二000年硕士研究生入学考试石油地质学答案
石油大学(北京)2000年博士生入学考试《盆地分析》试卷
2000年博士研究生入学考试试题考试科目：含油气盆地分析原理和方法适用专业：矿产普查与勘探（必须在答卷纸上答题）一、区分和解释名词概念（参照给出的英文名词。
每题7分，共28分，必要时可画图辅助说明）1、大陆隆与大陆堤(Continental Rise and Continental Embankment)2、弧后前陆盆地与弧后盆地(Retroarc Foreland Basin and Backarc Basin)3、上超与下超(Onlap and Downlap)4、构造沉降与负荷沉降(Tectonic Subsidence and Load Subsidence)二、论述题（共60分，论述中，必要时可画图辅助说明）1、简述拗拉槽的形成演化过程（提示：说明形成过程中的板块构造运动、拗拉槽与其它构造单元的大地构造位置关系）。
15分。
2、试论全球海平面变化的主要原因。
15分。
3、试论引起盆地沉降的主要机制。
15分。
4、简述周缘前陆盆地沉积层序（包括前陆盆地基底层序）的基本特点及其垂向、横向变化特征。
15分。
三、选作题（下列3题中选作1题，12分）1、简述拉分盆地形成的地质背景2、简述被动大陆边缘演化早期指示沉积物饥俄的特征沉积相，并分析导致饥饿相产生的原因3、简述影响区域盖层有效性的主要因素《含油气盆地分析原理和方法》参考答案适用专业：矿产普查与勘探（必须在答卷纸上答题）一、区分和解释名词概念（参照给出的英文名词。
每题7分，共35分，必要时可画图辅助说明）1、大陆隆与大陆堤(Continental Rise and Continental Embankment)：被动大陆边缘上的两种盆地构造单元，前者是板内的大陆与大洋之间发育成熟的裂陷大陆边缘，后者是裂陷大陆边缘进积的沉积楔状体2、弧后前陆盆地与弧后盆地(Retroarc Foreland Basin and Backarc Basin)：前者是陆缘弧后（位于大陆一侧）的前陆盆地，成因上与俯冲派生的挤压和（或）碰撞作用有关，后者是岛弧后的洋盆（包括活动弧和残留弧之间的弧间盆地）和陆缘弧后没有发育前陆褶皱逆冲带的陆盆。
2000年硕士学位研究生考试试题1
2000年硕士学位研究生考试试题（一）一、基本概念1．均匀应变与非均匀应变；2．蠕变与松驰；3．压溶作用；4．晶质塑性；5．叠加褶皱；6．断层擦痕的倾伏与侧伏；7．深成侵入岩体形成的底辟作用与气球膨胀作用；8．岩石再造作用二、试述岩层、岩体接触关系的研究内容与研究意义三、简述根据岩层等倾斜线变化的褶皱分类（Ramsay 分类）及其意义四、试述构造岩的分类与各种类型的基本特征五、简述变质岩的成层性与成因一、基本概念1．均匀应变与非均匀应变如果（物体内）变形前形状与方向相似的两部分在变形后仍然保持其相似性，这种应变称为均匀应变；否则称为非均匀应变。
均匀应变的特点是，变形前的直线变形后仍为直线；变形前的平行线变形后仍是平行线。
均匀应变的典型实例是杆状物体的均匀拉伸或收缩。
在这种变形体中的一个圆，就会变成一个椭圆，称为应变椭圆。
在三维变形中的圆球就变成椭球，称为应变椭球体。
物体内一点上应变椭球的三个主轴方向称为应变主轴（X，Y和Z），在变形作用过程中它们保持相互垂直。
应变椭球体内的主平面叫做应变主平面。
在非均匀应变中，直线经变形后变成曲线或折线；平行的直线失去其平行性。
物体内的圆或圆球体变形后将不变成椭球或椭球体。
如果物体内各点间的应变特点是逐渐变化的，称为连续变形，否则称为不连续变形。
自然界的变形过程，非均匀应变是普遍现象。
对于连续的非均匀应变，可以考虑将变形物体分割成无数个无限小单元体，那么每个无限小单元体内的应变就可以视为均匀应变。
2．蠕变与松驰蠕变是在应力不增加的情况下，随着时间的增长变形继续缓慢增加的现象；松弛指当应变保持恒定时，随时间的增长应力逐渐减小的现象。
这两种现象的存在都说明长时间缓慢变形会降低岩石的强度。
3．压溶作用由于粒间孔隙流体的存在，变形岩石内的颗粒在应力作用下出现溶解和物质迁移过程，表现为沿颗粒面向高压应力一侧颗粒边界溶解，溶解物质在流体内扩散、迁移并于低压应力一侧沉淀。
物质的扩散迁移过程主要受应力作用梯度引起的化学势梯度的存在所制约。
石油大学石油地质学历年考试总结及部分试题汇总
1、有机质成烃演化模式有机质的成烃演化进程和烃类产物表现出明显的阶段性，因此可根据有机质性质的变化和油气的生成来划分有机质的成烃演化阶段。
目前主要按石油生成将有机质成烃演化划分为未成熟阶段、成熟阶段和过成熟阶段，分别与沉积物成岩演化的成岩作用、深成作用和准变质阶段相对应。
（1）未成熟阶段从沉积有机质开始埋藏至门限深度为止，Ro小于0.5%，地层温度小于50℃。
在成岩作用早期，脂肪、碳水化合物、蛋白质和木质素等生物聚合物，由于细菌作用下的水解和分解，转化为分子量较低的脂肪酸、氨基酸、糖、酚等生物化学单体，同时还产生CO2、CH4、NH3、H2S和H2O等简单分子。
随着埋深的增加，生物化学单体将发生缩聚作用形成复杂的高分子腐植酸类，进而演化为干酪根。
在成岩作用后期，干酪根可产生CO2、H2O和一些重杂原子组分。
该阶段尤其是早期生成的烃类产物，是生物甲烷和少量高分子烃。
高分子烃多是从生物体中继承下来的，一般为C15以上的生物标志化合物，多具明显的奇数碳优势，缺乏低分子烃。
（2）成熟阶段此为干酪根生成油气的主要阶段。
从有机质演化的门限值开始至生成石油和湿气结束为止，Ro为0.5-2.0%，地温50-200℃。
当达到门限深度和温度时，在热力作用下，通常还伴有粘土矿物的催化作用，干酪根开始大量降解生成石油，后期热裂解生成轻质油和湿气。
此阶段可按照干酪根的成熟度和成烃产物进一步划分为2个带。
油带：Ro为0.5%-1.3%，又叫低-中成熟阶段，干酪根通过热降解作用产生成熟的液态石油，并以中-低分子量的烃类为主，奇数碳优势逐渐消失，环烷烃和芳香烃的碳数和环数减少，曲线由双峰变为单峰。
轻质油和湿气带：Ro为1.3-2.0%，又叫高成熟阶段，在较高温度下，干酪根和已形成的石油将发生热裂解，液态烃逐渐减少，C1-C8的轻烃将迅速增加，胶质和沥青质逐渐减少乃至消失，石油密度降低，颜色变浅，适当条件下可形成凝析气。
（3）过成熟阶段该阶段埋深大，温度高，大于200℃，Ro大于2.0%。
2000年全国硕士学位研究生入学考试英语试题及答案
2000年全国硕士学位研究生入学考试英语试题及答案Part I Structure and Vocabula rySectio n ADirections:Beneath each of the follo wing se nte nces, there are fo ur choices marked［A］，［B］，［C］and ［D］,Choose the o ne tha t best comple tes the se ntence. Ma rk yo ur a nswer o n ANSWER SHEET 1 by blackets with a pencil.(5point)1.As I'll be a way for at least a year, I'd appreciate____from you no w a nd then telling me ho w eve ryone is getting along.［A］hearing［B］to hear［C］to be hearing［D］having heard2.Grea tly agita ted, I rushed to the apartment and tried the door, ___ to find it locked. ［A］just ［B］only［C］hence ［D］thus3.Docto rs see a co nnection betwee n increase a mounts of leisure time spe nt___ a nd the increased number of cases o f skin cance r.［A］to sunba the ［B］to have sunbathed［C］having sunbathed［D］sunba thing4.U nless you sig n a contract with the insura nce co mpany fo r your goods, you a re no t entitled____ a repayme nt fo r the goods damaged in delive ry.［A］to［B］with［C］for ［D］on5.On a rainy day I was driving north throug h Ve rmo nt____ I notic ed a yo ung ma n holding up a sig n reading "Boston".［A］which ［B］where［C］whe n ［D］tha t6.Christie stared ang rily a t her boos a nd turned a way, as tho ugh____ o ut o f the o ffice.［A］we nt ［B］go ne［C］to go ［D］wo uld go7.The roles e xpected___ old people in such a se tting give too fe w psychological satisfactions for normal happiness.［A］of ［B］o n［C］to［D］with8.Talk to a nyone in the drug ind ustry,____ you'll soon discover that the scie nce o f genetics is the biggest thing to hit d rug research since penicillin was discovered.［A］or ［B］a nd［C］for ［D］so9.It wasn't so much tha t I disliked he r___ tha t I just wasn't interested in the whole business.［A］ra the r ［B］so［C］than ［D］as10.Co untless divo uced politicia ns wo uld have been elected o ut o f o ffice years ago had they eve n tho ught of a divouce, le t alo ne___ o ne.［A］getting ［B］to ge t［C］go tte n ［D］ge tSectio n BDirections:Each o f the follo wing sente nces has fo ur unde rlined parts ma rked［A］，［B］［C］，and ［D］.Identify the part o f the se ntence tha t is inco rrect and ma rk yo ur a nswe r o n ANSWER SHEET1 by blackening the corresponding lette r in the b rackets with a pencil.(5points)11 Having isolated on a re mote isla nd, with little work to occupy the m, the soldie rsA B Csuffered from boredom a nd lo w spirits.C12 If the le tter to be mailed was placed o n the writing table a n ho ur ago, it is ce rtainA B Cbeing there now.D13 The ruling party co uld eve n lose its majority in the lo wer ho use o f parlia ment, started aA B Cperiod of p rolonged struggling.D14 The mecha nisms a t wo rk are ma nifest in the te ndency for such physical activity to utilizeA B Cthe po tential harmful constituents o f the stress respo nse.D15 In the long run, ho weve r, this hurry to shed full time staff may be more harmful toA B Cind ustry as it is to the workfo rce.D16 See to it tha t you include in the e xamina tion paper wha tever questio ns they didn t kno wA B Cthe a nswer last time.D17 Most ne wspapers, while devo ting the major part o f its space to recent events, usuallyA Bmanage to find room on the inside pages for articles o n so me inte resting topics.C D18 One sig n by which you a re making p rogress in an a rt such as painting orphotog raphy isA Bthat yo u begin to realize ho w much the re is to learn.C D19 The ideal liste ner stays bo th inside a nd o utside the music a t the mome nt it is played andAenjoying it almost as much as the co mposer a t the mome nt he composes.B C D20 Continued e xposure to stress has been linked to wo rsened functio ning of the immuneA Bsystem, leaving a perso n more liable fo r infectio n.C DSectio n CDirections:Beneath each o f the follo wing se ntences, the re fo ur choices marked［A］，［B］，［C］and［D］.Choose the o ne that best comple tes the se ntenec. Ma rk yo ur answe r o n ANSWER SH EET 1 by blacke ning the corresponding le tter in the brackets with a pencil.(10 points)21.He spoke so___ that even his opponents were wo n ove r by his arg ume nts.［A］bluntly ［B］co nvincingly［C］e mpha tically ［D］de terminedly22.France's ____o f nuclear testing in the So uth Pacific last month trigg ered political debates and mass demo nstra tio ns.［A］assumptio n ［B］co nsump tio n［C］p resump tion ［D］resump tio n23.T he 215-page ma nuscrip t, circulated to p ublishers last October,____ a n outb urst o f interest.［A］fla red ［B］glittered［C］sparked［D］flashed24.His effo rts to bring abo ut a reco ncilia tio n betwee n the two Pa rties_____.［A］came o ff ［B］ca me o n［C］ca me round［D］ca me do wn25.T he syste m was redesigned to emb race the ne two rk a nd eventually____ it in a profitable directio n.［A］adapt ［B］control［C］install ［D］steer26.T he capital inte nded to b roaden the expo rt base a nd____efficiency gains from interna tio nal trade was cha nneled instead into unecono mic import substitution.［A］secure ［B］e xte nd［C］de fend［D］possess27.It is anno unced that a walle t has been fo und a nd ca n be____ at the ma nager's o ffice. ［A］declared ［B］obtained［C］reclaimed［D］recognized28.Whe n I___ my senses, I found myself wrapped up in bed in my little room, with Grand ma bending over me.［A］woke up ［B］took to［C］picked up［D］ca me to29.T he America n socie ty is___ an exceedingly shaky founda tion of na tural reso urces, which is connected with the possibility of a wo rse ning e nvironment.［A］established o n ［B］a ffilia ted to［C］o riginated fro m ［D］incorpora ted with30.I am not_____ with my roomma te but I have to sha re the room with her, because I have no where else to live.［A］concerned［B］co mpatible［C］co nsidera te［D］complied31.At first, the____ o f colo r pictures over a long dista nce seemed impossible, b ut, with painstaking effo rts a nd a t grea t expe nse, it became a reality.［A］transactio n ［B］transmission［C］transfo rma tio n ［D］tra nsitio n32.Whe n the committee_____ to de tails, the proposed pla n see med impractical.［A］got down ［B］se t about［C］we nt o ff ［D］ca me up33.____to so me pa rts o f So uth America is still d ifficult, because parts of the contine nt are still covered with thick forests.［A］Orie ntatio n ［B］Access［C］Procession ［D］Voyage34.Mr Smith had an unusual_____: he was first a n office cle rk, the a sailor, a nd ended up as a school teacher.［A］professio n ［B］occupation［C］positio n [D］ca reer35.T he mayor is a woma n with g reat____ a nd there fo re deserves our political and financial support.［A］inte ntion ［B］instinct［C］integrity ［D］inte nsity36.T he English wea the r defies forecast a nd he nce is a so urce o f inte res t____ to eve ryone. ［A］specula tion ［B］attrib ution［C］utiliza tio n ［D］propositio n37.T he fact tha t the golden eagle usually builds its nest o n so me hig h cliffs___ it almost impossible to obtain the eggs or the yo ung birds.［A］re nders ［B］reckons［C］regards ［D］rela tes38.To imp ress a future e mployer, one should dress neatly be____, a nd display in the job.［A］swift ［B］instant［C］timely ［D］p unctual39.You don't have to install this radio in yo ur ne w car, it's a n_____ e xtra.［A］excessive［B］op tio nal［C］additional ［D］a rbitra ry40.We we re pleased to no te tha t the ea rly mo rning delive ry didn't______ to the traffic jam of the busy city.［A］aid ［B］a mo unt［C］add［D］attrib utePartⅡClo ze TestDirections:For each numbered blank in follo wing passage, the re a re fo ur choices ma rked［A］,［B］,［C］a nd［D］.Choose the best o ne a nd mark your answe r o n ANSW ER SHEET 1 by blackening the co rresponding le tte r in the b rackets with a pe ncil.(10 points)If a farmer wishes to succeed, he must try to keep a wide gap be tween his consumptio n and his prod uction. He must store a la rge q uantity o f g rain 41 consuming all his grain immediately. He can co ntinue to suppo rt himself and his family 42 he produces a surplus. He must use this surplus in three ways: as seed fo r so wing, as a n insurance43 the unpredictable e ffects o f bad weather a nd as a co mmodity which he must sell in orde r to 44 old ag ricultural impleme nts a nd ob tain chemical fertilizers to 45 the soil. He may also need mo ney to co nstruct irrigation 46 a nd imp rove his fa rm in o the r ways. If no surplus is available, a farmer canno t be 47 . He must eithe r sell some o f his property o r 48 e xtra funds in the from o f loans. Naturally he will try to borro w money a t a lo w 49 o f interest, but loans o f this kind are not 50 ob tainable.41.［A］o the r tha n ［B］as well as ［C］instead of ［D］more than42.［A］only if ［B］much as ［C］long befo re［D］ever since43.［A］for ［B］against ［C］suppleme nt ［D］dispose44.［A］replace［B］p urchase［C］suppleme nt ［D］dispose45.［A］enha nce［B］mix ［C］feed ［D］raise46.［A］vessels ［B］routes ［C］pa ths ［D］cha nnels47.［A］self-co nfident ［B］self-sufficie nt［C］self-satisfied ［D］self-restrained48.［A］search ［B］save［C］o ffer ［D］seek49.［A］proportio n ［B］pe rcentage ［C］ra te［D］ra tio50.［A］genuinely ［B］obvio usly［C］presumably ［D］freq uentlyPart ⅢReading Comp rehe nsio nDirections:Each o f the passages below is follo wed by so me q uestio ns. For each questio n there are four answe rs marked［A］，［B］［C］and［D］.Read the passages carefully a nd choosethe best answe r to each of the questio ns. The n ma rk yo ur answe r on ANSW ER SHEET 1 by blackening the corresponding le tter in the bracke ts with a pencil.(40points)Passage 1A histo ry o f lo ng a nd e ffortless success can be a dread ful ha ndicap, b ut, if p roperly handled, it may become a driving force. W he n the U nited Sta tes e ntered just such a glowing period a fter the end o f the Second World Wa r, it had a ma rket eig ht ties la rger than any co mpetitor, giving its industries unparalleled econo mies o f scale. Its scie ntists we re the wo rld's best, its wo rke rs the most skilled. America and America ns were prosperous beyond the dreams o f the Europeans a nd Asia ns whose economies the wa r had destroyed.It was inevitable that this p rimacy sho uld have narro wed as o the r countries gre w richer. Just as inevitably, the re trea t from p redominance proved painful. By the mid-1980s Americans had fo und themselves at a loss ove r their fading industrial competitiveness. Some huge Ame rican ind ustries, such as consumer electro nics, had shrunk or vanished in the face o f foreig n compe tition. By 1987 there was only one Ame rican televisio n maker left, Ze nith.(No w the re is no ne: Zenith was boug ht by So uth Ko rea's LG Electro nics in July.)Fo reign-made cars and te xtiles were sweeping into the do mestic marke t America's machine-tool industry was on the ropes. For a while it looked as tho ugh the making o f semicond uctors, which America had which sat a t the hea rt of the new co mpute r age, was going to be the ne xt casualty.All o f this caused a crisis o f confide nce. America ns stopped taking p rosperity for g ra nte d. They began to believe that their way o f doing b usiness was failing, a nd tha t their incomes wo uld there fore sho rtly begin to fall as well. T he mid-1980s bro ught o ne inq uiry a fter anothe r into the ca uses of America's industrial decline. Their some times se nsatio nal findings we re filled with warnings about the gro wing co mpetition fro m overseas.How things have cha nged! In 1995 the U nited Sta tes ca n look back on five years o f solid growth while Japan has been struggling. Fe w Ame rica ns a ttribute this solely to such obvious causes as a devalued dollar or the turning o f the business cycle. Self-doub t has yielded to blind p ride." Ame rican ind ustry has cha nged its structure, has gone o n a die t, has learnt to be more q uick-witted," according to Richard Cava nagh, e xe cutive dean o f Harvard's Ke nnedy School o f Government," It makes me p roud to be a n America n just to see ho w o ur b usinesses a re imp roving their p roductivity, says Stephe n Moore o f the Ca to Institute, a think-ta nk in Washing ton, D C. And W illia m Sahlma n o f the Harva rd Business School believes tha t people will look back o n this period as" a golden age of business manageme nt in the U nited Sta tes."51.T he U.S.achieved its p redominance a fte r World Wa r Ⅱbecause_____ .［A］it had made painstaking effo rts to wa rds this goal［B］its domestic marke t was eig ht times large r than be fore［C］the wa r had destroyed the econo mies of most po tential compe titors［D］the unparalleled size o f its workforce had give n a n impetus to its econo my52.T he loss o f U.S. p redominance in the wo rld econo my in the 1980s is manifested in the fact tha t the America n_____ .［A］TV ind ustry had withdra wn to its domestic marke t［B］semico nducto r ind ustry had been taken over by fo reign e nterp rises［C］machine-tool ind ustry had collapsed a fter suicidal actions［D］auto ind ustry had lost part of its domestic ma rket53.Wha t can be infe rred fro m the passage?［A］It is huma n na ture to shift betwee n self-doub t and blind p ried.［B］Inte nse compe titio n may contrib ute to eco nomic p rogress.［C］The revival o f the econo my depends o n inte rna tio nal cooperatio n.［D］A lo ng histo ry of success may pave the way fo r furthe r development.54.T he author see ms to believe the revival o f the U.S. econo my in the 1990s can be attrib uted to the____ .［A］turning o f the business cycle［B］restruc turing o f ind ustry［C］improved business ma nagement［D］success in ed ucatio nPassage 2Being a man has always been da ngerous. T here a re abo ut 105 males born for eve ry 100 females, but this ra tio drops to near balance a t the age o f ma turity, a nd a mong 70-year-olds the re a re twice as ma ny wome n as me n. But the g reat universal o f male mortality is being changed. No w, by babies survive almost as well as girls do. This means that, fo r the first time, the re will be an e xcess o f boys in those crucial years whe n the are searching fo r a ma te. More important, ano ther cha nce fo r na tural selection has been removed. Fifty years ago, the cha nce o f a baby(particula rly a boy baby)surviving depended on its weig ht. A kilog ram too lig ht o r too heavy mea nt almost ce rtain death. Today it makes almost no differe nce. Since much of the va riation is due to genes one more agent o f evolutio n has gone.There is ano ther way to commit evolutiona ry suicide: stay alive, b ut have fe wer child ren. Few people are as fertile as in the past. Excep t in some religious communities, ve ry fe w wo men has 15 childre n. Nowadays the number o f births, like the age of dea th, has become average. Most o f us have ro ughly the same number o f offsp ring. Again, differe nces betwee n people and the opportunity for na tura l selectio n to take advantage o f it have diminished. India sho ws what is happening. The co untry o ffers wealth fo r a fe w in the g reat cities a nd poverty for the re maining tribal peoples. The g ra nd mediocrity o f today everyone being the same in survival a nd number of o ffspring mea ns tha t natural selectio n has lost 80% of its po wer in upper-middle-class India compa red to the tribes.For us, this mea ns that evolutio n is over; the biological U topia has arrived. Strangely, it has involved little p hysical change No o ther species fills so ma ny places in nature. But in the pass 100,000 years even the pass 100year o ur lives have been transfo rmed but our bodies have no t. We did no t evolve, because machines a nd socie ty did it for us. Da rwin had a phrase to describe those igno rant o f evolutio n: they "look at a n o rganic being as average looks at a ship, as a t some thing wholly beyond his co mpre hension." No do ubt we will reme mber a 20th ce ntury way o f life beyond comp rehe nsio n fo r its ugliness. Butho wever a mazed o ur desce ndants may be at ho w fa r from U topia we we re, they will look just like us.55.Wha t used to be the danger in being a ma n acco rding to the first paragrap h?［A］A lack o f ma tes.［B］A fierce co mpetition.［C］A lo we r survival ra te.［D］A de fective gene.56.Wha t does the e xample o f India illustra te?［A］Wealthy people tend to have fe wer child ren than poor people.［B］Natural selectio n ha rdly wo rks amo ng the rich and the poor.［C］The middle class popula tio n is 80% smaller than that o f the tribes.［D］India is o ne o f the countries with a very hig h birth ra te.57.T he a uthor arg ues tha t o ur bodies have stopped evolving beca use____ .［A］life has bee n imp roved by technological advance［B］the number of fe male babies has bee n declining［C］o ur species has reached the hig hest stage o f evolutio n［D］the diffe rence betwee n wealth and poverty is disappearing58.Which o f the follo wing wo uld be the best title for the passage?［A］Sex Ra tio n Cha nges in H uman Evolutio n［B］Ways o f Co ntinuing Ma n's Evolutio n［C］The Evolutio nary Future o f Nature［D］Human Evolutio n Going No whe rePassage 3Whe n a ne w move ment in art a ttains a certain fashio n, it is advisable to find out what its advocates are aiming at, fo r, howeve r farfe tched a nd unreasonable their p rinciples may seem today, it is possible tha t i n yea rs to come they may be regarded as normal. With regard to Futurist poetry, ho wever, the case is ra ther difficult, for wha tever Futurist poetry may be even admitting that the theo ry o n which it is based may be right, it can hardly be classed as Litera ture.This, in brie f, is wha t the Futurist says; for a noise a nd violence and speed. Co nseque ntly, our feelings, thoug hts a nd e mo tions have undergone a co rrespo nding change. T his speeding up o f life, says the Futurist, requires a ne w form o f e xpressio n. We must speed up our lite rature too, if we want to interp ret modern stress. We must pour out a large stream o f essential wo rds, unhampered by stops, or qualifying adjectives, o f finite verbs. Instead of describing so unds we must make up wo rds tha t imita te the m; we must use many sizes of type and differe nt colored inks on the sa me page, and sho rten o r le ng the n wo rds a t will.Ce rtainly their descrip tio ns of ba ttles are co nfused. But it is a little upsetting to read in the explana tory notes tha t a ce rtain line describes a fig ht be tween a Turkish and a Bulgaria n officer o n a b ridge o ff which they both fall into the river a nd the n to find that the line consists of the noise o f their falling and the weig hts o f the officers:` Pluff! Pluff! A hundred and eig hty-five kilogra ms.'This, tho ug h it fulfills the la ws a nd req uireme nts o f Futurist poetry, ca n hardly be classed as Litera ture. All the sa me, no thinking ma n ca n refuse to accep t their first p roposition: that a g reat cha nge in our e motional life calls for a cha nge o f e xpressio n. The whole questio n is really this: have we esse ntially cha nged?59.T his passage is mainly____ .［A］a survey o f ne w approaches to art［B］a review o f Futurist poetry［C］about merits o f the Futurist movement［D］about la ws and req uireme nts o f litera ture60.Whe n a novel litera ry idea appers, people should try to_____ .［A］determine its p urposes［B］igno re its fla ws［C］follo w the ne w fashio ns［D］accept the p rinciples61.Futurists claim tha t we must____ .［A］increase the p roductio n of lite rature［B］use poetry to relieve modern stress［C］develop ne w modes o f exp ression［D］avoid using adjectives and verbs62.T he a uthor believes that Futurist poetry is_____ .［A］based on reasonable principles［B］ne w and acceptable to ordinary people［C］indica tive o f basic cha nge in huma n na ture［D］more of a tra nsie nt p heno meno n tha n litera turePassage 4Aimlessness has ha rdly been typical o f the postwar Japan whose productivity a nd social harmony a re the e nvy o f the U nited Sta tes a nd Europe. But increasingly the Japa nese a re seeing a decline o f the traditio nal wo rk-mo ral values. Ten years ago young people were hard wo rking a nd sa w their jobs as their prima ry reason fo r being, b ut no w Japan has largely fulfilled its eco nomic needs, a nd young people don't kno w whe re they shoul d go ne xt.The co ming o f age o f the postwa r baby boom a nd a n entry o f wome n into the male-domina ted job ma rket have limited the opportunities o f tee n-agers who a re already questio ning the heavy perso nal sacrifices involved in climbing Japan's rigid social ladder to good schools a nd jobs. In a recent survey, it was fo und that only 24.5 perce nt o f Japanese students were fully sa tisfied with school life, compared with 67.2 pe rcent o f students in the United Sta tes. In addition, fa r mo re Japanese wo rkers e xp ress ed dissatisfaction with their jobs than did their co unte rparts in the10 othe r co untries surveyed.While o ften p raised by foreig ners fo r its emp hasis o n the basics, Japanese ed ucatio n tends to stress test taking a nd mecha nical learning over crea tivity a nd self-e xp ression." Those things that do no t sho w up in the test scores pe rsonality, ability, courage orhuma nity a re comple tely ig nored," says Toshiki Kaifu, chairman o f the ruling Liberal Democra tic Pa rty's educa tion committee." Frustra tion against this ki nd o f thing leads kids to drop out a nd run wild." Last year Japa n expe rienced2,125 incide nts o f school violence, including929 assaults o n teache rs. Amid the o utcry, ma ny conse rva tive leaders are seeking a re turn to the p rewa r emp hasis on moral educa tio n. Last year Mitsuo Se toyama, who was then educa tion ministe r, raised eyebrows when he a rgued that liberal re forms introduced by the Ame rican occupa tion a uthorities a fter World WarⅡhad weakened the "Japanese mo rality o f respect fo r pa rents."But tha t may have more to do with Japa nese life-stvles." In Japan," says educa tor Yoko Muro, "it's never a questio n of whe the r you e njoy your job a nd your life, b ut only ho w much yo u ca n end ure." W ith econo mic gro wth has come ce ntraliza tio n; fully 76 perce nt o f Japan's 119 million citize ns live in cities where co mmunity and the e xte nded fa mily have been abando ned in favor o f isolated, two ge nera tio n ho useholds. U rban Japanese have long e ndured leng thy co mmutes(travels to a nd from wo rk)a nd cro wded living conditions, but as the old gro up a nd family values weake n, the disco mfo rt is beginning to tell. In the past decade, the Japanese divo rce ra te, while still we ll belo w tha t o f the U nited States, has increased by more tha n 50 perce nt, a nd suicides have increased by nearly one-q uarter.63.In the Westerne r's eyes, the postwa r Japan was_____ .［A］under aimless developme nt［B］a positive e xample［C］a rival to the West［D］on the decline64.According to the a utho r, wha t may chiefly be responsible for the moral decline o f Japanese society?［A］Wome n's participatio n in social activities is limited.［B］More wo rkers are dissatisfied with their jobs.［C］Excessive emp hasis his bee n placed o n the basics.［D］The life-style has been influe nced by Western values.65.Which o f the follo wing is true according to the a utho r?［A］Japanese educa tio n is p raised for helping the yo ung climb the social ladder［B］Japanese educa tio n is cha racte rized by mecha nical learning as well as creativity.［C］More stress should be placed o n the cultiva tion o f crea tivity.［D］Dropping out leads to frustratio n against test taking.66.T he c ha nge in Japanese Life-style is revealed in the fact tha t____ .［A］the young a re less tolera nt of discomfo rts in the fact tha t_____ .［B］the divorce ra te in Japan e xceeds that in the U.S.［C］the Japanese end ure more tha n ever befo re［D］the Japanese appreciate their p resent lifePassage 5If ambition is to be well regarded, the re wards o f ambition health, distinction, co ntrol over one's destiny must be deemed worthy of the sacrifices made o n ambitio n's be half. If thetraditio n o f a mbition is to have vitality, it must be widely shared; a nd it especially must be hig hly regarded by people who are the mselves admired, the ed uca ted no t least a mong them. In a n odd way, Ho wever, it is the educa ted who have claimed to have give up o n have give up on a mbition as a n ideal. Wha t is odd is that they have perhaps most benefited fro m a mbition-if no t always their o wn the that o f their pare nts a nd gra ndparents. There is heavy note of hypocrisy in this, a case of closing the ba rn door a fter the horses have escaped with the educa ted themselves riding on them.Ce rtainly people do no t seem less interested in success a nd its signs now tha n fo rme rly. Summe r ho mes, European travel, BMWs. The locations, place names and na me b rands may change, but such items do no t seem less in dema nd today tha n a decade or two years ago. W ha t has happened is tha t people ca nnot confess fully to their drea ms, as easily and ope nly as once they could, lest they be thoug ht p ushing, acquisitive a nd vulgar. Instead, we are trea ted to fine hypocritical spectacles, which no w mo re tha n ever seem in ample supply: the critic o f America n ma terialism with a So uthamp ton summer home; the publisher o f radical books who takes his meals in three-star restaura nts; the journalist advocating participato ry democracy in all p ha ses o f life, whose o wn child ren a re e nrolled in priva te schools. Fo r such people and many more perhaps no t so e xceptio nal, the proper fo rmula tio n is," Succeed a t all costs b ut avoid appearing ambitio us."The a ttacks o n a mbitio n a re ma ny a nd co me from va rio us a ngles; its p ublic defe nders are fe w a nd unimpressive, whe re the a re not e xtre mely una ttractive. As a result, the support for ambitio n as a healthy imp ulse, a quality to be admired a nd fixed in the mind o f the young, is p robably lo wer than it has eve r b een in the U nited Sta tes. This does not mean that a mbitio n is a t an e nd, tha t people no lo nger feel its stirrings a nd p romp tings, but o nly that, no lo nger ope nly hono red, it is less openly unde rgro und, o r made sly. Such, the n, is the way things sta nd: o n the le ft a ng ry critics, o n the right stupid supporters, a nd in the middle, as usual, the majority o f earnest people trying to get o n in life.67.It is gene rally believed tha t ambitio n may be well regarded if _____.［A］its re turns we ll co mpensa te fo r the sacrifices［B］it is re warded with money, fa me a nd powe r［C］its goals a re spiritual ra ther tha n ma te rial［D］it is shared by the rich a nd the famo us68.T he last se nte nce o f the first pa ragraph most p robably implies tha t it is____ .［A］custo mary of the ed ucated to discard ambition in words［B］too late to check ambitio n o nce it has been let o ut［C］dishonest to de ny a mbition a fter the fulfillme nt o f the goal［D］impractical for the ed ucated to e njoy be nefits from ambitio n69.Some people do not openly admit they have ambitio n beca use____ .［A］they think o f it as immo ral［B］their p ursuits a re no t fa me o r wealth［C］a mbition is not closely rela ted to ma te rial be ne fits［D］they do no t wa nt to appear greedy a nd contemp tible70.From the last paragrap h the co nclusion can be dra wn tha t a mbition sho uld be maintained_____ .。
2000年考研真题及详解
哲学
博士、硕士
2
金融工程
0202Z1 0202
应用经济学
博士、硕士
3
能源经济学
0202Z2 0202
应用经济学
博士、硕士
4
国际金融学
0202Z4 0202
应用经济学
博士、硕士
5
知识产权法学
0301Z1 0301
法学
博士、硕士
6
国防教育学
0401Z1 0401
教育学
博士、硕士
7
对外汉语教学
0501Z1 0501 中国语言文学
系统工程 模式识别与智能系统 导航、制导与控制
建筑历史与理论
4
授权级别 博士、硕士 博士、硕士 博士、硕士 博士、硕士 博士、硕士 博士、硕士 博士、硕士 博士、硕士
硕士 硕士 硕士 硕士 博士、硕士 博士、硕士 博士、硕士 博士、硕士 博士、硕士 博士、硕士 博士、硕士 博士、硕士 博士、硕士 博士、硕士 博士、硕士 博士、硕士 博士、硕士 博士、硕士 博士、硕士 博士 硕士 博士 硕士 硕士 硕士
化学
博士、硕士
14
海洋物理
0707Z1 0707
海洋科学
博士、硕士
15
海洋生物技术
0707Z2 0707
海洋科学
博士、硕士
16 电气检测技术及仪器 0804Z1 0804 仪器科学与技术 博士、硕士
17 软物质与功能材料 0805Z1 0805 材料科学与工程 博士、硕士
18
核工程与材料
0805Z2 0805 材料科学与工程 博士、硕士
24
财务学
1202Z1 1202
工商管理
博士、硕士
最新(完美版)中国石油大学地质专业硕士研究生入学考试真题回忆 (26)
6、泥岩地层在测井曲线上特征
7、岩石声波速度的影响因素
8、伽马射线与物质相互作用时发生的三大核物理现象
9、储集层的基本参数
10、倾角测井的主要用途
11、生产动态测井的主要用途
12、地层密度、补偿中子和声速测井的最主要应用
13、简述常规测井的裂缝测井响应特征
14、总结分析程序求解泥质含量的原理和方法
3、试述声波测井确定地层压力异常的原理，并手工画出存在压力异常时声波随深度变化的示意图。
三、应用题（每题10分，共计30分）
1、某石英砂岩真孔隙度为20%，试计算淡水石灰岩刻度下其视孔隙度。
2、已知某地层孔隙度Φ=0.2，地层真电阻率Rt = 15欧姆·米，地层水电阻率Rw = 0.1欧姆·米，求地层的含油饱和度So.（m=n=2,a=b=1）
3、淡水泥浆井中一砂岩纯水层，其声波和电阻率测井值分别是△t=380us/m,Rt=620us/m, CP=1.5, a=1, m=2)
15、试用常规测井叙述划分泥岩、砂岩、致密灰岩、盐岩的方法依据。
二、论述与动手结合题（每题10分，共计30分）
1、试述声波变密度测井波形的成分，及应用波形判别二界面胶结好坏的模式，并用手工画出示意图。
2、设由大段泥岩、巨厚砂岩、大段泥岩这三段地层组成的剖面，测井解释砂岩的上部为油层，下部为水层，该层上下均为厚度较大的泥岩。在淡水泥浆条件下，如果不考虑井径的变化，试分别绘出自然电位（SP）、自然伽马（GR）、深、浅侧向电阻率和声波时差（Δt）测井曲线的变化示意图（标明曲线单位、刻度方向）。
中国石油大学（华东）
2017年硕士学位研究生入学考试试题
考试科目：测井方法原理（B卷）总1页第1页
2000-2011年中国石油大学(华东)硕士研究生入学考试物理化学试题
石油大学（华东）
2000年硕士研究生入学考试试题
考试科目：物理化学总3页第1页
从热力学和动力学两个角度，用有关关系式或数学表达式说明从对行反应中及时取走产
2001年硕士研究生入学考试试题
考试科目：物理化学总3页第1页
2001年硕士研究生入学考试试题
考试科目：物理化学总3页第2页
2001年硕士研究生入学考试试题
考试科目：物理化学总3页第3页
2002年硕士研究生入学考试试题
考试科目：物理化学总3页第1页
石油大学（华东）
2003年硕士研究生入学考试试题
考试科目：物理化学总3页第1页
石油大学（华东）
2004年硕士研究生入学考试试题
考试科目：物理化学总3页第1页
石油大学（华东）
2005年硕士研究生入学考试试题
考试科目：物理化学总4页第1页
中国石油大学（华东）
2006年硕士研究生入学考试试题（A卷）
考试科目：物理化学总4页第1页
中国石油大学（华东）
2007年硕士研究生入学考试试题（A卷）
考试科目：物理化学总4页第1页
中国石油大学（华东）
2008年硕士研究生入学考试试题（A卷）
考试科目：物理化学总4页第1页
2009年硕士研究生入学考试试题
考试科目：物理化学（A）总2页第1页
2011年硕士研究生入学考试试题
考试科目：物理化学总2页第1页。
石油与天然气地质学试卷及答案10套
《石油与天然气地质学》试题（一）一、概念题（30分）：1.生物标志化合物2.圈闭3.溢出点4.TTI5.CPI6.初次运移7.流体势8.系列圈闭9.含油气盆地10.石油二、论述题：1.气藏气中常见的化学组成是什么？（10分）2.简述如何评价圈闭的有效性（10分）。
3.圈闭度量的实质及其一般步骤是什么（10分）？4.论述有机晚期成油说的基本内容（10分）。
5.简述微裂缝排烃模式（10分）6.分析含油气盆地中形成油气田的综合地质条件（10分）。
7.油气差异聚集原理是什么（10分）？《石油与天然气地质学》试题（二）一、基本概念（任选10小题，每题3分，共30分）1.天然气2.绝对渗透率3.孔隙结构4.饱和度5.盖层闭合度6.油气藏7.油田水8.沉积有机质9.力场强度10二次运移11.流体势二、选择题（20分）1.在自然条件下，对有机质成烃催化活力最强的粘土是____A 伊利石型B 高岭石型C 蒙-伊混成石型D 蒙脱石型2.石油中C、H两元素比值约为____A 0.56B 3.5C 6.5D 12.53.有机质过成熟生干气阶段，Ro（％）为____A <0.5B 0.5—1.3C 1.3—2.0D ≥2.04.某石油中环烷烃含量为30%，正+异构烷烃含量为25%，则该石油类型为____A 石蜡-环烷型B 石蜡型C 环烷型D 芳香-中间型三、填空题（20分）1.识别和评价烃源岩主要是通过___ 、和__等三个方面的研究加以确定。
2.若石油中环烷烃含量和正+异构烷烃含量各占30%，则该石油属于_ ___。
3.Sulin将天然水分为氯化镁型、__ __、__ __和___ _。
4.油气二次运移要满足两个条件，一是_ ___；二是_ ___。
四、论述题（30分）1. 油气发生初次运移的机理。
2. 储集层的主要类型及其影响因素。
3. 圈闭的分类。
《石油与天然气地质学》试题（三）一、解释下列概念（共15分，每题3分）。
最新(完美版)中国石油大学地质专业硕士研究生入学考试真题回忆 (2)
处理2018、2018年考题整理一：名词解释1：最小相位子波：能量集中前部、Z变换多项式的根位于单位圆外；混合相位子波：能量集中中部、Z变换多项式的根单位圆内与圆外；最大相位子波：能量集中尾部、Z变换多项式的根位于单位圆内。
零相位子波：相位等于零的子波，关于t=0时刻对称，是物理不可实现的，其最大振幅出现在t=0时刻。
2：TTI：倾斜横向各向同性介质（Tilted Transverse Isotropy）。
3：波形分辨率：相邻两个子波波形或波形包络线在时间域可以完全区分，称为波形分辨率（或层厚分辨率）。
视觉分辨率：指视觉上同相轴的胖瘦变化（波形越胖，分辨率越低；波形越瘦，分辨率越高），其反映的是有效信号抗干扰的能力。
4：固定基准面：静校正的目的是获得在一个平面上进行采集、且没有风化层或低速介质存在时的反射波到达时间。
定义中将地表采集到的地震记录校正到的同一平面就是参考基准面或最终基准面，即固定基准面。
浮动基准面：在地震数据处理时，有时不是将地震数据一次校正到参考基准面或最终基准面上，而是首先将地震数据校正到一个中间基准面上，这个基准面有时又叫浮动基准面或CMP叠加基准面。
速度分析，剩余静校正，动校正，叠加都在这个基准面上进行，叠加之后，再将地震数据由浮动基准面校正到参考基准面或最终基准面（固定基准面）上，在最终基准面上完成偏移处理。
（主要针对地形起伏变化剧大且近地表速度变化明显的地区）5：偏移孔径：理论上一条绕射波双曲线在时间和距离上无限延伸，但在实际偏移求和中只截取有限段。
偏移前要确定波前弧或者绕射波曲线在x方向上的求和范围L（即实际求和路径跨度），L称为偏移孔径，可用双曲线展宽所占的地震道数来衡量。
L值由最大实际倾角来确定：L>=2vt0tanφ。
（讲义P143）6：横向各向同性：TI-Transverse Isotropy，是指在垂直于轴线的任何方向上弹性参数相同，有5个独立的弹性参数，属于各向异性的一种。
2000年地科系博士生入学试题
2000年地科系博士生入学试题(卷一)
“石油地质学及其进展”
一、名词解释(30分，每个名词3分)
1．地层圈闭
2．低熟油气
3．流体势
4．含油气系统
5．流体压力封存箱
6．排替压力
7．凝析气藏
8．油气资源量
9．均—化温度
10．绝对渗透率
二、简答题(40分，任选四题)
1．什么是油气差异聚集原理? (10分)
2．岩性油气藏与构造油气藏的主要差别是什么? (10分) 3．简述天然气的成因类型及其特征。
(10分)
4．层序地层学在石油地质学领域中有哪些应用? (10分) 5．为什么说“油气是在人脑中发现的”? (10分)
三、论述题(30分，任选2题)
1．“三场”与油气藏形成和分布的关系(15分)
2．试述“油气成藏机理”的含义(15分)
3．试述石油地质学理论的最新进展(15分)。
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二000年硕士研究生入学考试石油地质学答案
一、名词解释
1．油气藏：是地壳上油气聚集的基本单元，是油气在单一圈闭中的聚集，具有统一的压力系统
和油水界面。
2．干酪根：1979年，Hunt将其定义为沉积岩中所有不溶于非氧化性的酸、碱和非极性有机溶
剂的分散有机质。干酪根是一种高分子聚合物，没有固定的化学成分，主要由碳、氢、氧和
少量硫、氮组成，没有固定的分子式和结构模型。
3．生油门限：只有当埋藏深度足够大，温度升高到一定数值时，有机质才开始大量转化为石
油，这个温度界限称为有机质的成熟温度或生油门限
4．相渗透率：在多相流体存在时，岩石对其中每相流体的渗透率，亦称有效渗透率，其不仅与
岩石的性质有关，也于其中流体的性质和它们的数量比例有关。
5．固态气体水合物：系指在特定的压力与温度条件下，甲烷气体分子天然的被封闭在水分子的
扩大晶格中，呈固态的结晶化合物，亦称冰冻甲烷或水化甲烷。
二、简答题
1．简述天然气主要成因类型及其甲烷碳同位素特征
（1）生物化学气的组成主要是甲烷，可高达98％以上，重烃气（C2+）含量极低,一
般小于2%,干燥系数在数百以上,属于干气.有时可含有少量的不饱和烃以及少量
的CO2和N
2
.生物化学气的甲烷以富集轻的碳同位素12C为特征。其甲烷碳同
位素含量δ13C1的范围从-100‰~-55‰,多数在-80‰~-60‰。
（2）各种油型气是在干酪根不同热演化阶段的产物，其化学成分不同。石油伴生气
和凝析油伴生气的共同特点是重烃气含量高，一般超过5％，有时可达20％～
50％，其中，iC4/nC4比值明显小于1，进入生油窗可降至0.7~0.8；甲烷碳同
位素含量介于-55‰~-40‰，石油伴生气偏轻，约为-55‰~-45‰，凝析油伴生气
偏重，约为-50‰~-40‰。过成熟的裂解干气，以甲烷为主，重烃气极少，小于
1％～2％，甲烷同位素大于或等于-40‰~-35‰。
（3）煤型气的甲烷同位素一般为-42‰~-25‰。
2．简述油气藏破坏的主要因素
构造运动造成油气藏的遗散破坏、水动力造成油气流失以及热演化过程中导致油气向沥青、石
墨转化等。
3．简述油气差异聚集的条件及特点
天然气占居最高构造环或最低构造环，其本质都是油气按密度分异，但最终却得到两种完全相
反的结果。起决定作用的是具体的地质条件，这些条件是：（1）具有区域性较长距离运移的条
件，要求具区域性的倾斜；储集层岩相岩性稳定，渗透性好。（2）相联系的一系列圈闭，它们
的溢出点海拔依次增高。（3）油气源供应区位于盆地中心带。（4）储集层中充满水并处于静水
压力条件下，石油和游离气是同时一起运移的。
4．简述凝析气藏形成的基本条件
凝析气藏的形成必须具备两个条件：
（1）在烃类物系中气体数量必须胜过液体数量，才能为液相反溶于气相创造条件。
（2）地层埋藏较深，地层温度介于烃类物系的临界温度与临界凝结温度之间，地层
压力超过该温度时的露点压力，这种物系才可能发生显著的逆蒸发现象。
5．简述盖层封闭作用的主要机理
（1）物性封闭：油气运移的动力不能克服毛细管压力的阻力导致油气被封闭在盖层