(半途而废) , by any means 总之(无论如何) ,by all means 一定(务必) , by fair means or foul 不择手段, by rule of thumb 凭经验(不根据理论) , by rule and line 按程序(正确地)

2)with 和by 的差异

(1)with 表示所使用的具体工具或手段, by 表示方法、方式。在被动语态中, 用by 表示行为者, 用with 表示工具。

He brushed back his hair with his hand . (使用的具体手段)

These woolen socks were knitted by hand . (手工做, 表示方式)

The mother took the girl by the hand . (侧重身体上的部位)

(2) with 表示有形的器皿、工具或具体的内容, by 表示无形的手段, 后接动名词表示某种方式。

The streets are lighted with elect ric lights . (有形的电灯)/The streets are lighted by electricity . (无形的电)

(3) with 可以引出抽象的行为者, 如感性、意见、思考、状态、疾病等, 而by 则不可。

He was struck with horror . 他惊恐万分。

3)on

on business 因公, on file 存档, on faith 毫不怀疑地, on deck 准备就绪, on ice 冷藏(把??搁置起来) , on demand ( application, request ) 承索即可( 提出要求就可) , on the crook 不正当地, on thorns 如坐针毡, on call 随叫随到的( 随时可支付的) , on equal terms 以平等关系(按平等条件) , on paper 以书面形式(表面上, 在筹划中) , on the sly偷偷地(秘密地) , on the spot 当场, on the spur of the moment 即席地(凭一时冲动) ,on one s own 独立地(主动地, 自愿地) , on orders 遵照命令, on one s mettle 奋发( 激励) , on one s own account 独自地(自担风险地) , on parole 作出不逃跑的保证以后获释, on one s honor 以自己的信誉担保, on credit ( tick)用赊欠的方法, on approval 供使用的(包退包换的) , on the stroke 准时地, on the level 诚实公正, on the trot 连续地(忙个不停) , on one s coat tail 靠??的威望(沾??光) , on end 竖着(继续不断地) ,on schedule 按预定时间(准时) , on pins and needles 坐立不安, on one s knees 跪着(屈服) , on good authority 有确实可靠的根据, on one s last legs 行将就木(垂死挣扎) , on one s good( best ) behaviour 表现很好, on one s feet 站起来(恢复健康)

His hair stood on end at hearing the sound ./I heard it on good authority .

4) in

in + (单数, 无冠词) pen( pencil, ink)→书写的方式

with + a pen( pencil)→书写的工具

with pen and ink→书写的工具(两个或两个以上名词并列使用时, 常不用冠词, 不说with a pen and ink)

Please write your name in ink, not in pencil . 请用墨水写下你的名字, 不要用铅笔写。

in 还可以表示行为的方式, 意为“以??, 按照??”; 也用于表示表达的方法, 指用某种语言、原料等。

The house was built in Spanish style . (西班牙风格)/The book was written in Chinese . (用中文)

6 . 表示价格、比率、标准、对比、速度的介词

1) at

at 可以用来表示价值、价格、比率或速度。The house was valued at 5 , 000 dollars .

①at 表示代价、单价, 或表示按??出售、买进; for 表示“花??钱买, 以??价钱买”, 指总价钱。比较:

She bought the fish at two dollars a jin . (单价)/She bought the fish f or twenty dollars . (总价)

②at 的宾语可以是具体的钱数, 也可以是抽象的价格, 如高价、平价、好价、低价( a good, high , fair , low price)。for 意为“交换”, 表示以钱(用多少钱)易货(买多少货) , 相当于in exchange for, 其后的宾语可以是具体的钱数, 也可以是其他名词,但不能是price。

He bought the apples at a low price . 他低价买下了这些苹果。(不用for )

She paid 200 dollars for the car . 她付了200 美元买了这部汽车。(不用at )

at 构成的惯用语:

轻而易举(一蹴而就) , at the cost of以??为代价(牺牲) , at any rate 无论如何, at intervals ( at intervals of )隔一会儿, at the expense

of( at sb. s expense)由??负担费用(使??受损失) , at a foo t s pace 以步行速度, at a fast pace 以快速度, at a dash 一鼓作气(一气呵成地) , at a discount 打折扣(有保留地, 无销路) , at a snail s pace 缓慢地, at any price 无论代价如何

He finished the work at a dash .

2) by

by 用来表示度量单位或标准, 意为“以??计, 按??计算”。by 后表示计量单位的名词一般是单数, 名词前要加the; 但表示计量单位的若是数词, 也可用复数, 这时不可加the;另外, by retail(零售) , by wholesale(批发) , by auction(拍卖)等中的名词前不可加the。

Eggs are sold by the dozen .

by 还可表示数量、空间、时间等的相差。John is my junior by four years . 约翰比我小4 岁。

3) than

than 表示比较时用作连词, 但可以说than whom。He is a person than whom I think no one is more polite .

than 构成的惯用语:

no fur ther than 不远于?? , no( little ) less than 不少于, no less . . .than 与??一样, no( little) better than 简直是( 完全是) , less than ( less . . .than) 少于(与其说??倒不如说) , would sooner ( rather ) . . .than 宁愿??而不

How else could she go than by bike ? 除了骑自行车, 她还能怎样去呢?

4) to

(1) to 表示比较常用在senior , junior, inferior, superior , prior, anterior, posterior 等后; 在prefer . . .to . . .结构中, 注意搭配的不同, 如果prefer 后接不定式, 要把to 改为rather than。

Her release is junior to his by one year . 她比他提前一年被释放。

(2) to 还可以表示“比, 对比, (增加)到?? , (减少)到??, 配给”等。

They won the game with the score of ten to seven . 他们以10 比7 赢了那场比赛。

to 所表示的“比, 对比”, 指的是“比率”, 如要强调“比较”, 须用against 或as against。

另外, against 还有“相映, 衬托”的含义。

He was elected chairman by a majority of 100 votes against 50 . (以100 票对50 票)

Flowers look more beautiful against green leaves . 好花还须绿叶扶。

5) above

表示比较时, above 指“(等级、职位)高于, ( 质量、价值) 胜于、重于, (品质、行为) 超越、胜过、不至于”等。

A colonel is above a major . 上校(军衔)高于少校。/She is above him by one grade at college . (高一个年级)

7 . 表示特性、属性的介词

1)of

表示特性、属性时, of 有如下结构:

名词+ of + 抽象名词或具体名词= 相应的形容词+ 名词

be of + 抽象名词= 相应的形容词

of + a + 名词→表示不同事物的共同特性

of + a + 形容词+ 名词→表示人或物的某种特性

a man of wealth = a wealthy man/Your suggestion is o f value to us . ( = valuable)

of 构成的惯用短语:

catch sight of, catch (get) hold of, at risk of, in want of, in view of, in support of, in search of, in fear of, in quest of, in aid of, in face of, in favor of, for lack( want ) of, catch a glimpse of, in honour of, in( within) sight of, in witness of, in praise of, in hope of, in anticipation of , in explanation of, on receipt of 一收到(作状语) , at the sight of,at the mention of, in receipt of 收到(作表语) , in defiance of, in appreciation of

I am in receipt o f your payment .

2)with

(1)表示特性、属性时, with 后通常接具体名词, 偶尔也可接抽象名词, 表示人或事物的具体形状、特征。

a dictionary with a blue cover

8 . 引出间接宾语的介词

在一个句子中, 如果间接宾语置于直接宾语之后, 则须在间接宾语前加上to、for 等介词。

1)用to 引出间接宾语的动词

这类动词一般表示“给予”( give)、“传达”( communicate)的含义。常用的有: bring, throw,award, accord, pay, lend, teach, read, tell ,