第十五章习题答案final
2023年中考英语一轮复习 第十五课时 九年级(Unit 12_Unit 14)课件
三、阅读理解(2022·陕西B卷)(6分) If someone is 2.57 meters tall，we would say this person is super tall.Can this
person be the tallest on record？ The tallest man in history was Robert Pershing Wadlow.He was 2.72 meters
full of colorful kites of all kinds.It was the 1 Festival in Weifang，Shandong.The
son wanted to fly a kite，too.The father bought a kite for him.
The son began to fly the kite.Soon，his kite was high up in the sky.After a
for it at once.
A.set up
B.setout
名师课时计划英语七年级下册答案
名师课时计划英语七年级下册答案全文共5篇示例，供读者参考名师课时计划英语七年级下册答案篇1一、本学期的指导思想在本学期的英语教学中，坚持以下理念的应用：1、要面向全体学生，关注每个学生的情感，激发他们学习英语的兴趣，帮助他们建立学习的成就感和自信心,培养创新精神;2、整体设计目标，体现灵活开放，目标设计以学生技能，语言知识，情感态度，学习策略和文化意识的发展为基础;3、突出学生主体，尊重个体差异;4、采用活动途径，倡导体验参与，即采用任务型的教学模式，让学生在老师的指导下通过感知、体验、实践、参与和合作等方式，实现任务的目标，感受成功;5、注重过程评价，促进学生发展，建立能激励学生学习兴趣和自主学习能力发展的评价体系。
总之，让学生在使用英语中学习英语，让学生成为gooduser而不仅仅是learner。
让英语成为学生学习生活中最实用的工具而非累赘，让他们在使用和学习英语的过程中，体味到轻松和成功的快乐，而不是无尽的担忧和恐惧。
二、所教班级学生基本情况分析：本届七年级新生和以往初一学生相比在英语基础方面很薄弱，由于在小学英语课并未受到足够的重视，他们在写的技能方面基本上没有得到过训练，连音标和字母的拼读都没有掌握好。
经过上学期的不懈努力，年段学生的基础知识得到了加强，学习态度也有所好转。
但是学生整体的惰性还是很强，自觉性很差。
另外，学生在情感态度,学习策略方面还存在诸多需要进一步解决的问题。
例如：很多学生不能明确学习英语的目的，没有真正认识到学习英语的目的在于交流;有些同学在学习中缺乏小组合作意识;大多数同学没有养成良好的学习习惯，不能做好课前预习课后复习，学习没有计划性和策略性;不善于发现和总结语言规律，不注意知识的巩固和积累。
三、奋斗目标钻研新课标，提高教学水平，真正做到教学相长，努力达到学校规定的教学指标。
四、具体措施1、每天背诵课文中的对话。
目的：要求学生背诵并默写，培养语感。
2、每天记5个生词，2个常用句子或习语。
final关键字的作用及应用案例
final关键字的作⽤及应⽤案例final关键字的作⽤如下:1、可以修饰成员变量，但不能对该成员变量进⾏修改；2、可以修饰局部变量，但不能地该局部变量进⾏修改；3、可以修饰成员⽅法（继承），但不能对⽗类成员⽅法进⾏重写；4、可以修饰引⽤类型，不能对该引⽤类型进⾏修改，但可以对该引⽤类型下的值进⾏修改下⾯对上⾯4个作⽤⼀⼀举例进⾏演⽰：第⼀个作⽤的代码案例如下：可以修饰成员变量，但不能对该成员变量进⾏修改1package ;23class Fu{4final int x = 10;56public void show() {7 System.out.println("这是⽗类");8 }9 }1011class Zi extends Fu{121314 }1516public class DemoTest {17public static void main(String[] args) {1819 Zi z = new Zi();20 z.x = 100;21 System.out.println(z.x);2223 }2425 }2627报错如下：28 Exception in thread "main" ng.Error: Unresolved compilation problem:29The final field Fu.x cannot be assigned3031 at .DemoTest.main(DemoTest.java:20)简单说明：在Fu类中的成员变量 x 定义为 final 类型，但在第20⾏时，通过对象访问成员 x 并试图进⾏修改，所以就报错了。
第⼆个作⽤的代码案例如下：可以修饰局部变量，但不能地该局部变量进⾏修改1package ;23class Fu{4final int x = 10;56public void show() {7 System.out.println("这是⽗类");8 }9 }1011class Zi extends Fu{121314 }1516public class DemoTest {17public static void main(String[] args) {18final int y=100;19 System.out.println(y);20 y = 1000;21 System.out.println(y);222324 }2526 }2728运⾏错误如下：29 Exception in thread "main" ng.Error: Unresolved compilation problem:30The final local variable y cannot be assigned. It must be blank and not using a compound assignment3132 at .DemoTest.main(DemoTest.java:20)简单说明：在 main ⽅法中，定义了⼀个局部变量 y 为 final 类型，但在第20⾏时⼜对该局部变量进⾏修改，所以就报错了。
人教版选修六 unit1 虚拟语气练习final
11.I wish he ____________that. (do)
12.I wish I ___________rich in the future.(be)
13.Don’t handle the vase as if it _________________(be) made of steel.
C． have expected D． had expected
【答案】B
16．I’d rather you ________ him the secret until you _______ allowed to.
A． told; were B． didn’t tell; are
C． hadn’t told; will be D． don’t tell; are
【答案】A
15．There you are! I have been looking for you everywhere. This is the last place in the world I _______ to find you.
A． would expect B． would have expected
3.If you all ___________(admit) to the key universities, I _________ (be) very happy.
4.So if I ______ you ,I ___________（study）harder
5..when I was a child if I __________(know) the importance of English, I ____________(study) it.
第四册第二部分finalexamination
Final ExaminationI Choice1 ( )The red dress in the shop window is the right for me.A)size B)scent C)cut D)height2 ( )Parents sometimes don’t like the their children are dressed.A)means B)manner C)way D)habit3 ( )—I’ve left my dictionary at home.—That’s no .I can lend you mine.A)question B)problem C)matter D)affair4 ( )It’ｓ cold outdoors today. We have changeable weather thisseason.A)pretty/such B)very/such aC)terrible/so D)such/such5 ( )So well in the maths exam that he was praised by all the teachers.A)did he B)he did C)did he do D)he had done6 ( )It’s believed that you work, result you’ll get.A)the harder/the better B)the more hard/the more betterC)the harder/a better D)more hard/more better7 ( )His talk will only five minutes. We are wondering what topic heis going to .A)spend/talk B)last/coverC)take/say D)take/speak8 ( ) efficient equipment it is!A)What B)What a C)How D)How a9 ( )—She’s taking part in sports and music.—No wonder she is so with the students.A)active/welcome B)an active/popularC)action/welcomed D)an acting/popular10 ( )Thirty people were sent to the hospital after the accident, children.A)many of them were B)many of them areC)many of whom were D)many whom were11 ( )Had we not been given useless timetable, we the train.A)a/would miss B)a/would not have missedC)an/had missed D)an/would not have missed12 ( )I’m thirsty. I want to drink some w ater, but there was in the bottle.A)nothing B)none C)not D)no13 ( )You can’t imagine when they won championship.A)how they were excited B)how excited they wereC)how excited were they D)they were how excited14 ( ) never wanted to be looked down upon.A)We woman B)us womenC)Our woman D)We women15 ( ) surprised me was he spoke English so well.A)How/that B)That/thatC)What/that D)What/howⅡ Cloze TestThere was once a man who spent all his spare time in one of his four glass-houses. Flowers was his name, and flowers were his main joy in life. He grew flowers ofevery colour under the sun, with names a s long and 16 as those of the rulers of Ancient Rome. He 17 these flowers in order to enter them for competitions. One of hisambitions(雄心)in life was to grow a rose of an entirely 18 colour, which wouldwin him the silver cup for the Rose of the Year.Mr. Flowers’19 were very close to a public path. This path was always used bychildren and young people 20 to and from school. Boys of around thirteen years ofage, in 21, were often tempted to throw a stone or two at one of Mr. Flowers’s glass-houses They 22 to resist the temptation when Mr. Flowers was about, but thetemptation often proved to be too strong when Mr. Flowers was nowhere to be seen.For this reason, Mr. Flowers did his best to be 23 or close by his glass-houses at thebeginning and end of the school day.However, it was not always convenient or 24 to be on guard at these times. MrFlowers had tried in many ways to prevent damage to his 25;but nothing that he haddone had been 26. He had been to the 27 to complain to the Headmasters; but thishad not done any good. He had 28 in the bushes and chased the boys that 29 stonesinto his garden; but the boys could run faster than he could, and they 30 at himfrom a distance He had even walked along the path and picked up all the 31 stonesthat he could find ,so that the boys would have nothing to throw, but they soon 32others, or threw lumps of earth instead.Then, just as he was giving 33 hope of ever winning the battle, and of growingthe Rose of the Year, he had a truly marvelous idea. He put up a large notice made of good strong wood, some 34 away from the glass-houses where it could be clearlyseen from the path. He had pained on the board the words: DO NOT THROW STONES ATTHIS NOTICE. After this, Mr. Flowers had no further trouble; the boys were much m ore tempted to throw stones at the 35 than at the glass-houses.16 ( ) A)difficult B)easy C)different D)fresh17 ( ) A)sold B)collected C)grew D)loved18 ( ) A)beautiful B)bright C)shining D)new19 ( ) A)rooms B)flowers C)glass-houses D)friends20 ( ) A)walking B)running C)driven D)sent21 ( ) A)fact B)particular C)surprise D)time22 ( ) A)wanted B)managed C)had D)tried23 ( ) A)on B)behind C0around D)in24 ( ) A)possible B)necessary C)PLEASANT D)tiring25 ( ) A)door B)windows C)glass D)idea26 ( ) A)useless B)correct C)mistaken D)successful27 ( ) A)office B)school C)town D)COURT28 ( ) A)hidden B)stayed C)slept D)sat29 ( ) A)moved B)put C)threw D)carried30 ( ) A)smiled B)shouted C)looked D)laughed31 ( ) A)small B)loose C)big D)sharp32 ( ) A)took B)had C)found D)made33 ( ) A)up B)in C)away D)out34 ( ) A)miles B)inches C)kilometers D)blocks35 ( ) A)notice B)roses C)road D)woodⅢ Reading(A)What are some of the steps a person can take to prevent the properties in hishouse from being stolen while he is away? One step is to make sure that the househas a lived-in look. Living room curtains should be pulled down only half-way.Bedrooms that usually have the curtains pulled down at night should be left down.Another is to make sure that all outside locks are dead-shut type. Still anotheris to leave several 100. watt lights burning ad make sure that one is in the kitchen. Lights that turn on and off by themselves are the best .Then too, it is a good idea to leave the radio turned in to a talking station. Any type of talking makes a thief think before trying to enter. Finally, while away on holidays make sure that nothing collects in the front or at the back of the house. Specially, make certain that the newspaper is stopped and that a trusted neighbour has been asked to pick up the letter. Thieves are specially watchful to pile-up newspapers and overfilled post boxes.36 ( ) Why did the writer begin this passage with a question?A)To have the reader guess the answer before reading.B)To make known the topic for this passage.C)To catch the reader’s attention.D)Both B and C are correct.37 ( ) What is the meaning of “lived-in”in the passage?A)worn out B)gave up C)lively D)inhabited38 ( ) Which of the following does the write advise people to do?A)Pull the livingroom curtains all the way down at nightB)Leave a guard dog tied to a tree in the garden.C)Ask a neighbour to pick up the daily post.D)Make sure the newspaper is sent every day.39 ( ) The most important room to leave a light burning in is the .A)bedroom B)living-room C)bathroom D)kitchen40 ( ) Why is it a good idea to leave the radio set to a talking station?A)So one won’t feel lonely or afraid.B)So a thief cannot be sure whether or not there is someone in the house.C)To keep well-informed about the presence of thieves in the neighbourhood.D)Because music stations are too loud.(B)Not many c ouples stay married for fifty years. Even fewer do so for seventy-five years. It’s almost impossible for a couple to be married for eighty-five years. But that’s exactly what Henry and Maggie did.Henry was born on a farm in 1857. At the age of eighteen he went to Chicago toattend the university. There he met Maggie who had come f rom Cleveland to study art. At the time she was one year younger. In 1876 they got married Then Henry left school. He borrowed 1,000 dollars to open a restaurant. Together he and Maggie ran it butshe also continued her art studies. The restaurant was an immediate success.In 1877 their first son. Jack, was born. Maggie decided to stay at home fromthen on. In her spare time she began painting. She never became famous, but she was able to sell enough pictures, so the family could live comfortably. By 1885 theyhad five children, including their third son, Los, who became a well-known author. Their sixth and last child was born the following spring, who later died from a bad cold. From 1900 to 1915 Henry and Maggie became grandparents thirty-one times. In1930 they achieved what must be a record. They had children, grandchildren orgrand-grandchildren living in foreign countries.On February 14, 1961, they celebrated their 85th wedding anniversary. The daythey had chosen for their wedding day had become Valentine’s Day(情人节).Over 100. newsmen came to report on the event. The couple was seen on national TV. Mostsurprising of all was the fact that over 1,500 relatives were present. The youngest was a three-week-old baby girl. Henry, aged 104,and Maggie, aged 103, were theoldest.41 ( ) Henry and Maggie’s marriage is a wonder because .A)not many people could live as long as fifty yearsB)fewer people could reach the age of seventy-fiveC)their marriage lasted over three-fourths of a centuryD)they got married when they were over one hundred42 ( ) When Maggie got married to Henry, she was .A)twenty B)nineteen C)eighteen D)seventeen43 ( ) Maggie helped support the family by .A)continued her art studiesB)selling some of her paintingsC)training her third son to be a well-known authorD)working hard in her spare time to become a famous artist44 ( ) The record mentioned in the passage refers to the fact that .A)they had thirty-one grandchildrenB)the restaurant they ran was famous all over AmericaC)they celebrated their 85th wedding anniversaryD)their offspring(子孙)could be found in every state of the U.S.A.45 ( ) What impressed others most at their 85th wedding anniversary was that .A)over one hundred newsmen came to report on the eventB)so many of their relatives attended the wedding anniversaryC)the couple had lived to be more than 100D)their wedding day had become Valentine’s DayⅣ Spelling46 occur(过去式) 47 west(形容词)48 hurry(副词) 49 develop(名词)50 control(过去分词)Ⅴ Find the similar meaning in the following51 ( ) absorb A)greater in importance52 ( ) victim B)substance that can be burned to produce heat or power53 ( ) pursue C)a small creature with no bones, such as ants or flies54 ( ) imposing D)a ship destroyed at sea or on rocks55 ( ) wreck E)journey by sea56 ( ) fuel F)follow in order to catch57 ( ) major G)a person who has come in unwanted58 ( ) insect H)powerful in appearance59 ( ) voyage I)take in60 ( ) intruder J)a person who suffers something terribleⅥ Complete the following sentence with the given verbs61 Don’t go out. It (rain).62 I was surprised to hear that we (watch)at that time.63 She began (understand) what he really wanted.64 Until last year he (never, see)snow on the hills.65 Can you remember (tell) me the story the other day?66 Do you notice the boy (cross)the street now?67 This country is known (be)rich in oil.68 Mr Smith is the very doctor for you (send) for.69 (catch)in a traffic jam, the chairman was late for the meeting.70 Whether he (take) part in the Olympic Games or nor hasn’t been announced yet.Ⅶ Complete the following conversation小王昨天逛了南京路和外滩。
《计算机专业英语》习题参考答案
《计算机专业英语》习题参考答案Lesson 1I.1. Operating System2. Fetch-evaluate-execute3. Front-side bus4. Dual-core processor5. Basic Input/Output System(BIOS)II.1. 指令是特定各式的二进制数列，它们对于每台机器都是唯一的。
2. CPU是中央处理单元的简称，每个字母分开发音。
3. 大多数计算在中央处理器中进行。
4. 双核是指一个处理器上有两个完整运算内核的CPU。
5. 处理器：是微处理器或CPU的缩写。
6. 集成电路：即芯片，是由半导体材料制成的一种电子设备。
III.1. F2. T3. TIV.1.ALU, CU, Register2.memory3.processor4.the CPULesson 2I.1.Static Random Access Memory(SRAM)2.Dynamic Random Access Memory(DRAM)3.Virtual Memory4.Physical Memory5.Level 1 Cache6.Level 2 Cache7.HDD access speedII.1.动态随机存储器之所以称为“动态”是因为它每秒钟被刷新数千次。
2.RAM：是计算机中存储操作系统、应用程序和当前正是用数据的地方。
3.ROM由计算机中一小块长寿命电池供电。
4.RAM缓存是由高速静态随机存储器构成的存储器。
III.1. F2. F3. F4. TIV.1. non-volatile2. compiler3. volatile4. DRAMLesson 3I.1. Motherboard2. PC Case3. Hard Disk Drive(HDD)4. Optical mouse5. RAM6. Mobile DiskII.1.PC是有很多组件构成的一个系统。
ASDADSADS
啊说明：1．本表供2011年使用。
2．词汇前标有▲是理解词汇，其余是掌握词汇。
3．部分可根据构词法推出的副词和名词不单列。
4．基数词和序数词未单列完全。
Aa(an) art. 一（个、件…）able a. 能够，有能力的about prep. 关于，在各处，四处ad. 大约，到处，四处above prep. 在…上面a. 上面的ad. 在…之上▲accept vt.接受,同意,承担(责任等)accident n. 事故，意外的事▲across prep. 横过，穿过▲act n. 法令，条例v. （戏）表演，扮演（角色），演出（戏），行动，做事▲active a. 积极的；活跃的；勤奋的▲activity n. 活动；行动address n. 地址▲advice n. 忠告，劝告，建议afraid a. 害怕的，担心的after ad. 在后，后来prep. 在…之后，在…后面conj. 在…以后afternoon n. 下午，午后again ad. 再一次，再，又▲against prep. 对着，反对▲age n. 年龄，时代ago ad. 以前agree v. 同意，应允air n. 空气，大气▲alive a. 活着的，存在的all ad. 全部地pron. 全部，全体人员a. 全部，所有的，总，整▲allow vt. 允许，准许almost ad. 几乎，差不多alone a. 单独的，孤独的along ad. 向前，和…在一起，一同prep. 沿着，顺着already ad. 已经also ad. 也always ad. 总是，一直，永远America n. 美国，美洲American a. 美国的，美国人的n. 美国人among prep. 在…中间，在（三个以上）之间and conj. 和，有，而angry a. 生气的，愤怒的animal n. 动物another a. 再一，另一，别的，不同的pron. 另一个answer n. 回答，答复，回信，答案v. 回答，答复，回信，（作出）答案any pron. （无论）哪一个，那些a. 任何的，用于（疑问句、否定句），一些，什么anybody pron. 任何人，无论谁▲anyone pron. 任何人，无论谁anything pron. 什么事（物），任何事（物）▲appear vi. 出现apple n. 苹果April n. 四月▲area n. 地区,区域,面积,方面arm n. 臂，支架，（美）武器，武力v. 以…装备，武装起来around ad. 在周围，在附近prep. 在…周围，大约arrive vi. 到达，达到art n. 艺术，美术，技艺article n. 文章,物品,条款,冠词as ad & conj. 像…一样，如同，因为prep. 作为，当做ask v. 问，询问，请求，要求，邀请▲asleep a. 睡着的，熟睡at prep. 在（几点钟），在（某处）▲attention n. 注意,(口令)立正!August n. 八月aunt n. 伯母，舅母，婶，姑，姨Australia n. 澳洲，澳大利亚▲Australian a. 澳洲的，澳大利亚的n. 澳大利亚人autumn n. 秋天，秋季away ad. 离开，远离Bbaby n. 婴儿back ad. 回（原处），向后n. 背后，后部，背bad (worse, worst) a. 坏的，有害的，不利的，严重的bag n. 书包，提包，袋子ball n. 球，舞会banana n. 香蕉▲bank n. （河、海、湖的）岸，堤basket n. 篮子basketball n. 篮球be aux v. (is, am, are, was, were, being, been) 是，成为▲beach n. 海滨，海滩▲bear n. 熊v. 承受，负担，承担，忍受，容忍beat v.（beat, beaten）敲打，跳动，打赢n. （音乐）节拍beautiful a. 美的，美丽的，美观的because conj. 因为become (became, become) v. 变得，成为bed n. 床bedroom n. 寝室，卧室▲beef n. 牛肉before prep. 在…以前，在…前面ad. 以前conj. 在…之前begin (began, begun) v. 开始，着手behind prep. ad.（表示位置）在…后▲believe v. 相信，认为bell n. 钟，铃，钟（铃）声，钟形物below prep. 在…下面beside prep. 在…旁边，靠近▲besides prep. 除…以外（还有）ad. 还有，此外best a.\ ad. ( good,well 的最高级)between prep. 在（两者之间），在…中间big a. 大的bike=bicycle n. 自行车bill n. 帐单，法案，议案，（美）钞票，纸币bird n. 鸟birthday n. 生日bit n. 一点，一些，少量的black a. 黑色的n. 黑色blackboard n. 黑板▲blind a. 瞎的blow (blew, blown) v. 吹，刮风，吹气blue n & a. 蓝色，蓝色的boat n. 小船，小舟body n. 身体book n. 书，本子bookshop n. 书店▲boring a. 乏味的，无聊的born a. 出生borrow v. （向别人）借用，借both pron. 两，双a. 两者，双方bottle n. 瓶子▲bowl n. 碗box n. 盒子，箱子boy n 男孩bread n. 面包break (broke, broken) v. 打破（断，碎），损坏，撕开n. 间歇breakfast n. 早餐bridge n. 桥bright a. 明亮的，聪明的bring (brought, brought) vt. 拿来，带来，取来brother n. 兄，弟brown n & a. 棕色，棕色的brush v & n. 刷，擦，刷子build (built, built) v. 建筑，造building n. 建筑物，房屋，大楼bus n. 公共汽车business n. （本分）工作，职业，职责，生意，交易，事业busy a. 忙碌的but conj. 但是，可是▲butter n. 黄油，奶油buy (bought, bought) v. 买by prep. 靠近，在…旁，在…时间，不迟与，被，用，由，乘（车…）bye (bye-bye) interj. 再见Ccake n. 蛋糕，糕点，饼call v. 称呼，呼唤，喊，叫n. 喊，叫，电话，通话▲camera n. 照相机，摄象机can (could) modal v. 可能，能够，可以Canada n. 加拿大▲cancer n. 癌▲candy n. 糖果▲cap n. （无檐的或仅在前面有檐的）帽子，（瓶子的）盖，（钢笔等的）笔套▲capital n. 首都，省会，大写，资本car n. 汽车，小卧车card n. 卡片，名片，纸牌care v. 介意…，在乎，关心n. 照料，保护，小心careful a. 小心的，仔细的，谨慎的carry v. 拿，搬，带，提，抬，背，抱，运等cat n. 猫catch (caught, caught) v. 接住，捉住，赶上，染上（疾病）▲cause n. 原因，起因v. 促使，引起，使发生▲CD n. 光盘（compact disk 的缩写）centre（美center）n. 中心，中央▲century n. 世纪，百年▲certain a. 一定的pron. 某几个,某些certainly ad. 当然chair n. 椅子▲chance n. 机会，可能性change v. 改变，变化，更换，兑换cheap a. 便宜的,贱▲check n 检查,批改;v. 校对,核对,检查,批改▲cheese n. 奶酪▲chemistry n. 化学▲chess n. 棋▲chicken n. 鸡，肌肉child (pl. children) n. 孩子，儿童China n.中国Chinese a. 中国的，中国人的，中国话的，汉语的n. 中国人，中国话，汉语，中文▲chocolate n. 巧克力choose (chose, chosen) vt. 选择Christmas n. 圣诞节（12月25日）cinema n. 电影院，电影▲circle n. 圆圈vt. 将…圈起来city n. 市，城市，都市class n. （学校里的）班，年级，课classmate n. 同班同学classroom n. 教室clean a. 清洁的，干净的v. 弄干净，擦干净clear a. 清晰的，明亮的，清楚的▲clever a. 聪明的，伶俐的▲climb v. 爬，攀登clock n. 钟close v. 关，关闭a. & ad. 亲密的，近，靠近clothes n. 衣服，各种衣物cloudy a.多云的，阴天的▲club n. 俱乐部，纸牌中的梅花coat n. 外套，涂层，表皮，皮毛▲coffee n. 咖啡▲coin n. 硬币cold a. 冷的，寒的n. 寒冷，感冒，伤风▲collect v. 收集，搜集▲college n. 大学colour (Am color) n. 颜色v.给…着色，涂色come (came, come) vi. 来，来到▲comfortable a. 舒服的，安逸的舒服自在的company n. 公司computer n. 电子计算机▲concert n. 音乐会，演奏会▲conversation n. 谈话，交谈cook v. 烹调，做饭n. 炊事员，厨师cool a. 凉的，凉爽的，酷copy n. 抄本，副本，一本（份，册…）v. 抄写，复印，（计算机用语）拷（备份盘）corner n. 角，角落，拐角cost (cost, cost) v. 值（多少钱），花费n. 价格cotton n. 棉花a. 棉花的▲cough n. & v. 咳嗽▲could modal v. （can的过去式）可以…，（表示许可或请求）可以…，行▲count vt. 数，点数country n. 国家，农村，乡下▲countryside n. 乡下，农村course n. 过程，经过，课程▲cousin n. 堂（表）兄弟、姐妹cover n. 盖子，罩，封面v. 覆盖，遮盖，掩盖cow n. 母牛，奶牛cross vt. 越过，穿过n. 十字形的东西cry n & v. 叫喊，哭声，喊叫，哭cup n. 茶杯cut (cut, cut) v. 切，割，剪，削n. 伤口Ddad (daddy) n. （口语）爸爸，爹爹dance v & n. 跳舞▲danger n. 危险dangerous a. 危险的dark n. 黑暗，暗处，日暮a. 黑暗的，暗淡的，神色的date n. 资料，数据daughter n. 女儿day n.（一）天、日，白天dead a. 死的，无生命的▲deaf a. 聋的dear a.亲爱的▲death n. 死December n.12月decide v. 决定，下决心▲decision n. 决定，决心deep a. 深ad. 深，深厚delicious a. 美味的，可口的▲describe vt. 描写，叙述desk n. 书桌，写字台▲develop v. （使）发展，（使）发达，（使）发育，开发vt. 冲洗（照片）▲diary n. 日记，日记簿dictionary n. 词典，字典die v. 死▲difference n. 不同different a. 不同的，有差异的difficult a. 难的，艰难的，不易相处的dig (dug , dug ) v. 挖；掘dinner n. 正餐，宴会dirty a. 脏的▲discover vt. 发现▲discuss vt. 讨论，辩论▲discussion n. 讨论，辩论▲dish n. 盘，碟，盘装菜，盘形物do (did, done) v. 做，干（用于构成疑问句及否定句，第三人称单数现在时用does）doctor n. 医生，大夫，博士dog n狗dollar n. 元（美国、加拿大、澳大利亚等国货币单位）door n. 门down ad. 向下prep. 沿着，沿…而下▲downstairs ad. 在楼下，到楼下draw (drew, drawn) v. 绘画，绘制，拉，拖，提取（金钱）▲dream (-ed,-ed/dreamt, dreamt) v & n. 梦，梦想dress n. 女服，连衣裙，（统指）服装，童装v. 穿衣，穿着drink (drank, drunk) v. 喝，饮n. 饮料，喝酒drive (drove, driven) v. 驾驶，开（车），驱赶driver n. 司机，驾驶员▲drop n. 滴v. 掉下，落下，投递，放弃dry v. 使…干，弄干，擦干a. 干的，干燥的duck n. 鸭子dumpling n. 饺子during prep. 在……期间，在……过程中▲duty n. 责任，义务Eeach a & pron. 每人，每个，每件ear n. 耳朵，耳状物，听力，听觉early a & ad. 早的，早地earth n. 地球，土，泥，大地east n. 东，东方，东部a. 东方的，东部的，朝东的，从东方来的ad. 在东方，向东方，从东方easy a. 容易的，不费力的eat (ate, eaten) v. 吃▲education n. 教育，培养egg n. 蛋，卵eight num. 八▲eighteen num. 十八▲eighth num. 第八▲eighty num. 八十either a. 两方任一方的，二者之一conj. 二者之一，要么ad. （用语否定句或短语后）也▲elephant n. 象eleven num. 十一▲else a. 别的，其他的▲E-mail/ e-mail n. 电子邮件v. 发电子邮件empty a. 空的▲encourage v. 鼓励end n. 末尾，终点，结束v. 结束，终止England n. 英格兰English n. 英语a. 英国的，英国人的，英语的enjoy v. 欣赏，享受……之乐趣，喜欢enough n. 足够，充足a. 足够的，充分的ad. 足够地，充分地▲enter vt. 进入▲eraser n. 橡皮擦，黑板擦▲especially ad. 特别，尤其even ad. 甚至，连（……都），更evening n. 傍晚，晚上ever ad. 曾经，无论何时every a. 每一，每个的everybody pron. 每人，人人everyone pron. 每人，人人everything pron. 每件事，事事everywhere ad. 到处exam =examination n. 考试，测试，检查，审查▲example n. 例子，榜样▲excellent a. 极好的，优秀的except prep. 除……之外excuse n. 借口，辩解vt. 原谅，宽恕exercise vi. 锻炼n. 锻炼，做操，练习，习题▲expect v. 预期,盼望,期待expensive a. 昂贵的▲experience n. 经验，经历▲explain v. 解释，说明eye n. 眼睛Fface n. 脸v. 面向，面对▲fact n. 事实，现实factory n. 工厂fail v. 失败，不及格，衰退fall (fell, fallen) v. 落（下），降落，倒family n. 家庭，家族，子女famous a. 著名的fan n. （电影、运动等的）迷，热心的爱好者（支持者）far (farther, farthest/further, furthest) a & ad远的，远地farm n. 农场，农庄farmer n. 农民fast a. 快的，迅速的，紧密的ad. 快地，迅速地，紧密地▲fat a. 胖的，肥的father n. 父亲favourite (美favorite) a. 喜爱的n. 特别喜爱的人或物February n. 二月▲feed (fed, fed) v. 喂养，饲养feel (felt, felt) v. 感觉，觉得，摸，触▲festival n. 节日few pron & a. 不多，少数；不多的，少数的field n. 田地，牧场，场地▲fifteen num. 十五fifth num. 第五fifty num. 五十▲fight (fought, fought) n. 打架,战斗,斗志v. 对抗,打架fill vt. 填空，装满film n. 电影，影片，胶卷▲final a. 最后的，终极的find (found, found) v. 找到，发现，感到fine a. 细的，晴朗的，美好的，（身体）健康的▲finger n. 手指finish v. 结束，完成fire n. 火，火炉，火灾first num. 第一a & ad. 第一，首次，最初fish n. 鱼，鱼肉vi. 钓鱼，捕鱼▲fit a. 健康的，适合的v. （使）适合，安装five num. 五▲fix vt. 修理，安装，确定，决定floor n. 地面，地板，（楼房的）层flower n. 花fly (flew, flown) v. （鸟、飞机）飞，（人乘飞机）飞行，（旗子等）飘动n. 飞行，苍蝇follow v. 跟随，仿效，跟得上food n. 食物，食品foot (pl. feet) n. 足，脚，英尺football n. （英式）足球，（美式）橄榄球for prep. 为了……，向……，往……，与……交换，防备……，适合……，因为……，在……期间，对于……，对……来说foreign a. 外国的▲foreigner n. 外国人forget (forgot, forgot) v. 忘记，忘掉▲form n. 表格，形式，结构forty num. 四十four num. 四▲fourteen num. 十四fourth num. 第四▲fox n. 狐狸free a. 自由的，空闲的，免费的Friday n. 星期五fridge (=refrigerator) n. 冰箱friend n. 朋友friendly a. 友好的▲friendship n. 友谊，友情from prep. 从，从……起，距，来自front a. 前面的，前部的n. 前面，前部，前线fruit n. 水果，果实full a. 满的，充满的，完全的fun a. \ n. 有趣的(事)，娱乐，玩笑▲funny a. 有趣的，滑稽可笑的future n. 将来Ggame n. 游戏，运动，比赛garden n. 花园，果园，菜园gate n. 大门▲geography n. 地理学get (got, got) v. 成为，得到，具有，到达girl n. 女孩give (gave, given) v. 给，递给，付出，给予glad a. 高兴的乐意的glass n.玻璃杯，玻璃，（复）眼镜go (went, gone) v. 去，走，驶，通到，到达n. 尝试做某事good (better, best) a. 好，良好goodbye (bye-bye) interj. 再见，再会grade n. 等级；年级，成绩，分数grandma =grandmother n.奶奶，外婆grandpa =grandfather n. 爷爷，外公▲grandparent n. 祖父母，外祖父母grass n. 草，草场，牧草great a. 伟大的，重要的，好极了green a & n. 绿色的，青的ground n. 地面group n. 组，群grow (grew, grown) v. 生长，发育，种植，变成Hhair n. 头发half a & n. 半，一半，半个▲hall n. 大厅，会堂，礼堂，过道▲hamburger n. 汉堡包hand n. 手，指针▲hang (hung, hung) v. 处（人）绞刑，上吊happen v. （偶然）发生happy a. 幸福的，快乐的，高兴的hard ad 努力地，使劲，猛烈地a. 硬的，困难的，艰难的hardly ad. 几乎不▲hat n. 帽子（一般指有边沿的），礼帽▲hate v & n. 恨，讨厌have (has, had, had) v. 有，吃，喝，进行，经受he pron. 他head n. 头，头脑（像），才智，首脑，源头，标题▲headache n. 头疼▲health n. 健康，卫生healthy a. 健康的，卫生的hear (heard, heard) v. 听见，听说，得知heart n. 心，心脏，纸牌中的红桃heavy a. 重的▲height n. 高，高度hello (hi) interj. 喂，你好（表示大招呼，问候或唤起注意）help v & n. 帮助，帮忙▲helpful a. 有帮助的，有益的her pron. 她（宾格），她的here ad.这里，在这里，向这里hers pron. 她的herself pron. 她自己high a. 高的，高度的hill n.小山，丘陵，土堆，斜坡him pron. 他（宾格）himself pron. 他自己his pron. 他的history n. 历史，历史学▲hit (hit, hit) v. 打，撞，击中▲hobby n. 业余爱好，嗜好hold (held, held) v. 拿，抱，握住，举行，进行holiday n. 假日，假期home n & ad. 家；到家，回家▲hometown n.故乡homework n.家庭作业▲honest a. 诚实的,正直的hope n & v. 希望horse n. 马hospital n. 医院hot a. 热的hotel n. 旅馆，饭店，宾馆hour n. 小时house n. 房子，住宅how ad. 怎样，如何，多少，多么▲however ad & conj. 可是，然而，尽管如此▲huge a.巨大的，庞大的▲human a & n. 人的，人类的hundred num. 百hungry a. 饥饿的hurry v. 赶快，急忙hurt (hurt, hurt) v. 伤害，受伤，伤人感情husband n. 丈夫II pron. 我ice n. 冰▲ice-cream n. 冰淇淋idea n. 主意，意见，打算，想法if conj. 如果，假使，是否，是不是ill a. 有病的；（生）病的▲imagine v. 想像，设想important a. 重要的▲impossible a. 不可能的▲improve v.改进，更新in prep. 在…里（内），在…，以…▲increase v & n.. 增加，繁殖▲Indian n. \ a.印度的；印度人（的）▲information n. 信息inside prep. 在…里面ad. 在里面instead ad. 代替，顶替▲interest n. 兴趣，趣味，利息interested a. 有趣的interesting a. 有趣的Internet n. 互联网into prep. 到…里，向内，变成▲introduce v.介绍invent v. 发明，创造▲invention n. 发明，创造▲invite v. 邀请，招待▲island n. 岛it pron. 它its pron. 它的itself pron. 它自己Jjacket n. 短上衣，夹克January n. 一月▲Japan n. 日本Japanese n. 日本人，日语a. 日本的，日本人的，日语的▲job n. （一份）工作join v. 参加，加入，连接，会合▲joke n & v. 笑话▲juice n. 汁，液July n. 七月jump v. 跳跃，惊起，猛扑June n.六月just a 刚才，恰好，不过，、仅ad.公正的Kkeep (kept, kept) v. 保持，保存，继续不断，培育，饲养key n. 钥匙，答案，键，关键▲kid n. 小孩kill v. 杀死，弄死kilometre n. 千米（公里）kind a善良的，友好的n种，类▲kitchen n 厨房▲kite n 风筝▲knee n膝盖knife (pl. knives) n小刀，匕首，刀片knock v & n敲，打，击know ( knew, known) v知道，了解，认识懂得knowledge n知识，学问L▲lab=laboratory n实验室lady n女士，夫人lake n湖land n & v陆地，土地，登岸（陆），降落language n语言large a大的，巨大的last a最近刚过去的，、最后的v. 持续late a & ad. 晚的，迟的；晚地，迟地later a. 较晚的；更晚的；以后的ad. 较晚地；后来；过后；以后;laugh n & v. 笑，大笑，嘲笑lay (laid, laid) v. 放，搁lazy a. 懒惰的▲leader n. 领袖，领导人▲leaf (pl. leaves) n. （树，菜）叶learn (learnt, learnt) v. 学，学习，学会▲least n. 最少，最少量leave (left, left) v. 离开，把…留下，剩下leg n. 腿，腿脚，支柱lend (lend, lent) v. 借出，把…借给lesson n. 课，功课，教训let (let, let) v. 让letter n. 信，字母library n. 图书馆，图书室lie (lay, lain) v. 躺，卧，平放，位于lie v & n说谎，谎言life n. 生命，生涯，生活，人生，生物lift v. 举起，抬起，（云，烟等）消散light n, 光，光亮，灯，灯光v. 点（火），点燃a. 明亮的，轻的，浅色的like v. 喜欢，喜爱prep. 象，跟…一样line n. 绳索，线，排，行，线路▲lion n. 狮子list n & v. 一览表，清单；列举listen v. 听，仔细听▲litter v & n. 乱丢杂物little (less, least) a. 小的，少的live v. 生活，居住，活着▲lively a. 活泼的，充满生气的▲lock n & v. 锁，锁上▲London n. 伦敦▲lonely a. 孤独的，寂寞的long a. 长的，远look v & n. 看，瞧，观看，看起来▲lose (lost, lost) v. 失去，丢失lot n. 许多，好些loud a.大声的love v & n. 爱，热爱，很喜欢▲lovely a. 可爱的,令人愉快的low a & ad. 低，矮▲luck n运气，好运lucky a. 运气好，侥幸lunch n. 午餐，午饭Mmachine n. 机器madam=madame n. 夫人，女士▲magazine n.杂志▲mail n. 邮政，邮递，邮寄▲main a. 主要的make (made, made) v. 制造，做，使得man (pl. men) n. 成年男人，人，人类many (more, most) pron.许多（人或事物）a. 许多的map n. 地图March n.三月▲mark n & v. 标记，注明，作记号于market n. 市场，集市▲marry v. （使）成婚，结婚match v & n. 使相配，使成对；比赛，竞赛math(s) = mathematics n. 数学▲matter n. 事情；问题；物质v. 要紧；有关系may modal v.可以，也许，可能May n. 五月maybe ad. 可能，大概，也许me pron. 我（宾格）meal n. 一餐（饭）mean (meant, meant) v. 意思是，意指▲meaning n. 意思，含义meat n. （猪、牛、羊等的）肉medicine n.药meet (met, met) v. 遇见，见到meeting n. 会，集会，会见，汇合点member n. 成员，会员▲memory n. 回忆，记忆▲mention n & v.提及，记载，提到，说起，提名表扬▲menu n. 菜单message n. 消息metre (Am meter) n. 米，公尺middle n. 中间，当中，中级的milk n. 牛奶v. 挤奶mind n & v. 思想，想法；介意，关心mine pron. 我的minute n. 分钟，一会儿，瞬间Miss n. 小姐，女士（称呼未婚妇女）miss v. 失去，错过，缺mistake (mistook, mistaken) n.错误，v.弄错▲model n.模型，原形，范例，模范modern a 现代的mom (美mum) n. 妈妈moment n. 片刻Monday n. 星期一money n.钱▲monitor n. 班长，纠察生，监视器monkey n. 猴子month n. 月，月份moon n.月亮▲more a, ad & n. 另外的，附加的，较多的morning n. 早晨，上午most a & ad.最多mother n. 母亲mountain n. 山，山脉▲mouse (pl. mice) n. 鼠，鼠标，耗子mouth n. 嘴，口move v. 移动，搬动，搬家movie n. 电影Mr. (mister) n. 先生（用于姓名前）Mrs. (mistress) n. 夫人，太太（称呼已婚妇女）▲Ms. n. 女士（用在婚姻状况不明的女子姓名前）much a. 许多的，大量的，ad.更加，非常n.许多，大量，非常museum n.博物馆，博物院music n. 音乐，乐曲must modal v. 必须，应当，必定是my pron. 我的myself pron. 我自己Nname n. 名字，姓名，名称▲natural a. 自然的near a. 近的ad.附近，邻近prep. 在…附近，靠近▲nearly ad. 将近，几乎▲necessary a. 必需的，必要的▲neck n. 颈，脖子need modal n. 需要，需求aux.v, & v. 需要，必须▲neighbour (美neighbor) n. 邻居，邻人neither a. （两者）都不，也不▲nervous a. 紧张不安的never ad. 决不，从来没有new a. 新的，新鲜的news n. 新闻，消息newspaper n. 报纸next a. 最近的，紧挨着的，隔壁的，下一（次，个）的ad. 随后，然后，下一步nice a. 令人愉快的，好的，漂亮的night n.夜，夜间nine num. 九▲nineteen num. 十九ninety num. 九十ninth num. 第九no ad.不，不是a. 没有，无，不nobody n. 渺小人物pron. 没有人，谁也不noise n. 声音，噪声，喧闹声none pron. 无任何东西或人，无一人▲noodle n. 面条noon n. 中午，正午nor conj. 也不north a. 北的，朝北的，从北来的n. 北，北方，北部▲northern a. 北方的，北部的nose n. 鼻not ad. 不，没▲note n. 便条，笔记，注释，钞票，纸币，音符，音调v. 记下，记录，注意，留意nothing pron. 没有东西，没有什么▲notice n. 布告，通告，注意v. 注意，注意到November n. 十一月now ad. 现在number n. 数，数字，号码，数量nurse n. 护士，保育员O▲ocean n. 海洋o’clock ( of the clock ) n. 点钟October n. 十月of prep. （表示所属，数量，其中）的off prep. 离开，脱离，（走）开ad. 离开，（电、自来水）停了，中断▲offer v & n. 提供，建议office n. 办公室often ad. 经常，常常▲oil n. 油OK a. \ ad. \ int. （口语）好，对，不错old a. 老的，旧的on prep. 在……上（时），关于ad. （穿，放……）上，接通，进行下去，（电灯）开once n, ad. 一次，一度，从前conj. 一旦one num. 一pron. 一（个，只……）（pl. ones）only a. 惟一的，仅有的ad. 仅仅，只，才open a. 开着的，开口的v. 开，打开or conj. 或，就是，否则orange n. 橘子，橙子，橘汁a. 橘色的，橙色的▲order n. 顺序v. 定购，定货，点菜other pron. 别人，别的东西a. 别的，另外的our pron. 我们的ours pron. 我们的（名词性物主代词）ourselves pron. 我们自己out ad. 出外，在外，向外，熄outside n. 外面ad. 在外面，向外面prep. 在……外面over prep. 在……上方，越过，遍及ad. 翻倒，遍布，越过，结束own a & n. 自己的；拥有，所有P▲P.E.=physical education n. 体育page n.页，页码pair n. 一双，一对▲palace n. 宫，宫殿▲panda n. 熊猫paper n. 纸，报纸pardon n. 原谅，宽恕，对不起parent n. （父）母，双亲park n. 公园v. 停放（汽车）part n. 部分，成分，角色，部件，零件party n. 聚会，晚会，党派pass v. 传，递，经过，通过passage n. 通道,走廊,一段文章▲passenger n. 乘客；旅客past n. 过去，昔日，往事ad. 过prep. 过……，走过某处▲patient n. 病人patient a. 忍耐的，耐心的pay (paid, paid) v. 付钱，给……报酬pear n.梨子，梨树pen n. 钢笔，笔pencil n. 铅笔people n. 人，人们，人民perhaps ad. 可能，或许person n. 人▲personal a. 个人的，私人的▲pet n. 宠物▲phone=telephone v & n. 打电话；电话（机）photo=photograph n. 照片▲physics n. 物理（学）▲piano n. 钢琴pick v. 拾起，采集，挑选picnic n. 野餐picture n. 图片，画片，照片▲pie n. 甜馅饼piece n. 一块（张，片，件……）▲pig n. 猪▲pink n & a. 粉红色的▲pity n. 怜悯，同情place n. 地方，处所v. 放置，安置，安排▲plan n & v. 计划，打算plane n. 飞机plant v & n. 种植，播种；植物▲plastic n & a. 塑料的plate n. 板，片，牌，盘子，盆子play v. 玩，打（球），游戏，播放▲playground n. 操场，运动场▲pleasant a. 令人愉快的please v. 请，使人高兴，使人满意▲pleasure n. 高兴，愉快▲point v & n. 指，指向；点，分数police n. 警察，警务人员policeman (policewoman) n. 警察，巡警（女警察）polite a. 有礼貌的，有教养的▲pool n. 水塘，水池poor a. 贫穷的，可怜的，不好的，差的▲pop=popular a. （口语）（音乐、艺术等）大众的，通俗的popular a. 流行的，大众的，受欢迎的▲population n. 人口，人数possible a. 可能的post v. 投寄，邮寄▲postcard n. 明信片potato n. 土豆，马铃薯▲pound n. 磅，英镑▲practice n. 练习practise (Am practice) v. 练习，实践present n. 礼物，赠品▲pretty a. 漂亮的，俊俏的▲price n. 价格，价钱▲prize n. 奖赏，奖品problem n. 问题，难题▲produce v. 生产，制造programme (Am program) n.节目，项目▲progress n & v. 进步，上进；进展，进行▲proud a. 自豪的，骄傲的▲provide v. 提供▲public a & n. 公共的，公众的；公众pull v & n. 拉，拖；拉力，引力pupil n. 小学生▲purple a & n. 紫色的，紫色▲purse n. 钱包push n & v. 推put (put, put) v. 放，摆Qquarter n. 四分之一question n. 问题quick a. 快的，敏捷的，急剧的ad. 快地，敏捷地，急剧地quiet a. 安静的，寂静的quite ad. 完全，十分R▲rabbit n. 兔，家兔race n. 种族，民族；赛跑，竞赛v.（速度）竞赛，比赛radio n. 无线电，收音机rain v & n. 下雨；雨，雨水▲raincoat n. 雨衣▲rainy a. 下雨的，多雨的rather ad. 相当，宁可reach v. 到达，伸手（脚等）够到read (read, read) v. 读，朗读ready a. 准备好的▲real a. 真实的，确实的really ad. 真正地，到底，确实▲reason n. 理由,原因receive v. 收到，得到red a & n. 红色的；红色▲refuse v. 拒绝，不愿▲relax v. （使）放松；轻松remember v. 记得，想起▲repair n & v. 修理，修补▲reply n & v. 回答，答复report n & v. 报道，报告rest n.休息，剩余的部分，其余的人（物v. 休息，歇息▲restaurant n. 饭馆，饭店▲result n. 结果，效果▲return v. 归还，回，归▲review v & n. 重新调查，回顾，复习rice n. 稻米，米饭rich a. 富裕的，有钱的ride (rode, ridden) v. 骑（马、自行车）；乘车；n. 乘车旅行▲riddle n. 谜语right n & a. 权利；对，正确的；右，右边的；ad.正确地，恰恰，完全地ring (rang, rung) v. （钟、铃等）响，打电话；n.电话，铃声；环形物（如环、圈、戒指等）river n. 江，河，水道，巨流road n. 路，道路▲robot n. 机器人▲rock n. 岩石，大石头room n. 房间，室，空间；地方round ad. 转过来prep. 环绕一周，围着a. 圆的，球形的▲rubbish n. 垃圾，废物▲rule n & v. 规则，规定；统治，支配▲ruler n. 统治者，直尺run (ran, run) v. 跑，奔跑，（颜色）退色▲rush v. 冲，奔跑Russian n & a. 俄国人（的），俄语Ssad a. （使人）悲伤的▲safe a & n. 安全的；保险柜▲safety n. 安全，保险▲salt n. 盐same n & a. 同样的事；同样的，同一的Saturday n. 星期六save v. 救，挽救，节省say (said, said) v. 说，讲school n. 学校science n. 科学，自然科学▲scientist n. 科学家▲screen n. 幕，荧光屏sea n. 海，海洋▲search n & v. 搜寻，搜查season n. 季，季节seat n. 座位，座second num, a & n. 第二；第二的；秒▲secret n. 秘密，内情see (saw, seen) v. 看见，看到；领会；拜会seem v. 似乎，好象sell (sold, sold) v. 卖，售send (sent, sent) v. 打发，派遣，送，邮寄September n.九月serious a. 严肃的，严重的，认真的▲serve v. 招待（顾客等），服务set (set, set) v. 设置（布景，背景）；释放，安置n. 装备，设备seven num. 七▲seventeen num. 十七▲seventh num. 第七▲seventy num. 七十several pron & a. 几个，数个；若干shall (should) aux v. （表示将来）将要，会；……好吗▲shape n.形状，外形v. 使成型，制造，塑造she pron. 她sheep (pl. sheep.) n. 绵羊，羊皮，驯服者▲shelf (pl. shelves) n. 架子，搁板，格层，礁，陆架shine (shone, shone) v. 发光，照耀，杰出，擦亮ship n. 船，轮船shirt n. 男衬衫shoe n. 鞋shop n. 商店，车间short a. 矮的，短的▲should modal v. 应当，应该，会shout n & v. 喊，高声呼喊show ( showed , shown) v. 给…..看，出示，显示▲shower n. 阵雨，淋浴▲shy a. 害羞的sick a. 有病的，患病的，（想）呕吐的side n. 边，旁边，面，侧面▲silk n. （蚕）丝，丝织品since prep. 从……以来conj. 从…..以来，……以后，由于ad. 从那时以来sing (sang, sung) v. 唱，唱歌sir n. 先生，阁下sister n. 姐，妹sit (sat, sat) v. 坐six num. 六▲sixteen num. 十六▲sixth num. 第六▲sixty num. 六十size n. 尺寸，大小▲skate v. 溜冰，滑冰skirt n. 女裙sky n. 天；天空sleep (slept, slept) v & n. 睡觉slow a & ad. 慢慢地，缓慢地small a. 小的，少的smell (-ed, -ed/smelt, smelt) n & v. 嗅，闻到；发气味smile n & v. 微笑▲smoke v & n. 冒烟，吸烟；烟▲snake n. 蛇snack n. 小吃snow v & n. 下雪；雪so ad & conj. 如此，这么，非常，同样；因此，所以▲socks n. 短袜soldier n. 士兵，战士some a & pron. 一些，若干，有些，某一somebody pron. 某人，有人，有名气的人someone pron. 某一个人something pron. 某事，某物sometimes ad. 有时son n. 儿子song n. 歌唱，歌曲soon ad. 不久，很快，一会儿sorry a. 对不起，抱歉，难过的sound v & n 听起来，发出声音；声音▲soup n. 汤south n南，南方，南风，南部.a. 南方的，向南的，从南来的▲space n. 空间speak (spoke, spoken) v. 说，讲，谈话，发言▲speaker n. 演讲人，演说家▲special a. 特别的，专门的▲speed n & v. 速度；（使）加速▲spell (-ed, -ed; spelt, spelt) v. 拼写spend (spent, spent) v. 度过；花费（钱、时间等）▲spoon n. 匙，调羹sport n. 体育运动，锻炼，（复，英）运动会spring n. 春天，春季；泉水，喷泉▲square n. 广场stamp n. 邮票stand (stood, stood) v. 站，立，起立，坐落，经受，持久star n. 星，恒星start v. 开始，着手，出发station n. 站，所，车站，电台stay n. 停留；逗留v. 停留；保持step n & v. 走，跨步stick (stuck, stuck) v. 粘住，钉住，坚持n. 木棒（棍），枝条still ad. 仍然，还stop n & v. 停，停车站；停，停止，阻止▲store n & v. 商店；贮藏，存储story n. 故事，小说▲strange a. 奇怪的，奇特的，陌生的street n. 街，街道strong a. 强（壮）的，坚固的，强烈的，坚强的student n. 学生study v & n. 学习，研究；书房subject n. 题目，主题，学科，主语，主题▲success n. 成功▲successful a. 成功的，有成就的such ad, pron & a. 那么；（泛指）人，事物；这样的，那样的suddenly ad. 突然地sugar n. 糖summer n. 夏天，夏季sun n. 太阳，阳光Sunday n. 星期日▲sunny a. 晴朗的，阳光充足的▲supermarket n. 超级市场supper n. 晚餐，晚饭▲suppose v. 猜想，假定，料想sure a & ad. 确信，肯定surprise n & v. 惊奇，诧异；使惊奇，使诧异▲sweater n. 厚运动衫sweep (swept, swept) v. 扫除，扫sweet n甜食，蜜饯，甜点，糖果，芳香；a. 甜的，新鲜的，可爱的，亲切的swim ( swam, swum) v. 游泳，游swimming n. 游泳Ttable n. 桌子，表格take (took, taken) v. 拿，拿走，做服用，乘坐，花费talk n. 谈话，讲话，演讲，交谈tall a. 高的▲tape n. 磁带，录音带▲taste n. 品尝，尝味，味道v.品尝，尝味▲taxi n. 出租汽车tea n. 茶，茶叶teach (taught, taught) v. 教书，教teacher n. 教师，教员team n. 队，组telephone n & v. 电话；打电话tell (told, told) v. 告诉，讲述，吩咐temperature n. 温度ten num. 十▲tenth num. 第十▲tennis n. 网球term n. 学期terrible a. 可怕的，糟糕的than conj. 比thank v. 感谢，致谢，道谢；n.（复）感谢，谢意that a. & pron. 那，那个conj. 那，那个（引导宾语从句等）the art. 这（那）个，这（那）些（用于特定的人或物，序数词，最高级，专有名词，世上独一无二的事物前）▲theatre (Am theatre) n. 剧场，戏院their pron. 他（或她、它）们的theirs pron. 他（或她、它）们的（名词性物主代词）them pron. 他（她、它）们（宾格）themselves pron. 他/ 她/ 它们自己then ad. 当时，那时，然后，那么（通常用于句首或句尾）there int. 那！你瞧（表示引起注意）n. 那里，那儿ad. 在那里，往那里；（作引导词）表示“存在”these pron. 这些they pron. 他（她）们，他们，人们thick a. 厚的thin a. 薄的，瘦的，稀的thing n. 东西，（复）物品，用品，事情，事件think (thought, thought) v. 想，认为，考虑third num. 第三thirsty a. 渴thirteen num. 十三thirty num. 三十this a & pron. 这，这个those a & pron. 那些though conj. 虽然，可是▲thought n. 思考，思想，念头thousand num. 千three num. 三through prep & ad. 穿（通）过；从始至终throw (threw, thrown) v. 投，掷，扔Thursday n. 星期四ticket n. 票，卷▲tie v. (用绳、线)系，拴，扎n. 领带，绳子，结，关系▲tiger n. 老虎till conj & prep. 直到，直到……为止time n. 时间，时期，钟点，次，回tired a. 疲劳的，累的to prep. （动词不定式符号，无词义），（表示接受动作的人或物）给，对，向，到，在……之前today ad & n. 今天，现在，当前together ad. 一起，共同▲tomato n. 西红柿，番茄tomorrow ad & n. 明天tonight ad. 今晚，今夜too ad. 也，还，又，太，过分，很，非常tooth (pl. teeth) n. 牙齿top n. 顶部，（物体的）上面▲tour n. 旅行，观光▲tourist n. 旅行者，观光者toward(s) prep. 向，朝，对于▲town n. 城镇，城▲toy n. 玩具，玩物▲traffic n. 交通，来往车辆train n & v. 火车；培训，训练▲training n. 培训travel v & n. 旅行tree n. 树▲trip n. 旅行，旅程trouble v. 使苦恼，使忧虑，使麻烦n. 问题，疾病，烦恼，麻烦true a. 真的，真实的，忠诚的▲truth n. 真相；事实；实情try v. 试，试图，努力▲T-shirt n. 体恤衫Tuesday n. 星期二turn n. 轮流，（轮流的）顺序v. 旋转，翻转，转变，转弯TV = television n. 电视twelfth . 第十二twelve num. 十二twentieth num. 第二十twenty num. 二十twenty-first num. 第二十一twice ad. 两次，两倍two num. 二U▲umbrella a. 雨伞uncle n. 叔，伯，舅，姑父，姨父under prep. 在……下面，向……下面understand (understood, understood) v. 懂得，明白，理解▲university n. 大学▲unless conj. 如果不，除非until prep & conj. 直到……为止up ad. 向上，在上方，起来，在…….以上prep. 向（高处），向（在）……上（面）游▲upstairs ad. 在楼上，到楼上us pron. 我们（宾格）U.S.A. abbr. 美国use n & v. 利用，使用，应用useful a. 有用的，有益的usual a. 通常的，平常的usually ad. 通常地，平常地Vvegetable n. 蔬菜very ad. 很，非常▲video n. 录象，视频village n. 村庄，乡村visit v & n. 参观，访问，拜访visitor n. 访问者，参观者▲voice n. 嗓音；声音▲volleyball n. 排球Wwait v. 等，等候wake (woke, woken) v. 醒，醒来，叫醒walk v & n. 步行，散步wall n. 墙want v. 想，想要，需要，必要warm a. 暖和的，温暖的，热情的wash v. 洗（涤），冲洗，流过，弄湿▲waste n & v. 浪费watch n & v. 手表；观看，注视，当心，注意water n. 水way n. 路，路线，方式，手段we pron . 我们weak a. 差的，弱的，淡的wear (wore, worn) v. 穿，戴weather n. 天气。
新视野大学英语(三)十五选十 期末复习练习版 (附答案)
新视野大学英语第三版读写教程3 十五选十Unit 1 P12determined to do something, however difficult it might be, you will 1) find a way to do it well. The 2) point is that you must have the will to achieve success.Ninety percent of the failures that occur are due to the fact that there is no strong will involved. Many people simply say that they want something, but they do not make any 3) to achieve it. So, instead of getting it, they use the poorest excuse to explain the situation away.On many occasions, people tend to 4) every minute obstacle, making the objective impossible to attain. In reality, if they have the will to succeed, they can get rid of the 5) and achieve their goals.Only those with a(n) 6) and focused will and spirit can fight their way to final victory. Many a famous man has the same experience. They have 7) their prestige because they have had the will to 8) apparently insuperable (无法克服的) obstacles. Many artists, statesmen, writers and inventors have managed to succeed because they possess a fierce will, which has helped them to accomplish major 9) .Therefore, we can see that the main thing which one needs is a strong will. Weak-willed people never climb to the top. They collapse at the 10) use of force against them. Strong-willed people, on the other hand will stand up against all odds and will make it a point to succeed.Unit 2 P42process that is 1) by profound psychological changes, especially in terms of how we relate to others. One of the most frustrating 2) of the adolescent years is the tendency for self-focus and a decrease in the 3) of focus we have for the feelings and needs of others.While these changes are fairly universal, those of us who were born with a shy temperament (性格) can carry the adolescent fears, which may never 4) , into adulthood. An anxious temperament causes our brains to react forcibly when 5) to the stress of sudden awareness of our peers and gradually we become more and more vulnerable. Our brains label the fear of exposure or embarrassment as highly dangerous. This may result in a(n) 6) circle for many years: excessive self-consciousness and inhibition when you feel you are being observed.To cope with the problem, I would like to 7) you to strive for increased focus on other people, in place of your 8) focus on yourself. Yes, I know, this is easier said than done. The fear may cause you to feel that you will lose control or make a fool of yourself when you are in the spotlight (聚光灯). But if you begin to build a new response, in 9) to your fears, you will gradually build up a stronger and more positive response. Remember, don't let self-consciousness 10) you! Be courageous!Unit 3 P73Audrey Hepburn was a beautiful actress and model, who became one of the most successful and well-known actresses in the film 1) .She was a fashion icon and role model for women all over the world, helping to 2) a particular type of fresh, vulnerable, elfin (小精灵似的) beauty. Today's 3) of the slim fashion model is due to Audrey Hepburn's influence. Although she appeared frail (脆弱的), she was 4) strong. At the end of her acting career when she entered a(n) 5) career as a Goodwill Ambassador for UNICEF, she was so solidly 6) to her cause that she was held in highest esteem (尊重) by even the most hardened politicians.Audrey originally started working for UNICEF in 1954, doing radio presentations. She always said it was happy to 7) her life to helping impoverished (穷困的) children after her own good fortune in 8) the hardship of the Nazi occupation of Holland. She began her permanent ambassadorship in 1988 and 9) on trips to many countries. She was always positive: "People in these places don't know Audrey Hepburn, but they recognize the name UNICEF. When they see UNICEF their faces light up, because they know that something is happening." In 1992, her 10) work with those in need was recognized when she was awarded the Jean Hersholt Humanitarian Award by the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences for her contribution to humanity."Why would you leave behind your comfortable bed, your home, your family and friends Why do you want to go alone" When you are living out of a backpack for a period of time, you may often get questioned why. I seldom get time to sit down and 1) the reason I travel, but I believe that you only begin to truly live once you step outside of your 2) zone.My first overseas trip was at 14 years old, which 3) my curiosity for the world. Since finishing high school I have 4) through various countries and been amazed by all the 5) cultures scattered around the globe. My eyes are my greatest asset as they have 6) the most beautiful scenes that replay in my mind every day: 7) landscapes, friendly locals, breath-taking architecture, and food that makes your mouth water once your eyes catch a(n) 8) .Traveling teaches you to be independent in the most 9) way. I know how to depend on myself, go out and meet people, and not let anyone else's expectations 10) my life. Every day I see my dream and every day it's in a new place. I am 22 years young. I quite agree with Anthony Bourdain, "If you're 22, physically fit, hungry to learn and be better, I urge you to travel. Find out how other peoplelive and eat and cook. Learn from them, wherever you go."Unit 5 P132were happy at work. Surprisingly, contrary to popular 2) , friendly, supportive colleagues and a good manager, instead of the salary or the love for the work, have been found to be the 3) causes of happiness at work. So, how do you keep your spirits up and, at the same time, 4) a sense of joy on the job Here is one of the tips to help you on your way to finding happiness and complete job satisfaction in the workplace.Start with a positive outlook. Happiness is a state of mind; it 5) an attitude, though not many people realize it. Staying happy at work is totally based on your 6) and on a positive outlook toward your job, not on 7) rewards or material gain. Dwelling on (老是想着) the good 8) of the work rather than rattling on and on (对...喋喋不休) about what makes you unhappy is the basic key to happiness. Negativity and 9) about bad things may be easy, but it is looking at the bright side that makes for the challenging part of a job. As Francesca Reigler puts it, "Happiness is an attitude. We either make ourselves 10) , or happy and strong. The amount of work is the same."Unit 6 P160It involved a vast majority of the world's nations—including all of the great powers—eventually forming two opposing military alliances: the Allies and the Axis. It was the most 1) and widespread war in human history, with (2) people serving in military units. In a state of "total war", the major participants placed their entire economic, industrial, and scientific capabilities at the service of the war effort, erasing the(3) between civilian and military resources. Estimates for the total number of (4) of the war vary, because many deaths went (5) . Most suggest that some 60 million people died in the war. Many civilians died because of disease, starvation, and (6) .The war ended with the total victory of the Allies over the Axis in 1945. World War II altered the political alignment (结盟) and social structure of the world. The United Nations was established to (7) international cooperation and prevent future conflicts. The Soviet Union and the United States emerged as rival superpowers, setting the (8) for the so-called Cold War, which lasted for the next 46 years. Meanwhile, the influence of the European great powers started to (9) , while the decolonization (非殖民地化) of Asia and Africa began. Most countries whose industries had been damaged moved toward economic recovery. Political integration, especially in Europe, emerged as an effort to (10) post-war relations.Unit 1 (P12) ：FGHJE ANIKM Unit 4 (P102) ：EMKIF ACHLN Unit 2 (P42) ：KDHJI OGANC Unit 5 (P132) ：OFLCK HINEM Unit 3 (P73) ：CIFLA HKNEB Unit 6 (P160) ：HNOFC KMBEJ。
2002年河南专升本(英语)真题试卷(题后含答案及解析)
2002年河南专升本（英语）真题试卷(题后含答案及解析)题型有：1. V ocabulary and Structure 2. Reading Comprehension 4. Word Formation 6. WritingV ocabulary and Structure1．What he said is worthy______note.A．inB．ofC．toD．on正确答案：B解析：木题考查词语搭配。
he worthy ofsomething是同定搭配，意思是“值得……的”。
如表示动作，则用be worthy to do sth．。
note一词既作名词，又可作及物动词，而在本题中，note不可能是及物动词，因为后面没有宾语，只能看做名词，所以选B。
2．The final examination will cover all______taught this term.A．what has beenB．that has beenC．that wasD．which has been正确答案：B解析：本题考查定语从句。
在定语从句中先行词为all，everything，something，anything，nothing，much，little，none等不定代词时，引导词只能用that，不能用which．故排除D。
而what不用来引导定语从句，所以选项A也予以排除。
在B，C两个选项中，虽然都是被动语态，但C项只是一般过去式，不能表示本学期已完成的动作，所以选B项现在完成时的被动语态。
3．I hope you can visit my country soon, because______to show you some of the beautiful places near my home.A．I likeB．I’ d likeC．I will likeD．I shall like正确答案：B解析：本题考查固定搭配。
第十五套选择性Units3~5学生版
第十五套选择性必修第二册Units 3~5(120分钟150分)考情分析考查过去完成时、过去完成时的被动语态、过去分词、动词ing 高考对接点形式单元疑难点过去完成时、动词ing形式典型情境题阅读B(话题:车祸自救);完形填空(话题:器官捐赠)第一部分听力(共两节,满分30分)第一节(共5小题;每小题1.5分,满分7.5分)听下面5段对话。
每段对话后有一个小题,从题中所给的A、B、C三个选项中选出最佳选项。
听完每段对话后,你都有10秒钟的时间来回答有关小题和阅读下一小题。
每段对话仅读一遍。
1.What does the man want to do?A.Check his weight.B.Go to Australia.C.Send a parcel.2.What will the woman do next winter?A.Learn to swim.B.Learn to skate.C.Learn to ski.3.What does the man think of Jane?A.Smart.B.Stupid.C.Unfriendly.4.What has happened to the woman's hometown?A.It has fewer trees.B.It has changed much.C.It has more pollution.5.What are the students doing?A.Cutting grass.B.Planting vegetables.C.Cleaning the garden.第二节(共15小题;每小题1.5分,满分22.5分)听下面5段对话或独白。
每段对话或独白后有几个小题,从题中所给的A、B、C三个选项中选出最佳选项。
听每段对话或独白前,你将有时间阅读各个小题,每小题5秒钟;听完后,各小题将给出5秒钟的作答时间。
每段对话或独白读两遍。
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1、电子探针仪与扫描电镜有何异同?电子探针仪如何与扫描电镜和
透射电镜配合进行组织结构与微区化学成分的同位分析?
答：相同点：
① 镜筒及样品室无本质差别。
② 原理相同。利用电子束轰击固体样本产生的信号进行分析。
不同点：
①
检测信号类型不同。电子探针检测的是特征X射线，扫描电镜检
测的是二次电子和背散电子。
② 用途不同。电子探针得到的是元素种类和含量，用于成分分析；扫描电镜主要用于形貌
分析。
透射电镜成像操作用来组织观察，通过选取衍射操作用来分析选定区域的晶体结构，结合电
子探针可分析选定区域的微区化化学成分，这样组织结构与微区化化学成分做到同位分析。
扫描电镜用于形貌观察，结合电子探针可分析选定区域的微区化化学成分，这样形貌与微区
化化学成分做到同位分析。
2、波谱仪和能谱仪各有什么优缺点?
答：
操作特性 波谱仪（WDS） 能谱仪（EDS）
分析方式 用几块分光晶体 顺序进行分析 用Si(Li) EDS
进行多元素同时分析
分析元素范围 Z≥4 Z≥11 (铍窗)
分辨率 与分光晶体有关，~5-10eV 与能量有关，~160 eV
几何收集效率 改变，< 0.2%
< 2%
对表面要求 平整，光滑 较粗糙表面也适用
典型数据收集时间 10 min 2~3 min
谱失真 少 主要包括：逃逸峰、峰重叠、
脉冲堆积、电子束散射、铍窗
吸收效应等
最小束斑直径 ~ 200 nm ~ 5 nm
探测极限 0.01~0.1% 0.1~0.5%
对试样损伤 大 小
能谱仪：
① 能谱仪分辨率比波谱仪低，能谱仪给出的波峰比较宽，容易重叠。在一般情况下，Si（Li）
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检测器的能量分辨率约为160eV，而波谱仪的能量分辨率可达5-10eV。
② 能谱仪中因Si（Li）检测器的铍窗口限制了超轻元素X射线的测量，因此它只能分析原
子系数大于11的元素，而波谱仪可测定原子序数4-92之间所有的元素。
③ 能谱仪的Si（Li）探头必须保持在低温状态，因此必须时时用液氮冷却。
波谱仪：
① 波谱仪由于通过分光体衍射，探测X射线效率低，因而灵敏度低。
② 波谱仪只能逐个测量每种元素的特征波长。
③ 波谱仪结构复杂。
④ 波谱仪对样品表面要求较高
3、直进式波谱仪和回转式波谱仪各有什么特点？
答：直进式波谱仪的优点是X射线照射分光晶体的方向是固定的，即出射角ψ保持不变，这
样可以使X射线穿出样品表面过程中所走的路线相同，也就是吸收条件相等。
回转式波谱仪结构比直进式波谱仪结构来得简单，出射方向改变很大，在表面不平度较大的
情况下，由于X射线在样品内行进路线不同，往往会因吸收条件变化而造成分析上的误差。
4、要分析钢中碳化物成分和基体中碳含量,应选用哪种电子探针仪？为什么？
答：分析钢中碳化物成分可用能谱仪(不分析原子序数少于11的元素)。能谱仪探测X射线
的效率高。其灵敏度比波谱仪高约一个数量级。说明碳化物量少也能分析。在同一时间对分
析点内所有元素X射线光子的能量进行测定和计数，在几分钟内可得到定性分析结果，而波
谱仪只能逐个测量每种元素特征波长。
分析基体中碳含量可用波谱仪，这是因为能谱仪中因Si(Li)检测器的铍窗口限制了超轻元素
的测量，因此它只能分析原子序数大于11的元素；而波谱仪可测定原子序数从4到92间的
所有元素。
5、要在观察断口形貌的同时，分析断口上粒状夹杂物的化学成分，选用什么仪器？用怎样
的操作方式进行具体分析？
答：在观察断口形貌的同时，分析断口上粒状夹杂物的化学成分，选用能谱仪来分析其化学成
分。先用扫描电镜观察其断口形貌，找到断口上粒状夹杂物，选用能谱仪进行成分点分析。
6、举例说明电子探针的三种工作方式（点、线、面）在显微成分分析中的应用。
答：(1)定点分析： 将电子束固定在要分析的微区上用波谱仪分析时，改变分光晶体和探测器
的位置，即可得到分析点的X射线谱线；用能谱仪分析时，几分钟内即可直接从荧光屏（或计
算机）上得到微区内全部元素的谱线。
如需分析ZrO2（Y2O3）陶瓷析出相与基体含量成分高低，用定点分析几分钟便可得到结果。
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(2)线分析： 将谱仪（波、能）固定在所要测量的某一元素特征X射线信号（波长或能量）的
位置把电子束沿着指定的方向作直线轨迹扫描，便可得到这一元素沿直线的浓度分布情况。改
变位置可得到另一元素的浓度分布情况。
如需分析BaF2晶界上元素的分布情况，只需进行线扫描分析即可方便知道其分布。
(3)面分析： 电子束在样品表面作光栅扫描，将谱仪（波、能）固定在所要测量的某一元素
特征X射线信号（波长或能量）的位置，此时，在荧光屏上得到该元素的面分布图像。改变
位置可得到另一元素的浓度分布情况。
如需分析Bi元素在ZnO-Bi2O3陶瓷烧结表面的面分布，只需将谱仪固定在接受其元素特征X
射线信号的位置上，即可得到其面分布图像。
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一、选择题
1、扫描电子显微镜配备的成分分析附件中最常见的仪器是（ B ）。
A. 波谱仪；B. 能谱仪；C. 俄歇电子谱仪；D. 特征电子能量损失谱。
2、波谱仪与能谱仪相比，能谱仪最大的优点是（ A ）。
A. 快速高效；B. 精度高；C. 没有机械传动部件；D. 价格便宜。
3、要分析基体中碳含量，一般应选用（A）电子探针仪，
A. 波谱仪型 B、能谱仪型
二、判断题
1、波谱仪是逐一接收元素的特征波长进行成分分析；能谱仪是同时接收所有元素的特征X
射线进行成分分析的。（√ ）
三、填空题
1、电子探针的功能主要是进行微区成分分析。
2、电子探针的信号检测系统是X射线谱仪，用来测定特征波长的谱仪叫做波谱仪。用来测定
X射线特征能量的谱仪叫做能量分散谱仪。
3、电子探针仪的分析方法有定性分析和定量分析。其中定性分析包括定点分析、线分析、面
分析。
4、电子探针包括 能谱仪 和 波谱仪 两种仪器。
四、名词解释
1、波谱仪：电子探针的信号检测系统是X射线谱仪，用来测定X射线特征波长的谱仪叫做波
长分散谱仪。
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2、能谱仪：电子探针的信号检测系统是X射线谱仪，用来测定X射线特征能量的谱仪叫做能
量分散谱仪。
五、问答题
1、和波谱仪相比，能谱仪在分析微区化学成分时有哪些优缺点？
答：能谱仪全称为能量分散谱仪(EDS)，波谱仪全称为波长分散谱仪(WDS)。
Si(Li)能谱仪的优点：
(1)分析速度快
能谱仪可以同时接受和检测所有不同能量的X射线光子信号，故可在几分钟内分析和确
定样品中含有的所有元素。
(2)灵敏度高
X射线收集立体角大，由于能谱仪中Si(Li)探头可以放在离发射源很近的地方(10㎝左
右)，无需经过晶体衍射，信号强度几乎没有损失，所以灵敏度高。此外，能谱仪可在低入
射电子束流条件下工作，这有利于提高分析的空间分辨率。
(3)谱线重复性好
由于能谱仪结构比波谱仪简单，没有机械传动部分，因此稳定性和重复性好。
(4)对样品表面没有特殊要求
能谱仪不必聚焦，因此对样品表面没有特殊要求，适合于粗糙表面的分析工作。
能谱仪的缺点：
(1)能量分辨率低
峰背比低。由于能谱仪的探头直接对着样品，所以由背散射电子或X射线所激发产生的
荧光X射线信号也被同时检测到，从而使得Si(Li)检测器检测到的特征谱线在强度提高的
同时，背底也相应提高,谱线的重叠现象严重。故仪器分辨不同能量特征X射线的能力变差。
能谱仪的能量分辨率(160eV)比波谱仪的能量分辨率(5eV)低。
(2)分析元素范围限制
带铍窗口的探测器可探测的元素范围为11Na~92U，而波谱仪可测定原子序数从4-92之
间的所有元素。
(3)工作条件要求严格
Si(Li)探头必须始终保持在液氦冷却的低温状态，即使是在不工作时也不能中断，否则
晶体内Li的浓度分布状态就会因扩散而变化，导致探头功能下降甚至完全被破坏。