英语Chapter1-3 Revision
七年级英语1到3单元作文
七年级英语1到3单元作文Here is an English essay with more than 1000 words, without any additional title or punctuation marks in the main body.The journey through the first three units of seventh-grade English has been a transformative experience filled with new discoveries and a deeper understanding of the language. As a student, I have been challenged to expand my vocabulary, enhance my grammar skills, and cultivate a stronger command of the English language. This essay will delve into the key lessons and insights I have gained from these initial units, showcasing the progress I have made and the foundations I have laid for future success in my English studies.Unit 1 laid the groundwork for effective communication by emphasizing the importance of greetings and introductions. I learned the proper etiquette for introducing myself and engaging in polite exchanges with others. The unit also introduced me to the concept of personal information and how to share details about myself in a clear and concise manner. Through various activities and exercises, I honed my ability to ask and respond to questions related to my name, age, nationality, and other personal attributes. This foundational knowledge has proven invaluable as I navigate dailyinteractions and build relationships with my peers and teachers.Delving into Unit 2, the focus shifted to the realm of family and relationships. I discovered the vocabulary and grammatical structures necessary to describe my family members, their occupations, and the dynamic within my household. This unit challenged me to think critically about how to express familial connections and articulate the roles and responsibilities of each family member. By mastering the ability to discuss my family, I have gained a deeper appreciation for the nuances of language and its ability to convey the intricacies of human relationships.As I progressed to Unit 3, the emphasis turned to the exploration of hobbies and leisure activities. This unit equipped me with the language skills to effectively communicate my interests, preferences, and the ways in which I spend my free time. I learned how to describe my favorite hobbies, explain why I enjoy them, and engage in conversations about the recreational pursuits of my peers. This knowledge has not only enhanced my ability to express myself but has also fostered a greater understanding and appreciation for the diverse interests and passions of those around me.Throughout these initial three units, I have witnessed a remarkable transformation in my English proficiency. What once seemed like a daunting task has now become a source of confidence andexcitement. The systematic approach to vocabulary building, grammar instruction, and practical application has enabled me to steadily improve my fluency and accuracy in the language.One of the most significant achievements I have experienced is the expansion of my vocabulary. Each unit introduced me to a wealth of new words and phrases, which I have diligently committed to memory. I now find myself naturally incorporating these new terms into my speech and written expression, allowing me to communicate with greater precision and nuance. The ability to accurately describe my personal information, family dynamics, and hobbies has been instrumental in enhancing my overall linguistic competence.In addition to vocabulary growth, the focus on grammar in these units has been pivotal in strengthening my command of the English language. Through targeted exercises and practice, I have developed a deeper understanding of sentence structure, verb tenses, and the appropriate use of pronouns and prepositions. I have learned to construct more complex and coherent sentences, which has improved the clarity and flow of my communication.The practical application of these language skills has been a crucial aspect of my learning journey. The units have provided ample opportunities for me to engage in role-playing activities, dialogues, and written assignments. These real-world simulations have allowedme to apply my knowledge in authentic contexts, further solidifying my grasp of the language and boosting my confidence in using it effectively.As I reflect on my progress, I am filled with a sense of pride and determination. The lessons learned in these initial units have laid a strong foundation for my continued growth as an English language learner. I am eager to build upon this knowledge and tackle the challenges that lie ahead in the subsequent units of my seventh-grade English curriculum.Looking forward, I am excited to delve deeper into more advanced topics and explore new facets of the English language. I anticipate encountering more complex grammatical structures, engaging in discussions on a wider range of subjects, and honing my skills in both written and oral communication. With the solid groundwork established in these first three units, I am confident that I will be able to navigate these future challenges with increased proficiency and a greater appreciation for the beauty and versatility of the English language.In conclusion, the journey through the first three units of seventh-grade English has been a transformative experience. I have witnessed a remarkable growth in my language skills, from expanding my vocabulary to enhancing my grammatical understanding andpractical application. These units have not only equipped me with the necessary tools to communicate effectively but have also instilled in me a deeper passion for the English language and a determination to continue my linguistic development. As I move forward, I am excited to build upon this strong foundation and embark on the next chapter of my English language learning adventure.。
香港朗文英语3A测试卷1-3单元
香港朗文英语3A测试卷1-3单元Chapter 1-3 Test for Grade 3 Longman English (3A) Listening Part (50%)Part 1: Listen and Choose the Right Answer (10%)1.A。
foggy2.D。
XXX3.C。
cool4.B。
5th XXX5.C。
when6.A。
XXX7.B。
first8.A。
three9.D。
make10.C。
Sports DayPart 2: Listen and Write the Capital Letters (8%)FAGECDBPart 3: XXX (6%)4.F5.T6.TNote: There are no errors in the format or paragraphs of this text.四、XXX “A” or “B”。
(12%)1.A。
Spring is warm and wet。
B。
Spring is warm and foggy.2.A。
XXX and go to the park in spring.3.A。
Can you come to our school fair。
B。
Can you come to our school concert?4.A。
Which season do you like best。
B。
Which festival do you like best?5.A。
It’s on the 21st of December。
B。
It’s on the 22nd of December.6.A。
In summer。
it is hot and sunny。
so I go swimming。
B。
In summer。
it is rainy and sunny。
so I go swimming.五、XXX。
choose the correct answer by writing “A” or “B”。
revised-script unit 1-3
Unit1 preparing for challengesEpisode 1 Study or work?1. Script:M: Hey, Helen, don’t be late for the seminar this afternoon.F: Hi, Jerry, thanks for your reminding. I almost forgot it. Have you made up your mind?M: Yes, I am going to find a job in China telecom.F: Great, that’s exactly your field. I still have no idea.M: Did you talk to your supervisor?F: Yes, she encouraged me to focus on my academic development. So, maybe a MA degree.M: Same as Charles, but he will go abroad.F: That is gorgeous. It has been his childhood dream. I am really jealousy. Hope my dream can come true one day.3. Script：There are hundreds of career options out there. How do you make a career choice when you don’t really know what you want to do? Does it seem like an insurmountable task? It’s not. Yes, you will have to put some time and energy into making your decision, but your effort will be well worth it in the end. Follow these strategies to making a good career choice.1) Before you can make a career choice you have to learn about yourself. Your values, interestsand skills, in combination with certain personality traits, will make some careers especially suitable for you and some particularly inappropriate. You can use self-assessment tools, often called career tests, to gather this information and, subsequently, to generate a list of occupations that are deemed appropriate.2) Look over the lists of occupations generated through the self-assessment tools. They areprobably rather lengthy. You want to come up with a much shorter list. Circle occupations you may have considered previously and that you find appealing. Write these occupations down ona separate list titled “Occupations to Explore.”3) For each occupation on your list, you will want to look at the job description, educational andother requirements, job outlook, advancement opportunities and earnings.4) You now need to gather more in-depth information. Your best source of this information ispeople who have firsthand knowledge of the occupations in which you are interested. Identifywho they are and conduct informational interviews with them.5) By now you should have decided on one occupation you want to pursue. It’s time to put a planinto place so you can eventually find a job in that field, but first you will need to set some goals.6) Now that you have set your goals, you will need to decide how to reach them. A career actionplan will help guide you as you pursue your long and short term goals.7) It is likely you will have to train for your new career. That could take the form of earning adegree, doing an internship or taking courses to learn some new skills.Episode 2 Where to find?2. Script:There are many different places to look for jobs, such as employment agencies and newspaper ads. The internet is also a huge resource for job hunters, with most recruitment agencies now having some kind of website. However, in many industries the best way to hear about jobs is through word of mouth. When exploring your career options, talk to as many people as you can. Use your network of family and friends to gather information, and remember that networking is not something that's just done at stuffy business events.Unit 2 Attending InterviewEpisode 1 Know your company1. Script:F: Hi, Jack, you look excited! What’s up?M: Laura, you know what, I’ve got an interview chance by Microsoft Company. Fantastic! That is my dream company!F: Congratulations, man! So when is the big day?M: This Friday morning. They asked me to attend the interview at 8:00 o’clock on Friday morning.F:Well, you have only three days to get prepared for the interview.M: Yeah, pretty short time. Hey, have you got any good idea about how to prepare for the interview?F:Well, if I were you, the first thing I would like to do is to do research about your company before the interview.M:Research? You mean I google the company and get to know, for instance, how old the company is, how large the company is, where the headquarters are, something like that.F:Yeah, exactly. And that list can go on and on, say, what are its products or services, who are its customers, who are its major competitors, what is its reputation or industry standing.M:Wow, tough work.F:Just hold on, man. There are more things you need to know about your company. Wait a second, I’ll show you an article about how to search your company on Career Guidance Magazine.M:That’s great, Laura.F: Er, here it is. First, the industry. Learn what general-interest publications, trade publications and blogs are saying about your employer and the industry as a whole. Depending on your field, you should be prepared to discuss your industry’s financial prospects or other industry trends.M:Ok, the industry, I have made a note. Good, go ahead.F:Next, the company’s mission. Its mission statement is something that outlines the company’s values. It is on an About Us or similar page on the company’s website.M: Right, the mission.F: The third, the company’s recent achievement.While you’re at the company’s site, look for a Press Room or Company News page that links to recent news releases. Or simply search the Web for news about the company.M: Anything else?F: And your interviewers. If the company site has a search tool, use it to search for the names of the people you'll be meeting. You may find bio pages or press releases that give you insight into their most visible activities at the company. Then look to LinkedIn or do a general Web search to get some more background information about them. You might find some commonground you can bring up in conversation, or a recent professional achievement for which you can pay a compliment.M:Thank you so much, Laura. The article is very useful. I have one more question, Laura.Where can I get the information about the company on line in addition to , you know, Google, and the company’s web site.F:Here are some other resources you can use to search a company, Business Wire, .And People who already work at the company are another great source of information --- they can give you insight into business initiatives and corporate culture. Start on LinkedIn to see if you have any connections --- but don’t sto p there. Ask friends and relations if they know anyone who might have information to share about your prospective employer.M:All right, I have noted all this important information. Thank you, Laura. I owe you a dinner. F: You said it. I am starting to get hungry.Episode 2 Interview rehearsal2.1) What is important to you in a job?Suggestion: Mention specific rewards other than a paycheck for example, challenge, the feeling of accomplishment, and knowing that you have made a contribution.2) Why do you want to work for this organization?Suggestion: Cite its reputation, the opportunities it offers, and the working conditions. Stress that you want to work for this organization, not just any organization.3) Why should we employ you?Suggestion: Point to your academic preparation, job skills, and enthusiasm about working for the firm. Mention your performance in school or previous employment as evidence ofyour ability to learn and to become productive quickly. If the job involvesmanagement responsibilities, refer to past activities as proof of your ability to getalong with others and to work as part of a team.4) If we hire you, how long will you stay with us?Suggestion: As long as my position here allows me to learn and to advance at a pace with myabilities.5) Where do you see yourself five years from now?Suggestion: In five years, I want to be a senior analyst. I want my expertise to directly impact the company in a positive way.6) What are your greatest strengths?Suggestion: I can see what needs to be done and do it. I’m willing to make decisions. I work well with others. I can organize my time efficiently, etc.7) What are you greatest weaknesses?Suggestion: Identify one or two, such as the following: “I tend to drive myself too hard”, “I expect others to perform beyond their capacities”, “ I like to see a job done quickly, and I’mcritical if it isn’t.”8) What didn’t you like about previous jobs you’ve held?Suggestion: Discuss the things you didn’t like, but avoid making slighting reference to any of your former employers.9) How do you spend your leisure time?Suggestion: I always go hiking with friends. etc.10) Are there any weaknesses in your education or experience?Suggestion: Take stock of your weaknesses before the interview. Practice discussing them in a positive light. You’ll find that they are minor when discussed along with all thepositive things you have to offer.3. Script:JAMES: Hi, Nicole, thank you very much for coming in today.Nicole: Hi, JAMES. It’s lovely to be here and I can see you got a lovely office of beautiful view. JAMES: Thanks.JAMES: Ok, tell us a little about yourself.Nicole : Well, I grew up on a cattle station in South Australia where my dad was a driver, and I went to school there and I left school a little earlier than most students. For the last afew years, because of my passion for fashion I’ve been doing a few retail jobs infashion industry. I’ve come to realize was that I would like a career in marketingindustry.JAMES: And what are your career goals?Nicole: Currently, I am interested in getting a thorough understanding of marketing, and how that fits into organizations. In a longer term, I am interested in a more senior role in marketing.But I am really looking forward to becoming more experienced and getting more knowledge of marketing in general.JAMES: I see here that your last position was five months ago, what you’ve been doing since then?Nicole: Well, I am glad you ask. I went back to South Australia for several months to look after my dad who just broke his leg, and that also gave me a chance to reflect on where mycareer has been going to date, and also allowed me to be clear about where I want myfuture career to go. Since I came back, I’ve put my head down and been doing someresearch into marketing and the organizations.JAMES: How would you think your previous experience would serve for this role of marketing? Nicole: Well, I grew up on a farm which gave me many valuable qualities like candor, team spirit and also adaptability. And I think those qualities make up a lot for the lack ofexperience I’ve got. Although I think the experience I got in the fashion industry willserve well in the marketing role because of everything I’ve learned there.JAMES: Ok, thanks very much for your time, Nicole.Nicole: Oh, thanks very much James. I am really looking forward to hearing from you soon.Unit 3 On BoardingEpisode 1 Arriving at a new job1. Script:Conversation 1F: Hello, Marilyn speaking.M: Marilyn, this is Orsen Parker from Technoworld. You passed the interview and we’d like you to join our team. Congratulations! Could you start next Monday morning at 9 o'clock sharp? F: Thank you! That’s great! Yes, Monday morning at 9 o'clock would be fantastic.M: OK, super. Before you begin, would you please prepare the files required by our corporation which I will send you an email later. And we also need you to fill out some additionalpaperwork. Is there a day this week that you could come in for an hour or two?F:Of course, I will be there on time.Conversation 2M: Hello, welcome to Technoworld, may I help you?F:Yes. Hi, I’m Marilyn Broom, the new web designer. I was told to ask for Orsen Parker when I got in.M: Of course, I know. Mr. Parker is not in his office right now, but he asked me to lead you to the conference room. You can wait for him there and he will meet you in about 20minutes.F:OK, thank you.M: Would you like some tea or coffee?F:Coffee, please. Thanks a lot.Receptionist: You are welcome.Conversation 3M: Marilyn, nice to meet you. It’s your first day here and I will be spending about 20 minutes introducing you to the schedule of your orientation.F:That’s great.M: And I will go over the forms in your packet and answer any questions you may have.F:All right.Conversation 4F:Hi, are you Kris Maitland. I’m Marilyn Broom. Mr. Parker told me that you can show me around the office.M: Welcome aboard, Marilyn. First, let’s have a look at your cubicle.F:That’s cute.M: Yes. Then let’s take a walk to learn the layout of our office and collect your stationery on the way.F:That would be perfect.Keys:BDCA2. Script:Good morning, everyone. I am Orsen Parker, HR manager of the company. First of all, I would like to take this opportunity to welcome Marilyn Broom to join our company. Marilyn is going to be our new web designer. She majored in computer science, engaged in the design field for a long time and gained a lot of experiences and admirations. As you are aware that our company is the one of the leading companies which provide its staff opportunities and potentials. I’m confident that you will be proud of being a member of the company. On behalf of our company, I would like to welcome Marilyn again and from today on, let’s strive for development.Episode 3 Office appliances3.ScriptConversation 1F:Bob, did you contact technical support about my computer? I’m working on an important presentation, and all my work is on that computer.M:Yes, I called them. They told me they’d send someone over tomorrow afternoon. F:Tomorrow afternoon? That will be too late. I’m meeting with my clients at 4 tomorrow to discuss ways to promote their company. Could you please call tech support again, and ask them if they can come any sooner?M:Sure, I’ll call them right away. I’ll talk to a supervisor to make sure they get a technician over here today.Questions:1) What is the woman’s problem?2) What will the woman do at 4 o’clock tomorrow?3) What does Bob plan to do next?Conversation 2M:Colleen! The copy machine is down again.F:What’s the problem this time? Let’s see. It has paper. It’s not jammed. It has enough ink. Oh, it needs new toner.M:Great. I have to make 20 copies of this report for a 1 p.m. presentation! Should I use the one on the fourth floor?F: No, this won’t take long to fix. Go to the supply room, and the toner is in the bottom left-hand cupboard.Questions:1) What problem does the man have?2) What does the woman say about the copy machine?3) What does the woman suggest the man do?Conversation 3F: Diego, have we received a fax from Chris at Complex Computers yet?M:We did, but it came through blurry. I called, and Chris said they were having problems with the fax machine. They’re trying to fix it.F: Mr. Ramon needs to review that document as soon as possible. It’s the new service contract for our office PCs.M:I’ll phone Chris and see how they’re doing. If the machine’s still down, I’ll have him scan and e-mail it instead. Either way, I’ll run it to Mr. Ramon’s office as soon as it arrives.Questions:1) What problem do the speakers have?2) What is implied about Mr. Ramon?3) What does the man offer to do?Keys:Conversation 1 1) B 2) D 3) CConversation 2 1) C 2) D 3) BConversation 3 1) A 2) B 3) B4Script:Good morning, ladies and gentlemen! As instructed in our previous meeting, the subcommittee on building development has now drawn up a brief to submit to the firm’s architect. In short, the building would consist of two floors. There would be a storage area in the basement to be used by the research center as well as by other departments. We are, as you know, short of storage base, so the availability of a large basement would be a considerable advantage.The ground floor would be occupied by laboratories. Altogether there would be six labs. In addition, there would be six offices for the technicians, plus a general secretarial office and reception area. The first floor would be occupied by the offices of Research and Development staff. There would be a suite of offices for the Research and Development director as well as a general office for secretarial staff. It’s proposed to have a staff room with a small kitchen. This would serve both floors. There would also be a library for research documents and reference material. In addition, there would be a resource room in which audio visual equipment and other equipment of that sort could be stored, including digital voice recorders, microphones, CD players, audio visual cable etc. Other stuff for office like folders, binders, file cabinet, storage box, post-it-sticky notes can also be found here. Finally, there would be a seminar room with closed circuit television. This room could also be used to present displays and demonstrations to visitors to the center.The building would be of brick construction so it's to conform to the general style of construction on the site. There would be a pitched roof. Wall and ceiling spaces would be insulated to conform to new building regulations.。
朗文英语3A全册教案
朗文英语3A全册教案Unit 1 Weather and seasons 单元教学总目标：1.Describe the weather2.Describe what people do regularly and when they do it3.Express likes and dislikes第1 课时第2 课时第3 课时第4 课时第5 课时第_6 课时Chapter 2 Festivals We Like单元教学总目标：1.Describe the festival2. Students are able to use the sentence structures to talk about their favourite festival,the relevant festival and the activities to do at these festivals.3. Enjoy the story.第 1 课时第 2 课时第 5 课时第_6 课时Chapter3 Our school events 单元教学总目标：1.Pupils can express the date accurately2 To master the cardinal numeral and ordinal numeral3.Pupils can write down invitations by themselves.第1 课时第2课时第3课时第4课时第 5 课时第6课时Chapter 4 At the school fair 单元教学总目标：1.Pupils learn the names of some items sold at the school fair.2 Pupils learn to ask and answer questions about the prices of these items.3.Pupils can role-play a conversation between a stallholder and the customers.第1课时第2课时第3课时第 4 课时第5 课时第6课时Chapter5 Things at home单元教学总目标：1.Pupils can master the names of some commonly found objects2 pupils can know the texture of different objects3.Pupils can develop their reading skills and stimulate their critical thinkingability第 1 课时第2 课时第3课时第4 课时第5 课时第6 课时Chapter 6 A trip to the beach 单元教学总目标：2.Describe the activities done at the beach.2. Students are able to talk about what they like or do not like doing at the beach.3. Pupils can write something about their experiences at the beach.4、enjoy the story.1 课时第第 2 课时第 3 课时。
一轮复习book1 unit1 revision
他躺着，眼睛看着天空。
He lay on his back, with his eyes looking up into the sky. 有一段时间我想放弃学英语。
There was a time when I wanted to give up learning English.
约翰觉得用不了多久他就能找到新工作。
When facing danger, you should keep _____ calm ; when taken photos of, you should keep ___ still __; when someone else is asleep, you should keep _______; in class, you shouldn’t keep _ quiet _______ about the teacher’s questions. silent The flies kept upsetting me when I was ________ doing my homework. I was so ______ that I upset upset _________ the cup on the desk.
Hale Waihona Puke 他们友好地解决了他们的争端。
They settled their quarrel in a friendly way.
在地震中他们蒙受了巨大损失。
They suffered a great loss in the earthquake.
为什么你不把你的想法写在纸上呢？
Why don’t you set down your ideas on paper?
John thinks it won’t be long before he find a new job.
英语语言学第1-3章课后练习题答案
《新编简明英语语言学教程》第二版第1-3章练习题参考答案Chapter 1 IntroductionP131. How do you interpret the following definition of linguistics: Linguistics is the scientific study of language？答：Linguistics is based on the systematic investigation of linguistic data, conducted with reference to some general theory of language structure. In order to discover the nature and rules of the underlying language system, the linguists has to collect and observe language facts first, which are found to display some similarities, and generalizations are made about them; then he formulates some hypotheses about the language structure. The hypotheses thus formed have to be checked repeatedly against the observed facts to fully prove their validity. In linguistics, as in any other discipline, data and theory stand in a dialectical complementation, that is, a theory without the support of data can hardly claim validity, and data without being explained by some theory remain a muddled mass of things.2. What are the major branches of linguistics? What does each of them study?答：The major branches of linguistics are:(1) phonetics: it studies the sounds used in linguistic communication;(2) phonology: it studies how sounds are put together and used to convey meaning in communication;(3) morphology: it studies the way in which linguistic symbols representing sounds are arranged and combined to form words;(4) syntax: it studies the rules which govern how words are combined to form grammatically permissible sentences inlanguages;(5) semantics: it studies meaning conveyed by language;(6) pragmatics: it studies the meaning in the context of language use.3. In what basic ways does modern linguistics differ from traditional grammar?答：The general approach thus traditionally formed to the study of language over the years is roughly referred to as “t raditional gramma r.” Modern linguistics differs from traditional g rammar in several basic ways.Firstly, linguistics is descriptive while traditional grammar is prescriptive.Second, modem linguistics regards the spoken language as primary, not the written. Traditional grammarians, on the other hand, tended to emphasize, maybe over-emphasize, the importance of the written word, partly because of its permanence.Then, modem linguistics differs from traditional grammar also in that it does not force languages into a Latin-based framework.4. Is modern linguistics mainly synchronic or diachronic? Why?答：In modem linguistics, a synchronic approach seems to enjoy priority over a diachronic one. Because people believed that unless the various states of a language in different historical periods are successfully studied, it would be difficult to describe the changes that have taken place in its historical development.5. For what reasons does modern linguistics give priority to speech rather than to writing?答：Speech and writing are the two major media of linguistic communication. Modem linguistics regards the spoken language as the natural or the primary medium of human language for some obvious reasons. From the point of view of linguistic evolution, speech is prior to writing. The writing system of any langu age is always “invented” by its users to record speech when the need arises. Even in today's world there are still many languages that can only be spoken but not written. Then in everyday communication, speech plays a greater role than writing in terms of the amount of information conveyed. And also, speech is always the way in which every native speaker acquires his mother tongue, and writing is learned and taught later when he goes to school. For modern linguists, spoken language reveals many true features of human speech while written language is only the “revised” record of spe ech. Thus their data for investigation and analysis are mostly drawn from everyday speech, which they regard as authentic.6. How is Saussure's distinction between langue and parole similar to Chomsky's distinction between competence and performance?答：Saussure's distinction and Chomsky's are very similar, they differ at least in that Saussure took a sociological view of language and his notion of langue is a matter of social conventions, and Chomsky looks at language from a psychological point of view and to him competence is a property of the mind of each individual.7. What characteristics of language do you think should be included in a good, comprehensive definition of language?答：First of all, language is a system, i.e., elements of language are combined according to rules.Second, language is arbitrary in the sense that there is no intrinsic connection between a linguistic symbol and what the symbol stands for.Third, language is vocal because the primary medium for all languages is sound.Fourth, language is human-specific, i. e., it is very different from the communication systems other forms of life possess.8. What are the main features of human language that have been specified by C. Hockett to show that it is essentially different from animal communication system?（2．2语言的识别性特征）美国语言学家C. Hockett提出了人类语言的12种识别性特征，其中最重要的识别性特种有5种：即语言的任意性、创造性、二重性、移位性和文化传递性。
英语朗文1B知识点梳理1-3
Chapter 1 Choosing a pet核心词汇：a dog 一只狗 a cat 一只猫 a bird 一只鸟 a rabbit一只兔子a turtle 一只乌龟 a hamster 一只仓鼠拓展词汇：desk桌子find找到like喜欢lovely可爱的pet宠物now 现在new新的Dora朵拉Phonics部分：t : turtle乌龟ten 10 d: dog 狗desk桌子重点句型：1.---What is this? ---It is a dog. 这是什么？这是一只狗。
2.---What is that? ---It is a cat. 那是什么？那是一只猫。
3.---What are these? ---They are birds. 这些是什么？这些是鸟。
4.---What are those? ---They are turtles. 那些是什么？那些是乌龟。
5.I like this rabbit. It is white. 我喜欢这只兔子。
它是白色的。
6.I like that hamster. It is brown. 我喜欢那只仓鼠。
它是棕色的。
7.I like these dog s. They are grey. 我喜欢这些小狗。
它们是灰色的。
8.I like those turtle s. They are green.我喜欢那些乌龟。
它们是绿色的。
Chapter 2 Our pet friends核心词汇：a sofa 一个沙发 a cupboard一个柜子 a chair一把椅子 a box一个盒子a table一张桌子 a shelf 一个书架方位介词：on在...上面in在...里面under在...下面near在...旁边拓展词汇：drawer 抽屉hat帽子bad坏的sad伤心的Dad爸爸come on 快点cannot不能Ricky瑞奇Bob鲍勃Phonics部分：a: c a t猫f a t 胖的s a d伤心的D a d爸爸h a t帽子b a d坏的重点句型：1.---Where is the cat? ---It is on the chair. 小猫在哪里？它在椅子上。
(完整word版)英语词汇习题集1-3(word文档良心出品)
英语词汇学习题集（Chapter 1—Chapter 3）Chapter 1 The Basic Concepts of Words andVocabulary1. Decide whether the following are true or false.( ) a. A word can be defined in different ways from different points of view.( ) b. Under no circumstances can sound and meaning be logically related.( ) c. The introduction of printing press resulted in a lot more differences between sound and form.( ) d. The words a person can use in speaking and writing form his active vocabulary.( ) e. The principles by which to classify words are usage, notion and origin.( ) f. Native words are more popular than foreign words.( ) g. Native words enjoy the same features as the basic word stock and more.2. Give a term for each of the following definitions.a. sub-standard words often used on informal occasions ( )b. specialized vocabulary common in certain professions ( )c. words used by sup-cultural groups particularly by underground society ( )d. words that have clear notions ( )e. words of Anglo-Saxon origin( )f. words borrowed by way of translation ( )g. old words with new meanings( )Key:1. a.(T) b.(F) c.(T) d.(T) e.(F) f.(F) g.(T)2. a. slang b. jargon c. argot d. content words e. native words f. translation loans g. neologismsChapter 3 Morphological Structure of English Words1. Explain the following terms:1) morpheme 2) allomorph3) bound morpheme 4) free morpheme5) affix 6) inflectional affix7) derivational affix 8) root9) stemplete the following sentences with proper words according to the text.1) Structurally, a word is not the_________ unit because many words are analyzable or segmentable.2) The morpheme is the smallest functioning unit in the composition of ___________.3) Morphemes fall into different classes by different criteria of classification. Now people tent to group morphemes into groups:_________ and _________.4) According to the functions of affixes, we can put them into groups:______ and_____.5) The number of inflectional affixes is ________and ________, which makes English one of the easiest languages to learn.6) Derivational affixes can be further divided into __________and ________.7) A_________, whether free or bound, generally carries the main component of meaning in a word.8) A________ can be defined as a form to which affixes of any kind can be added. Key:1. 1) a minimum meaningful unit of a language2) one of the variants that realize a morpheme3) a morpheme that occurs with at least one other morpheme4) a morpheme that can stand alone5) a morpheme attached to a stem or a root6) an affix that indicates grammatical relationships7) an affix that forms new words with a stem or a root8) what remains of a word after the removal of all affixes9) a form to which affixes of any kind can be added2. 1) smallest 2) words3) free morphemes, bound morphemes 4) inflectional (affixes), derivational (affixes)5) small, stable 6) prefixes, suffixes7) root 8) stemChapter 4 Word Formation1.Decide whether the following statements are true or false. Put F and T inthe brackets.( ) a. The most productive ways of word-formation are affixation, compounding and conversion.( ) b. Shortening includes clipping and blending.( ) c. Prefixation and suffixation are two subbranches of affixation.( ) d. Suffixation is the formation of new words by adding prefixes to stems.( ) e. Compounding is the formation of new words by joining two or more stems. ( ) f. The limited number of verb compounds are created either through conversion or back-formation.( ) g. Verb compounds in the way of back-formation are formed mainly by dropping prefixes.( ) h. Conversion is the formation of new words by converting words of one class to another class. These words are new only in a grammatical sense.( ) i. Blending is the formation of new words by combining part of two words or a word plus a part of another word.( ) j. Clipping, a way of making a word is to shorten a longer word by cutting a part off the original and adding a new part to the original .( ) k. Words formed through acronymy are called initialisms or acronyms, depending on the spelling of the words.( ) l. Back-formation is the method of creating words by removing the supposed suffixes.2. Study the following words and decide how each word was formed. Put youranswer in the bracket.Example: disobey (affixation or prefixation)disloyal ( ) harden ( )mass-produce ( ) motel ( )downfall ( ) dorm ( )incapable ( ) VOA ( )glorify ( ) radar ( )edit ( ) sandwich ( )familiars ( ) gas ( )water-proof ( ) quixotic ( )Affixation1. What is affixation?2. What is the difference between prefixation and suffixation?3. What is the fundamental difference between prefixes and suffixes?4. Match the prefixes in column A with the words in column B.A Bdis- capableil- willingnessim- legalin- agreementnon- officiallyun- convenientsmoker5. Match the suffixes in Column A with the words in column B.A B-er book-let friend-ship wait-tion china-ese lady-like protect-able natural-ly wash-en dark-fy beautyCompounding1. Express the following in one compound word:a. someone who writes songsb. someone who cleans windowsc. the race for armsd. the train in the morninge. a mine for goldf. bathe in the sung. as cheap as dirth. tanned by the sun2. The compounds in each of the following pairs are similar in structure. Pleaseindicate the different relations of the elements of the two compounds in each pair by syntactic paraphrases.Example: duty-free: free from dutiesraindrop flowerbedair-tight sea-greena well-meant remark a well-behaved personwar-ruined houses country-bred boysa computer-designer a sun-bathersteam engine fire enginesilk worm gaslighthandwriting faultfindingan ocean-going ship peace-loving peoplelanguage teacher baby-sitter3. Translate the following into Chinese:a. knee-deep f. pitch dark / blackb. life-like g. carefreec. snow-white h. soundproofd. nation-wide i. fireproofe. shoulder-high j. lifelong4. According to the definitions given below, write the other part of the nouncompounds, the first part already given.a. a stretch of land, round a town, where building is not al-lowed, so that thefields, woods, etc., remain: green___________b. a booklet giving all the most important information about a subject:hand_______c. an idea that comes later: after_______d. a pill which helps a person to sleep: sleeping_________e. a headline repeated on consecutive pages (as of a book): running_________f. a cloth that is used for washing one’s face and body: wash__________g. strong sunlight as when there are no clouds: sun________h. the action of forcing a way through the enemy: break__________i. a public show of anger: out __________j. a division into smaller parts: break_________5. Turn the phrasal verbs below into compounds:break through fall down break outtake in slide down cry outrun away hang overConversion1. Choose the best answer to complete each statement.( ) a. Conversion is a method_________.A. of turning words of one part of speech to those of a dif-ferent part of speechB. of converting words of one meaning into different meaningC. of deriving words through grammatical meansD. of changing words in morphological structure( ) b. Words involved in conversion are mainly_____________.A nouns, verbs and adverbsB nouns, adjectives and verbsC nouns, prepositions and verbsD adjectives, adverbs and verbs( ) c. In a derivational process, an item is converted to a new word class without the addition of an affix. The name is______.A full conversionB partial conversionC functional shiftD zero-derivation( ) d. Almost all monomorphemic _______ can be conversed into nouns, which are semantically related to the original verbs in various ways.A verbsB adjectivesC adverbsD prepositions( ) e. Nouns converted from adjectives nave all the characteristics of nouns and achieve a full noun status, thus known as ____________.A partial conversionB full conversionC functional shiftD grammatical shift( ) f. Nouns partially converted from adjectives do not possess all the qualities a noun does. They must be used together with ____________.A plural formsB single formsC adjectivesD definite articles( ) g. The conversion of two-syllable nouns into verbs involves a change of ________.A spellingB pronunciationC stressD function( ) h. In most cases a noun can be converted to a verb ____________.A with some changesB without any changeC with some changes in spellingD without any change in pronunciation2. Give your explanation for each of the following converted words in the sentences below:a. So she believed me and doctored my battered face, pleased that she could be useful.b. The train was telescoped as a result of the collision.c. We cannot mandate a solution to inflation.d. A team of experts at Columbia is now cataloguing the tapes and indexing the transcripts, which will be available for scholarly research.e. There will be a repeat of this program next week.f. Heart transplants began ten years ago. Why have British doctors done only four since then?g. In the choice of diction he has a taste for the quaint and the picturesque.h. The correspondent tried to get an interview with the condemned.k. The television drearies the ball game.l. The president was sketchiest in broad-brushing his goals in foreign policy. Blending1. Explain the characteristics of blending with examples.2. Explain the four types of blends with examples.3. Analyses the formation of the following blends and translate them intoChinese.botel skylabchunnel humintadvertistics medicaidworkfare psywarNixonomics comsatClipping1. Explain the characteristics of clipping with examples.2. Give examples to explain the different types of clipping.3. Read the following sentences and restore the full forms of the italicizedwords.a. Did you see the doctor’s dilemma on telly last night? ( )b. Palestinian demos mark massacres. ( )c. The America was the first to nuke two Japanese cities. ( )d. Viet troops suffer setback in Kampuchea. ( )e. The police asks for info on stolen computers. ( )f. Rural credit co-ops to get more autonomy. ( )g. Today, china acts to meet high-tech challenge. ( )h. Setback for governing parties in euro vote. ( )Acronymy1. What do the short forms stand for?EEC, OPEC, SLAM, ELSS, EDVAC, GEM, NSC, ERDA, ID2. Explain the following words:SALT laser AIDS V-Day D-Day G-manBack-formation1. Each of the statements below is followed by four alternative answers. Choosethe one that would best complete the statement and put the letter in the bracket.( ) a. Back-formation is considered to be the opposite process of________.A prefixation B. suffixation C. acronymy D. conversion( ) b. Back-formation usually involves _ _____types of words.A. 3B. 4C. 5D. 2( ) c. Stylistically, back-formed words are largely ______ and some of them have not gained public acceptance.A. formalB. adjectivesC. human nounsD. informal( ) d. Back-formation is the method of creating new words by ______ the so-called suffixes.A. removingB. combiningC. shorteningD. considering2. Give the original words from which the following words are back-formed. globe-trot ______ brainwash ________ghost-write ______ sleep-walk ________spoon-feed ________ air-condition ________book-keep _______ browbeat ______ _caretake _ ______ gatecrash _______housebreak _______ housekeep _______mass-p0roduce _______ lase _______proof-read _ ______ sightsee _______stage-manage _______ merry-make _______street-walk ______ _ window-shop _______Words from Proper NamesDecide whether the following statements are true or false.( ) a. Proper nouns form an important source of English vocabulary.( ) b. Words derived from names include names of people, names of country, names of products and names of books.( ) c. All the words denoting products come from the names of places where they were first made.( ) d. Quite a few words come from names of books and thus take on the meaning of the books.( ) e. When proper nouns are communized, many of them have lost their original identity.( ) f. Proper nouns have rich cultural associations and thus stylistically vivid, impressive and thought-provoking.( ) g. Proper nouns can not take suffixes.Key:1. a. T b. T c. T d. F e. T f. Tg.F h. T i. T j. F k. F l. T2. Disloyal ( prefixation, affixation)Harden (suffixation, affixation)Mass-produce (back-formation)Motel (blending)Downfall (compounding, conversion)dorm (clipping)incapable (prefixation)VOA (acronymy)Glorify (suffixation)Radar (acronymy)Edit (back-formation)Sandwich (word from proper names)Gas (clipping)Water-proof (compounding)Quixotic (word from proper names)Affixation1. Affixation, also called derivation, is the formation of new words by adding affixesto stems.2. While prefixation is to create new words by adding prefixes to stems, suffi9xationmakes new words by adding suffixes to stems.3. Generally speaking, prefixes do not change part of speech of the stems but theirmeaning whereas suffixes do change part of speech but modify the meaning of stems.4. dis + agreement il + legalim + mature in + convenient/ in+ capablenon + smoker un + officiallyun + willingness5. waiter, booklet, friendship, protection, Chinese, ladylike, washable, naturally,darken, beautifyCompounding1. a. song writer b. window-cleanerc. arms raced. morning traine. gold minef. sunbatheg. dirt-cheap h. suntanned2. a drop of rainThe bed for flowersimpermeable to airas green as seaa remark that is well meanthouses ruined by warboys bred in the countryone who designs computerone who bathes in the sunengine powered or operated by steamengine to prevent fireworm that produces silklight produced by gaswriting by handfind faulta ship that goes across oceanspeople who love peaceone who teaches languagesone who sits with babies3. a. 深可没膝的 b. 栩栩如生的 c. 雪白的d. 全国性的e. 齐肩高的f. 漆黑的g. 无忧无虑的h. 隔音的i. 防火的j. 终身的4. a. green belt b. handbook c. afterthoughtd. sleeping pille. running headf. washclothg. sunshine h. breakthrough i. outcry j. breakup Conversion1. a. A b. B c. D d. A e. B f. D g. C h. B2. a. doctored = applied medicine tob. was telescoped = became shorter by sliding into one anotherc. mandate = work out a solution by issuing an authoritative or-derd. cataloguing = making a catalogue ofindexing = making an index ofe. a repeat = a rebroadcastf. transplants = instances of transplantingg. the quaint = something quaintthe picturesque = something picturesqueh. the condemned = the person who has been convictedi. moderns = modern paintersj. heavies = big shotsk. drearies = makes deary (dull)1. broad-brushing = describing in broad outlinee.g. flush (flash = blush) smog (smoke = fog)2. Four major patterns:head +tail – motel (motor = hotel)head +head – telex ( teleprinter = exchange)head + word –medicare (medical +care)word = tail – bookmobile (book + automobile)3. botel (boat +hotel) 汽艇游客旅馆chunnel (channel + tunnel) 海峡隧道advertistics ( advertising + statistics)广告统计学workfare (word + welfare) 工作福利Nixonomics (Nixon + economics)尼克松的经济政策skylab (sky + laboratory)太空实验室humint ( human + intelligence) 谍报medicaid (medical + aid)医疗援助计划psywar (psychological + warfare)心理战comsat (communications + satellite)通讯卫星Clipping1. Clipping is a way of making a new word by cutting a part off the original andusing what remains instead.e. g. omnibus – busaeroplane – planeexamination – exambicycle – bike2. Four types of clipping:1) front + clipping telephone – phoneback clipping gentleman – gentfront and back clipping refrigerator – fridgephrase clipping3. a. television b. demonstrations c. nucleard. Vietnamesee. informationf. co-operativesg. high-technology h. EuropeanAcronymy1. EEC = European Economic CommunityOPEC = Organization of petroleum exporting countriesSLAM = Supersonic low altitude missileStrategic low altitude missileELSS = extravehicular life support systemEDVAC = electronic discrete variable automatic computerGEM = ground effect machineNSC= national Security CouncilERDA = energy research and development administrationID = identity card2. SALT: Strategic arms limitation talkslaser: lightwave amplification by stimulated emission of radiation AIDS: acquired immune deficiency syndromeV-Day: Victory DayD-Day: decimalization dayG-man: Government manBack-formation1. a. B b. B c. D d. A2. globe-trotter brainwashingghost-writer sleep-walkerspoon-fed air-conditioningbook-keeping browbeatingcaretaker gatecrasherhousebreaker housekeepermass-production laserproof-reading sightseeingstage-manger merry-makingstreetwalker window-shoppingWord from Proper Namesa. Tb. Tc. Fd. Fe. Tf. Tg. F。
英语语言学第1-3章课后练习题答案
《新编简明英语道话教教程》第二版第1-3章训练题参照问案之阳早格格创做Chapter 1IntroductionP131. How do you interpret the following definition of linguistics: Linguistics is the scientific study of language？问：Linguistics is based on the systematic investigation of linguistic data, conducted with reference to some general theory of language structure. In order to discover the nature and rules of the underlying language system, the linguists has to collect and observe language facts first, which are found to display some similarities, and generalizations are made about them; then he formulates some hypotheses about the language structure. The hypothesesthus formed have to be checked repeatedly against the observed facts to fully prove their validity. In linguistics, as in any other discipline, data and theory stand in a dialectical complementation, that is, a theory without the support of data can hardly claim validity, and data without being explained by some theory remain a muddled mass of things.2. What are the major branches of linguistics? What does each of them study?问： The major branches of linguistics are:(1)phonetics: it studies the sounds used in linguistic communication;(2)phonology: it studies how sounds are put together and used to conveymeaning in communication;(3)morphology: it studies the way in which linguistic symbolsrepresenting soundsare arranged and combined to form words; (4)syntax: it studies the rules which govern how words are combined toform grammatically permissible sentences in languages;(5)semantics: it studies meaning conveyed by language;(6) pragmatics: it studies the meaning in the context of language use.3. In what basic ways does modern linguistics differ from traditional grammar?问：The general approachthus traditionally formed to the study of language over the years is roughly referred to as “t raditional gramma r.” Modern linguistics differs from traditional grammar in several basic ways.Firstly, linguistics is descriptive while traditional grammar is prescriptive.Second, modem linguistics regards the spoken language as primary, not the written. Traditional grammarians, on the other hand, tended to emphasize, maybe over-emphasize, the importance of the written word, partly because of its permanence.Then, modem linguistics differs from traditional grammar also in that it does not force languages into a Latin-based framework.4. Is modern linguistics mainly synchronic or diachronic? Why?问：In modem linguistics, a synchronic approach seems to enjoy priority over a diachronic one. Because people believed that unless the various states of a language in different historical periods are successfully studied, it would be difficult to describe the changes that have taken place in its historical development.5. For what reasons does modern linguistics give priority to speech rather than to writing?问：Speech and writing are the two major media of linguistic communication. Modem linguistics regards the spoken language as the natural or the primary medium of human language for some obvious reasons. From the point of view of linguistic evolution, speech is prior to writing. The writing system of any langu age is always “invented” by its users to record speech when the need arises. Even in today's world there are still many languages that can only be spoken but not written. Then in everyday communication, speech plays a greater role than writing in terms of the amount of information conveyed. And also, speech is always the way in which every native speaker acquires his mother tongue, and writingis learned and taught later when he goes to school. For modern linguists, spoken language reveals many true features of human speech while written language is only the “revised” record of spe ech. Thus their data for investigation and analysis are mostly drawn from everydayspeech, which they regard as authentic.6. How is Saussure's distinction between langue and parole similar to Chomsky's distinction between competence and performance?问：Saussure's distinction and Chomsky's are very similar, they differ at least in that Saussure took a sociological view of language and his notion of langue is a matter of social conventions, and Chomsky looks at language from a psychological point of view and to him competence is a property of the mind of each individual.7. What characteristics of language do you think should be included in a good, comprehensive definition of language?问：First of all, language is a system, i.e., elements of language are combined according to rules.Second, language is arbitrary in the sense that there is no intrinsic connection between a linguistic symbol and what the symbol stands for. Third, language is vocal because the primary medium for all languages is sound.Fourth, language is human-specific, i. e., it is very different from the communication systems other forms of life possess.8. What are the main features of human language that have been specified by C. Hockett to show that it is essentially differentfrom animal communication system?（2．2道话的辨别性特性）好国道话教家 C. Hockett提出了人类道话的 12种辨别性特性，其中最要害的辨别性特种有5种：即道话的任性性、创制性、二沉性、移位性战文化传播性.那些特性是所有人类道话所公有的.人类道话的辨别性特性是动物“道话”所不具备的.1）任性性：它指音取义之间不逻辑通联.比圆道，分歧的道话使用分歧的音指相共的实物.2）创制性：道话的创制性主要表示正在道话使用者不妨以有限的道话准则为前提道出战明白无限的句子，包罗他们往日从不听道过的句子.3）二沉性：它指道话正在结构上存留二个条理：矮条理战下条理.正在矮条理是一个个不意思的音，如/p/,/g/,/i/等，然而是那些处正在矮条理的不意思的音不妨依照一定的道话准则分离正在所有产生道话体系的下条理，即：蓄意思的单位，如词汇素，单词汇等.4）移位性：移位性指人类不妨使用道话去道论往日的事务，当前的事务或者将去的事务；道话也不妨用去道论咱们客瞅天下中的事务，或者假念天下中的事务.总之，道话的使用不妨摆脱接际的间接情景语境，进而不受道话时空距离的做用.5）文化传播性：文化的传播性是指，虽然人类习得道话的本领有遗传果素的本果，然而是道话体系简曲实质的习得不是通过遗传去传播的，而是要通过后天的教习去赢得.问：The main features of human language are termed design features. They include:1) ArbitrarinessLanguage is arbitrary. This means that there is no logical connection between meanings and sounds. A good example is the fact that different sounds are used to refer tothe same object in different languages.2) ProductivityLanguage is productive or creative in that it makes possible theconstruction and interpretation of new signals by its users. This iswhy they can produce and understand an infinitely large number ofsentences, including sentences they have never heard before.3) DualityLanguage consists of two sets of structures,or two levels. At the loweror the basic level there is a structure ofsounds, which are meaningless by themselves. But the sounds oflanguage can be grouped and regrouped into a large number of unitsof meaning, which are found at the higher level of the system.4) DisplacementLanguage can be used to refer to things which are present ornot present, real or imagined matters in the past, present, or future, or in far-away places. In other words, language canbe usedto refer to contexts removed from the immediate situations of thespeaker. This is what “displacement” means.5) Cultural transmissionWhile human capacity for language has a genetic basis, i.e.,we were all born with the ability to acquire language, the details ofany language system are not genetically transmitted,but insteadhave to be taught and learned.9. What are the major functions of language? Think of your own examples for illustration.问：Three main functions are often recognized of language: the descriptive function, the expressive function, and the social function.The descriptive function is the function to convey factual information, which can be asserted or denied, and in some cases even verified.For example:“China is a large country with a long history.”The expressive functionsupplies information about the user’s feelings, preferences, prejudices, and values. For example: “I will never go window-shopping with her.”The social function serves to establish and maintain social relations between people. . For example: “We are your firm supporters.”Chapter 2PhonologyP301. What are the two major media of linguistic communication? Ofthe two, which one is primary and why?问：Speech and writing are the two major media of linguistic communication.Of the two media of language, speech is more primary than writing, for reasons, please refer to the answer to the fifth problem in the last chapter.2. What is voicing and how is it caused?问：Voicing is a quality of speech sounds and a feature of all vowels and some consonants in English. It is caused by the vibration of the vocal cords.3. Explain with examples how broad transcription and narrow transcription differ?问：The transcription with letter-symbols only is called broad transcription. This is the transcription normally used in dictionaries and teaching textbooks for general purposes. The latter, i.e. the transcriptionwith letter-symbols together with the diacritics is called narrow transcription. This is the transcription needed and used by the phoneticians in their study of speech sounds. With the help of the diacritics they can faithfully represent as much of the fine details as it is necessary for their purpose.In broad transcription, the symbol [l] is used for the sounds [l] inthe four words leaf[li:f], feel[fi:l], build[bild], and health[helθ]. As a matter of fact, the sound [l] in all these four sound combinations differs slightly. The [l] in [li:f], occurring before a vowel, is called a dear [l], and no diacritic is needed to indicate it; the [1] in [fi:l] and [bild], occurring at the end of a word or before another consonant, is pronounced differently from the clear [1] as in “leaf”. It is calle d dark [ɫ] and in narrow transcription the diacritic [˜] is used to indicate it. Then in the sound combination [helθ], the sound [l] is followed by the English dental sound [θ], its pronunciation is somewhat affected by the dental sound that follows it. It is thus called a dental [l], and in narrow transcription the diacritic [、] is used to indicate it. It is transcribed as [helθ].Another example is the consonant[p]. We all know that [p] is pronounced differently in the two words pit and spit. In the word pit, the sound [p] is pronounced with a strong puff of air, but in spit the puff of air is withheld to some extent. In the case of pit, the [p] sound is said to be aspirated and in the case of spit, the [p] sound is unaspirated. Thisdifference is not shown in broad transcription, but in narrow transcription, a small raised “h” is used to show aspiration, thus pit is transcribed as [p h ɪt] and spit is transcribed as [spɪt].4. How are the English consonants classified?问： English consonants can be classified in two ways: one is in terms of manner of articulation and the other is in terms of place of articulation. In terms of manner of articulation the English consonants can be classified into the following types: stops, fricatives, affricates, liquids, nasals and glides. In terms of place of articulation, it can be classified into following types: bilabial, labiodental, dental, alveolar, palatal, velar and glottal.5. What criteria are used to classify the English vowels?问：Vowels may be distinguished as front, central, and back according to which part of the tongue is held highest.To further distinguish members of each group, we need to apply another criterion, i.e. the openness of the mouth. Accordingly, we classify the vowels into four groups: close vowels, semi-close vowels, semi-open vowels, and open vowels. A third criterion that is often used in the classification of vowels is the shape of the lips. In English, all the front vowels and the central vowels are unfounded vowels, i. e., without rounding the lips, and all the back vowels, with the exception of [a:], are rounded. It should be noted that some front vowels can be pronounced with rounded lips.6. A. Give the phonetic symbol for each of the following sound descriptions:1) voiced palatal affricate2) voiceless labiodental fricative3) voiced alveolar stop4) front, close, short5) back, semi-open, long6) voiceless bilabial stopB. Give the phonetic features of each of the following sounds:1) [ t]2) [ l ] 3) [ʧ] 4) [w] 5) [ʊ] 6) [æ]问：A. (1) [ʤ] (2) [f] (3)[d](4) [ɪ] (5)[ɔ:] (6) [p]B.(1)voiceless alveolar stop (2)voiced alveolar liquid(3)voiceless palatal affricate (4)voiced bilabial glide(5)back, close, short (6)front, open7. How do phonetics and phonology differ in their focus of study? Who do you think will be more interested in the difference between, say, [l] and [ɫ],[p h]and [p],a phonetician or a phonologist? Why?问：(1)Both phonology and phonetics are concerned with the same aspect of language–– the speech sounds. But while both are related to the study of sounds,, they differ in their approach and focus. Phonetics is of a general nature; it is interested in all the speech sounds used in allhuman languages: how they are produced, how they differ from each other, what phonetic features they possess, how they can be classified, etc. Phonology, on the other hand, aims to discover how speech sounds in a language form patterns and how these sounds are used to convey meaning in linguistic communication.(2) A phonologist will be more interested in it. Because one of thetasks of the phonologists is to find out rule that governs the distribution of [l] and [ɫ], [p h]and[p].8. What is a phone? How is it different from a phoneme? How areallophones related to a phoneme?问：A phone is a phonetic unit or segment. The speech sounds we hear and produce during linguistic communication are all phones. A phoneme is not any particular sound, but rather it is represented or realized by a certain phone in a certain phonetic context. The different phones which can represent a phoneme in different phonetic environments are called the allophones of that phoneme. For example, the phoneme /l/in English can be realized as dark [ɫ], clear [l], etc. which are allophones of the phoneme/l/.9. Explain with examples the sequential rule, the assimilation rule, and the deletion rule.问：Rules that govern the combination of sounds in a particular language are called sequential rules.There are many such sequential rules in English. For example, if a word begins with a [l] or a [r], then the next sound must be a vowel. That is why [lbik] [lkbi] are impossible combinations in English. They have violated the restrictions on the sequencing of phonemes.The assimilation rule assimilates one sound to anoth er by“copying” a feature of a sequential phoneme, thus making the two phones similar. Assimilation of neighboring sounds is, for the most part, caused by articulatory or physiological processes. When we speak, we tend to increase the ease of articulation. This “sloppy” tendency may become regularized as rules of language.We all know that nasalization is not a phonological feature in English, i.e., it does not distinguish meaning. But this does not mean that vowels in English are never nasalized in actual pronunciation; in fact they are nasalized in certain phonetic contexts. For example, the [i:] sound is nasalized in words like bean, green, team, and scream. This is because in all these sound combinations the [i:] sound is followed by a nasal [n] or [m].The assimilation rule also accounts for the varying pronunciation of the alveolar nasal [n] in some sound combinations. The rule is that within a word, the nasal [n] assumes the same place of articulation as the consonant that follows it. We know that in English the prefix in- can be added to ma adjective to make the meaning of the word negative, e.g. discreet – indiscreet, correct – incorrect. But the [n] sound in the prefixin- is not always pronounced as an alveolar nasal. It is so in the word indiscreet because the consonant that follows it, i.e. [d], is an alveolar stop, but the [n] sound in the word incorrect is actually pronounced as a velar nasal, i.e. [ŋ]; this is because the consonant that follows it is [k], which is a velar stop. So we can see that while pronouncing the sound [n], we are “copying” a feature of the consonant that follows it.Deletion rule tells us when a sound is to be deleted although it is orthographically represented. We have noticed that in the pronunciation of such words as sign, design, and paradigm, there is no [g] sound although it is represented in spelling by the letter g. But in their corresponding forms signature, designation, and paradigmatic, the [g] represented by the letter g is pronounced. The rule can be stated as: Delete a [g] when it occurs before a final nasal consonant. Given the rule, the phonemic representation of the stems in sign –signature, resign –resignation, phlegm – phlegmatic, paradigm – paradigmatic will include the phoneme/g/, which will be deleted according to the regular rule if no suffix is added.10. What are supra-segmental features? How do the major supra-segmental features of English function in conveying meaning?问：The phonemic features that occur above the level of the segments are called supra-segmental features. The main supra-segmental features include stress, intonation, and tone. The location of stress in Englishdistinguishes meaning. There are two kinds of stress: word stress and sentence stress. For example, a shift of stress may change the part of speech of a word from a noun, to a verb although its spelling remains unchanged. Tones are pitch variations which can distinguish meaning just like phonemes.Intonation plays an important role in the conveyance of meaning in almost every language, especially in a language like English. When spoken in different tones, the same sequence of words may have different meanings.Chapter 3 MorphologyP401. Divide the following words into their separate morphemes byplacing a “+” between each morpheme and the next:a. microfile e. telecommunicationb. bedraggled f. forefatherc. announcement g. psychophysicsd. predigestion h. mechanist问：a. micro + file b. be + draggle + edc. announce + mentd. pre + digest + ione. tele + communicate + ionf. fore + fatherg. psycho + physics h. mechan + ist2. Think of three morpheme suffixes, give their meaning, andspecifythe types of stem they may be suffixed to. Give at least two examples of each.Model: -orsuffix: -ormeaning: the person or thing performing the actionstem type: added to verbsexamples: actor, “one who acts in stage plays, m otion pictures,etc.” translator, “one who translates”问：(1) suffix: -ablemeaning: something can be done or is possiblestemtype:added to verbsexamples: acceptable, “can be accepted”respectable, “can be respected”(2) suffix: -lymeaning: functionalstem type: added to adjectivesexamples: freely. “adverbial form of ‘free’ ”quickly, “adverbial form of 'quick' ”.(3) suffix: -eemeaning: the person receiving the actionstem type: added to verbsexamples: employee, “one who works in a company”interviewee, “one who is interviewed”3. Think of three morpheme prefixes, give their meaning, andspecify the types of stem they may be prefixedto. Give at least two examples of each.Model: a-prefix: a-meaning: “without; not”stem type: added to adjectivesexamples: asymmetric, “lacking symmetry”asexual, “without sex or sex organs”问：(1) prefix: dis-meaning: showing an oppositestem type: added to verbs or nounsexamples : disapprove, “do not approve”dishonesty, “lack of honesty”.(2) prefix: anti-meaning: against, opposed tostem type: added to nouns or adjectivesexamples : a ntinuclear, “opposing the use of atomic weapons and power”antisocial,“opposed or harmful to the laws and customs of an organizedcommunity. ”(3) prefix: counter-meaning: the opposite ofstem type: added to nouns or adjectives.examples: coun terproductive, “producing results opposite to those intended”counteract, “act against and reduce the force or effect of (sth.) ”4. The italicized part in each of the following sentences is an inflectional morpheme. Study each inflectional morpheme carefully and point out its grammatical meaning.Sue moves in high-society circles in London.A traffic warden asked John to move his car.The club has moved to Friday, February 22nd.The branches of the trees are moving back and forth.问：(1) the third person singular(2) the past tense(3) the present perfect(4) the present progressive5. Determine whether the words in each of the following groups are related to one another by processes of inflection or derivation.a) go, goes, going, goneb) discover, discovery, discoverer, discoverable, discoverabilityc) inventor, inventor’s, inventors, inventors’d) democracy, democrat, democratic, democratize问：(略)6. The following sentences contain both derivational and inflectionalaffixes. Underline all of the derivational affixes and circle the inflectional affixes.a) The farmer’s cows escaped.b) It was raining.c) Those socks are inexpensive.d) Jim needs the newer copy.e) The strongest rower continued.f) She quickly closed the book.g) The alphabetization went well.问：(略)。
医学英语教程Chapter 3
Chapter 3.I. IntroductionThis chapter has three purposes. The first purpose is to teach many of the most common suffixes in the medical language. As you work through the entire book, the suffixes mastered in this chapter will appear often. An additional group of suffixes is presented in Chapter 6. The second purpose is to introduce new combining forms and use them to make works with suffixes. Your analysis of the terminology in Section III of this chapter will increase tour medical language wocabulary.The third purpose is to expand your understanding ofterminology beyond basic word analgsis. The appendices in Section IV present illustrations and additional explanations of new terms. Your should refer to these appendices as your complete the meanings of terms in Section III.II. Combining FormsRead this list and underline those combining forms that are unfamiliarCombining FormsCombining Form MeaningAbdomin/o abdomenAcr/o extremities, top, extreme pointAcu/o sharp, severe, suddenAden/o glandAgor/a marketplaceAmni/o amnionAngi/o vesselArteri/o arteryArthr/o jointAxill/o armpitBlephar/o eyelidBronch/o bronchial tubesCarcin/o cancerChem/o drug, chemicalChondr/o cartilageChron/o timeCol/o colonCyst/o urinary bladderEncephal/o brainHydr/o water, fluidInguin/o groinIsch/o to hold backLapar/o abdomen, abdominal wallLaryng/o larynxLymph/o lymphLymph, a clear fluid that bathes tissue spaces, is contained inspecial lymph vessels and nodes throughout the bodyMamm/o breastMast/o breastMorph/o shape, formMuc/o mucusMy/o muscleMyel/o spinal cord, bone marrowContext of usage indicates the meaning intendedNecr/o deathNephr/o kidneyNeur/o nerveNeutr/o neurophilOphthalm/o eyeOste/o boneOt/o earPath/o diseasePeritone/o peritoneumPhag/o to eat, swallowPhleb/o veinPlas/o formation, developmentPleur/o pleuraPneumon/o lungsPulmon/o lungsRect/o rectumRen/o kidneySarc/o fleshSplen/o spleenStaphyl/o clystersStrept/o twisted chainsThorac/o chestThromb/o clotTonsill/o tonsilsTrache/o tracheaVen/o veinIII. Suffixes and TerminologyNoun SuffixesThe following list includes common noun suffixes. After the meaning of each suffix, terminology illustrates the use of the suffix in various words. Remember the basic rule for building a medical term: Use a combining vowel, such as o, to connect the root to the suffix. However, drop the combining vowel if the suffix begins with a vowel. For example: gastr/it is, not gastr/o/it is. Numbers after certain terms direct you to the Appendices that follow this list. These Appendices contain additional information to help you understand the terminology.Suffix Meaning Terminology Meaning-algia pain arthralgia _________________________otalgia ____________________________neuralgia __________________________myalgia ___________________________-cele hernia rectocele ___________________________cystocele __________________________-centesis surgical puncture to remove fluid thoracentesis __________________________Notice that this term is shortened fromthoracocentesisamniocentesis__________________________abdominocentesis ________________________This procedure is more commonly known as aparacentesis. A tube is placed through anincision of the abdomen and fluid is removedtfrom the peritoneal cavity .-coccus berry-shaped, bacterium streptococcus _________________________staphylocci ___________________________ -cyte cell erythrocyte __________________________leukocyte ___________________________thrombocyte _________________________-dynia pain pleurodynia _________________________Pain in the chest wall muscles that isaggravated by breathing-ectomy excision, removal, resection laryngectomy _______________________mastectomy _________________________ -ectomy blood condition anemia ___________________________ischemia _________________________-genesis condition of producing, forming carcinogenesis _____________________pathogenesis ________________________angiogenesis ________________________-genic pertaining to, producing, carcinogenic_________________________ produced by, or inosteogenic ___________________________An osteogenic sarcoma is a tumor producedin bone tissue-gram record electroencephalogram __________________myelogram _________________________Myle/o means spinal cord in this term. This isan x-ray record taken after contrast material isinjected into membranes around the spinalcordmammogram _________________________ -graph instrument for recording electroencephalograph _________________ -graphy process of recording electroencephalography ________________angiography _________________________ -itis inflammation bronchitis ___________________________tonsillitis ____________________________thrombophlebitis ______________________Also called phlebitis-logy study of ophthalmology _______________________morphology__________________________ -lysis breakdown, destruction, separation hemolysis ___________________________Breakdown of red blood cells with release ofhemoglobin-malacia softening osteomalacia _______________________chondromalacia ______________________ -megaly enlargement acromegaly _________________________splenomegaly _______________________-oma tumor, mass, collection of fluid myoma __________________________A benign tumormyosarcoma _______________________A malignant tumor. Muscle is a type of fleshtissuemyltiple myeloma ____________________Myel/o means bone marrow in this term. Thismaligant tumor occurs in bone marrow tissuethroughout the bodyhematoma _______________________-opsy to view biopsy _____________________________necropsy __________________________This is an autopsy or postmortemexamination-osis condition, usually abnormal necrosis ___________________________hydronephrosis ______________________leukocytosis _________________________ -pathy disease condition cardiomyopathy _____________________Primary disease of the heart muscle in theabsence of a known underlying etiology-penia deficiency erythropenia ______________________neutropenia ________________________In this term, neutr/o means neutrophilthrombocytopenia___________________-phobia fear acrophobia ________________________Fear of heightsagoraphobia _______________________An anxiety disorder maked by fear ofventuring out into a crowded place-plasm development, formation, growth achondroplasia _____________________ -plasty surgical repair angioplasty ________________________A cardiologist opens a narrowed bloodvessel using a ballon that is inflated afterinsertion into the vessel. Stents, or slottedtubes, are then put in place to keep theartery open-ptosis drooping, sagging, prolapse blepharoptosis _____________________Physcians use ptosis alone, to indicateprolapse of the upper eyelidnephroptosis ________________________ -sclerosis hardening arteriosclerosis _____________________In atherosclerisis deposits of fat collect inan artery-scope instrument for visual examination laparoscope _______________________ -scopy process of visual examination laparoscopy _______________________ -stasis stopping, controlling metastasis ________________________Meta- means beyond. A metastasis is thespread of a malignant tumor beyond itsoriginal site to a secondary organ orlocationhemostasis ________________________Blood flow is stopped naturally byclotting or artificially by compression orwsuturing of a wound-stomy opening to form a mouth colostomy ________________________tracheostomy ______________________ -therapy treatment hydrotherapy ______________________chemotherapy ______________________radiotherapy _____________________-tomy incision, to cut into laparotomy _____________________This is a large incision through theabdominal wallphlebotomy ______________________ -trophy development, nourishment hypertrophy ______________________Cells increase in size, not number.Muscles of weight lifters often hypertrophyatrophy ___________________________Cells decrease in size. Muscles atrophywhen immobilized in a cast and not in use The following are shorter noun suffixes that are usually attached to roots in wordsSuffix Meaning Terminology Meaning-er one who radiographer _______________________A technologist who assists in the making ofdiagnostic x-ray pictures-ia condition leukemia __________________________pneumonia ________________________-ist specialist nephrologist _______________________-ole little, small arteriole __________________________-ule little, small venule ____________________________ -um, -ium structure, tissue, thing pericardium _______________________This membrane surrounds the heart-y condition, process nephropathy _______________________Adjective SuffixesThe following are adjectival suffixes. No simple rule will tell you which suffix meanin “pertaining to” should be used with a specific combining form. Your job is to recongnize the suffix in each term and know the meaning of the entire termSuffix Meaning Terminology Meaning-ac, -iac pertaining to cardiac _________________________-al pertaining to peritoneal _______________________inguinal _________________________pleural __________________________-ar pertaining to tonsillar __________________________-ary pertaining to pulmonary ________________________axillary ___________________________-eal pertaining to laryngeal __________________________-ic, -ical pertaining to chronic ____________________________Acute is the opposite of chronic. It describes adisease that is of rapid onset and has severesymptoms and brief durationpathological __________________________-oid resembling adenoids __________________________-ose pertaining to, full of adipose ___________________________-ous pertaining to mucous ___________________________Mecous membranes produce the stickysection called mucus-tic pertaining to necrotic _____________________________IV. AppendicesAppendix A.A hernia is protrusion of an organ or the muscular wall of an organ througg the cavity that normally contains it. A hiatal hernia occurs when the stomach protrudes upward into the mediastinum through the esophageal opening in the diaphragm, and an inguinal hernia occurs when part of the intestine protrudes downward into the groin region and commonly into the scrotal sac in the male. A rectocele is the protrusion of a portion of the rectum toward the vagina through a weak part of the vaginal wall muscles. An omphalocele is a herniation of the intestines through the navel occurring in infants at birth. A cystocele occurs when part of the urinary bladder herniates through the vaginal wall due to weakened pelvic musclesAppendix B: AmniocentesisThe amnion is the sac that surrounds the embbryo in the uterus. Fluid accumulates within the sac and can be withdrawn for analysis between the 12th and 18th weeks of pregnancy. The fetus sheds cells into the fluid, and these cells are grown for microscopic analysis. A karyotype is made to analyze chromosomes, and the fluid can be examined for high levels of chemicals that indicate defects in the developing spinal cord and spinal column of the fetusAppendix C: PluralsWords ending in –us commonly form their plural by dropping the –us and adding –i. Thus, nucleus becomes nuclei and coccus becomes cocci. For additional information on formation of plurals, please refer to Appendix I, page 949, at the end of the book.Appendix D: Streptococcus and StaphylococcusStreptococcus, a berry-shaped bacterium, grows in twisted chains. One group of streptocoocci causes such conditions as “strep” throat, tonsillitis, rheumatic fever, and certain kidney ailments, whereas another group causes infections in teeth, in the sinuses of the nose and face, and in the valves of the heart.Staphylococci, other berry-shaped bacteria, grow in small clusters, like grapes. Staphylococcal lesions may be external or internal. An abscess is a collection of pus, white blood cells, and protein that is present at the site of infection.Examples of diplococci are pneumococci and gonococci. Pneumococci cause bacterial pneumonia, and gonococci invade the reproductive organs causing gonorrhea. Figure 3-3 illustrates the different growth patterns of streptococci, staphylococci, and diplococci.Appendix E: Blood CellsStudy Figure 3-4 as you read the following to note the differences among the three different types of cells in the blood.Erythrocytes. These cells are made in the bone marrow. They carry oxygen from the lungs through the blood to all body cells. The body cells use oxygen to burn food and release energy. Hemoglobin, an important protein in erythrocytes, carries the oxygen through the bloodstream. Leukocytes. There are five different leukocytes:Granulocytes contain dark-staining granules in their gytoplasm and have a multilobed nucleus. They are formed in the bone marrow and there are three types:1.Eosinophils are active and elevated in allergic conditions such as asthma. About 3 percent ofleukocytes are eosinophils2.Basophils. The function of basophils is not clear, but they play a role in inflammation. Lessthan 1 percent of leukocytes are basophils3.Neutrophils are important disease-fighting cells. They are phagocytes because they engulf anddigest bacteria. They are the most numerous disease-fighting “soldiers”, and are referred to as “polys” or polymorphonuclear leukocytes because of their multilobed nucleusMononuclear leukocytes have one large nucleus and only a few granules in their cytoplasm.They are produced in lymph nodes and the spleen. There are two types of mononuclear leukocytes4. Lymphocytes fight disease by producing antibodies and thus destroying foreign cells. Theymay also attach directly to foreign cells and destroy them. Two types of lymphocytes are T cells and B cells. About 32 percent of leukocytes are lymphocytes5. Monocyte: Engulf and destroy cellular debris after neutrophils have attacked foreign cells.Monocytes leave the bloodstream and enter tissues (such as lung and liver) to become macrophages, which are large phagocytes. Monocytes make up about 4 percent of all leukocytes.Appendix F: Pronunciation CluePronunciation clue: The letters g and c are soft when followed by an i or e, and are hard when followed by an o or aAppendix G: AnemiaAnemia literally means no blood. However, in medical language and usage, anemia is a condition of reduction in the number of erythrocytes or amount of hemoglobin in circulating blood. Anemias are classified according to the different problems that arise with red blood cells. Aplastic (a = no, plas/o = formation) anemia, a severe type, occurs when bone marrow fails to produce not only erythrocytes but leukocytes and thrombocytes as well.Appendix H: IschemiaIschemia litterally mens to hold back (isch/o) blood (-emia) from a part of the body. Tissue that becomes ischemic loses its normal flow of blood and becomes deprived of oxygen. The ischemia can be caused by mechanical injury to a blood vessel, by blood clots lodging in a vessel, or by the progressive and gradual closing off (occusion) of a vessel caused by collection of faty material. Appendix I: TonsillitisThe tonsils are lymphatic tissue in back of the throat. They contain white blood cells (lymphocytes), which filter and fight bacteria. However, tonsils can also become infected and inflamed. Streptococcal infection of the throat causes tonsillitis, which may require tonsillectomy.Appendix J: AcromegalyAcromegaly is an endocrine disorder. It occurs when the pituitary gland, attached to the base of the brain, produces an excesive amount of growth hormone after the completion of puberty. The excess grouth hormone most often results from benign tumor of the pituitary gland. A person with acromegaly is of normalheight beccause the long bones have stopped growth after puberty, but bones and soft tissue in the hands, feet, and facegrow abnormally. High levels of growth hormone before completion of puberty produce excessive growth of long bones (gigantism) as well as acromegaly.Appendix K: SplenomegalyThe speen is an organ in the left upper quadrant (LUQ) of the abdomen (below the diaphragm and to the side of the stomach). Composed of lymph lymph tissue and blood vessels, it disposes of dying red blood cells and manugactures white blood cells (lymphocytes) to fight disease. If the speen is removed (dplenectomy), other organs carry out these functions.Appendix L: LeukocytosisWhen –osis is a suffix with blood cells, it is an abnormal condition of increase normal circulating blood cells. Thus, in leukocytosis an elevation in numbers of normal white blood cells occurs in response to the presence of infection. When –emia is a suffix with blood cells, the condition is an abnormally high, excessive increase in number of cancerous blood cells.Appendix M: AchondroplasiaAchondroplasia is an inherited disorder in which the bones of the arms and legs fail to grow to normal size because of a defect in both cartilage and bone. It results in a type of dwarfism characterized by short limbs, a normal-sized head and body, and normal intelligence.Appendix N: -ptosis = blepharoptosisThe suffix –ptosis is pronounced. When two consonants begin a word, the first is silent. If the two consonants are found in the middle of a word, both are pronounced for example, blepharoptosis. This condition occurs when eyelid muscles weaken, and a person has difficulty lifting the eyelid to keep it open.Appendix O: Laparoscopy = peritoneoscopy = MIS, mingmally invasive surgeryLaparoscopy is visual examination of the abdominal cavity using a laparoscope. The laparoscope, a lighted telescopic instrument, is inserted through an incision in the abdomen near the navel, and gas is infused into the peritoneal cavity to prevent injury to abdominal structures during surgery. Surgeons use laparosocopy to examine abdominal viscera for evidence of disease or for procedures such as removal of the appendix, gallbladder, adrenal gland, spleen, or colon, and repair of hernias. It is also used to clip and collapse the fallopain tube, which prevents sperm cells from reaching eggs that leave the ovary.Appendix P: Arteriole, capillary, venuleNotice the relationship among an artery, arterioles, capillaries, venules, and a vein as illustrated in Figure 3-8Appendix Q: AdenoidsThe adenoids are lymphatic tissue in the part of the pharynx (throat) near the nose and nasal passages. The literal meaning “resembling glands”is appropriate because they are neither endocrine nor exocrine glands. Enlargement of adenoids may cause blockage of the airway from the nose to the pharynx, and adenoidectomy may be advised. The tonsils are also lymphatic tissue, and their location as well as that of the adenoids is indicated in Figure 3-9.V. Practical ApplicationsMatch the diagnostic or treatment procedures with their descriptions:amniocentesis colostomy mastectomy tonsillectomy angiography laparoscopy paracentesis tracheotomy angioplasty laparotomy thoracentesis1.removal of abdominal fluid from the peritoneal space. ____________________rge abdominal incision to remove an ovarian adenocarcinoma ________________3.removal of an adnocarcinoma of the breast. ______________________4. a method used to determine the karyotype of a fetus _______________________5.establishment of an emergency airway path _______________________6.surgical procedure to remove pharyngeal lymphatic tissue _____________________7.surgical precdedure to open clogged coronary arteties. _______________________8.method of removing fluid from the chest (pleural effusion) _______________________9.procedure to drain feces from the body after bowel resection. ______________________10.X-ray procedure used to examine blood vessels before surgery ______________________11.minimally invasive surgery within the abdomen. _______________________VI. ExercisesRemember to check your answers carefully with those given in Section VII, Answers to ExerciseA.give the meanings for the following suffixes.1.– cele ______________2.– emia ______________3.– coccus ______________4.–gram ______________5.–cyte __________________6.–algia____________________7.–ectomy ________________8.–centesis _______________9.–genesis _________________10.– graph _________________11.–it is ____________________12.– graphy _______________ing the following combining forms and your knowleges of suffixes, build the followingmedical terms.amni/o isch/o ot/o angi/o laryng/o rect/o arthr/o mast/o staphyl/o bronch/o my/o strept/o carcin/o myel/o thorac/o cyst/o1.Hernia of the urinary bladder ____________________2.pain of muscle ______________________________3.process of produsing cancer ___________________4.record (x-ray) of the spinal cord ________________5.berry-shaped bacteria in twisted chains _____________6.surgical puncture to remove fluid from the chest ________________7.removal of the breast _____________________8.inflammation of the tubes leading from the windpipe to the lungs _________________9.to hold back blood from cells ____________________10.process of recording (x_ray) blood vessels _________________11.visual examination of joints _______________________12.berry-shaped bacteria in clusters _________________13.resection of the voice box ___________________14.surgical procedure to remove fluid from the sac around the fetus _________________C.Match the following terms, which describe blood cells, with their meanings below.Basophil eosinophil erythrocyte lymphocyte monocytethrombocyte erythrocyte1.granulocytic white blood cell (granules stain purple) that destroys foreign cells byengulfing and disgesting them; also called a polymorphonuclear leukocyte _________________________2.mononuclear white blood cell that destroys foreign cells by making antibodies___________________3.cloting cell; also called a platelet ___________________4.leukocyte with reddish –staining granules and numbers elevated in allergic reactions_______________5.red blood cell ____________________6.mononuclear white blood cell that engulfs and digests cellular debris; contains one largenucleus __________7.granulocytic (granules stain blue) white blood cell prominent in inflammatory reaction_______________D.give the mening of the following suffixes.1.– logy ________________2.–lysis ________________3.–pathy ______________4.–penia _______________5.–malacia _______________6.–osis ________________7.–phobia _______________8.–megaly __________________9.–oma ___________________10.–opsy ________________11.–plasia _________________12.–plasty ________________13.–sclerosis _______________14.–stasis ____________________ing the following combining forms and your knowledge of suffixes, build the followingmedical terms.Acr/o agor/o arteri/o bi/o blephar/o cardi/ochondr/o hem/o hydr/o morph/o my/o myel/onephr/o phleb/o sarc/o splen/o1.fear of the marketplace (crowds) ______________2.enlargement of the spleen ________________3.study of the shape (of cells) _______________4.softening of cartilage ______________________5.abnomal condition of water (fluid) in the kidney ________________6.disease conditionof heart muscle ____________________7.hardening of arteries ___________________8.tumor (benign ) of muscle ____________________9.flesh tumor (malignant ) of muscle _____________________10.surgical reqair of the nose ________________11.tumor of bone marrow _______________12.fear of heights ____________________13.view of living tissue upder the microscope ________________14.stoppage of the flow of blood ( by mechanical or natural means ) _________________15.inflamation of the eyelid __________________16.incision of vein ________________________F.Match the following terms with their meanings below.Achondroplasia acromegly atrophychemotherapy colostomy hydrotherapyhypertrophy laparoscope laparoscopymetastasis necrosis osteomalacia1.treatment using drogs ____________________2.conditiono f death (of cells ) ______________3.softening of bone _________________4.opening of the large intestine to the outside of the body ________________5.no development; shrinkage of cells ________________6.beyond control; spread of a cancerous tumor to another organ _______________7.instrument to visually examine the abdomen ____________________8.enlargement of extremities; an endocrine disorder that causes excess growth hormone tobe produced by the pituitary gland after puberty __________________9.condition of improper formation of cartilage in the embryo that leads to short bones anddwarr-like deformities _______10.process of viewing the peritoneal (adbominal ) cavity _________________11.treatment using water _______________12.excessive development of cells (increase in size of individual cells )____________G.give the menaing of the following suffixes.1.–ia _________2.–trophy ___________3.–stasis ____________4.–stomy ________________5.–tomy _____________6.–ole __________________7.–um ________________8.–ule _________________9.–y ___________________10.– oid_______________11.–genic ________________12.– ptosis ______________ing the following combining forms and suffixes, build the following medical terms.Combining Formsarteri/o pleur/o lapar/o pneumon/o mamm/o radi/onephr/o ven/oSuffixes-dynia -ole -therapy -ectomy -pathy -tomy -gram -plasty -ule -ia -scopy1.incision of the abdomen _____________2.process of visual examination of the abdomen _____________3. a small artery ________________4.condition of the lungs ______________5.treamtent using x-rays ______________6.recod (x-ray) of the breast ________________7.pain of the chest wall and the membranes surrounding the lungs ______________8. a small vein __________________9.disease condition of the kidney ___________________10.surgical repair of the breast _________________I.Underline the suffix in the following terms and give the menaing of the entire term.ryngeal _____________2.inguinal ______________3.chronic _______________4.pulmonary _____________5.adipose ________________6.peritoneal ______________7.axillary _________________8.necrotic ________________9.mucoid _________________10.mucous _______________J.Select from the following terms relating to blood and blood vessels to eomplete the sentences below.Anemia angioplasty arterioles hematoma hemolysis hemostasis ischemia leukemia leukocytosis multiple myeloma thromocytopenia venules1.Billy was diagnosed with excessively high numbers of cancerous white blood cells, or__________________. His doctor prescribed chemotherapy and expected an excellent prognosis.2.Mr. Clark’s angiogram showed that he had serious atherosclerosis of one of the arteriessupplying bood to his heart. His doctor recommended that _________________ would be helpful to open up his clogged artery by threading a catheter (tube) through his artery and opening a ballon at the end of the catheter to widen the artery.3.Mrs. Jackson’s blood count showed a reduced number of red blood cells, indicating____________________. Her erythrocytes were being destroyed by __________________________4.Doctors refused to operate on Joe Hite becausse of his low platelet count, a conditioncalled ________________.5.Blockage of an artery leading to Mr. Stein’s brain led to the holding back of blood flowto nerve tissue in his brain. This condition, called __________________, could lead to necrosis of tissue and a cerebrovascular accident.6.Small arteries, or ___________________, were broken under Ms. Bein’s scalp when shewas struck on the head with a rock. She soon developed a mass of blood, a (an) _________________, under the skin in that region of her head.7.Sarah Jones had a staphylococcal infection causing elevation of her white blood cellcount. She was treated with antibiotics and the ________________________ returned to normal.8.Within the body, the bone marrow (soft tissue within bones) is the “factory” for makingblood cells. Mr. Scott developed ____________________, a malignant condition of the bone marrow cells in his hip, upper arm, and thigh bones.9.During operations, surgeons use clamps to close off blood vessels and prevent blood loss.Thus, they maintain _________________ and avoid blood transfusions.10.Small vessels that carry blood toward the heart from capillaries and tissues are_______________.。