词汇学第四章
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词汇学 第4章要点 1 Derivation
Key Points of “English Lexicology”Chapter 4Word Formation(1)The expansion of vocabulary in modern English depends chiefly on word-formation.The most productive means of word formation are affixation, compounding and conversion.Affixation: 30%-40%, compounding: 28%-30%, conversion: 26%, shortening (clipping and acronymy): 8%-10%, blending and others 1%-5%.Rules themselves are not fixed but undergo changes.There are always exceptions to rules of word-formation.4.1 AffixationAffixation is defined as the formation of words by adding word forming or derivational affixes to bases.According to their position, affixation falls into prefixation and suffixation.1. PrefixationPrefixation is the formation of new words by adding prefixes to bases. Prefixes do not change the word-class of the base but only change its meaning.The major prefixes can be classified into 10 categories by their meaning.1. Negative Prefixes否定前缀Of this group, un- is by far the most productive.2. Reversative or privative prefixes逆反（反向）前缀Prefixes of this group are repetition of most of the first set.3. Pejorative prefixes贬义前缀4. Prefixes of degree or size程度或大小前缀5. Prefixes of orientation and attitude倾向和态度前缀6. Locative prefixes方位前缀7. Prefixes of time and order时间和顺序前缀8. Number prefixes数字前缀9. Conversion prefixes转类前缀10. Miscellaneous prefixes其它前缀2. SuffixationSuffixation is the formation of new words by adding suffixes to bases.The primary function of suffixes is to change the grammaticalfunction of the base, i. e. the change of the word class with a slight modification of meaning.Suffixes can be grouped on a grammatical basis.If we call a suffix a noun suffix, that means when it is added to the base, whatever class it belongs to, the result will be a noun.1) Noun suffixes 名词后缀(1) Denominal nouns 从名词派生的名词Concrete: Noun base→Concrete nounAbstract: Noun base→Abstract noun(2) Deverbal nouns从动词派生的名词V erb base→agential noun (行为者名词)V erb base→abstract noun, denoting action, result, process, state, ect.(3) De-adjective nouns从形容词派生的名词(4) Nouns and adjectives suffixesBase→both nouns and adjectives2) Adjective suffixes(1) Denominal suffixes从名词派生的形容词(2) Deverbal suffixes从动词派生的形容词3) Adverb suffixes-wise表示“方向”、“样子”、“状态”、“在…方面”，现代英语中最后一种意义用得比较多，如：ostrich-wise 像鸵鸟一样地sleep-walker-wise像梦游者一样percetage-wise 就百分比来说calorie-wise 就卡路里来说educationwise 就教育方面来说weatherwise在气候方面taxwise 在赋税方面curriculumwise 就课程方面来说housingwise 就住房问题来看4) V erb suffixes补充：petrify 吓呆petroleum 石油fame 名声，声望infant 婴儿sist, stitut, sta, st＝to stand（站立）assist, consist, exist, constituent, persist, stable, establish, obstacle, static, statue, circumstance, distant, ecstasy, prostitute。
词汇学第四章
prefixation
a main type of word-formation by adding a prefix or combining form to the base. Usu. Modify the lexical meaning without changing the word-class of the word. Exceptions: be-; de-; en-; unanti-; inter-; post-; pre-, etc.
Stem: a. dealing with the inflectional morphemems b. the word form when the inflectional morphemes are removed e.g. undesirables desired
Base: a. a form to which a rule of word-formation is applied. b. any root or stem can be a base c. derivationally analysable d. both derivational and inflectional affixes can be added to a word e.g. undesirables root: desire; stem: undesirable, base: desirable
Semantic Features
a pot flower / a flower pot court martial; president elect, ambassador designate home letter / home voyage / home life / home economics, etc.
词汇学第四章word formation (课堂PPT)
An example has been done for you.
Word
prefix
root
retell
re
tell
ex-wife
misleading
multimedia
automobile
microcomputer
vice-chairman
Observe the words and their roots or stems, do you think
it is the formation of new words by adding prefix to stems.
• Features:
non-class changing
• Exceptions:
class-changing prefixes
In modern English, there are small part of
every word enjoys the same part of speech with its root or
stem?
2020/4/5
5
• On semantic basis, prefixes are divided into
ten groups:
① Negative Prefixes否定前缀 ② Reversative or privative prefixes逆反前缀 ③ Pejorative prefixes贬义前缀 ④ Prefixes of degree or size表范围和程度的前缀 ⑤ Prefixes of orientation and attitude表方向和态度的前缀 ⑥ Locative prefixes方位前缀 ⑦ Prefixes of time and order表时间和顺序的前缀 ⑧ Number prefixes数字前缀 ⑨ Conversion prefixes转化前缀 ⑩ Miscellaneous prefixes其他类型的前缀
词汇学
注意：
a）有些复合词不能望文生义，如eggplant，pineapple，midwives （助产士，也可以指男的）silverware（餐具，也可以是塑料制 成的） b）由于喻义使理据不明显，如night-cap（睡前喝的酒）sweettooth（喜欢甜食的人）
• （3）语义分析 • 根据词的本义和引申义的关系可以了解某个词表示某种意 义的理据。 • 如table从法语借用而来，木板当成桌子；glass（玻璃杯） 是因为玻璃杯是由玻璃制成的 • （4）词源分析 • 根据词的出处与其意义的关系得出词的理据。 • 如braille（盲文）源自盲文的创始人布雷勒（Louis braille）；walkman（随身听），商标转化而成。 • 注意： • a）表示同一事物的词在不同的语言里可能有不同的理据， 如汉语中“火车”开动要用火，train 一系列的车厢连在一 起。 • b）民俗词源（folk etymology）或者联想词源（associative etymology）多表现在外来语。
理据——词与词之间的联系，即语言符号与客观事物和现 实联系的依据。词的理据可以从语音、构词、语义和词源 四个方面进行分析
• （1）语音分析 根据发音创造出来的词 flap （鸟儿拍动翅膀）bang （门等发出的声响）tick-tack（钟表滴 答声）cuckoo（杜鹃鸟 咕咕声） pit-a-pat（吧嗒吧嗒的响声；劈劈啪啪声）等等 • （2）构词分析 派生词和复合词可能带有理据，如派生词teacher，worker，leader， singer等都是动词加上施事后缀-er构成的，表示做这些动作的人； 复合词shoe-maker 分析词缀推导出词义，如col（一起）+lapse（落）； co（一起）-worker（工作者）；de（向下）value（价值）
词汇学第四章
Exercise: Give examples for shortening in Chinese.
中国, 美国,人大, 常委, 华农, 中国, 美国,人大, 常委, 华农, 菲佣，知青， 一国两制 现在的选举往往倾向 “无知少女”。 她是个现代“白骨精”。
Exercise: Point out the clipped words in the following news title and give the complete forms for them. them. 1. US auto workers end strike. 2. Soviet sub off Japan. 3. Palestinian demos mark massacres. 4. US: first use of nuke weapons not unlawful. 5. Viet troops suffer setback in Kampuchea. 6. Iran asks for info on stolen gems. 7. Petrochemical Corp builds 42 banks. 8. Rural-credit co-ops to get more autonomy. Ruralco9. W Europe acts to meet high-tech challenge. high10. Setback for governing parties in Euro vote.
II. Blending拼缀法 Blending拼缀法 ~ refers to the process of combining parts of two words to form a third word which contains some of the meaning of each part. The word formed in this way is called a blend 拼缀词 or telescopic word合成词 or word合成词 portmanteau word行囊词. word行囊词. e.g. chuckle抿着嘴暗笑 + snort哈哈大笑 --chuckle抿着嘴暗笑 snort哈哈大笑 chortle满心喜悦地哈哈大笑 chortle满心喜悦地哈哈大笑 Exercise: Give some examples for blends in English. English.
英语词汇学教程课件第4章English Lexicology 4上
The effect on English of the Danish conquest was not great. However, hundreds of Danish words came into English, but the structure of English was not fundamentally disturbed.
The Celtic language did not have any serious impact on English.
Firstly, in the Old English period, only a handful of Celtic words were borrowed, and just a few have survived into modern English, sometimes in regional dialect use, e.g. cumb (‘deep valley’), binn (‘bin’), carr (‘rock’).
Spelling was not much of a problem, because most people could not read or write, and those who could spelled as they pleased. There were no dictionaries to prove them wrong.
In spite of differences in pronunciation, most of the root words were enough alike to be recognizable. The difficulty caused by differences in inflection was partly solved by dropping some of the inflections altogether and being broad-minded about the others.
4英语词汇学第四章_词的理据
semantic triangle 语义三角
proposed by Ogden / Richards
The meaning of meaning 1923
(The relation between a word and a thing it refers to is not direct. It is mediated by concept.)
concept (thought /sense) meaning
mental image/reference
cat
word ------------------ thing
(name/symbol/form signifier) (referent/object/ signified） (when/spirit/as??) mental image?
R: actual response / hearer’s response
S
r ………s
R
(S)
Jack and Jill are walking on a trail.
Jill is hungry and sees apples on a tree.
She says to Jack, “I like to eat an apple.” (r)
b. metonymy( 借代，换称）
*
Name sth. by one of its attributes The pen is mightier than the sword. (工具代动作） He has the best stable in the town. (容器代内容） I am not going to let my heart rule my head.(身体 器官代功能） I hate that brass button.(事物特征代事物本身） Hollywood
ChapterFour英语词汇学PPT
Definition of Antonyms
Antonyms are words that have opposite or contrasting meanings
Types of Antonyms
Antonyms can be classified into gradable Antonyms, which exists on a scale (e.g., hot/cold), and complete Antonyms, which represents two mutually exclusive categories (e.g., male/female)
Distinguishing synonyms
Synonyms of differences in annotation, emotional color, stylistic level, and location
Antonyms and their corresponding relationships
02
Classification and Composition of
English Vocabulary
Basic vocabulary and professional vocabulary
Basic Vocabulary
Basic vocabulary refers to the core set of words that are essential for daily communication and are typically learned in the early stages of language acquisition These words are generally simple, frequently used, and have a broad range of means
Antonyms are words that have opposite or contrasting meanings
Types of Antonyms
Antonyms can be classified into gradable Antonyms, which exists on a scale (e.g., hot/cold), and complete Antonyms, which represents two mutually exclusive categories (e.g., male/female)
Distinguishing synonyms
Synonyms of differences in annotation, emotional color, stylistic level, and location
Antonyms and their corresponding relationships
02
Classification and Composition of
English Vocabulary
Basic vocabulary and professional vocabulary
Basic Vocabulary
Basic vocabulary refers to the core set of words that are essential for daily communication and are typically learned in the early stages of language acquisition These words are generally simple, frequently used, and have a broad range of means
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Chapter Four
Word Formation
Ways to Form Words
Compounding/composition (27%) Affixation /derivation (17.5%) Conversion/functional shift (10.5%) Acronym( 9%) Blending (6%) Clipping (2%) Back formation (1%) Wors from proper names(2%) Analogy Reduplication
Compound and Free Phrase
Orthographic: compound: a. solid (silkworm) b. hyphenated (honey-bee) c. open (easy chair) free phrase: open ( hot line)
Phonological: different position of the stress. E.g. a ˊgreen room / a green ˊ room Semantic: It can be derived from the combined lexical meanings of its parts, but not the sum. Usu, used to express a sigle ides. e.g. washing-machine, dumb show, dog days, blue blood, etc. Grammatical: a sigle grammatical role in a sentence. e.g. bad-mouthed, new-borns, major generals, etc. But, there are exceptions: brothers-in-law; lookers-on, etc.
Synatic Relations of pounds: P 39-40 Subject+v.:suntanned v.+object: fault-finding V. +adv.: well-behaved,new-born a.+adv.: stone-deaf;homesick, coordinating: bittersweet, deaf-mute
Stem: a. dealing with the inflectional morphemems b. the word form when the inflectional morphemes are removed e.g. undem to which a rule of word-formation is applied. b. any root or stem can be a base c. derivationally analysable d. both derivational and inflectional affixes can be added to a word e.g. undesirables root: desire; stem: undesirable, base: desirable
Classifications of Compounds
Noun compounds
According to the part of speech of the components: adj.+ n. : hard disk, soft drink, deadline, n. +n.: end product, mousemat, bar code, adv. +n.: after-effect, overburden, upgrade geru.+ n.: chewing gum, reading lamp V-ing+ n.: ruling class, cleaning lady v. +n.: swearword, driveway, n.+v.: toothache, nightfall, snowfall v.+adv.: slip-up, follow-up, show-off adv.+v. : outbreak, outlet, upstart, onflow
Difference between Root, Stem and Base
Root: a. convey the fundamental meaning of the word b. basic part of the word c. not furhter analysable d. simple way to identify: all the affixes of the words removed e.g. desire in the word undesirables
1) 2) 3) 4) 5) 6) 7) 8) 9)
1) 2) 3) 4) 5) 6)
According to the syntactic relations between the components: P38 subject-verb: crybaby, sunrise verb-object: pickpocket, scarecrow subject-object: sugar cane, gaslight Restrictive: red tape, science fiction coordinating: deaf-mute, transmitterreceiver appositive: girl friend
Semantic Features
a pot flower / a flower pot court martial; president elect, ambassador designate home letter / home voyage / home life / home economics, etc.
It is generally defined as the formation of words by adding word-forming or derivational affixes to stems.
The words formed in this way are called derivatives. According to the positions which affixes occupy in words, affixes fall into 2 subclasses: prefixation and suffixation.
Compounding /Composition
Definition:the formation of new words by joining two or more stems. A compound is a lexical unit consisting of more than one stem and functioning both grammatically and semantically as a single word. ( Quirk, 1985)
Adjective compounds
1) n. + adj.: fat-free, toll-free, dust-free, world-famous, homesick, 2) a.+a.: wet-cold, icy-cold, bitter-sweet, red-hot 3) V-ing+ adj.: freezing-cold, soaking-wet 4) adv.+ adj.: over-cautious, all-round 5) n. +V-ing: peace-loving, time-consuming 6) n. + V-ed: heart-felt, air-borne, hen-pecked, poverty-stricken 7) adj./adv.+ V-ing: easy-going, ever-lasting 8) adj./adv.+V-ed: newly-built, well-balanced, far-fetched, hard-won 9) n.+n. +-ed: chicken-hearted, p 10) adj.+n.+-ed: short-sighted, bad-tempered 11) adj.+n.: long-distance, full-length, white-collar, red-letter 12) v.+n.: break-neck, telltale, cut-rate 13) prep.phrase: at-risk, in-your-face 14) phrases or sentences: devil-may-care (不顾一切的), ahead-ofschedule , dog-eat-dog, too-eager-not-to-lose champion, round-theclock discussion
suffixation
a main type of word-formation by adding a suffix or a combining form to the base. E.g. boyish, worker They usually change the word class, and seldom change the meaning of the base word, but, there are exceptions, e.g. boyhood,
The Main Types of Suffixes: P50 Noun suffixes: -ness, -dom; -ship, -ist, -ism, -ment, -tion, -ity,etc Verb suffixes: -en, -ify, -ize, etc. Adjective suffixes: -al; -y; -ish, - ous, -ic, ical, etc. adverb: -ly, -ward, -wise, etc. Some productive suffixes are: -able; -er, in; -ish, -ize; and –y: P50--54
Word Formation
Ways to Form Words
Compounding/composition (27%) Affixation /derivation (17.5%) Conversion/functional shift (10.5%) Acronym( 9%) Blending (6%) Clipping (2%) Back formation (1%) Wors from proper names(2%) Analogy Reduplication
Compound and Free Phrase
Orthographic: compound: a. solid (silkworm) b. hyphenated (honey-bee) c. open (easy chair) free phrase: open ( hot line)
Phonological: different position of the stress. E.g. a ˊgreen room / a green ˊ room Semantic: It can be derived from the combined lexical meanings of its parts, but not the sum. Usu, used to express a sigle ides. e.g. washing-machine, dumb show, dog days, blue blood, etc. Grammatical: a sigle grammatical role in a sentence. e.g. bad-mouthed, new-borns, major generals, etc. But, there are exceptions: brothers-in-law; lookers-on, etc.
Synatic Relations of pounds: P 39-40 Subject+v.:suntanned v.+object: fault-finding V. +adv.: well-behaved,new-born a.+adv.: stone-deaf;homesick, coordinating: bittersweet, deaf-mute
Stem: a. dealing with the inflectional morphemems b. the word form when the inflectional morphemes are removed e.g. undem to which a rule of word-formation is applied. b. any root or stem can be a base c. derivationally analysable d. both derivational and inflectional affixes can be added to a word e.g. undesirables root: desire; stem: undesirable, base: desirable
Classifications of Compounds
Noun compounds
According to the part of speech of the components: adj.+ n. : hard disk, soft drink, deadline, n. +n.: end product, mousemat, bar code, adv. +n.: after-effect, overburden, upgrade geru.+ n.: chewing gum, reading lamp V-ing+ n.: ruling class, cleaning lady v. +n.: swearword, driveway, n.+v.: toothache, nightfall, snowfall v.+adv.: slip-up, follow-up, show-off adv.+v. : outbreak, outlet, upstart, onflow
Difference between Root, Stem and Base
Root: a. convey the fundamental meaning of the word b. basic part of the word c. not furhter analysable d. simple way to identify: all the affixes of the words removed e.g. desire in the word undesirables
1) 2) 3) 4) 5) 6) 7) 8) 9)
1) 2) 3) 4) 5) 6)
According to the syntactic relations between the components: P38 subject-verb: crybaby, sunrise verb-object: pickpocket, scarecrow subject-object: sugar cane, gaslight Restrictive: red tape, science fiction coordinating: deaf-mute, transmitterreceiver appositive: girl friend
Semantic Features
a pot flower / a flower pot court martial; president elect, ambassador designate home letter / home voyage / home life / home economics, etc.
It is generally defined as the formation of words by adding word-forming or derivational affixes to stems.
The words formed in this way are called derivatives. According to the positions which affixes occupy in words, affixes fall into 2 subclasses: prefixation and suffixation.
Compounding /Composition
Definition:the formation of new words by joining two or more stems. A compound is a lexical unit consisting of more than one stem and functioning both grammatically and semantically as a single word. ( Quirk, 1985)
Adjective compounds
1) n. + adj.: fat-free, toll-free, dust-free, world-famous, homesick, 2) a.+a.: wet-cold, icy-cold, bitter-sweet, red-hot 3) V-ing+ adj.: freezing-cold, soaking-wet 4) adv.+ adj.: over-cautious, all-round 5) n. +V-ing: peace-loving, time-consuming 6) n. + V-ed: heart-felt, air-borne, hen-pecked, poverty-stricken 7) adj./adv.+ V-ing: easy-going, ever-lasting 8) adj./adv.+V-ed: newly-built, well-balanced, far-fetched, hard-won 9) n.+n. +-ed: chicken-hearted, p 10) adj.+n.+-ed: short-sighted, bad-tempered 11) adj.+n.: long-distance, full-length, white-collar, red-letter 12) v.+n.: break-neck, telltale, cut-rate 13) prep.phrase: at-risk, in-your-face 14) phrases or sentences: devil-may-care (不顾一切的), ahead-ofschedule , dog-eat-dog, too-eager-not-to-lose champion, round-theclock discussion
suffixation
a main type of word-formation by adding a suffix or a combining form to the base. E.g. boyish, worker They usually change the word class, and seldom change the meaning of the base word, but, there are exceptions, e.g. boyhood,
The Main Types of Suffixes: P50 Noun suffixes: -ness, -dom; -ship, -ist, -ism, -ment, -tion, -ity,etc Verb suffixes: -en, -ify, -ize, etc. Adjective suffixes: -al; -y; -ish, - ous, -ic, ical, etc. adverb: -ly, -ward, -wise, etc. Some productive suffixes are: -able; -er, in; -ish, -ize; and –y: P50--54